2. INCIDENCE Usually occur in males Also in smoking females
After 50 yrs Metastasis from other areas [non smokers] 3. ETIOLOGY
Cigarette smoking risk of lung cancer= exposure to cigarettes
measured by, total number of cigarettes smoked in a lifetime,
Earlier age of smoking onset Depth of inhalation Tar and nicotine
content Use of unfiltered cigarettes 4. Passive smoking/ side
stream smoke Usage of pipes and cigars. Employees in mining,
chemical/ petroleum manufacturing Inhalation of carcinogens Asbetos
Nickel Radon Uranium Arsenic hydrocarbons 5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Bronchogenic growths Hyper secretion of mucus Desquamation of cells
Reactive hyperplasia of the basal cells Metaplasia of normal
respiratory epithelium to stratified squamous cells metastasis 6.
CLASSIFICATION NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER [NSCLC] SMALL CELL LUNG
CANCER [SCLC] 7. NSCLC TYPES FEATURES Squamous cell carcinoma
Always associated with cigarette smoking and exposure to
environment carcinogens Adenocarcinoma Associated with lung
scarring and chronic interstitial fibrosis, not related with
cigarette smoking. Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma High
correlation with cigarette smoking and exposure to carcinogens 8.
SCLC TYPES CRITERIA SMALL CELL ANAPLASTIC UNDIFFERENTIATE D [OAT
CELL] Associated with cigarette smoking, exposure to environmental
carcinogens Very poor prognosis 9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONSMostly
clinically silent Metastasis occurs before s/s persists Persistent
pneumonitis- fever, chills, and cough Persistent and productive
cough Blood tinged sputum Chest pain Dyspnea Auscultatory wheeze
10. Anorexia Fatigue Weight loss Nausea & vomiting Hoarseness
Unilateral paralysis of diaphragm Dysphagia 11. DIAGNOSTICS History
& Physical Examination Chest X-ray Ssputum for cytologic study
Bronchoscopy CT scan MRI Positron Emission tomography Spirometry
Mediastinoscopy Video Assisted Thoracoscopy Pulmonary angiography
Lung Scan Fine needle aspiration 12. MANAGEMENT Surgery Radiation
therapy Chemotherapy Biologic therapy Bronchoscopic laser therapy
Phototherapy Airway stenting 13. Types of Lung Resections
Lobectomy: a single lobe of lung is removed Bilobectomy: two lobes
of the lung are removed Sleeve resection: cancerous lobe(s) is
removed and a segment of the main bronchus is resected
Pneumonectomy: removal of entire lung Segmentectomy: a segment of
the lung is removed Wedge resection: removal of a small, pie-shaped
area of the segment Chest wall resection with removal of cancerous
lung tissue: for cancers that have invaded the chest wall 14.
NURSING MANAGEMENT Ineffective airway clearance r/t increased
tracheobronchial secretions and presence of tumor. Acute pain r/t
pressure of tumor on sorrounding structures and erosion of tissues
Imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirement r/t increased
metabolic demands, increased secretions, weakness and anorexia. 15.
Anxiety r/t lack of knowledge of diagnosis and unknown treatments
Ineffective health maintenance r/t lack of knowledge about the
disease process and therapeutic regimen Ineffective breathing
pattern r/t decreased lung capacity 16. GOALS Effecting breathing
pattern Adequate airway clearance Adequate oxygenation of tissues
Minimal or no pain A realistic attitude toward treatment and
prognosis.
