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HELLAS RECTIFIERS BV
FEMTOGRID ES BVWE ARE DCIFYING THE WORLD
MAKING DC SYSTEMS BY CONNECTING SOURCES & LOADS
DIRECT CURRENT BV
LVDC standardization and use cases in the Netherlands
Direct Current BV
Why DCWe are already
live in a DC world
Everything we and is DC
DC brings fun, comfort, clean and sustainable solutions
Me
ACTIVITY
Owner of the following Companies:
• DC. Systems LtD
• Direct Current LtD
• Hellas Rectifiers LtD
• Amstel Rectifiers LtD
• Femtogrid ES LtD
• DC Hortilighting LtD
• DOE-DC LtD
Foundations
• Founder of the DC Foundation
• Founder of Current/OS Foundation
Skills
• Started in 1988 as a DC entrepreneur. Building and creating DC systems for industrial application
• Energy systems
• Power Electronics
• High Current technology up[to 30kA
• ICT firmware/software
• Grid regulations
• DC System integration
• DC Applications
• DC Industrial processes
• DC and corrosion
BACKGROUND
• Protecting the Dutch Water defense against corrosion
• Green deal
Enabling a outdoor DC grid
• Universities
Active in the TU/Delft supporting the faculty DC and storage
CVCOMMISIONS
Commissions
• IEC LVDC SyC CAG, WG1 Convener WG2 LVDC Sycin the IEC for use cases public domain
• SyC LVDC liaison officer for TC8-WG9
• IEC TC 61200 PT101/102 TC64
• Convener Working group DC TC64 (NEN 1010) NPR9090
• Political active in regulation in the Netherlands
• CIGRÉ SC 6.31 MVDC distribution
Contact
I’m Dyslectic, so forgive me for spelling mistakes
Runner up
Why grids are important
• The electricity grid is one of the most value assets the society owns, and we become fully depended on it.
• It give us:• Energy• Hygiene• More dense society • It’s the fundament of the economy• Solution to sustainable systems• Economics
• We must protect is and make it simple as possible• It’s not about the business case only but it’s about our
continuity in life. It’s a social use case that facilitates business cases. This is crucial for electrical access
A vision is needed to secure our system (Dutch system)• Heating on gas. The decided
to reduce gas heating and move to heat pumps
• EV charging become already a topic into the current system• 750 fast charger installed• 75k home charging installed• 32k public chargers installed
Everything is also possible in AC
• The discussion is not • Efficiency (nice to have)
• Can not be done in AC
• But it makes more sense to do this in DC because• It’s about reduction of complexity
• It’s about reliability
• It’s about a full electronic system
• It’s about predicting the system
• It’s about raw materials
• Having a high share of renewables in the system
• It’s about increasing power levels in the last mile or application with smaller connections
It’s not all about system efficiency, but about an efficient system.
DC leads to challenges for AC
• Who has ever written a use case for AC.
• For DC we face the following challenges:• Everything must be a business case from start, there are also social use cases• Only focusing on efficiency will kill the DC use case (it’s nice to have but not a driver)• It’s about systems not single applications• Different systems (Active DC enables new use cases)• Complexity moves from system level to components level
• High challenges for AC for future systems:• Chapter 1 installation standards TC64 must be rewritten to create a new bidirectional
architecture, this will impact a lot of other inherited standards.• How to deal with history and mixed systems• Design of installations are based on rules of thumb • Systems become more complex with simple components
DC Systems are isolated from AC system
System level thinking
• Why the systems are complex• Not in my backyard• I don’t care it’s not my problem• It not a business case for me• It worked in the past• Very expensive to try• covering multiple area’s (multi discipline)
Production
Netwerk
Consumption Prosumers
Optimize
Optimize Optimize
Optimize
Mis
sin
g
• We have an AC system• Most R&D is spent on optimization of
components
• Most engineers are specialists
How systems grow
Public Services Storage Generate
Developed
country
MVAC/LVAC
Homes
AC/DC
Commercial
buildings
Developing
country
Lighting
Ventilation
Communication +ICT
Cooling by fans
Fridge
Solar
Simple Induction stove
HVAC
Cooking
Au
tark
icG
rid
PowerSolar
Small Storage
Create
Hot water
HVAC
Hot water
Cooking
EV Charging
Ventilation
Solar
ICT
EV Charging
Bus Stations
5G Network
Public Lighting
Road directions
Central Storage
Solar sound walls
Solar Farms
DC Entry
DC Future
Lighting
Solar
Storage
Public Light
Small Storage
Solar
Large storage
Future proof
Create
compatibility
Low High
Traffic guidance
Future disconnect Future disconnect
EV Charging
AC expansion or
move to
2e micro DC grid
Driver is different in
every country
Solar
Electric busses
Nothing
Expansion
GRID
Central Storage
Au
tark
ic
Ava
ilab
le
De
centr
al
Bala
nce
d
All e
lectr
ic
Water management
Farming
Future disconnect
Water pumping
Large Solar
Grow lights
Large Solar
Large scale EV parking
Solar Farms
Small Storage
Solar
Water pumping
© 2017 Harry Stokman
Phone charging
Water pumping
DC Grid
standards
DC
Application
standards
Interface
Developed country
DC Micro grid
MVDC/LVDC
Curr
en
t A
C g
rid
• Start is easy
• Next step more difficult
• Face the consequences of decisions
• Rethink the system with lessons learned
• The final system
USE Cases working group WG2 in the IEC LVDC SyC
• Use cases are important
• No standard without use cases
• Use cases must be a reference case to become valid for other use cases
• Collection use cases
• Regulation is part of it
Work in the TC s
Collecting UC s
Analysing UC s
Refrence UC s
Identifying gaps
Testing against Reference UC
Testing against UC
Analysing the deployment
WG2
Analysing of NWI
Need
Standards
LVDC SyC
Dutch “Polder” modelit’s one of the most reliable system fore more than 1000 years
• DC microgrids analogy is water management
• Prevent system failures
• Drive local decisions
• The decision maker faced the consequences
• Autonomous from the politics
• Low central control
LVDC ROLESStandards and Regulation
SUB GRID
DC
DC
DC
DC
SUB GRID
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DCDC
DC
DC
DC
DC
DC
±700V/±350V ±700V/±350V
±750V
DSO || MGO DSO || MGO
DNO
DC
DC
DC
USER
USERUSER
DC
USER
DC
USER
DC
USER
DC
USER
DC
USER
DC
USER
DC
USER
MAIN DISTRUBUTION GRID
WIDER SYSTEM
LVDC
MVDC || MVAC
HVDC || HVAC
TNO and TSO• Regulations
influences standards and standards influences regulation
• To make DC system successful in the public domain regulation and standards must match.
• Last change for a common world wide compatible system
• DSO and MGO are enabled
The most beautiful properties of DCwhat is Current/OS
SENSORGPS
COMSTEERING
BREAK
SPEED
SENSORGPS
COMSTEERING
BREAK
SPEED
Remote computersCAR Driving Software
SENSORGPSComputer
CAR Driving
software
STEERING
BREAK
SPEED
SENSORGPSComputer
CAR Driving
software
STEERING
BREAK
SPEED
OR !!
Realtime Centralized Control
Realtime Local Autonomous Control
© 2018 Harry Stokman
A Smart grid without ICT for control it will bring:• Trust• Privacy• Availability• Autonomous
Current/OS Properties
• Grounding system
• Priority by parameters
• Realtime without ICT Voltage driven
• Black start protocol
• Safety wire
• Grid synchronization protocol
• DC Zones defined now part of the Dutch TC64 NPR9090
• Protection based on the DC Zones
• Direct touch protection
• Full replacement of existing AC
solutions in many applications
• Must work in all applications, with compatibility
• Arcing
• Corrosion
• Selectivity 100% in Zone 3 and 4
• Voltage 350V/700V/1400V
• Emergency states
• Congestion management
4
0
Collaboration in Current/OS
We working hard to get consensus in the industry.
• Eaton: Protection
• Signify (Philips): LED drivers
• Nexans Cables for 350V/700V, grounding, safety wires and communication integrated
• ATAG induction stoves
• And other SME’s
DC Outdoor lighting ±350VDC
• Outdoor (we started this because it’s innocent, but can be expanded)• 240 km Public lighting installed in the Netherlands with as result:
• New use cases 5G and Smart cities line length up to 3.5km
DC Public service bus Second grid (Masterplan)
Bipolar DC grids running on ±350Vdc and 700Vdc for last mile replacement
Keep the existing
investment alive
Electrical Future system at the
lowest social cost
Enable new servicesDSO, Healthcare,
mobility
DC and footballcurrent project in progress
Large Event centers
AC
DC
com
com sw
10KV630KVA500KW
10KV630KVA500KW
32x200W700V
HBDC
DC
com sw
com
64kW100A
32x200W700V
HBDC
DC
com sw
com
64kW100A
10x
32x200W700V
HBDC
DC
com sw
com
64kW100A
32x200W700V
HBDC
DC
com sw
com
64kW100A
10x
AC
DC
com
com sw
© 2019 Harry StokmanDC
S1 S2
DC
500VEV-CCS
6kW
com SW
EV-CCS Q2
DC
DC
boost
buck
com sw
bms
BM
S
bms
DCbms
AC
DC
com
com
sw
10
KV
63
0K
VA
50
0K
W
700VDC +L/M/PE/SG/SW/COM
700V LED Drivers
100A Connectors 2 5mm2
AC
DCcom
UPSFor existing AC
grid
AC
DCcom
UPSFor existing AC
grid
• Grass grow light LED 700VDC 850kW
• 2x500kW AFE’s
• Expansion to 700V PV
• Event Backup between different AC transformers
• Future structure for EV
• Serving football, concerts and Dancing events.
DC in Tunnels (Rotterdam A16 highway)
• It’s about availability
• System availability during Maintenance
• Redundant without high investment
First version
• 3x 50kW Active Front Ends. Driving 150kW DC bus managed by the Current/OS protocol
• 535x 280W panels connected to DC micro converters
• 15x 16A/350V Current Routers protection
• 30kW LED lighting directly to DC
• 10kW Ventilation directly to 350V
• 6x 2500W AC 230V from the 350V DC
• Current/OS congestion
• Connection• 48x USB-C 100W
• 48x USB-A
• 48x 350V 10A sockets
DC
AC
3PH 400Vac
AC is an option
Safety Wire for Protection 48V DC
350V DC3x50kW
DC
AC
535x
48x 48x
100W
USB-C
USB-A
3kW
350V
Current/OS
protocol
converter
Connect directly
existing devices
to 350V DC
30kW
LED 10kW ventilation
2500W
230V
AC15x
Current
router 16A
6x
Office buildings v2
DE
SK
sup
po
rt
DE
SK
sup
port
LED
700VDC
700V
48V
LED
700VDC
700V
48V
700V
48V
USB
-C1
00
W
USB
-C1
00
W
USB
-C1
00
W
Oth
er
de
sk
FLOOR
ROOF LED
700V
48V
LED
USB
-C1
00
W
USB
-C1
00
W
USB
-C1
00
W
CR 16A
CR 16A
CR 16A
CR 16A
500W 500W
500W500W
SELVSafe Extra Low Voltage
DC Zone 4a
Oth
er
de
sk
Opto to ethernet
Opto to ethernet
Fibre
CR 16A
COS interface
700VDC
3x400VAC
6kW 3x400V/50HZ
HB 100A
COS interface
700VDC
3x400VAC
25kW 3x400V/50HZ
1
3
1
3
HB 100A
700V
PV Strings
9kW700V
PV Strings
9kW
DC SYSTEMS
Direct Current BVR&D
© 2018 Harry Stokman
High Energy Label
Ambition A+
AFAS Floor
Existing AC devices
Existing AC devices
To Main DC Link
DC powered Vacuum cleaner robot
700V
PID Hot water
9kW
Hot water tapCongestion controlled
700V
Battery
9kW
HB 100A
Emergency Mode
UPS Mode
Peak shave & Comfort Mode
70..90%
30..70%
0..30%
• Simple cabling on roof
• Simple cabling on floor
• Dynamic UPS
• 3MW system LVDC based
• Reduction of labor
• Improved availability
• Modular system scalable
The project is not installed because of the timeline in the project.
Dynamic UPS
• 100% comfort at power outage until the battery level drops down below a threshold
• Slowly load discrimination depending on settings at the load side
• Different modes depending on building usage. Like weekend mode of event mode of office mode.
• Peak shaving
• In weekend possible to run different use cases
• Grid support
• Power limit a the grid side but possible to run higher energy levels in the building than the grid connection
PV
AFE
Time
VoltageState of Grid
760V
DC
DC
Emergency
Comfort Mode
Opportunity Mode
Load discrimination
700V
640V
500V
SOA
Power depending on SOC
80%90% 30% 40%
Battery
Power safe Mode
Happy hour Mode
Emergency Critical
Blackout
40%
Data and Power
PD
24V
USB-C
EthernetUSB
48V
24V
PD
24V
USB-C
EthernetUSB
PD
24V
USB-C
EthernetUSB
24VCONDesk
Protection
TCP/IPSwitch
Opto
RJ45
SOCKET
SOCKET
100W
250W
Congestion managed
Electrical adjustable desk
100W 100W
Ethernet/DP Ethernet/DP Ethernet
Desktop PC
Laptop Monitor Smartphone
DES
K
sup
po
rt
700V
48V
USB
-C1
00
W
USB
-C10
0W
USB
-C1
00
W
Oth
er d
esk
500W
Opto to ethernet
DC SYSTEMS
Direct Current BVR&D
© 2018 Harry Stokman
High Energy Label
Ambition A+
USB-C DESK
Desk Data & Power Hub
• 48V at desk
• Power management
• Single plug system
• Monitor and Laptops only one cable
• Ethernet and power
• Congestion management
DC Greenhous
• 1.5MW DC grow light blocks of 150kW @ 700V DC (tested for 1 year)
• Next step 1 MW HPS integration directly to the 700V DC grid
• In progress with the grid operator grounding issues and at some point move the DC connection to the grid operator (Alliander)
• Connect other greenhouses an share grid connections
• 700KW PV installation connected to the main AC/DC station
Manny hordes to take and taken
• Grounding AC and DC
• Converter station grid operator ready
• Limited budget for realization
• Hybrid breakers and Solid-state breakers
• Grid codes
• Financial stability of the users
• Installers acceptance
Floriade proposal
± 350V
3
± 350V
3
© 2019 Harry Stokman
EAN EAN EAN EAN
EV-CCS Q2
EV-CCS Q2 EV-CCS Q2
DC
AC
DC
AC
1
DC
AC
1X16A 1X16A
- kW- kW- kW
3PH 10kV MVAC
3PH 400V LVAC
+700V LVDC
DC Hybrid configuration
• AC connection to the houses 3.5kW• DC connection congestion managed +/-3kW• AC Support from DC link• Public services on DC• EV charging on DC grid• PV in the public space
SMART CITYDC is powering smart cities infrastructure DC Public service BUS
Fiber opticsPower Line Communication
Local municipality storage and AC grid
support
DC
DC
DC
DC
• DC outdoor public services
• AC grid support
• Increase power during the event solving the energy vs power issues in grids
• Reduce grid investment for the next 60 years
The Why (voltage level) in Current/OSIsolation is cheaper than conductors
Why 700V DC (640 … 760V range)
• Isolation windings in motors is in the safe range
• Clear number not confused by AC
• ± 60VDC droop
• Multiple grounding possible
• Similar design criteria's as 480V AC
• Lifetime improvement with 1200V semiconductors and capacitors
• In case for bipolar ±700V DC the 1400V DC levels is below the 1500V DC border this enable full range of the voltage band to use
Why 350V DC (320V…380V range)
▪ With ± 30VDC Droop the limit for direct touch disconnect time = 2.5 millisecond. So can be used in Home applications. In line with the IEC60479-2
▪ Clear number not confused by AC voltage levels in hybrid cases
▪ Multiple grounding possible
▪ Similar design criteria's as 230V AC
▪ Lifetime improvement with 600/650V semiconductors
▪ In case for bipolar ±350V DC the 700V DC levels is available for larger power devices
±350V DC use this for locations where direct touch protection is needed.
Standardized in the Netherlands in the TC64 application paper in the Dutch NEN1010 practical guide
DC Current Router (protection)16A (100A version in Q4-2018)
▪ 16A Solid-state Breaker <8us short detection
▪ RCD 1 80mA 0.1sec for 80..500mA <0.025sec (IEC 60479-2)
▪ G3 powerline communication for parametering
▪ RS485 SCADA control (MODBUS)
▪ kWh meter
▪ Guarantee selective
▪ Congestion management
▪ Priority structure
▪ No inrush current
▪ Black start protocol
▪ Protection of the incoming DC
▪ Arc detection
▪ <12W losses @16A / 350/700Vdc housekeeping and communication
▪ DC Zone 3 and 4 operation
4
DC and Direct Touch
• Additional protection (protection against direct contact) still possible for 350 VDC nominal 20 80V including droop with a overshoot to 400 VDC.
• Pictures below according to NEN NPR 9090 Wiring regulations in the Netherlands
Safety is in our traditionThe first historical safety shoes ☺
DC grounding
TN-SCD
G
G
M
PE
SGND
L-
L+
MAIN SUPPORT
Potential blocking device
TN-SCDD
G
G
M
PE
SGND
L-
L+
MAIN SUPPORT
Potential blocking devicePotential blocking device
G
G
(optional) in case of bipolar systems
G
G
(optional) in case of bipolar systems
TN-SCD
G
G
HOOFD
AARDE
TN-SCDD
G
G
M
PE
L-
L+
G
G
(Optie) voor bipolaire systemen
G
G
M
PE
L-
L+
HULP
AARDE
HOOFD
AARDEHULP
AARDE
(Optie) voor bipolaire systemen
• IT grounding possible but for small applications not for systems.
• TT Corrosion issues
• TN-C Corrosion issues
• TN-S Usable in single source systems but microgrids need addition protection measures to take