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Constructing Environments University of Melbourne
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Week 01
_l
How to make a simple paper successfully
withstand the weight of a brick
Failed example
'Cube structure
'The strength of the material wasn't
intensified
Successful example 2
'similar to the folded plate
stru ctu re. The bearing area of the support is
enlarged by using triangle structure(Ching,2008).
'This structure is the biggest one
among the successful cases
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Successful example L
' Similar to a circular column
'Strengthen the thickness of thepaper by folding it several times
flnl c. Iv,lrt E
The dome built by stacked stones can be quite strong and can last for a long period. lf the base of the domeis not encircled with a tension ringthe whole structure will not be stable. (Ching, 2008)
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Week 01
Sustainability requirements of construction :
Soil mechanics, plants, solar radiation, precipitation anddrainage, wind, sound and views, zoning ordinance, site accessand circulation, protection, paving (Ching, 2O0B).
Factors of materials: strength, stiffness, shape,economy/ sustainability (Newton, 2OI4).Different cities use different local materials in2008).
construction (Grose, il
*****_$Compression: the material tends to be shortun"J.
n/'l.vt, / '\,t:. u' ' '+
--".-',-'-"*lU
Diagram of load path (ltewton, I t:atic loads can be divided into:
t, zot+l , _ r i
live loads (collected snow, water);+ *^i_
\, -: ., I $ occupancy loads (weight of people, furniture);; \
r- - | impact loads(kinetic loads of short period) (Ching, 200g).$Y +l<\ ,l
,J --\i
- t
I Two major type of dynamic toads:
fr "f ,, n'.! : I wind loads(from any horizontaldirection, produce both negative and/'/ y I
positive pressure); earthquake loads(base shear) (ching, 200g).{*il---**;ffi*.-^-;---J *-'-
u= Y'c::u';e'
Diagram of load path (Newton, i il )rarrc loaos can be divided into:
2or4l , _ r i live loads (collected snow, water);* *^i- ,.:_, -- I $ occupancy loads (weight of people, furniture);
J i t
' ; I $ impact loads(kinetic loads of short period) (ching,2008).ff ' ,l, "i $<\ ll1 rmpact toads(kinetic loads of short period) (Ching, 200g).
il
f- two major type of dynamic loads: - *-*l
material behaviours
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Mrwrif"l;@l@lrm!r
Week 01
ln orderto save bricks and build a talltowel, leave spaces between bricks. For
stability, make sure to leave the same space between everytwo bricks and put
them on the exact top of the ones below.
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Mass tower construction I (Qiu Minghui,20L4)
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* Mass tower construction ll (Qiu Minghui,20t4)il:
Make the circular structure become smaller
upper layers. This strategy can save the
number of layers of the tower.
gradually by using less bricks on the
limited resources and increase the
Week 01
$
The upper structure was not stable due to carelessness in construction.
This irregular shape of the tower and the dead load of the upper part influenced the
equilibrium of the whole structure. When the building was constructed to a higher level,
suddenly several bricks fall down from the top.
The collapse point is at the layer which contained merely three bricks. ln my opinion, the
different distances between the bricks may contribute to the collapse.
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Mass tower construction lll (Qiu Minghui, 2014)
Week 01
I
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!l a s s- t o w e r co n st ru ct i g;*NJRi#_MjngJti,*_Q*,#L_,
ln contrast, another group
bricks in each layer to form
was guaranteed. Howeve;
tower was restricted as well.
built a basis square and reduced the number of
a tower. Thus, the stability of the whole structure
as the resource was limited, the height of this
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Mass tower construction V (Qiu Minghui, 201_4)
Week 02
'Water tank' structure single straw can afford about a 500g-load, 4 straws can stand a 2000g-load.
Using more pins in certainjoint will not affect themodule's ability of bearing
load.
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The load which the structure with 4
columns can stand is almost equalto astraw does, it weighs about 400-5009.
However, if the columns are shortened thenew structure is able to withstand a
10009- load.
The load column can stand can rise byshortening the effective length of thestraw. Meanwhile, the slenderness ratio is
reduced (Ching, 2008).
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Week 02
{'il
il Rrrilrtino crrcrom [- -*l $ Structural system:il I * --; -- . ** s**,ww*w',*.
{ Auilding system [- -l $ Structural system: h-*f fr Solid system:$ tsulldlngsystem { } $ "''""'"' 6 I $ Jurrusysterrr:
$-**".-"-*-**r_*.. , support and transfer the gravity o _- Compression is the main structural action in this system.
$-;uandlateralload(Ching,2o0B)..Therefore,archisveryefficient(Newton,2oI4).t$i{,,w,-il1rr ri i X Snow (surface) system:
$
{ $ Enclosure system:.l*{ lt is the shell of thiiii!ff:".', I ll ll:ilfilI'ii,-ebudng I Iaesthetic. regulatorvl I I t!'rrrrts' zvuol l J I Frame (skeletal)system: I
constraints, I i l-- i i lt is an efficient way of transmitting loads down {Newton, 2014), I;;ffi.:' | | lMechanicatsvstem:::-,-:-:^-.- --, | 'l-l lt contains att the services to tle I I I Membrane svstem: I
d{1 }
Factors need to bep
considered in$,{tI oeslgnlng:
tvtechantcal system:economy,. .' -- .".-"'"1"., ""It contains all the services to theenvironments and rrrv JLr vrvL
:_.. ' building(Ching,2008). l
construction practices. ";"""'o '-"':'.o' :"""''s
lenvironmentsand I l-l [;:T:'l;r*:1:;",1""* to the | ,
| ;':';il1;:]:""T;"."",,.". I|consIructlonpractlces.|rg--Jl|rn"'eu,"manyexamplesofusin8membranesvstem,in.oo.t,ll-lumti andffil I column on a watt: | | | staaiums where large areas are covered enicienttv (rue*ton, II vs. point and plane | | Arcade (consist two para et ctients) imptier
" | | | Zof+1. I
::ffi:i:r:i::y.::'1,,,n. *"',",''" 1 ithe wall to the t I {
'a exists in most structures in reality (Newton, 201,4).l:::]:-::^T^. ll I :i#:'
or sequences or the warr to the
| | | lt exists in most structures in reatitv (newton, 2014).
Iil $ i column:'ts $
$ $ n A bond by an English architecti, Structural joint
I
Roller joint 1--_-'J-"'-
demonstration of ll I corumn: : I F--_ |
structure and
construction in column { t { (rhe cotumn is just separated from the wall, $ i $ Roller joint .,.-_-'J-"'- -\
qtE Lltg JotilE s I .
ano wa'. columns and the wall are the same
rn contrast, sometimes il $ { materiats); fr [*$ ein ioin,
thereisnotclear , ,_ verandainSydney(columnsandthewatt are$1 $ " I' -*I
structure in point and I [$***x*:*x****l***olj-.-* { i $ Fixed joint
- is r '' .- -*---1' i.plane (Selenitsch, il $ il-** r.
I plane (selenitsch,
| :ooet l f Point and plane: A house desisned by a Dutch archirect is an exampre of de stijt styte, a tectoni. .,IGIiiIiiiiIl| (Setenitsch,200s). I
Week 02
The tapes were used to connect the strips on both sides. The length of the two
parallel bars needed to be the same.
It was the fixed joint between strips.
tangular frames, tapes were t
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Due to the slenderness of the r
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the process. One column was {
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-":th: :pp_er structure.
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-JTower construction ll (Qiu Minghui,2OI4)
Week 02
In order to keep the balance
upper part of the tower.
of the whole framework,
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only single piece was attached to the top of the tetrahedron frame to extend the
building's length. when the framework was constructed to a certain level, it seemed
to become rotating to one direction. However, with the support of ceiling frame it
didn't fall down.
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Tower construction lV (el, Minghui, 2014)
Week 02
Tower construction V (Qiu Minghui, 2014)
ln comparison, another group built a tetrahedron frame as the base. Two strips
were applied to connect the bars on the opposite side which made the whole
structure stable. However, the bearing square was a quite small which results in
limitation of the height of the tower. lt was the fixed joints that connect the
strips.
1 ri,,"r,\ 1f
r, rl1_t,
Su bject glossa ry
Beam: lt is a structural part applied to supports and transfers the load across the space (Ching, 20Og).
Bracing: it is a strudural member that used to carry the lateral loads or forces (Ching, 2OOg),
Column: lt is a slender strudural member applied to withstand the axial compression (Ching, 2008).
Compression: lt is a type of structural force that shortens the material (Ching, 2OOg).
Frame: lt is Senerally the structure contains some joints and structural members like beams or columns (ching, 200g).
Load path: lt is a graphic explanation of how the load is transmitted down (Chjng, 2OO8).
Masonry: lt is the structure that mainly constructed by the stone,
Point load: lt is the load that applies in one single point.
Reaction force: lt is the force the applied only when there is an action force,
Stability: lt is a stable state of a construction which is designed to successfully withstand the gravity loads and the lateral loads(ching, 2Oo8).
Structuraljoint: lt is the joint the ljnk the structural members (like columns) together.
Tension: It is a type of structural force that strengthens the material.
Refe re nce list
ching, F. (2008). Buitding construction illustrated (4th ed')' Hoboken' New Jersey: John willey & sons' lnc'
Grose, M. (2OOS). Watking the constructed city [video recording]'
Availablefromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGMA71_3H6o&feature=youtu.be
Newton, C. (20t4)' ESD and selecting materials [video recording]'
Available f rom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luxirHHxjlY&feature=youtu'be
Newton,c.(2014).W01-mTlntroductiontomaterlols[videorecording].Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s CJ8o-lJbg&fs31Llps=youtu'be
Newton, C. (2014)' W01s7 Load path diagrams [video recording]'
Availablefromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-V15j3lX4&fe31tlrs=youtu'be
Newton, C. (2014)' W02 s2 Structuralioints [video recording]'
Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdYOjsoJo&feature=youtu'be
Newton, C. (2014)' W02 s1- Structurals'/stems lvideo recording]'
Ava i I a ble f rom http ://www.yo ut, n"'.ot/*atch ?v= l--JtP p lBuw&fe61tr l's=yo utu' be
Selenitsch,A.(2008).Columnandwallpointandplane[videorecording].Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJ97Whk1kGU&feature=voutu'be