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Lymphedema
Byung-Boong LeeStanley G. Rockson John Bergan
Editors
LymphedemaA Concise Compendium of Theory and Practice
Second Edition
†John Bergan is now deceased
ISBN 978-3-319-52421-4 ISBN 978-3-319-52423-8 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52423-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017956936
© Springer International Publishing AG 2011, 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub-lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The pub-lisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer International Publishing AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
EditorsByung-Boong LeeCenter for the Lymphedema and Vascular Malformations Division of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery George Washington UniversityWashington, DC USA
Department of Surgery Uniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesda, MD USA
Stanley G. RocksonFalk Cardiovascular Research CenterStanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA USA
John Bergan†
La Jolla, CA USA
V
Foreword
In the foreword of the first edition of this book, I wrote, «If venous diseases are the Cinderella of the vascular field as the late Michael Hume, former President of the American Venous Forum, called them, then the lymphatics are Cinder-ella’s poor cousin.» This second edition of Lymphedema: A Compendium of Theory and Practice, which will be published only a few years after the first edition, is a welcome evidence of the great interest and acceptance that the subject of lymphedema and its challenging pathology has received among the students of vascular disorders. The lymphatics are no more the poor cousin of the vascular system. How pleased would have been the late John Bergan, coau-thor of the first edition, to see that the field that he chose and made seminal contributions to during the last two decades of his life is now in its second edition and in the limelight of most vascular meetings. Even a prestigious jour-nal is dedicated solely to diseases of the venous and lymphatic systems!
This book is a welcome update of the first edition and has been elevated to the category of textbook. The addition to every chapter of an abstract, a summary of basic concepts, and a few annotated relevant references is an important con-tribution to its contents. Almost every chapter has been expanded and revised to include an update of our current knowledge on the subject.
The critically important work of early investigators in the field of the lymphatic physiology and pathophysiology, such as Servelle, Kinmonth, Casley-Smith, Olszewski, Nielubowicz, Földi, and others, established the basis and served as a stepping-stone for many of the subjects covered by recognized specialists in this book. As recognized by all investigators, one of the most important obsta-cles in the study of the lymphatics has been its visualization. The technique of visual lymphography using intradermal injections of Patent Blue (alphazurine) to study cutaneous and deeper lymphatics followed the technique of oil lym-phography and lymphadenography as described by Professor John Kinmonth. These techniques were a useful tool in the study of the lymphatic vasculature and served as the basis for an early classification of lymphedemas. The tedious and time-consuming lymphography has been replaced by new nuclear medi-cine imaging techniques, radionuclide lymphoscintigraphy, multislice CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and computerized axial tomography. These tech-niques have contributed to guide the clinician in the process of establishing a rational diagnosis and dictating appropriate treatment. Advances in diagnosis have been followed by an array of therapeutic techniques. Many of them are described in this book by their original authors.
At this point, I will take the liberty to narrate a pertinent anecdote that hap-pened during my fellowship at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. It was my fortune that, in the fall of 1957, Professor John Kinmonth from St.
VI
Thomas’ Hospital in London came to Boston as a visiting professor invited by my mentor Professor Richard Warren. Mr. Kinmonth gave us a great lecture on lymphatic disorders and the lymphangiography procedure that he pioneered and had performed in more than 2000 patients in London.
During a break, Mr. Kinmonth pulled me aside and gave me a small bag con-taining one ounce of a blue powder that was his «Patent Blue Violet,» a vital dye that diffuses readily and is absorbed promptly by the lymphatic vessels. He had used it extensively to visualize the lymphatics. He gave me detailed instructions on how to use it and told me: «young fellow, take this powder and prepare an 11% distilled water solution, sterilize it, and start using it!»
Professor Kinmonth’s visit to the Brigham sparked the flame of a lifetime inter-est in the lymphatic system. I became fascinated with the elusive little channels and their physiopathology. The reflections of my mentor’s friendship with Pro-fessor Kinmonth led him to study the lymphatics. Doctor Warren and I designed an instrument to measure lymphatic pressures and perform direct lymphangiography that is described in this book.
The tedious and time-consuming Kinmonth’s lymphography has been replaced by new nuclear medicine imaging techniques, radionuclide lymphoscintigra-phy, multislice CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and computerized axial tomography. These techniques have contributed to guide the clinician in the process of establishing a rational diagnosis and dictating appropriate treat-ment. Advances in diagnosis have been followed by an array of therapeutic techniques. Many of them are described in this book by their original authors. Because of my longtime interest on the subject, I have had personal experience with some of the diagnostic and surgical techniques described in this book such as oil lymphography, lymphoscintigraphy, lymphovenous anastomosis, and debulking procedures for massive lymphedema. I consider however that, at present, a program of complex manual decongestive techniques, associated with properly applied intermittent pneumatic compression and followed by a closely supervised compression therapy program in a compliant patient, may achieve long-lasting edema control without the need for surgery. The role of surgery, as described in surgical books and texts of vascular surgery, has been relegated to severe cases of chronic fibro-lymphedema treated by reconstruc-tive plastic surgery to excise the fibrous tissue and remodel the redundant skin folds resulting from a good lymphatic manual decompression program of the extremities.
The science of genetics has found fertile ground in the pathology of the lym-phatic vasculature. I am certain that as genetic research on the phenotypes of different lymphedema conditions progresses, our thoughts and concepts on the nature and classification of some primary lymphedemas will change. The same will occur in those cases of lymphedemas associated to other vas-
Foreword
VII
cular and nonvascular anomalies. We are on the threshold of a true revolution in our understanding of the Kinmonth lymphedemas for the benefit of our own understanding of the disease and, hopefully, for the benefit of the many unfortunate patients suffering from the disabling pathology of the lymphatic system.
J. Leonel Villavicencio, MD, FACSBethesda, MD, USA
Foreword
IX
Preface
It is indeed gratifying that, a scant 5 years after the first publication of this compendium, we find ourselves in need of a revision and expansion of the text. This fact is testimony to the continued and growing renaissance that is being experienced in the realm of lymphatic science and, specifically, as it impacts the vexing problem of lymphedema and related disorders. The transformation that we sensed in 2011 is far from over.
The last 5 years have witnessed substantial growth of insights within the genet-ics, developmental biology, and physiology of the lymphatic system, as evi-denced by the steady growth of publications devoted to this subject and by the 15% growth in the number of manuscripts indexed by the National Library of Medicine.
While the translation of biomedical science into diagnostic and therapeutic advances can be frustratingly slow, the last 5 years have indeed witnessed a substantial evolution in the evaluation and medical care of these patients. Spe-cifically, significant progress has been made in diagnostic imaging and in reconstructive surgical interventions, with increasing utilization of the various approaches that have been developed. One can say, optimistically, that greater numbers of lymphedema patients now have access to appropriate evaluation and therapeutic interventions. There is substantially greater awareness of the problem, which translates into more effective surveillance mechanisms for the at-risk population.
It has been our intent that this second edition of our compendium accurately reflects the exponential growth in the content of this subject matter. We have had the opportunity to work with our distinguished colleagues in generating new and expanded subject matter. Given the increasing need for clinicians to embrace this material, we have added features that allow this work to be uti-lized as a textbook of lymphatic medicine, including summaries of the basic concepts inherent in each chapter, and highlighted references that reflect the most important primary sources of information.
For the first edition of this book, we had the honor and privilege to work edito-rially with our colleague Dr. John Bergan. It is our fervent hope that this edition serves as a fitting tribute to him and to his distinguished career.
Stanley G. Rockson, MDStanford, CA, USA
Byung-Boong Lee, MDWashington, DC, USA
XI
Preface to the First Edition
It is truly fortunate that, as we enter the twenty-first century, the fields of lym-phatic biology and medicine are experiencing a highly anticipated renaissance. This much-needed emphasis upon the study of the lymphatic system is pre-dicted to have a transformative impact upon our understanding of physiology, health, and disease.
Inexplicably, the lymphatic system has been the subject of passive neglect for centuries of medical development. This is, indeed, paradoxical, considering that such a very important component of the human circulation plays an equally important role in the normal functioning of the immune apparatus. Awareness of the importance of lymphatic mechanisms to the continuum of human biology and disease is growing. This «lymphatic continuum» now easily encompasses cardiovascular disease, obesity, autoimmune disease, respiratory and other forms of chronic inflammation, and chronic transplant rejection, among many other expressions of human pathology.
Lymphedema is a central manifestation of both peripheral and visceral diseases of the lymphatic circulation. Any pathological condition of the lymphatic vas-culature, whether superficial or internal, regional, or systemic, is predominated by the appearance of the characteristic type of tissue edema that occurs when lymphatic dysfunction supervenes. While there is a broad spectrum of lym-phatic vascular diseases, the most common diagnosis in lymphatic medicine is, of course, lymphedema.
This patient population is large and, historically, underserved by the medical community. At last, after decades and centuries of relative neglect, these patients are increasingly receiving attention. It is very timely, and gratifying, that there is now a clinical need for a comprehensive textbook that addresses the problem of lymphedema, and it is equally gratifying to acknowledge that this compendium has called upon the expertise of so many authorities to con-tribute their collective wisdom.
I am especially honored to collaborate with such an inspiring group of col-leagues and, in particular, to have had the privilege to work so closely with my esteemed coeditors, Drs. John Bergan and Byung-Boong Lee.
It is an honor to dedicate this volume to the current and future well-being of our patients with lymphedema.
Stanley G. Rockson, MDStanford, CA, USA
XIII
Contents
I Introduction
1 General Considerations ........................................................................................ 3
Stanley G. Rockson
2 Etiology and Classification of Lymphatic Disorders .......................... 9
Stanley G. Rockson
3 Hereditary and Familial Lymphedemas ..................................................... 29
Peter S. Mortimer, Kristiana Gordon, Glen Brice, and Sahar Mansour
II Embryology, Anatomy, & Histology
4 Embryology of the Lymphatic System and Lymphangiogenesis ...................................................................................... 47
Stanley G. Rockson
5 Anatomy of the Lymphatic System and Its Structural Disorders in Lymphoedema ............................................................................... 57
Hiroo Suami and Seiji Kato
III Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Lymphodynamics
6 General Overview ..................................................................................................... 81
Stanley G. Rockson
7 Lymphodynamics ...................................................................................................... 87
Stanley G. Rockson
8 Physiology: Lymph Flow ....................................................................................... 91
Anish Mukherjee, Joshua Hooks, and J. Brandon Dixon
9 Biomechanics of the Lymphatic Circulation ............................................ 113
James E. Moore Jr. and Lowell T. Edgar
10 Pathology and Histochemistry ........................................................................ 125
Waldemar L. Olszewski, Marzanna T. Zaleska, and Marta Jakimowicz- Cakala
XIV
11 Lymph Formation and Composition ............................................................. 139
Laura Santambrogio
IV Clinical Diagnosis
12 General Overview ..................................................................................................... 155
Stanley G. Rockson
13 Lymphedema Epidemiology .............................................................................. 165
Vaughan Keeley and Christine Moffatt
14 Clinical Staging ........................................................................................................... 177
Sandro Michelini, Marco Cardone, Alessandro Failla, and Giovanni Moneta
15 Combined Clinical and Laboratory (Lymphoscintigraphic) Staging ....................................................................... 187
Kendal Endicott, James Laredo, and Byung-Boong Lee
16 Early Diagnosis in Latent Phase ...................................................................... 197
Leigh C. Ward
17 Cutaneous Manifestations of Edema ........................................................... 205
Peter S. Mortimer
18 The Diagnosis of Edema and Its Pathogenesis ...................................... 221
Stanley G. Rockson
19 Differential Diagnosis: Venous Edema ........................................................ 229
Eri Fukaya
20 Differential Diagnosis: Lipedema ................................................................... 239
Győző Szolnoky
V Laboratory/Imaging Diagnosis
21 General Guidelines ................................................................................................... 253
Andrzej Szuba
22 Radionuclide Lymphoscintigraphies ........................................................... 257
Pierre Bourgeois
Contents
XV
23 Duplex Ultrasonography ...................................................................................... 315
Attilio Cavezzi
24 Oil Contrast Lymphangiography .................................................................... 329
J. Leonel Villavicencio
25 Microscopic Lymphangiography .................................................................... 337
Claudio Allegra, Michelangelo Bartolo, and Anita Carlizza
26 Near-Infrared Fluorescent Lymphography .............................................. 345
Takumi Yamamoto
27 MR Lymphangiography ......................................................................................... 357
Ningfei Liu
28 Combined Role of Lymphoscintigraphy, X-ray Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Positron Emission Tomography in the Management of Lymphedematous Disease ............................................................................ 367
Pierre Bourgeois and Stanley G. Rockson
29 Alternative Assessment and Measurement Tools ................................ 387
Neil Piller
VI Physical and Medical Management
30 General Overview ..................................................................................................... 397
Stanley G. Rockson
31 Complete Decongestive Physiotherapy ..................................................... 403
Etelka Földi, Martha Földi, and Stanley G. Rockson
32 Decongestive Lymphatic Therapy .................................................................. 413
Kristiana Gordon and Peter S. Mortimer
33 Compression Therapy ............................................................................................. 431
Hugo Partsch and Stanley G. Rockson
34 Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Therapy ..................................... 443
Stanley G. Rockson
35 Other Contemporary Treatment Modalities............................................ 449
Neil Piller
Contents
XVI
36 Medical Treatment Options ................................................................................ 459
Stanley G. Rockson
37 Diagnosis and Management of Infection in Lymphedema .......................................................................................................... 465
Waldemar L. Olszewski and Marzanna T. Zaleska
38 The Prospect for Genetic and Growth Factor Therapy ..................... 483
Stanley G. Rockson
39 Adherence and Quality of Life .......................................................................... 493
Sheila Ridner, Jie Deng, and Bethany Andrews Rhoten
40 Lymphedema Within the Healthcare System.......................................... 503
Jane M. Armer, Joseph L. Feldman, Pamela L. Ostby, Janet S. Chance- Hetzler, Yuanlu April Sun, Nathan C. Armer, and Ya-Chen Tina Shih
VII Practical Issues in the Physiotherapeutic Approach to Lymphedema
41 Lower Limb Lymphedema ................................................................................... 527
Győző Szolnoky
42 Upper Limb Lymphedema ................................................................................... 537
Robert J. Damstra
43 Head, Face, and Neck Lymphedema ............................................................. 547
Anne-Marie Vaillant-Newman and Stanley G. Rockson
44 Genital Lymphedema ............................................................................................. 559
Stéphane Vignes
VIII Surgical Treatment: Reconstructive Surgery
45 Surgical Treatment - Reconstructive Surgery General Overview ..................................................................................................... 571
Peter Gloviczki and Ying Huang
46 Principles of Patient Selection for Surgical Management of Lymphedema ......................................................................................................... 589
Joseph H. Dayan
Contents
XVII
47 Lymphatic-Venous Derivative and Reconstructive Microsurgery ................................................................................................................ 599
Corradino Campisi, Corrado Cesare Campisi, and Francesco Boccardo
48 Lymphatic-Lymphatic Reconstructive Microsurgery ........................ 619
Ruediger G.H. Baumeister
49 Lymph Node-Venous Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery: Filariasis Lymphedema ..................................................................... 631
Gurusamy Manokaran
50 Vascularized Lymph Node Transfer for the Treatment of Lymphedema ......................................................................................................... 637
Laurence S. Paek, Joseph M. Baylan, Corrine Becker, and Dung H. Nguyen
51 A Combined Microsurgical Reconstruction Approach for Lymphedema ....................................................................................................... 653
Akitatsu Hayashi, Giuseppe Visconti, Yukio Seki, Guido Giacalone, Hidehiko Yoshimatsu, Nobuko Hayashi, and Takumi Yamamoto
52 Current Dilemmas and Controversies in Reconstructive Surgery for Lymphedema .................................................................................... 673
Byung-Boong Lee and James Laredo
53 Future Prospects in Lymphatic Reconstructive Surgery ................. 681
Chad M. Teven and David W. Chang
IX Surgical Treatment: Excisional and Debulking Tech-niques
54 Contemporary Indications and Controversies in Excisional Surgery ............................................................................................... 695
James Laredo and Byung-Boong Lee
55 Debulking Surgery for Lymphatic Filariasis ............................................ 703
Gurusamy Manokaran
56 From Lymph to Fat: Liposuction as a Treatment for Complete Reduction of Lymphedema ................................................. 707
Håkan Brorson
57 Surgical Management of Lipedema .............................................................. 717
Mark L. Smith and Bianca J. Molina
Contents
XVIII
X Congenital Vascular Malformation with Lymphatic Involvement
58 General Overview ..................................................................................................... 729
K. Benjamin Lee, James Laredo, and Byung-Boong Lee
59 Primary Lymphedema and Lymphatic Malformation ....................... 743
Ningfei Liu
60 Molecular Genetics of Lymphatic and Complex Vascular Malformations ............................................................................................................. 753
Matthieu J. Schlögel, Pascal Brouillard, Laurence M. Boon, and Miikka Vikkula
61 Syndromic Lymphedema and Complex Vascular Malformations with Lymphatic Involvement ......................................... 765
Francine Blei
62 An Atlas of Neonatal and Infantile Lymphedema................................ 777
Cristóbal Miguel Papendieck and Miguel Angel Amore
XI Management of Chyle Reflux and Effusions
63 Pathophysiology and Medical Management of Chylous Disorders ............................................................................................... 799
Francine Blei
64 Surgical Management of Chylous Reflux and Effusions .................. 807
Ying Huang and Peter Gloviczki
65 Endovascular Catheter-Based Management of Chylous Effusions ................................................................................................ 823
Max Itkin
XII Lymphatic Filariasis
66 Epidemiology ............................................................................................................... 841
Stanley G. Rockson
67 Etiology and Pathophysiology ......................................................................... 849
Sasisekhar Bennuru, Subash Babu, and Thomas B. Nutman
Contents
XIX
68 Clinical Overview: Diagnosis and Management ................................... 865
Gurusamy Manokaran
XIII Oncology and Lymphedema
69 Breast Cancer ............................................................................................................... 879
Sharon L. Kilbreath and Elizabeth S. Dylke
70 Lower Extremity Cancers...................................................................................... 887
Mi-Joung Lee and Stanley G. Rockson
71 Radiation Considerations .................................................................................... 899
Kathleen Horst and Jie Jane Chen
XIV Phlebolymphedema
72 Diagnosis and Management of Primary Phlebolymphedema ................................................................................................ 913
Kendal Endicott, James Laredo, and Byung-Boong Lee
73 Diagnosis and Management of Secondary Phlebolymphoedema ............................................................................................. 925
A Cavezzi
74 Management of Phlebolymphedema Ulcer............................................. 937
Sergio Gianesini, Erica Menegatti, and Paolo Zamboni
Supplementary Information Index .................................................................................................................................... 957
Contents
XXI
Contributors
Claudio AllegraAngiology DepartmentSan Giovanni HospitalRome, [email protected]
Miguel Angel Amore, MD, FACSPhlebology and Lymphology UnitCentral Military HospitalBuenos Aires, Argentina
Laboratory of Vascular AnatomyUniversity of Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, [email protected]
Jane M. Armer, PhD, RN, FAAN, CLTSinclair School of Nursing Nursing ResearchEllis Fischel Cancer Center University of MissouriColumbia, MO, [email protected]
Nathan C. Armer, MEdSinclair School of NursingUniversity of MissouriColumbia, MO, [email protected]
Subash BabuLaboratory of Parasitic DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIHBethesda, MD, USA
NIH-NIRT- ICER, Chennai, India
Michelangelo BartoloAngiology DepartmentSan Giovanni HospitalRome, Italy
Ruediger G.H. BaumeisterLudwig Maximilians University MunichMunich, [email protected]
Joseph M. Baylan, MDStanford UniversityPalo Alto, CA, USA
Corrine Becker, MDAmerican Hospital of ParisParis, [email protected]
K. Benjamin LeeGeorge Washington UniversityWashington, DC, [email protected]
Sasisekhar BennuruLaboratory of Parasitic DiseasesNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIHBethesda, MD, [email protected]
Francine Blei, MDVascular Anomalies ProgramLenox Hill Hospital of Northwell HealthNew York, NY, [email protected]
Francesco BoccardoDepartment of SurgeryUnit of Lymphatic SurgeryUniversity of Genoa Genova, GE, [email protected]
XXII
Laurence M. BoonHuman Molecular Geneticsde Duve Institute, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
Center for Vascular Anomalies Division of Plastic SurgeryCliniques universitaires Saint-Luc Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
Pierre Bourgeois, MD, PhDInstitut Jules Bordet, Brussels, [email protected]
J. Brandon DixonParker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA, [email protected]
Glen BriceLymphovascular Research UnitSt George’s University of LondonLondon, UK
Håkan BrorsonDepartment of Clinical Sciences in Malmö Lund UniversityPlastic and Reconstructive Surgery Skåne University HospitalSE-205 02 Malmö, [email protected]
Pascal BrouillardHuman Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
Corradino CampisiDepartment of SurgeryUnit of Lymphatic SurgeryUniversity of Genoa Genova, GE, [email protected]
Corrado Cesare CampisiDepartment of SurgeryUnit of Lymphatic SurgeryUniversity of Genoa Genova, GE, Italy
Marco CardoneSan Giovanni Battista Hospital, ACISMOMRome, Italy
Anita CarlizzaAngiology DepartmentSan Giovanni HospitalRome, Italy
Attilio CavezziEurocenter VenalinfaSan Benedetto del Tronto, AP, [email protected]
Janet S. Chance-Hetzler, DNP,MSN,RN,APRN, ACNS-BC,AOCNSCNESinclair School of NursingUniversity of MissouriColumbia, MO, [email protected]
David W. Chang, MD, FACSSection of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryThe University of Chicago MedicineChicago, IL, [email protected]
Jie Jane ChenDepartment of Radiation OncologyStanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer InstituteStanford, CA, [email protected]
Contributors
XXIII
Robert J. DamstraDepartment of DermatologyExpert Center on Lympho-Vascular Medicine, Nij Smellinghe HospitalDrachten, The [email protected]
Joseph Dayan, MDDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew York, NY, [email protected]
Jie Deng, PhD, RN, OCNVanderbilt University School of NursingNashville, TN37240, [email protected]
Elizabeth S. DylkeUniversity of SydneySydney, Australia
Lowell T. EdgarDepartment of BioengineeringImperial College London, London, UK
Kendal EndicottGeorge Washington UniversityWashington, DC, [email protected]
Alessandro FaillaSan Giovanni Battista Hospital, ACISMOMRome, Italy
Joseph L. Feldman, MD, CLT-LANANorthShore University HealthSystem, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of ChicagoChicago, IL, [email protected]
Etelka FöldiClinic for LymphologyFöldiklinik, HinterzartenBaden-Württemberg, [email protected]
Martha FöldiClinic for LymphologyFöldiklinik, HinterzartenBaden-Württemberg, Germany
Eri Fukaya, MD, PhDVascular Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, [email protected]
Guido GiacaloneDepartment of Lymphatic SurgeryAZ Sint- Maarten HospitalMechelen, Belgium
Sergio GianesiniVascular Diseases Center University of FerraraFerrara, FE, Italy
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, [email protected]
Peter Gloviczki, MDDivision of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryMayo ClinicRochester, MN, [email protected]
Kristiana GordonDermatology and Lympho-vascular Medicine DepartmentSt George’s University HospitalLondon, [email protected]
Contributors
XXIV
Akitatsu HayashiDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryAsahi General HospitalTomari, [email protected]
Nobuko HayashiDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryAsahi General HospitalTomari, Japan
Joshua HooksParker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and BioscienceGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA, USA
Kathleen HorstDepartment of Radiation OncologyStanford University School of Medicine and Stanford Cancer InstituteStanford, CA, [email protected]
Ying Huang, MD, PhDDivision of Vascular and Endovascular SurgeryMayo ClinicRochester, MN, [email protected]
Max Itkin, MD, FSIRRadiology and PediatricsCHOP/HUP Center for Lymphatic Imaging and InterventionsPhiladelphia, PA, USA
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Penn MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
Hospital of University of Pennsylvania3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA19004, [email protected]
Marta Jakimowicz-CakalaMossakowski Medical Research Center Department of Epigenetics Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
Seiji Kato, PhDProfessor Emeritus, Faculty of MedicineOita UniversityOita, [email protected]
Vaughan KeeleyDerby Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustDerby, UK
University of NottinghamNottingham, [email protected]
Sharon L. KilbreathHealth SciencesUniversity of SydneySydney, [email protected]
James LaredoCenter for the Lymphedema and Vascular Malformations, Division of Vascular Surgery Department of Surgery George Washington UniversityWashington, DC, [email protected]
Byung-Boong LeeCenter for the Lymphedema and Vascular Malformations, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery George Washington UniversityWashington, DC, USA
Department of Surgery Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, [email protected]
Contributors
XXV
Mi-Joung LeeThe University of Sydney, Faculty of Health Sciences, Discipline of PhysiotherapySydney, New South Wales, [email protected]
J. Leonel VillavicencioDistinguished Professor of Surgery Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University School of Medicine, Director Emeritus Venous and Lymphatic Teaching Clinics, Walter Reed Army and National Naval Medical CentersWashington DC and Bethesda, MD, [email protected]
Ningfei Liu, MD, PhDLymphology Center of Dept. Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine,639 Zhi Zao Ju Road, Shanghai, 200011, [email protected]
Gurusamy Manokaran, MS, MCh., (Plastic), FICS, FRCSSenior Consultant Plastic & Reconstructive Surgeon & Lymphologist,Apollo Hospitals21, Greams Road, Chennai, India
Past President “International Society of Lymphology”, Tucson,Arizona, USA
Honorary Associate Prof. Macquarie University Sydney, NSW, [email protected]; [email protected]
Sahar MansourLymphovascular Research UnitSt George’s University of LondonLondon, UK
Erica MenegattiVascular Diseases Center University of FerraraFerrara, FE, [email protected]
Sandro MicheliniSan Giovanni Battista Hospital, ACISMOMRome, [email protected]
Christine MoffattSchool of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
Derby Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustDerby, UK
Cardiff Wound Healing Institute; Kanasawa University; Western Ontario University, LOROS, UK, Glasgow UniversityGlasgow, [email protected]
Bianca J. MolinaDepartment of Plastic Surgery Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH, USA
Giovanni MonetaSan Giovanni Battista Hospital, ACISMOMRome, Italy
James E. Moore Jr.Department of BioengineeringImperial College LondonLondon, [email protected]
Peter S. MortimerDermatology and Lympho-vascular Medicine DepartmentSt George’s University HospitalLondon, [email protected]
Contributors
XXVI
Anish MukherjeeParker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA, USA
Dung H. Nguyen, MDStanford UniversityPalo Alto, CA, [email protected]
Thomas B. NutmanLaboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIHBethesda, MD, [email protected]
Waldemar L. OlszewskiMossakowski Medical Research Center, Department of Surgery and Applied Physiology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
Central Clinical HospitalWarsaw, [email protected]
Pamela L. Ostby, PhD, RN, OCN®, CLTSinclair School of NursingUniversity of MissouriColumbia, MO, [email protected]
Laurence S. Paek, MDStanford UniversityPalo Alto, CA, USA
Cristóbal Miguel Papendieck, MD, PhD, FACSAngiopediatriaBuenos Aires, [email protected]
Hugo PartschDepartment of Dermatology University of WienBaumeistergasse, Wien, [email protected]
Neil PillerLymphoedema Clinical Research Unit Department of Surgery Flinders UniversityAdelaide, South Australia [email protected]
Bethany Andrews Rhoten, PhD, RNVanderbilt University School of NursingNashville, TN37240, [email protected]
Sheila Ridner, PhD, RN, FAANVanderbilt University School of NursingNashville, TN37240, [email protected]
Stanley G. RocksonFalk Cardiovascular Research CenterStanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA, [email protected]
Laura SantambrogioDepartment of Pathology Microbiology & ImmunologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine1300 Morris Park Avenue, New York NY10461, [email protected]
Matthieu J. SchlögelHuman Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
Contributors
XXVII
Yukio SekiDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgerySt. Marianna University School of Medicine HospitalKawasaki, Japan
Ya-Chen Tina Shih, PhDSection of Cancer Economics and Policy, Department of Health Services ResearchUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, [email protected]
Mark L. Smith, MD, FACSNorthwell Health SystemLake Success, NY, [email protected]
Hiroo Suami, MD, PhDAssociate Professor, Australian Lymphoe-dema Education, Research and Treatment (ALERT), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, [email protected]
Yuanlu April Sun, BSN, CLTSinclair School of NursingUniversity of MissouriColumbia, MO, [email protected]
Győző Szolnoky, MD, PhDDepartment of Dermatology and AllergologyUniversity of SzegedKorányi fasor, Szeged, [email protected]
Andrzej Szuba, MD, PhDProfessor of MedicineDivision of AngiologyWroclaw Medical University and Department of Internal MedicineWroclaw, Poland [email protected]
Chad M. Teven, MDSection of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryThe University of Chicago MedicineChicago, IL, [email protected]
Anne-Marie Vaillant-NewmanStanford Center for Lymphatic and Venous Disorders, Stanford University School of MedicineStanford, CA, [email protected]
Stéphane Vignes, MDDepartment of LymphologyHôpital Cognacq-Jay15, rue Eugène-Millon75015, Paris, [email protected]
Miikka VikkulaHuman Molecular Geneticsde Duve Institute, Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
Center for Vascular Anomalies Division of Plastic SurgeryCliniques universitaires Saint-Luc Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, Belgium
Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO)Université catholique de LouvainBrussels, [email protected]
Contributors
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Giuseppe ViscontiCentre for Surgical Treatment of Lymphedema, Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital “Agostino Gemelli” Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreMilan, Italy
Leigh C. WardMetabolic Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesThe University of QueenslandBrisbane, [email protected]
Takumi YamamotoPlastic and Reconstructive SurgeryNational Center for Global Health and Medicine, Toyama 1-21-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, [email protected]
Hidehiko YoshimatsuDepartment of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryUniversity of Tokyo HospitalTokyo, Japan
Marzanna T. ZaleskaMossakowski Medical Research Center Department of Surgery and Applied Physiology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland
Central Clinical HospitalWarsaw, Poland
Paolo ZamboniVascular Diseases Center University of Ferrara Ferrara, FE, [email protected]
Contributors
![[02] Lymphedema](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/55cf8dfd550346703b8d6373/02-lymphedema.jpg)
