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L/O/G/O
Presented By:
Iin Kurniasih(Jica, 14 November 2011)
CARBOHYDRATE
Do you still remember, what is Macromolecul (Polymer)??Monomer Polymer
PolymericationCarbohydrate
Natural Polymerization
Why do we need
carbohydrates...???
To give us energy
Third Second First
Protein
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Source of Energy
Charbohydrate in daily life
What is Charbohydrate?? Carbohydrates are the most abundant
class of organic compounds found in living organisms.
The carbohydrates are a major source of metabolic energy.
A component of the energy transport compound, ATP.
Carbohydrates also protect your muscles and help regulate the amount of sugar circulating in your blood, so that all the cells get the energy they need.
Carbohydrates participate in cellular functions such as cell growth, adhesion and fertilization.
Carbohydrate originate as products of photosynthesis, an endothermic
reductive condensation of carbon dioxide requiring light energy and the pigment
chlorophyll.
Where is carbohydrate come from???
Structure of CarbohydrateStructure of CarbohydrateGeneral Properties Of CarbohydrateGeneral Properties Of CarbohydrateClassification of CarbohydrateClassification of CarbohydrateGlycosidic LinkageGlycosidic LinkageHydrolysis Disaccharides and PolysaccharidesHydrolysis Disaccharides and PolysaccharidesCarbohydrate MetabolismCarbohydrate Metabolism
We Will Learns.....
Haworth FormulaFischer Formula
Formula
Structure
Carbohydrates Contain the Elements:
CarbonHydrogenOxygen
The formulas:
Cn(H2O)n
11
44
1. Monosaccharides and disaccharides are soluble in water. they have a sweet taste and a crystalline structure.
2. Polysaccharides, in contrast to mono- and disaccharides, are insoluble in water, do not taste sweet and do not form crystals.
3. Carbohydrates are linked to many proteins and lipids, where they play key roles in mediating interactions between cells and interactions between cells and other elements in the cellular environment
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33
4. The usual chemical test for the simpler carbohydrates is heating with Benedict’s solution
General Properties
A B C D E F
173%
100%
30%
A. Fructose
B. Sucrose
C. Glucose
D. Maltose
E. Galactose
F. Lactose
74% 33% 33% 16%
Sweetness
J. Stein [email protected]. Stein [email protected]
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
- Glucose- Fructose- Galactose Charbohy-
drate
Disaccharides
- Maltose
- Sucrose
- Lactose
Polysaccharides
- Cellulose
- Glycogen
- Amylose
ClassificationBase on simple carbohydrate that result from hydrolysis reactionBase on simple carbohydrate that result from hydrolysis reaction
ClassificationBase on simple carbohydrate that resul from Hydrolysis reactionBase on simple carbohydrate that resul from Hydrolysis reaction
1
Monosaccharides: simple sugar with multiple –OH groups. Base on number of carbon (3,4,5,6).
Monosaccharides: simple sugar with multiple –OH groups. Base on number of carbon (3,4,5,6).
2
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides covelently linkedDisaccharides: 2 monosaccharides covelently linked
3
Polysaccharides: polymer consisting of chain of monosaccharides or disaccharides units.
Polysaccharides: polymer consisting of chain of monosaccharides or disaccharides units.
4
Olygosaccharides: a few monosaccharides covalently linked.
Olygosaccharides: a few monosaccharides covalently linked.
ClassificationBase on functional groupBase on functional group
Aldose Aldose
Carbonyl group is an
aldehyde
Example: Glucose
KetoseKetose
Carbonyl group is an
ketone
Example: Fructose
ClassificationBase on number of carbon atom in monosaccharides Base on number of carbon atom in monosaccharides
•Contain 3 carbon atom
•Examples: glyceraldehyde
Trioses Hexoes
•Contain 6 carbon atom
•Examples: glucose
Pentoses
•Contain 5 carbon atom
•Examples: ribose
Tetroses
•Contain 4 carbon atom
•Examples: ertoses
• Glucose, "blood sugar", the immediate source of energy for cellular respiration.
• Galactose, a sugar in milk (and yogurt).
• Fructose, a sugar found in honey.
Monosaccharides
The chemical formula for glucose is C6H12O6
It is a six sided ring. Glucose also contains five hydroxyl groups If dissolved in water it’s make closed ring
form (hemiacetal). That is cause reaction between aldehyde/ketone carbonyl group with hydroxyl group.
Glucose rotates polarized light to the right Glucose is the carbohydrate found in the
bloodstream. Blood sugar level in our body around 80 to
120 mg glucose/100 mL (= 0.8 to 1.2 g/L) is considered normal.
Glucose is also formed when stored body carbohydrate (glycogen) is broken down for use.
Glucose
Naming
1
6
5
4
3 2
1
6
5
4
3 2
D (+) glucose D (+) glucose
Fructose is ketohexose, that form from hydrolysis sucrose
Fructose are contained in honey and fruits.
Fructose rotates polarized light to the left
Fructose
• This is when two monosaccharides join to form a Disaccharide.
• The reaction is similar to condensation.
Glycosidic Linkage
Glycosidic linkage
Glycosidic linkage
Sucrose Sucrose
• common table sugar = glucose + fructose
MaltoseMaltose• product of starch digestion = glucose + glucose
LactoseLactose
• major sugar in milk = glucose + galactose
Disacch-arides
Disaccharides
The structural formula for Maltose.
The structural formula for Lactose.
Maltose and Lactose
Sucrose
Hydrolysis
• This is the breaking down of a glycosidic bond.
• Instead of water been taken away water is added.
Glycogen
Starch Cellulose
Polysaccharides
• Most common storage polysaccharide in plants• Consist of 250-300 unit D-Glucose with 1,4-glycosidic linkage• The molecul are open Chain• React with iodium solution and given blue color because it’s contain amylose.
Starch
• Polymer of β-D-glucose attached by β(1,4) linkages, consist of 1.000-3.000 units.• hardly soluble in water, acid, and base• Soluble in Schweltzer reagent (CuSO4 + NH4OH)• Yields glucose upon complete hydrolysis• Most abundant of all carbohydratesCotton flax: 97-99% celluloseWood: ~ 50% cellulose• Gives no color with iodine• Held together with lignin in woody plant tissues
Cellulose
• also known as animal starch • stored in muscle and liver•contains both α(1,4) links and α(1,6) branches at every 8 to 12 glucose unit• complete hydrolysis yields glucose• glycogen and iodine gives a red-violet color• hydrolyzed by both α and β-amylases and by glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen
Carbohydrate
MaltoseBenedict’s
Cellulose
The linkage when two
monosaccharides join to
form a disaccharide
The reaction that breaking
down a glycosidic bond
Glucose + glucose
The solution for the simpler
chemical test of carbohydrates
Major source of metabolic energy
The chitin in the shell
Crustaceans
Glycosidic Hidrolysis
Question
Quiz
Maltose
Hidrolysis
Benedict’s
Carbohydrate
Cellulose
Glycosidic
Carbohydrate
Text in here
Classification
Monosaccharides
Glucose Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
Disaccharides Polysaccharides Olygosaccharides
Galactose
Fructose
Structure
Aldose
3 C
4 C
5 C
6 C
Ketose
3 C
4 C
5 C
6 C
Glycosidic Linkage Hydrolysis
MetabolismMAIN MAPMAIN MAP
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