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Looking at Vulnerabilities
Dave DittrichUniversity of Washington
dittrich @ cac.washington.eduhttp://staff.washington.edu/dittrich/
Overview Background attack concepts Your typical look at
Vulnerabilities, Risk vs. Cost A (real!) complex attack scenario A different view of vulnerabilities
Trust relationships Attack trees Atypical/uncommon vulnerabilities
SANS Top 20 Vulnerabilities
Windows Top 101. Internet Information Server (IIS)2. Microsoft Data Access Server
(MDAC)3. SQL Server4. NETBIOS5. Anonymous login/null session6. LAN Manager Authentication
(Weak LM hash)7. General Windows Authentication
(Accounts w/o pwd, bad pwd)8. Internet Explorer9. Remote Registry Access10. Windows Scripting Host
Unix Top 101. Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
services2. Apache Web Server3. Secure Shell (SSH)4. Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP)5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)6. Berkeley “r” utilities
(trust relationships)7. Line Printer Daemon (LPD)8. Sendmail9. BIND/DNS10. General Unix Authentication
(accounts w/o pwd, bad pwd)
http://www.sans.org/top20/
High
Low
1980 1985 1990 1995 2001
password guessing
password cracking
exploiting known vulnerabilities
disabling audits
back doors
hijacking sessions
sniffers
packet spoofing
GUIautomated probes/scans
denial of service
www attacks
Tools
Attackers
IntruderKnowledge
AttackSophistication
“stealth” / advanced scanning techniques
burglaries
network mgmt. diagnostics
distributedattack tools
binary encryption
Source: CERT/CC (used w/o permission & modified “Can you say ‘fair use?’ Sure, I knew you could.” IHO Fred Rogers)
Attack sophistication vs. Intruder Technical Knowledge
UW Medical Center “Kane” Incident Goal: How hard to obtain patient records? Windows 98 desktop w/trojan or no pwd Sniffer
Linux server -> Windows NT PDC/F&P server Unix email server
Windows PDCs, BDCs Windows Terminal Server (>400 users) Access database file (>4000 patient records:
Name, SSN, Home number, treatment, date…) SecurityFocus -> ABC News
Trust relationships
Client<->Server IP based ACLs Shared password/symmetric key Shared network infrastructure Sensitive data in email Sensitive files on servers
Attack Trees
“Secrets and Lies,” Bruce Schneier, ISBN 0-471-25311-1, chapter 21
Goal is root node: Sub-goals are lower nodes/leaves
And/Or relationship between nodes Attributes: Likelihood, equipment
required, cost of attack, skill required, legality, etc.
Attack Tree Example 3Survivability Compromise: Monitor network trafficOR: 1. Install sniffer on desktop. OR: 1. Use email trojan horse. 2. Use remote exploit. 3. Use Windows remote login service. OR: 1. Use passwordless Administrator account. 2. Brute force passwords on all listed accounts. 3. Brute force passwords on common accounts. 2. Install sniffer on Unix/Windows server OR: 1. Use remote exploit. 2. Steal/sniff password to root/Administrator account. 3. Guess password to root/Administrator account. 3. Man-in-the-middle attack on SSL/SSH. …
Attack Tree Example 4 (Nested)
Survivability Compromise: Disclosure of Patient RecordsOR: 1. Attack Med Center network using connections to the Internet OR: 1. Compromise central patient records database (PRDB). AND: 1. Identify central PRDB. OR: 1. Scan to identify PRDB. 2. Monitor network traffic to identify PRDB. 2. Compromise central PRDB. OR: 1. Use Remote Exploit. 2. Monitor network traffic to sniff pwd to account. 3. Guess password to account. 2. Obtain file(s) containing patient records. OR: 1. Monitor network traffic to capture patient records. 2. Compromise file server or terminal server. OR: 1. Use Remote Exploit. 2. Monitor network traffic to sniff Administrator pwd. 3. Guess password to User/Administrator account.
Border Routers
BGP (route insertion/withdrawal) Address forgery Source routing Denial of Service Remote service exploit & “Root kits” Lack of visibility/access to traffic
flows
Internal Routers/Switches
OSPF, RIP & other protocols Address forgery ARP spoofing Sniffing (SNMP community string,
pwd) Denial of Service Lack of visibility/access to traffic
flows
Servers
Gateways to legacy apps Web apps Insufficient logging/auditing Hiding in plain sight Control of software configuration
Network Printers Change “Ready” message FTP bounce scan, other scanning File cache SNMP/web admin front ends, back
doors Disclosure of print jobs
Passive monitoring Redirection of print jobs
Medical “devices”, photocopiers, printers
Proprietary or OEM OS (e.g., Solaris, IRIX) Many (non-essential) services turned
on Typically behind the curve on patches
Remote management (HTTP, SNMP) Heavy use of unencrypted protocols
(e.g., FTP, LPR, Berkeley “r” utilities) “What? The hackers are back?”
PBXs, voice services
Monitoring Theft of Service Fraud/social engineering Denial of Service Malware Cache (PC based VM)
Social Issues
Not recognizing threats Assuming attacks are simple Assuming things are what they
seem (e.g., Slammer, Nimda) Assuming attacks/defenses are
direct Assuming you have it handled
Summary Vulnerabilities exist in places you might
not think Vulnerabilities are additive, interrelated Complex attacks call for complex
defenses/response If you’re not learning something new
every day, you’re falling behind your adversaryQuestions?
References UW Medical Center
http://www.securityfocus.com/news/122/ http://www.hipaausa.com/hacker.html http://www.cio.com/archive/110102/rules_content.html http://www.cio.com/archive/031502/plan_content.html
Attack trees http://www.counterpane.com/attacktrees-ddj-ft.html
Networking http://www.e-secure-db.us/dscgi/ds.py/View/Collection-24 http://www.securite.org/presentations/secip/CSWcore02-SecIP-v1.p
pt http://www.securityfocus.com/infocus/1594
References (cont) Routers
http://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-02/bh-us-02-akin-cisco/bh-us-02-akin-cisco.ppt
http://philby.ucsd.edu/~bsy/ndss/2002/html/1997/slides/gudm_pnl.pdf
http://www.net-tech.bbn.com/sbgp/IETF42.ppt http://www.cymru.com/Presentations/barry.pdf
BGP, OSPF http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/~rsg/Routing/references/wang98vulnerabil
ity.pdf http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/research/ccrg/publications/brad.globalinte
rnet96.pdf
References (cont) Switches, ARP, local network attacks
http://www.comnews.com/stories/articles/c0103sfarea.htm http://www.blackhat.com/presentations/bh-usa-01/MikeBeekey/bh-
usa-01-Mike-Beekey.ppt Printers
http://members.cox.net/ltw0lf/printers/ PBXs
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-24/sp800-24pbx.pdf DDoS, “root kits”
http://www.cert.org/reports/dsit_workshop.pdf http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/Managing_DoS.pdf http://staff.washington.edu/dittrich/misc/ddos/ http://staff.washington.edu/dittrich/misc/faqs/rootkits.faq