Maaa Dgera

7/24/2019 Maaa Dgera

1/28

USO DE LA MADERA

INDICE

ASPECTOS GENERALES DE LA MADERA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3

CARACTERISTICAS DE LA MADERA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6

PROPIEDADES FISICAS Y MECANICAS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19

USO DEL CAJON - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26

CUBICACION DE LA MADERA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -27

MADERA DE ACABADOS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34

PUERTAS DE MADERA - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -36

MADERA EN PISOS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -39

LA MADERA COMO ELEMENTO ESTRUCTURAL - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45


2/28

ASPECTOS GENERALES DE LA MADERA

Introduccin

la a!"#a$ %&%'a()*a !a + #"%*%'"('" ,&" )(%'*'&+" "l '#() !" l% .#/l"%$ 0&"

"l #*"# a'"#*al "l"a! # "l /#" !"/*! a %&% )a#a)'"#%'*)a% )0a)*l*!a! !" )(0#a)*($ /a "% "%")0*)$ aa#*"()*a a#a!a/l" + /&"(a%#*"!a!"% ").(*)a%$ '8#*)a% + a)%'*)a%$ "'):E%'a%$ + '#a% #*"!a!"%$ a( !a! a la a!"#a &( )a !" al*)a)*( &+;a#*a!$ "%")*al"('" ) a'"#*al !" la )(%'#&))*(: *l"a$ la )8l&la ,&" )&a &(a %*)*( .% *('"#(a !" la% !% #"%&l'a('"% !" la!*;*%*( %" '#a(%0#a "( >*l"a$ *"('#a% ,&" la ">'"#*# %*&" a)'&a(! ))./*& "( la !*;*%*( %*&*"('": C&a(! 8%'a )#"$ la )8l&la .% ">'"#(a %"


3/28

'#a(%0#a "( )8l&la !"l 0l"a$ + la *('"#(a %*&" a)'&a(! ) )./*&$ + a%%&)"%*;a"('":Da! ,&" la% )8l&la% !"l >*l"a #!&)*!a% "( #*a;"#a %( #a(!"% + la%0#a!a% .% 'a#!" ",&"?a%$ + ,&" !a('" "l *(;*"#( "l )#")**"(' %"*('"##&"$ la a!"#a ,&" %" 0#a )a!a a? a!'a la 0#a !" a(*ll a(&al !"

)#")**"(': %" !*0"#"()*a% &(% !" '#% # &(a !*0"#"()*a !" )l# ,&" al'"#(a "l)la# @a!"#a #*"#*=a )##"%(!*"('"% al )#")**"(' #*a;"#al$ + "l %)@a!"#a 'a#!a )##"%(!*"('" al )#")**"(' '?al .% l"('$ !" 0#a ,&")a!a al'"#(a()*a !" a(*ll )la# a a(*ll %) *(!*)a &( a? "( la ;*!a !"l .#/l: laa()a !" )a!a a(*ll %" ;" a0")'a!a # "l )l*a$ "l '* !" .#/l + '#a%;a#*a/l"%:

L% a(*ll% a(&al"% .% a('*&%$ !" )l# .% %)$Ca%* (&()a %( 0&()*(al"% + #")*/"( "( )(&(' "l (/#" !" !a"($ *"('#a%,&" l% .% ;"("%$ !" '(al*!a! .% )la#a$ )(%'*'&+"( la al/a: "( la =(a !"la al/a %" %*'a( l% '"*!% ,&" '#a(%#'a a&a + (&'#*"('"% *("#al"% !*%&"l'%!"%!" "l %&"l a)*a la% a%$ + 'a/*8( l% #!&)'% a%"%% !" la#"%*#a)*($ ,&" %" 0#a( "( '!a% la% )8l&la% ;*;a% !" la la('a$ a)*a la% a%$!"%!" la% ,&" a%a( a la a'%0"#a: a "!*!a ,&" "l '#() )#")"$ la a#'" *('"#(a!" la al/a %" ;" !"%la=a!a !" la =(a !" )#")**"(' a)'*;$ "l )a/*&$ + %&%)8l&la% &"#"($ %&0#*"(! '#a(%0#a)*("% ,&*)a% # a)&&la)*( !" #"%*(a%$'a(*(%$ a)"*'"% "%"()*al"% + '#a% %&%'a()*a%$ '#a(%0#.(!%" "( !a"(:

E( l #"0"#"('" a la )%*)*( !" la% a!"#a%$ al *&al ,&" )&al,&*"# %&%'a()*a!" #*"( (a'al #.(*)$ "%'a#.( 0#a!a% # )a#/( @5$ >"( @42$*!#"( @6$ + (*'#"( @:2 #*()*al"('"$ a!".% !" '#% "l""('%*(#.(*)% ) 0%0#$ %!*$ )al)*$ "'): "( )&a(' a l% )("('"%l")&la#"% '"("%

)"l&l%a @5 "% &( *!#a' !" )a#/( ,&" %" !"%)(" #.*!a"('")( la &"!a!$ "# "% *(al'"#a/l" "( a/*"('" %"):l*(*(a @2 ( %" )()" )( ">a)'*'&! %& )%*)*( ,&*)a$ "# "%la %&%'a()*a ,&" a)'a ) )""('a('"$ "(!")*"(! la a!"#a:"*)"l&l%a @2 "% la #"%(%a/l" !" la &(*( 0*/#%a "( la a!"#a$%*( *(0l&*# "( la !"=a (* "( la% #*"!a!"% ").(*)a%: %( 0.)*l"('"a'a)a/l"% # l% (%:'#a% ) )l#a('"%$ #"%*(a%$ al*!($ 'a(*(%$ l"(a%$ a=)a#"%$ "'):$"'):

E( )&al,&*"# )a%$ la% )%*)*("% !a!a% &"!"( ;a#*a#$ "( a+# "(#"!*!a$ !""(!*"(! !"l '* !" .#/l + !" la% )(!*)*("% !" )#")**"(':


4/28

CARACTER"STICAS DE LA MADERA

al *&al ,&" a#a '#% a'"#*al"%$ la "%'#&)'a !" la a!"#a !"'"#*(a "( #a("!*!a la% #*"!a!"% + )a#a)'"#%'*)a% !" 8%'a: "( "l )a% !" la% a!"#a%$ la"%'#&)'a ;*"(" !a!a # l% "l""('% a(a'*)% ,&" la 0#a( )8l&la%$ ;a%%

l"?%%$ 0*/#a%$ )a(al"% !" #"%*(a$ "'): a%$ la )%*)*( )"l&la#$ "l #%#$ la%*"'#a$ "'):$ !" "%'% "l""('% !"'"#*(a( la% )a#a)'"#%'*)a% !" la a!"#a$ +&(' a la% '#a% #*"!a!"% 0%*)a% + ").(*)a%$ %&% %*/l"% &%%:la% #*()*al"% )a#a)'"#%'*)a%$ ,&" a!".% (% "#*'" *!"('*0*)a# a l% !*%'*('%'*% !" a!"#a%$ %( la '">'a$ "l #a( + "l !*%"?$ a!".% !"l )l# + l#:

S" !"(*(a te#tur al 'aa? !" l% "l""('% a(a'*)% !" la a!"#a:


5/28

E('#")#&=a! al )a/*a# "( )a!a a(*ll !" )#")**"(' laD*%%*)*( !" l% "l""('% a(a'*)%:

e! co!or!" la a!"#a "% &(a )(%")&"()*a !" la% %&%'a()*a%&" %" *(0*l'#a( "( la% a#"!"% !" %&% )8l&la%$ + "% )a#a)'"#%'*) !" )a!a "%")*":E%'a #*"!a! &"!" %"# !" *#'a()*a a la #a !" "l"a# &(a !"'"#*(a!aa!"#a )( 0*("% !")#a'*;%: "l )l# 'a/*8( %( )(%")&"()*a !" la%%&%'a()*a% ,&" *#"(a la a!"#a$ + %( !" "%")*al *('"#8% a la #a !""l"a# &(a !"'"#*(a!a a!"#a "( la 0a/#*)a)*( !" #")**"('"% !" )(%"#;a)*(!" al*"('% @'("l"% !" ;*(:

DE&ECTOS DE ESTRUCTURA

L% !"0")'% !" "%'#&)'a %( a,&"ll% #**(a!% "( la *%a "%'#&)'a !" laa!"#a !a('" %& !"%a##ll: L% #*()*al"% !"0")'% ,&" &"!"( #"%"('a#%"%(

(&!% %" 0#a( # #"%'% !" #aa% ,&" ,&"!a( "/&'*!a% "( la a!"#aa "!*!a ,&" )#")" "l !*."'# !"l .#/l: '*"("( )(%")&"()*a% "( la#"%*%'"()*a ").(*)a +$ #*()*al"('"$ a la 0l">*(: 'a/*8( a)"( .%#/l".'*) "l '#a/aa!# !" la a!"#a$ "%")*al"('" "l )"*lla!:a)"/lla!a "% la aa#*)*( !" #aa% "( "l )#'" '#a(%;"#%al !"l '#() al%"a#a%" l% "l""('% a(a'*)%$ la% 0*/#a% l"?%a%$ "( la !*#"))*( !"l#a!*:8!&la ">)8('#*)a'"%'" !"0")' )(%*%'" "( ,&" la 8!&la "%'. !"%la=a!a!"l )"('#: aa#")" "( a!"#a% !" .#/l"% ">&"%'% a 0&"#'"% ;*"('% !"!*#"))*( )(%'a('"$ "( a,&"ll% .#/l"% ,&" /&%)a( la l&= + !"%la=a( "l"" "( %& ;**"(': "%'" !"0")' '*"("

C(%")&"()*a% "( "l a%"##a!$ +a ,&" al ( "%'a# la a!"#a )"('#a!a %"a)" .% )l*)a! "l a!")&a! a%"##a! !" l% '#()%:a!"#a !" #"a))*( "% la a!"#a "("#a!a "( .#/l"% )a!% + "( la%=(a% )('*&a% a #aa% #&"%a%: la a!"#a !" #"a))*( &"!" )la%*0*)a#%""( madera de compresin$ "( la% ,&" %" ;"( a0")'a!a% la% #*"!a!"%").(*)a%$ al '*" ,&" #"%"('a !*0*)&l'a! a#a %& '#a/aa! + "(madera de tensin$ ,&"$ !"/*! al a+# )('"(*! !" &"!a!$ '*"(!"( aala/"a#%" "( "l %")a! + a ;a#*a# %&% #*"!a!"% ").(*)a%$"%")*al"('" la )#"%*( a#al"la al #a(:a!"#a !" )#a=( &;"(*l "% la a!"#a "("#a!a )( &( al' #*' !")#")**"('$ !a(! l&a# a a!"#a% )( &( "% "%")0*) aa#"('" "(#al #* !" %& "%")*"$ '"(*"(! '"(!"()*a al ala/" !a('" "l %")a!:


6/28

DE&ECTOS DE MANIPULACI(NEJE LONGITUDINAL l% !"0")'% !" a(*&la)*( %( a,&"ll% ,&" %" #**(a($"( la% a!"#a% +a )#'a!a%$ al "#!"# &"!a! %"# a'a)a!a% # *(%")'% ,&" la!a?a(: l% !"0")'% .% )&("% %( "l )la%$ #*"'a% + #aa% + l% ala/"%:

)la% "% &( !"0")' ,&" %" #!&)" !a('" "l %")a! !" la a!"#a$ +

,&" )(%*%'" "( &(a !*%*(&)*( !" la% !*"(%*("% !" la a!"#a al)#**#%" l% '"*!% l"?%%: %" #**(a "( a!"#a% %")a!a% a!"a%*a!a '""#a'a &"!a!$ + "( a!"#a% %")a!a% #.*!a"('" ala*#": a#a )##"*# "( l %*/l" "%'" !"0")' %" !"/" )"*lla# la *"=a !"a!"#a$ a&(,&" +a a/#. "#!*! #*"!a!"% !" #"%*%'"()*a ").(*)a:#*"'a% + #aa!a% )(%*%'"( "( la aa#*)*( !" a"#'a% "( la a!"#a) )(%")&"()*a !" la

%"a#a)*( !" l% "l""('% l"?%%: )&a(! laa"#'a %l al)a(=a a &(a %&"#0*)*" 8%'a %" !"(*(a grieta$ *"('#a%,&" %* al)a(=a a/a% %&"#0*)*"%$ a'#a;"%a(! la a!"#a$ %" !"(*(arajadura: "%'% !"0")'% %" #**(a( al )('#a"#%" la a!"#a !a('" "l%")a! + #**(a( 8#!*!a% "( la% #*"!a!"% ").(*)a% !" la a!"#a:ala/"% %( "()#;a*"('% !" la a!"#a #"%")' a %&% ""%l(*'&!*(al"% + '#a(%;"#%al"%$ ,&" %" #!&)"( # la 8#!*!a !"&"!a!: la #a( #%*!a! !" la a!"#a a)" ,&" a/%#/a &"!a! )(#a( 0a)*l*!a!$ %*( "/a#$ la a#'" )"('#al !"l '#() '*"(" &(a "(#)aa)*!a! !" a/%#)*( ,&" la% ">'"#*#"%$ + a)" ,&" la% ;a#*a)*("% !"!*"(%*("% ( %"a( &(*0#" "( '! "l '#(): "%'a )a#a)'"#%'*)a /l*a aa(*&la# )&*!a!%a"('" a la a!"#a$ 'a(' "( "l a%"##a! !"l '#()) "( "l #)"% !" %")a!$ +a ,&" !" l )('#a#* %"( &+0.)*l"('" l% ala/"%: l% '*% 0&(!a"('al"% !" ala/"% ,&" %" &"!"("()('#a# %( "l a/a#,&*lla!$ "l )/a!$ la "()#;a!a + la '#)"!a:"l abarquillado "% "l ala/" !" la% )a#a% !" la a!"#a

al )a#%" %& "" '#a(%;"#%al @#"%")' a la% 0*/#a%$ a )a&%a !"l %")a! .%#.*! !" &(a !" la% )a#a%$ a !*%'*('% '*% !" )#'" "( )a!a )a#a al /a#(*=a!!" &(a %la !" "lla%: el combado"% "l ala/" !" la% )a#a% al )a#%" "l ""l(*'&!*(al !" la a!"#a$ + &"!" #**(a#%" # 0al'a !" "%% "( l% ">'#"%$#a( )('#a))*( l(*'&!*(al "( a!"#a% !" #"a))*($ "'): la encorvadura"% la)a'a !"l al '#%*(al"% l% ">'#"%$ + %" #**(a al l*/"#a#%" la% '"(%*("% !")#")**"(': P# l'*$ la% torceduras %( "l #"'#)**"(' ,&" %" "( &(aa!"#a al )a#%" al *% '*" # %& "" l(*'&!*(al + '#a(%;"#%al$ + %"#**(a( # '"(%*("% !" )#")**"(' %")a! !"%*&al:

CLASI&ICACI(N DE LAS MADERAS

la% a!"#a% &"!"( )la%*0*)a#%" !" !*;"#%a% 0#a% %"( "l )#*'"#* ,&" %""l"": &( !" l% .% *#'a('"% "% "l !" %&% #*"!a!"%$ la% )&al"% "%'.( "(0&()*( !" %& "%'#&)'a$ "% !")*#$ !" %& '">'a: la '">'a !""(!"#. a %& ;"= !"l


7/28

! !" )#")**"(' !"l .#/l$ a% # ""l$ la% a!"#a% #;"(*"('"% !".#/l"% !" )#")**"(' #.*! #"%"('a#.( a(*ll% !" )#")**"(' a()% + %"#.(/la(!a%$ *"('#a% ,&" la% !" )#")**"(' l"('$ l% a(*ll% %"#.( &+ "%'#")% +la% a!"#a% !a%: "( 0&()*( !"l ! !" )#")**"('$ la% a!"#a% %" !*;*!"("(

a!"#a% #"%*(%a%: %&"l"( %"# a!"#a% !" l"(' )#")**"('$ %( #*a%!" =(a% 0#a% '"la!a%$ + %""( /&"(a% )a#a)'"#%'*)a% a#a %"#'#a/aa!a% + /&"(a #"%*%'"()*a ").(*)a: "%'" '* %( la% .% &%a!a% "()a#*('"#a + "( )(%'#&))*(: !"('# !" "%'" '*$ al&(a% !" la% .%)()*!a% %( "l *($ "l a/"'$ "l al"#)"$ "'):a!"#a% 0#(!%a%: %( a!"#a% #*a% !" =(a% '"la!a%$ + !"('# !""lla% !"% !*0"#"()*a# '#"% #&% !a%$ /la(!a% + 0*(a%: !"('# !" la%duras '"("% "l #/l"$ la "()*(a$ "l a+a$ "'): !"('# !" la% blandas'"("% "l )a%'a?$ "l a/"!&l$ "l )$ "'):$ + # l'*$ !"('# !" la%finas '"("% "l (al$ "l )"#"=$ "l a(=a($ "l l*;$ + '#% .#/l"%0#&'al"%:a!"#a% ">'*)a%: %( la% "#"% a!"#a% + la% ,&" "#*'"( "#"%a)a/a!%: !"('# !" "%'" #&

'"("% la )a/a$ "l 8/a($ la '"Ha$ "l al*%a(!#$ "l al #%a$ "'):

'#a )la%*0*)a)*( al*a"('" "l"a!a !*;*!" a la% a!"#a% %*l""('" "(a!"#a% !a% + a!"#a% /la(!a%$ )*()*!*"(! "%'a !*;*%*( )( "l '* !" a:a%$ la% mders durs %( a,&"lla% #)"!"('"% !" .#/l"% !" a )a!&)a) "l #/l"$ "l )a%'a?$ "l (al$ "'): la% mders )!nds)##"%(!"#.( ala% #)"!"('"% !" .#/l"% !" a "#"((" ) "l *($ "l a/"'$ "'): (/%'a('"$ "%'a )la%*0*)a)*( %" #"al*=a )( *(!""(!"()*a !" %& !"=a$ + a%$&)a% a!"#a% /la(!a% %( .% !a% ,&" la% llaa!a% a!"#a% !a%:

O*TENCI(N DE LA MADERA

silvicultura y procesos de talal% !*0"#"('"% 8'!% "l"a!% "( la 'ala !" l% .#/l"% a#a la /'"()*( !"a!"#a$ /&%)a( &( !"%a##ll %%'"(*/l": "l )&*!a! !" l% /%,&"% #*"('a! a/'"("# "l .>* #"(!**"(' %%'"(*! !" %&% #")%% + /"("0*)*% "% "l)a !" "%'&!* !" la %*l;*)&l'a:"('#" l% #)"!**"('% !" 'ala .% a/*'&al"% '"("% "l !" 'ala a#)*al$ 'ala%"l")'*;a + "l 8'! !" .#/l"% %"/#a!#"%:

8'! !" 'ala% a#)*al"% )(%*%'" "( !*;*!*# "l /%,&" a ">l'a# "(a#)"la% ,&" %" 'ala( #'a'#*a"('" +$ !""(!*"(! !"l )*)l !")#")**"(' !" la "%")*"$ %" 'ala#. la %&"#0*)*" )##"%(!*"('":8'!% !" .#/l"% %"/#a!#"% %* l% .#/l"% a 'ala# %""( %"*lla% ,&"!"%a##lla( 0.)*l"('" (&";% .#/l"%$ + 8%'% al)a(=a( #.*!a"('" laa!"=$ &"!" #)"!"#%" a la 'ala )l"'a !" '!a la


8/28

%&"#0*)*"$ !"a(! %l &(% )&a('% .#/l"% !*%"*(a!% ,&" a)'&a#.( !"#"#!&)'#"%: &(a ;"= la a%a a#/#"a %" a "%'a/l")*!$ %" "l**(a( l%.#/l"% %"/#a!#"% a#a ";*'a# la )"'"()*a !" l&=$ a&a$ %&"l$ "'): "()a% (")"%a#*$ 'a/*8( %" #)"!" a a)la#a# la =(a a#a ";*'a# &(a%&"#/la)*( !" .#/l"% ,&" *"!*#a &( )##")' )#")**"(' !" l%

*%%:8'! !" 'ala %"l")'*;a l% .#/l"% %" 'ala( %"( %& 'aa? + )al*!a! !"'!a% la% =(a% !"l /%,&": "l )%'" !" "%'" 8'! "% "l";a!$ "#"#*'" ,&" "l /%,&" %" )(%"#;" "( /&"( "%'a! + a('"(a %&a'#a)'*;:

la 'ala !" l% .#/l"% )(;*"(" ll";a#la a )a/ "( '? #*()**% !" *(;*"#($ +a,&" "( "%'a 8)a la %a;*a a )"%a! !" )*#)&la# + %" "()&"('#a "( "(#)a('*!a! ,&" "( '#a% 8)a% !"l a?: %* la a!"#a %" 'ala )( &( ">)"% !" %a;*a%" &"!"( 0a;#")"# la #l*0"#a)*( !" *(%")'% ,&" a'a)a( a la a!"#a:a!".% !" la "%'*( %*l;)la %" !"/" a('"("# la a%a a#/#"a "( /&"(a%)(!*)*("% a#a ,&" l% .#/l"% ( %&0#a( !"0#a)*("% "( %&% '#()%$ la%)&al"% #""#)&'*#a( "( la% #*"!a!"% !" la a!"#a: a#a 'al 0*($ !% %( la%"#a)*("% #*()*al"% ,&" %" ll";a( a )a/ poda de las ramas$ ,&" '*"(" #0*(al*!a! ,&" '!a la "("#a !"l .#/l %" !"%'*(" a "("#a# a!"#a "( "l '#() "( #aa% #&"%a%$ + la tala de rboles de gran tamao# l% '*;% ">&"%'%a('"#*#"('" "( la !"%)#*)*( !" la 'ala # .#/l"% %"/#a!#"%:D" la a!"#a /'"(*!a$ a,&"ll% '#()% ,&" %"#.( &'*l*=a!% "( l% a%"##a!"#%a#a la /'"()*( !" 'a/l("% a)*=%$ + ,&" %" l"% !"(*(a rollos$ %(

T#a(%#'a!% a%'a l% a%"##a!"#% # l% "!*% .%A!")&a!%:

T+CNICAS DE DESCORTE,ADO

la "#a)*( !" !"%)#'"=a! )(%*%'" "( %"a#a# la )#'"=a !" la a!"#a$ al'*" ,&" %" "l**(a( la% #aa% !"l '#(): la )#'"=a &"!" #"%&l'a# !" "%")*al*('"#8% ) "( "l )a% !"l al)#(,&"$ %"#;*# ) a'"#*a #*a a#a la"la/#a)*( !" #!&)'% !"#*;a!% ) 'a/l"#% a#'*0*)*al"%$ )/&%'*/l" "( l%#(% !"l #* a%"##a!"#$ a)(!*)*(a!# !" %&"l% a#a a#!*("#a$ "'):

l% /"'*;% ,&" %" #"'"(!"( )(%"&*# )( "l !"%)#'"=a! %( ;a#$ "('#" l%,&" '"("% 0a)*l*'a# "l a%"##a!$ )( l ,&" la% .,&*(a% a%"##a!#a% '*"("( &(a+# #"(!**"(' )('#la# "l !"%a##ll !" *(%")'% ,&" a(*!a( "( la )#'"=aa)"l"#a# "l #)"% !" %")a! !" la a!"#a ;"#!" a)"# %*/l" %&a#;")a*"(' a#a la /'"()*( !" a#')&la% !" a!"#a:

"l !"%)#'"=a! &"!" ll";a#%" a )a/ a(&al"('" "!*a('" "l""('%").(*)%: "l descortezado manual%" "l"a )&a(! "l ("# !" .#/l"% ( "%#a(!"$ )&a(! la a( !" /#a "% /a#a'a: A!".%$ !""(!" !" la "%")*" @a+


9/28

"%")*"% 0.)*l"('" !"%)#'"=a/l"% + !" la 8)a !"l a?$ &"% "( )(!*)*("%!" '""#a'a + &"!a! "!*a "l";a!a$ "l !"%)#'"=a! "% .% %"()*ll: l%sistemas de descortezado mecnico)(%'a( /.%*)a"('" !" &( ""$ )&+ *# "%#!&)*! # &( '#$ %/#" "l ,&" ;a( *(%"#'% "l""('% !"%)#'"=a!#"%:

T+CNICAS DE ASERRADO

) a% #";* al a%"##a! !" l% '#()% "% (")"%a#*

)#'a# 8%'% a la "!*!a a!")&a!a "( )&a(' a %& l(*'&!$ + ,&" !""(!"#. !"la% *(%'ala)*("% !" la %"##"#a: "%'a la/# %" #"al*=a "!*a('" %*"##a% )*#)&la#"% +"% "l !"(*(a! tronzado.'#a% "%'a "#a)*($ l% '#()% )#'a!% %( ll";a!%a #(% !" %")a! + %'"#*#"('" %" a%a( # la )"*lla!#a a#a "l**(a#)&al,&*"# *##"&la#*!a! + !a#l"% &( /&"( a)a/a!:"l /"'*; #*#*'a#* "( "l a%"##a! "% la /'"()*( !" la a+# )a('*!a! !"a!"#a% !" &( 'aa? + )a#a)'"#%'*)a% !"'"#*(a!a%: la% !*"(%*("% !" la%*"=a% a /'"("# !""(!"( !" la% (")"%*!a!"% !" %& &% %'"#*# ,&" "%'.(#")*!a% "( la% "!*!a% (#al*=a!a%$ + !" la% )a#a)'"#%'*)a% !"l '#() ) "l!*."'#$ !"0")'% "%'#&)'al"%$ "'): la% 0#a% /.%*)a% !" ll";a# a )a/ "la%"##a! !"l '#() %( '#"%

a%"##a! #"%")' a l% a(*ll% !" )#")**"(' "%'" '* !" a%"##a! %"&"!" #"al*=a# !" '#"% 0#a% %"( la !*#"))*( !" )#'"$ '"("% #'a(' )#'" 'a("()*al$ #a!*al + *>':a%"##a! #"%")' al "" l(*'&!*(al l% )#'"% %( a#al"l% al ""l(*'&!*(al:a%"##a!% "%")*al"% %( l% %*%'"a% !" a%"##a!% ,&" %" &'*l*=a( "('#()% )( !"0")'% ,&" !#a( %*# al %"# a%"##a!%: %( )&a'# l%!"0")'% ,&" #",&*"#"( !" a%"##a!% "%")*al"% (&!% #a(!"%$ 8!&la!#*!a$ #/l"a% !" )a'a + )#a=( &;"(*l:

LAS DIMENSIONES!" l% 'a/l("% a)*=% /'"(*!% # )&al,&*"#a !" l% 8'!% !" )#'"% "%'.((#al*=a!%$ %* /*"( "% %*/l" /'"("#l% "( "!*!a% ( "%'.(!a# %"((")"%*!a!"% "%")*al"%

"l )"0*)*"('" ,&" (% *(!*)a a%'a ,&" &(' "% a#;")a! )##")'a"('"la a!"#a !"l #ll "% "l coeficiente de aserrado,&" "%'. !"0*(*! #

#-ll-"(a!"#a!"

a%"##a!aa!"#a!"a%"##a!-!""C-"0*)*"('

3

3

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10/28

la a,&*(a#*a "l"a!a "( "l #)"% !" a%"##a! %( la% %*"##a%$ ,&" &"!"( %"#!" !% '*% )*#)&la#"% + %*( 0*($ a&(,&" ">*%'"( &)a% ;a#*a('"% %/#" "%'% !%!"l% ,&" *('#!&)"( ")a(*%% )l""('a#*%:

T+CNICAS DE TRITURACI(Nl% #ll% )&+ !*."'# "% &+ ",&"? + la% #aa%$ #ll% )( ,&" '*"("(!"0")'% ,&" l% a)"( *(%"#;*/l"% &(' a l% !"%"#!*)*% ,&" %" #!&)"( "( l%a%"##a!"#%$ &"!"( a#;")a#%" )#'.(!l% "( ",&"?a% a#')&la% ,&" %"#.("l"a!a% "( la /'"()*( !" a%'a !" a"l "( la "la/#a)*( !" a!"#a%#"0a/#*)a!a%$ 'a/*8( ) )/&%'*/l" + ) &% )l""('a#* "( '#a%la/#"% ) a(a!"#a + a#*)&l'a a#a "l a)(!*)*(a*"(' !" %&"l% +'"##"(%:la% a#')&la% /'"(*!a% %" )la%*0*)a($ %"( %& 'aa? + !*#"))*( !" )#'"#"%")' al #a($ "( a%'*lla%$ #.(&l%$ ;*#&'a%$ a%"##($ "'):$ !"(*(.(!%"'!a% "( )(&(' ) a#')&la% !" a!"#a:

ACA*ADO - TRATAMIENTO DE LA MADERA

La a!"#a ,&" #)"!" !*#")'a"('" !" la 'ala + a%"##a! )('*"(" &( al' #a!!" &"!a! ,&" ( *('"#"%a a#a la a+#a !" la% al*)a)*("%$ # l ,&" a('"%!" %"# "l"a!a "% (")"%a#* %"'"#la a #)"%% !" %")a!: C( la a!"#a%")a %" "#a($ "( "("#al$ la #"%*%'"()*a ").(*)a$ la #"%*%'"()*a al a'a,&" !"*(%")'% + (%$ la "%'a/*l*!a! !" %&% !*"(%*("%$ la 0a)*l*!a! !" )"*lla!$

L*a! + *('a!$ + %" )(%*&" &( "(# "% a#a "l *% ;l&"(:

ELIMINACI(N DE LA SA.IA

"l '#a'a*"(' !" la a!"#a )*"(=a +a !"%!" "l "(' !" la 'ala: 'al + )%" "()*( a('"#*#"('"$ la a!"#a %" !"/a )#'a# "( !"'"#*(a!a 8)a !"la? )( /"' !" ,&" 8%'a )('&;*"#a )a %a;*a: la %a;*a ,&" )('"(a "l '#())#'a! !"/" %"# "l**(a!a ''al"('" a 0*( !" ";*'a# la #l*0"#a)*( !" (% "*(%")'% + !" 0a)*l*'a# la %*&*"('" 0a%" !" %")a!: a#a "ll %" "l"a(0&(!a"('al"('" !% 8'!% l*>*;*a)*( + "!*a('" ;a#:"( "l mtodo de lixiviacin%" ">'#a" la %a;*a "!*a('" "l &% !" !*%l;"('"%$%*"(! "%'" &( #)"% )%'% + ,&" &"!" !a# a%'a '#"% "%"%: "!*a('" "lmtodo de vapor%" a*l*=a "l #)"% !" "l**(a)*( al '*" ,&"$ al #"al*=a#%" aal'a% '""#a'a%$ %" #;)a la &"#'" !" *(%")'% + (% ,&" +a &!*"#a(a/"#%" !"%a##lla! "( "l .#/l:


11/28

EL SECADO

a+ &)% 8'!% a#a %")a# la a!"#a$ "# %( !% l% .% )()*!% +&'*l*=a!% "l %")a! (a'al + "l %")a! "( #(:"l secado natural)(%*%'" "( %")a# la a!"#a !*#")'a"('" al a*#" l*/#": &"!"

#"al*=a#%" )( la a!"#a a*la!a + %*( (*(( '* !" )(%'#&))*($ /a '") )( a*#" 0#=a! &'*l*=a(! ;"('*la!#"%: "( "%'% 8'!% "l #)"% "% &+l"('$ )al)&l.(!%" "( !% a?% a#a la% a!"#a% /la(!a% + "( &( a? #)"('"'# !" #%# a#a la% a!"#a% !a%: a!".%$ %" !"/"( '"("# "( )&"('a!*0"#"('"% 0a)'#"% ) %( "l ;**"(' !"l a*#"$ la '""#a'a

a/*"('"$ la *(%la)*($ la &"!a!$ la "%")*" !"l .#/l !" la ,&" #)"!" laa!"#a$ la% !*"(%*("% !" la% *"=a%$ la 0#a !" a*la! + la !*%'#*/&)*( !" la%*la%$ "'): %" %&"l"( *('a# l% ">'#"% !" l% 'a/l("% a 0*( !" ,&" %& %")a! (%"a !"a%*a! #.*! "( #"la)*( )( "l #"%' !" la *"=a$ + )l)a# "%% %/#"la% *la% a#a ";*'a# ;**"('%:l% 8'!% !" secado artificial '*"("( # 0*(al*!a! "l**(a# la &"!a! !" laa!"#a !" 0#a .% #.*!a ,&" la ,&" ##)*(a "l %")a! (a'al: "!*a('""%'% #)"!**"('% %" /'*"("( #"(!**"('% &+ #a(!"%$ "#*!%#"la'*;a"('" )#'% %" %")a!$ "# al #",&"#*# *(%'ala)*("% "%")*al"% #"%&l'a.% )%'%:"l secado en !ornos )(%*%'" "( *('#!&)*# la a!"#a "( &(a )(%'#&))*( !'a!a!" "l""('% ,&" )('#la( "l %")a!: "%'% "l""('% a)'a( %/#" "l a*#")al"('.(!l$ ;a#*a(! %& &"!a! + #"&la(! %& )*#)&la)*($ a!".% !" a*%la#la a!"#a !"l ">'"#*#:

M+TODOS DE PROTECCI(N

!"%&8% !"l %")a! !" la a!"#a$ a+ ,&" '"("# "( )&"('a ,&" 8%'a &"!" ;"#%"al'"#a!a # &(a %"#*" !" 0a)'#"% !" #*"( )l*.'*)$ /*l*) + &a(: a#a#'""# la a!"#a 0#"('" a "ll% %" la %"'" a &(a %"#*" !" #)"%% !"#"%"#;a)*( + #'"))*($ ,&" ala#a( %& !a/*l*!a! + #"(!**"(': l% a"('"%#"%"#;a!#"% "l"a!% a#a '#a'a# la% a!"#a% %( &(a %"#*" !" %&%'a()*a%,&*)a% ,&" &"!"( %"# !" '* l"%$ l" %l&/l"% *!#%l&/l"%:"( "l #)"% !" #'"))*( *(0l&+"( 0&(!a"('al"('" !" !% 0a)'#"% la%)a#a)'"#%'*)a% a(a'*)a% !" la a!"#a + %& %")a!: "%'% 0a)'#"% !"'"#*(a#.(la 0a)*l*!a! !" "("'#a)*( !" l% l,&*!% #"%"#;a!#"%$ "l 8'! !"

#"%"#;a)*( a "l"a# + la %&%'a()*a al*)a/l": "( 0&()*( !" "%'a%)a#a)'"#%'*)a% !" la a!"#a ,&" %" ;a+a a '#a'a# %" &"!"( %"&*# !% '*% !"'#a'a*"('% %*( #"%*( + )( #"%*(:!"('# !" l% tratamientos sin presin%" "()&"('#a( "l *('a! /a#(*=a!$ + la*("#%*( "( 0# "( )al*"('": "( "%'% #)"!**"('% %" '#a/aa %*"#" a#"%*( a'%08#*)a$ %*( %"'"# la *"=a !" a!"#a a )a/*% !" #"%*($ +a%"a( %" %/#" #"%*( !" ;a): "( l% tratamientos con presin%" #")#" a &(a&"(' !*%*(&)*( !" la #"%*( a#a *('#!&)*# "( la a!"#a la% %&%'a()*a%


12/28

#"%"#;a!#a%: a!".% !" "%'% !% '*% 'a/*8( %( %*/l"% #)"!**"('%*>'% "( l% ,&" %" al*)a a la a!"#a '#a'a*"('% )( + %*( #"%*( "( "'aa%%&)"%*;a%:la% fases de acabadoa /a%" !" *('a%$ /a#(*)"%$ #"%*(a%$ "'):$ '*"("( 0*("%%**la#"% a l% '#a'a*"('% !" #"%"#;a)*($ "# a!".% *('"('a( #"al=a# la%

)a#a)'"#%'*)a% !" la a!"#a + "/"ll")"#la% a('"% !" %& &"%'a "( %"#;*)*: la%%&%'a()*a% !" a)a/a! #",&*"#"( a#a %& al*)a)*( !" &(a l**"=a #";*a !" laa!"#a$ + &"!"( %"# a)%$ ) la% *('a%$ + '#a(%a#"('"% ) la%#"%*(a% + /a#(*)"%:

PROPIEDADES &ISICAS - MECNICAS DE LA MADERA

la% #*"!a!"% !" la% a!"#a% !""(!"( !" &)% 0a)'#"% 'al"% ) '* +"!a! !"l .#/l$ )(!*)*("% !" )#")**"(' ) "l '"##"( + "l )l*a$ "'): )"( '! a'"#*al$ ;a#*a% %( la% #*"!a!"% a '"("# "( )&"('a a la #a !""l"a#l$ + ,&" !""(!"#.( !"l 0*( ,&"#a% !a#l"%:!"%!" '*"% #"'% la a!"#a %" a &%a! "( la )(%'#&))*($ ) &(a'"#*al "0*)*"('"$ !"/*! a la% ;"('a%a% )a#a)'"#%'*)a% + #*"!a!"% ,&"%""$ "('#" '#a% #*()*al"% %" "(&()*a( la% %*&*"('"%

PROPIEDADES &"SICASla% #*"!a!"% 0%*)a% ,&" %" !"0*("( a#a la% a!"#a% %( la &"!a!$ "l "%"%")0*) !"(%*!a!$ la )('#a))*( " *()a*"(':

la !umedad"% la )a('*!a! !" a&a ,&" '*"(" la a!"#a "( %& "%'#&)'a:"%'a a&a &"!" aa#")"# 0#a(! a#'" !" la% )8l&la% !" la )(%'*'&)*(l"?%a$ *#"(a(! la a'"#*a l"?%a !"('# !"l %*%'"a ;a%)&la# !"l.#/l: "l a&a !"l %*%'"a ;a%)&la# !"%aa#")" )( "l '*"$ "l a&a !")(%'*'&)*( l"?%a %l !"%aa#")" # )/&%'*($ *"('#a% ,&" "l a&a!" *#"(a)*( ;a#*a#. %"( la *#%)*a !" la a!"#a: la &"!a! !"la a!"#a "%'. !*#")'a"('" #"la)*(a!a )( "l "%$ + a0")'a a '#a%#*"!a!"% 0%*)a% + ").(*)a%: # "%$ "% *#'a('" )()"# "l)('"(*! !" &"!a! !" &(a a!"#a a#a la% )(!*)*("% "( la ,&" ;a a"l"a#%"$ + ) #"a))*(a#. a('" la 8#!*!a a(a()*a !" a&a:C&a(! la a!"#a "!a )*"(=a a %")a#%" ;a "#!*"(! "% + %")('#a" a%'a &( l*'" "( "l ,&" ( &"!" !*%*(&*# .% %& #a! !"&"!a!$ a#a la '""#a'a a la ,&" %" "()&"('#": %* %" !"%"a "l**(a#'! "l )('"(*! %*/l" !" a&a$ "% (")"%a#* ll";a# a )a/ &( %")a! "(la/#a'#*$ ,&" %" /a%a "( %"'"# la a!"#a a &(a '""#a'a !" 15Ca%'a ,&" 8%'a al)a()" &( "% )(%'a('": E( "%" "(' %" !*)" ,&" laa!"#a "%'. ''al"('" %")a a(*!#a$ + %* %"D"%"a !*%*(&*# %& )('"(*! "( a&a "% (")"%a#* )/&%'*(a#a::E(0&()*( !"l #a! !" &"!a!$ la% a!"#a% %" &"!"( )la%*0*)a# "( l%%*&*"('"% '*%


13/28

a!"#a ;"#!" a!"#a #")*8( )#'a!a + )l"'a"('" "!a @)('"(*!"( a&a 3-33: "( "%'a% )(!*)*("% ( &"!" %"# "l"a!a +a ,&" al%")a#%" %" "()" + a#*"'a:a!"#a #"a!a "% la ,&" a "#!*! &(a a#'" !" %& a&a$ "# ,&" ( a%&0#*! a( )('#a))*("% (* )a/* !" %&% #*"!a!"% ").(*)a%:

a!"#a )"#)*al "% la ,&" '*"(" &( )('"(*! "( &"!a! *(0"#*# al 2:a!"#a %")a %& #a! !" &"!a! "%'. "( ",&*l*/#* )( la &"!a!#"la'*;a !"l a*#": %" /'*"(" a*la(! la% 'a/la% + 'a/l("% !a('" &("#*! !" '*"$ ,&" &"!" ll"a# a ;a#*% "%"%$ !" 0#a ,&" "#*'a"l a% !" )##*"('"% !" a*#" a %& '#a;8%:a!"#a !"%")a!a "% la ,&" '*"(" &(a &"!a! *(0"#*# al 12:a!"#a a(*!#a #"%"('a( &( #a! !" &"!a! "( '#( al 3:

el peso espec"fico"% la #"la)*( "('#" "l "% !" la a!"#a + "l ;l&"(,&" )&a: %*( "/a#$ la a!"#a "% &( a'"#*al #%$ + l% #%)('*"("( a*#" # "%'a #a=( %" !*%'*(&"( !% '*% !" "%% "%")0*)%"l "% "%")0*) !" la a!"#a$ ,&" )##"%(!" a "%a# la a!"#a %*(#%$ + "l "% "%")0*) aa#"('" ,&" %" /'*"(" "%a(! la a!"#a

)( '!% %&% #%: la #*"#a ;a#a &+ ) !" &(a% a!"#a% a '#a%$ +"%'. !"'"#*(a!a # l% )("('"% !" la *%a @)"l&l%a$ "'): la%"&(!a ;a#a "(#""('":

) la &"!a! *(0l&+" 'a(' "( "l "% ) "( "l ;l&"($ a#a /'"("##"%&l'a!% %/#" "l "% "%")0*)$ "l #a! !" &"!a! "( "l ,&" %" '"( la%"!*!a% !"/" "%'a# )#"(!*! "('#" + 3$ +a ,&" "( "%'" #a( "l ;l&"(;a#a "( la *%a ##)*( ,&" la &"!a!:

)('#a))*( " *()a*"(''al + ) +a %" a *(!*)a!$ la a!"#a ">"#*"('a ;a#*a)*("% "( %& ;l&"($"% !")*#$ %" )('#a" %" *()a$ %"( "l #a! !" &"!a! !" la *%a: al&(' al )&al la% 0*/#a% !" la a!"#a "%'.( %a'a!a% "( &"!a!$ + +a (a/%#/"( .% a&a$ %" l" !"(*(a &(' !" *('"#%"))*($ " *(!*)a "l #a! !"&"!a! a a#'*# !"l )&al la a!"#a "*"=a a %&0#*# )('#a))*("% "*()a*"('%: ) )(%")&"()*a !" la a(*%'#a ,&" &"%'#a( la%#*"!a!"% !" la a!"#a$ "%'a% )('#a))*("% " *()a*"('% %( !*0"#"('"% al la# !" la% '#"% !*#"))*("% #*()*al"%: a%$ la% ;a#*a)*("% a>*al"% %( &+",&"?a% @ 1$ "( la !*#"))*( #a!*al &"!"( ll"a# a &( 6$ + "( la !*#"))*('a("()*al &"!"( al)a(=a# &( 1K:

/ PROPIEDADES T+RMICAS - EL+CTRICAS

la% !*la'a)*("% + )('#a))*("%$ #**(a!a% "( la% a!"#a% # "0")' !" )a/*%"( la '""#a'a %( &) "(% *#'a('"% ,&" la% #**(a!a% # )a/*%"( la &"!a!: "( '# a%")'$ l% #% "( la a!"#a la )(;*"#'"( "( &(a8%*a )(!&)'#a !"l )al# @l% #% )(%'*'&+"( ).a#a% !" a*#"$ # l ,&"%&"l" "l"a#%" ) a*%la('" '8#*)$ a&(,&" )(0#" la &"!a! + la


14/28

!"(%*!a! a&"('a "( 8%'a 'a/*8( a&"('a#. la )(!&))*( '8#*)a: a!".%$ la)(!&)'*/*l*!a! '8#*)a 'a/*8( !""(!"#. !" la !*#"))*( !" '#a(%*%*($ %*"(!a+# "( la !*#"))*( l(*'&!*(al:"( )&a(' a la% #*"!a!"% "l8)'#*)a%$ la a!"#a "% &( /&"( a*%la('" "l8)'#*)$ %*

/*"( al *&al ,&" "( la% #*"!a!"% '8#*)a%$ %& )a#.)'"# a*%la('" !*%*(&+" )("l a&"(' !" &"!a!$ "# al a&"('a# la !"(%*!a!$ "l )a#.)'"# a*%la('"a&"('a:

DUREA"% la #"%*%'"()*a ,&" #"%"('a la a!"#a a %"# a#)a!a$ al !"%a%'" al #a+a!:%" )al)&la *('#!&)*"(! &(a %"*"%0"#a !" "'al )( la ,&" %" !"a &(a &"lla !"1)2$ %*"(! "l ;al# !" la !"=a la )a#a (")"%a#*a a#a #!&)*# !*)a &"lla:la !"=a !" la a!"#a "%'. !*#")'a"('" #"la)*(a!a )( la !"(%*!a! @a a+#!"(%*!a!$ a+# !"=a$ )( "l ! !" )#")**"(' !"l .#/l @)#")**"(' .%l"(' #!&)" a!"#a .% !a$ )( "l )l*a !" )#")**"(' @"( )l*a% ).l*!% %"/'*"("( a!"#a% .% !a%$ )( la =(a !" '#() @la a#'" )"('#al$ .%a('*&a$ %( .% !a% ,&" la% ">'"#*#"%$ "l #a! !" &"!a! @a "!*!a ,&"a&"('" 8%'"$ la !"=a #*"# a&"('a a#a %'"#*#"('" !*%*(&*#:

DURABILIDAD"% la #"%*%'"()*a !" la a!"#a a la a))*( !"l '*"$ + "% &(a #*"!a! &+al"a'#*a ,&" !""(!" !" &l'*'&! !" 0a)'#"%: a%$ # ""l$ la% a!"#a%">&"%'a% a 0&"#'"% al'"#(a'*;a% !" &"!a! + %",&"!a! !a#.( ) '*" %*%" "'#a( la% a!"#a% "( "l %&"l$ !a( .% %* 8%'" "% a#)*ll% + &+ ) %*"% )al*= a,&"lla% a!"#a%

!"%a##lla!a% "( '"##"(% "!% '*"("( la )aa)*!a! !" !a# la# '*"%&"#*!a% "( a&a$ "# ">&"%'a% al a*#" %" &!#"( )( 0a)*l*!a! "( "("#al$la% a!"#a% /la(!a% !a( "(% ,&" la% !a%:

PROPIEDADES AC0STICAS

la a!"#a ##)*(a &( "!* "l.%'*) a!")&a! ala% (!a% %(#a%$ # l ,&"%" "l"a al*a"('" "( la 0a/#*)a)*( !" *(%'#&"('% &%*)al"% + "( la)(%'#&))*( !" %ala% !" )()*"#'%$ '"a'#%$ "'): la% )a#a)'"#%'*)a% !" la a!"#a,&" .% *(0l&+"( %/#" "%'a #*"!a! %( "l "% "%")0*) aa#"('"$ "% !")*#$la &"!a!$ "l '* !" #a( + la a&%"()*a !" !"0")'%:

PROPIEDADES MEC1NICAS

la% #*"!a!"% ").(*)a% !""(!"( !" la "%")*" /'.(*)a !"l .#/l + !" la%)(!*)*("% !" )#")**"(' !" 8%'"$ &"%' ,&" "%'% 0a)'#"% !"'"#*(a( la;"l)*!a! !" )#")**"(' + la #"%"()*a !" !"0")'%: al *&al ,&" "( la%


15/28

#*"!a!"% 0%*)a%$ "l #a! !" &"!a! *(0l&+" ('a/l""('" %/#" la%#*"!a!"% ").(*)a%: P# "ll$ 8%'a% %" #"0"#*#.( %*"#" a a!"#a% %")a%$ )(&( )('"(*! !"l 12 "( &"!a!: Ta/*8( #"%&l'a#. *#'a('" !*0"#"()*a# l%#"%&l'a!% /'"(*!% a#a la% !*0"#"('"% #*"!a!"%$ %"( la !*#"))*( %/#" la,&" %" al*,&"( l% !*0"#"('"% '*% !" "%0&"#=%:

la #"%*%'"()*a a la )#"%*( "% la 0a)*l*!a! a %"# )#**!a al al*)a#l"&( "%0&"#=$ "l )&al &"!" !a#%" "( !% !*#"))*("% a#al"la +"#"(!*)&la# al #a($ %*"(! .>*a la #"%*%'"()*a a#a la !*#"))*(a#al"la + (*a a#a la "#"(!*)&la#: # '# la!$ a a#'*# !" &()('"(*! !" &"!a! !"l 3$ la

#"%*%'"()*a a la )#"%*( "#a(")" )(%'a('"$ "# a%'a "l 3 la#"%*%'"()*a a&"('a al !")#")"# la &"!a!:

la #"%*%'"()*a a la '#a))*( %" '#a'a !" "!*# la #"%*%'"()*a !" la a!"#a)&a(! %" al*)a( !% "%0&"#=%$ "( *&al !*#"))*( + %"('*! &"%'$!*#**!% a)*a 0&"#a !" la *"=a "( "%'&!*: al *&al ,&" a#a la )#"%*($"%'a #"%*%'"()*a %"#. &+ ",&"?a %* l% "%0&"#=% %( "#"(!*)&la#"% ala% 0*/#a%$ "# %* %" al*)a( a#al"l% a 8%'a% %" /%"#;a &(a #a(#"%*%'"()*a$ %*"(! 8%'" &( )#'a*"(' "("#al a la a+#a !" la%a!"#a%: "( )&a(' a la *(0l&"()*a !" la &"!a!$ %" /%"#;a ,&" ala&"('a# 8%'a$ !*%*(&+" la #"%*%'"()*a:

#"%*%'"()*a a la 0l">*( + "la%'*)*!a!"% la #"%*%'"()*a ,&" (" la a!"#a a 0l">*(a#%" %*( #"#%" a('" &("%0&"#=: %* "l "%0&"#= %" al*)a "#"(!*)&la# a la% 0*/#a% la #"%*%'"()*a %"#..>*a$ *"('#a% ,&" %* "% "( a#al"l %"#. (*a: ( /%'a('"$ !"0")'%"%'#&)'al"% "( la a!"#a &"!"( a)"# "#!"# #"%*%'"()*a$ al *&al ,&" &(a!*%*(&)*( !" &"!a! + la a('*"!a! !" la a!"#a$ "% !")*#$ la% a!"#a%"!a% %( .% 0l">*/l"% ,&" la% %")a%$ + la% a!"#a% ;"("% l %( .% ,&"la% ;*"a%:

la #"%*%'"()*a al )#'" "% la )aa)*!a! !" la a!"#a !" #"%*%'*# &(a )a#a,&" '*"(!" a %"))*(a#la # &( la( (#al al "" l(*'&!*(al: "( "("#al$%* "l "%0&"#= %" al*)a "( la !*#"))*( (#al a la% 0*/#a%$ la #"%*%'"()*a%"#. al'a$ *"('#a% ,&" "( la !*#"))*(

Pa#al"la "% (")"%a#* #"al*=a# "(%a+% a 0*( !" ";al&a#la:

"(!*/*l*!a! )l*;a""% la #"%*%'"()*a ,&" #"%"('a la a!"#a a #aa#%" al *('#!&)*#l" &( )la;$ "% !")*#$la #"%*%'"()*a !" la% 0*/#a% a %"a#a#%" "( %"('*! l(*'&!*(al: "( "("#al$ la%a!"#a% "!a% a)"'a( "# "l )la;a! ,&" la% %")a%$ + la% /la(!a% ,&" la%!a%:


16/28

USO DEL CA2ON

"l &% !"l )a( "( /#a "% &+ *(!*%"(%a/l"$ +a %"a a#a '") %" !"/" !" '"("#la "!*!a !"l *% a#a la )&a('*0*)a)*( !" )a("%$ la "!*!a "%'.(!a# !" &()a( "% !" 1 !" l(*'&! #:5 !" a() + 5) !" "%"%#:

": !" )&/*)a)*( !" a!"#a

"( "%'" )a% %" 'a#a ) ""l &( )a( !" a!"#a$ ,&" %" )l)a "()*/#a ) &( "l""(' "%'#&)'al$ !(!" "l )"#) /a%'*!# + %& !*a(al %(!" 'a/la !" 1 12 > 2+ la )a#a %&"#0*)*" !" )('a)'$ 'a/*8( !" 'a/la !" >4: la "'!la "% la %*&*"('":

a#a &( "# &% !"l )a( %" l" !"/" !" )l)a# a)"*'" ,&"a! a#a ,&" "l)a( ( %" ,&"!" a!"#*!:

CU*ICACION DE LA MADERA3

a#a la )&/*)a)*( !" la a!"#a "% (")"%a#* %a/"# ,&" Q%'a "( "l "#)a!$ %")"#)*al*=a # *"=a + 'a/*"( )&a(! a%* %" #",&*"#" # *" 'a/l($ "# "("%'" )a%$ la *#'a()*a !" %a/"# )&/*)a# la a!"#a$ "% )( la 0*(al*!a! !" %a/"#la )a('*!a! ">a)'a ,&" &'*l*=a#a$ "( la &(*!a! !" '#a/a "%")*0*) # "")&'a# @#""l 1 2 !" )*/#a "( )l&(a%$ l%a%$ '#a/"%$ "'):$ a%* *% a#a la"la/#a)*( !" l% a(al*%*% !" a'#*)"% !" #")*% &(*'a#*%:


17/28

"% *#'a('" )(%*!"#a# ,&" *" 'a/l( %" /'"(!#a$ )( "l #a,=(a*"(' !",&" "%' 0#a! # &(a *"=a !" a!"#a$ )( "!*!a% !" 1 > 1 > 1 # 'al'*; + #a=(a/l"$ la% "!*!a% + &(*!a!"% ,&" %" &%a( a#a 'al "0")'$ %"#a( !"a)&"#! al %*%'"a "'#*) *(l"% @"( &la!a% + "( *"% + !"/"#a( )(%*!"#a#%"!" #*()**$ la &'*l*=a)*( !" la %*&*"('" 0#&la

PULGADAS V PULGADAS V PIES LINEALES W PIES TABLXN 12EJEMPLO DE CUBICACIXN DE MADERA:

"( "%'" )a% %" 'a#a ) ""l &( )a( !" a!"#a$ ,&" %" &'*l*=a a#a)*/#a !" "l""('% "%'#&)'al"%$ !(!" "l )"#) /a%'*!# + %& !*a(al %( !"'a/la !" 1 > 2 $ + la )a#a %&Q#0*)*" !" )('a)'$ 'a/*"( !" 'a/la% !" > 4:la "'!l*a "% la %*&*"('"

la# !"/" !" "!*# 1: "'#%:

a() !"/" !" "!*# :5 "'#%:

!" "%"%# !"/" !" "!*# 2 W 5 ):

A %"/'*"("( "'#% l*("al"% ! )"#) )( '! + !*a(al$ + "% la %&a !"1Z:5Z1Z:5Z1:2 W 4:2

4:2 '%: W 13:7 *"% l*("al"%: :35

B )&/*)a# 'a/la% !" a)"# 1:5 > 2 > 13:7 W 3:42 *Q 'a/l( 12

C %" %a)a( "'#% l*("al"% !" 'a/la "( la )a#a !" )('a)'$ "( "%'" )a%"('#a( )*() *"=a% !" 'a/la !" 1 ): !" a() # l 'a('

5: *"=a% > 1: '%: W5: '%: W 16:4 *"% l*("al"% :35 '%:

D )&/*)a#%" 'a/la% !" )a#a !" )('a)':


18/28

> 4 > 16:4 [ W 4:1 *"%: 12

E # &l'* %" !"/"#a !" a)"# &( #"%&"( a#a %a)a# la ''al*!a! !" *"%'a/l($ 'a(! "( )&"('a la% !*0"#"('"% %"))*("% !" a!"#a$ ,&"*('"#;*"("( "( "l "l""(' a(al*=a!:

a#a &( "# "('"(!**"(' !" la )&/*)a)*( !" la a!"#a$ "% )(;"(*"('" ,&"%" "0")'&"( ""#)*)*% al*)a!% a !*0"#"('"% "l""('% "%'#&)'al"%:

ESCUADR4A

"( la "%)&a!#*a "% la 0#&la ,&" &'*l*=a#"% a#a "l ).l)&l !" la a!"#a "( *"'a/l(

@a > / > ) 12 W *"% 'a/l(:a W !*"(%*( *(*a !" la *"=a "( &la!a%/ W !*"(%*( "!*a !" la *"=a "( &la!a%) W !*"(%*( a>*a !" la *"=a "( *"%:

@a > / > ) 3:657 W *"% 'a/l("( !(!"a W !*"(%*( *(*a !" la *"=a "( &la!a%/ W !*"(%*( "!*a !" la *"=a "( &la!a%) W !*"(%*( a>*a !" la *"=a "( "'#%:

la &(*!a! *('"#(a)*(al a#a la a!,&*%*)*( !" a!"#a %" llaa pie t)!5n$!"0*(*"(!%" ) la )a('*!a! !" a!"#a ,&" *('"#a &( "l""(' !" &( *" !"a() # &( *" !" la# + # &(a &la!a !" "%"%# # l 'a(' &( *" 'a/l(!"/" %"# *&al al ;l&"( )('"(*! "( &(a *"=a !" a!"#a !" "%a%!*"(%*("%:

cim)r3%" !"(*(a )*/#a "( la *(!&%'#*a !" la )(%'#&))*( a l% l!"% ,&" %" &'*l*=a(a#a )('"("# + !a# 0#a a l% "l""('% "%'#&)'al"% !" &(a "!*0*)a)*("("#al"('" "%'% "l""('% %( 0a/#*)a!% "( /#a: la% )*/#a% )&("('"%( !" a!"#a$ a&(,&" "( la a)'&al*!a! + !"/*! al a;a()" '")(l*) %" &'*l*=a('#% '*% !" a'"#*al"% ) %( "'al"%$ 0*/#a !" )a#/($ 0*/#a% !" ;*!#*$ "'):

"l )()"' !" )*/#a "( a(al*=*% !" )%' %" )la%*0*)a#a "(


19/28

)*/#a !" )('a)' "% a,&"lla ,&" !a('" la "la/#a)*( !"l "l""('"%'#&)'al %" "()&"('#a "( )('a)' !*#")' )( "l )()#"'$ 0#a(! "ll!" + ##)*(a(! la% !*"(%*("% + "l a)a/a! ,&" %" #",&*"#a:

)*/#a )l""('a#*a "% a,&"lla ,&" %%'*"(" al l!" + &/*)a

"%'#&)'al"('" al "l""(':

'!% l% "l""('% !" &(a )*/#a &"!"( "l"a#%" ;a#*a% ;")"%$ "# a+ ,&"'a# "( )&"('a ,&" ( '!% #"%*%'"( "l *% (&"# !" &%%

0a)'# !" &% )*/#a !" )('a)' !" 4 a 6 &%% )*/#a )l""('a#*a !"K a 1 &%%:

'! l!" !" a!"#a !"/"#a #'""# %& %&"#0*)*" )( &(a a( !" l&/#*)a('"@a)"*'" ,&"a!$ !*"%"l$ "'): a#a )(%"#;a# la )*/#a + ";*'a# ,&" %" %!*"#a "l

)()#"' a "lla:

OPERACI(N PARA LA CU*ICACION DE LA MADERA

"l""(' "#a)*( :': 0:!: 0:&: )a('*!a!

a!#*(a l*(4>4>1:: 4>4>1 3:657 4:3K 1:2

1 K: :657

'a#*a1:>:5:2 *"=a%

*" !"#")l*(4>4>2:3: 4>4>2:3 3:657 1:6 1:2

1 K: 1:59

)('#a;*"('!&"la1>4>1:2 *"=a%

1>4>1: @2 3:657 2:19 1:2

1 K: :329

a##a%'#" l*(4>4>:6: 4>4>:6 3:657 2:63 1:2

1 K: :395


20/28

)a)"'"%!&"la1>4>1::4 *"=a%

1>4>:4 @4 3:657 1:75 1:2

1 K: :263

MADERA DE ACA*ADOS

ENSAM*LES EN LA MADERA"('*"(!a%" # "(%a/l"$ a la &(*( !" !% '#"% *"=a% !" a!"#a ,&" %"*('"#a( "( &( "l""(' a#,&*'")'(*)$ "%'" "(%a/l" !"/"#a !" ,&"!a#"#0")'a"('" a&%'a!$ # "!* !" "a"(' + !" )&?a% !"l *% a'"#*al:

l% "(%a/l"% %" &'*l*=a( (#al"('" "( la )a#*('"#*a /la()a$ "( la &(*( !"*"=a% !" a!"#a a#a la "")&)*( !" &"#'a%$ ;"('a(a%$ )l%"'%$ &"/l"%$a!"#a "( *%$ la/#*("% "( %$ "'):

al&(% !" l% "(%a/l"% ,&" ">*%'"( %('#a%la" )"('#al$ *(l"'" + '#a%la"$ '#a%la" !" ">'#"$ )la !" *la($ &('a !"#a(a )&/*"#'a$ &('a !" "('#a!a$ &('a !" "al" )( /l,&" "()la!$ &('aa '"$ &('a !" *(l"'" )( a%a!#$ #'aa %"()*lla$ "%*a + #'aa a/*"#'a$"(%a/l" a#) "%,&*(a$ "('#" '#%:

LAM*RIN DE DUELA"l la/#*( %" !"0*(" ) &( #")&/#**"(' a &( )&al,&*"#a$ ( *#'a(! %*"% !" a%'"#*a$ !" ))#"'$ *"!#a !" )&al,&*"# '# a'"#*al: )a/" a)la#a#,&" "( "%'" )a% "l la/#*( %" )()*!"#a !" a!"#a:l% a'"#*al"% ,&" %" &%a#a( %"#a "l /a%'*!# a"%'#a$ 'a/la !" > 2 + "( "lla/#*( %" &%a#a !&"la !" > 4"% )(;"(*"('" ,&" "%'% la/#*("% %" )l,&" a!"#a 0*(a$ ) )"!#$ )a/a (al$ + ) &l'* #")% a!"#a !" *( !" #*"#a "l a)a/a! %"#")*"(!a )( &(a al*)a)*( 0*(al !" /a#(*= a)a/a! '#a(aa#"('"$ l )&al

"#*'*#a !"a# &(a ;*%'a a#a!a/l" + (a'al !" %&% ;"'a%:

"l la/#*( !" !&"la %" )l)a %/#" "l /a%'*!# a"%'#a !" *($ *% ,&" %"0*a a'#(*lla !*#")'a"('" al @"( "%'" )a% !#*a &%a#%" )a("% a#aa'#(*lla#%" a "ll%$ 'a,&"'"% !" /&"(a )al*!a!: la 0&()*( !" "%'" /a%'*!#)l)a! a )a!a 6 ) "( %"('*! #*=('al + a )a!a 12 ) "( %"('*! ;"#'*)al$a a#'" !" %#'a# "l la/#*($ "% la !" PERMITIR UE LA DUELA RESPIRE Y %";"('*l" # "!* !" la )aa#a !" a*#" ,&" %" 0#a "('#" "l + "l la/#*(:


21/28

ESCALERAS

la% "%)al"#a% !"/"( )&l*# )*"#'a% )(!*)*("%: al&(a% !" "lla% %( a/%l&'a%$) la% "#(*)a%$ + '#a%$ ) la% "%'"'*)a%$ ,&" %( #"la'*;a%:)&a(! %" )#a &(a "%)al"#a ")a %" "()a#a a al&( (")*

"%")*al*=a!$ ( a+ #/l"a: la% )&"%'*("% %"( )&a(! &( *% !*%"?a a)" %&% #*a% "%)al"#a%$ %*( !&!a$ "( l" )a% !" ,&" "%'a ( ,&"!a#a )!"/*"#a$ "%'" "### #")a"#*a "( (&"%'#a ")(*a$ +a ,&" %" l" '"(!#*a( ,&" a)"#"#a% a#a ,&" %& 0&()*(al*!a! 0&"#a la *!"al "( %& !"0")' ;l;"#la a a)"#:# l )&al %" !"/" !" 'a# "( )&"('a al&(% &('%"l a(&l !" *()l*(a)*( ;a a ;a#*a# !" a)&"#! a la al'a + "%a)* ,&" a+a a#a"l !"%a##ll$ "%'" a(&l %" *!" "( #a!%: la% a% )!a% %( la% ,&" '*"("(&( a(&l !" *()l*(a)*( "('#" 26\ + 37\: 'a/*"( %" '*"(" ,&" 'a# "( )&"('a,&" la !*0"#"()*a "('#""l!a? + "l!a? "% !" 14 a 17 ):&(a "%)al"#a !"/" !" %"# a% )!a "('#" a% &% %" l" !"$ "%' "%/a%*)a"('" # %"*!a!:

PUERTAS DE MADERA

ENSAM*LES3!"/"#.( %"# "#0")'a"('" a&%'a!% + %*( #"ll"( !" &('a% )( a'"#*al !"l.%'*) )( '#a (!l"

ACA*ADOS3la% %&"#0*)*"% la/#a!a% !"/"#.( %"# )l"'a"('" '"#%a% + l**a% !" la%'")*! #"ll"($ l% a&%'"% !" la% a% !"/"( %"# &(*0#"% + #"%"('a(! %&% &('a%!" *&al "!*!a "( '!a %& l(*'&!: la% a% al )"##a#%" 0#a#a( "('#" % &( %lla( "#0")'a"('" ;"#'*)al$ "% !")*# ,&" ( #"%"('"( '#)"!a% (* !"%l"%:

COLOCACI(N3a#a la )l)a)*( !" &(a &"#'a %" !"/"#a( 'a# "( )&"('a al&(% &('%

-)")a# ,&" l" ;a( !" la &"#'a "%'" a l a%* ) ,&" l% a(&l% "%'"( a9\

-la &/*)a)*( + )l)a)*( !" l% )a("%$ @'a,&"'"% 'a)("% !" a!"#a !(!" %"0*a "l )a( !" la &"#'a$ !"/"#a( "%'a# l*%'% + 0*% a#a #")*/*# "l )a(:

-l% '#(*ll% ,&" %" &'*l*=a#a( a#a la )l)a)*( !"l a#) )a($ %& l(*'&!!"/"#a %"# ) *(*$ 2 ;")"% ,&" "l "%"%# !"l )a(

-"l a##a%'#" !" la a !" la &"#'a ( !"/"#a ">"!"#%" !" 15-"l a() !"l )a( a#) !"/"#a %"# al *% a() !"l "%"%# !"l $)()*!"#a(! %& ala(a! #")&/#**"('$ l a('"#*# ";*'a ,&" la% )a/#a(a%


22/28

,&"!"( !"%"%a!a% !"l a? !"l ala(a! ;"#%" "( la (")"%*!a! !" a)"##"/a% a#a a&%'a#la%:

-%" '"(!#a )&*!a! ,&" la la "('#" "l )a($ )('#aa#) + )"'a$ a%* )"l )"##a*"('$ %"a &(*0#" + ( ">)"!a !" 1 a 15 ) a>*:

-la )a#a ">'"#*# !" la% /*%a#a%$ !"/"#a !" ,&"!a# al #a% !" la a!"#a +; /*"(al*("a!a$ a#a ";*'a# 0#))*( ,&" ";*'a#*a "l /&"( 0&()*(a*"(' !" la a !" la&"#'a:

-a('"% !" )l)a#%" !"0*(*'*;a"('" "l )a($ )a/#a(a% + la a !" la &"#'a$ "%)(;"(*"('" ,&" %" l"% !" "l a)a/a! 0*(al (")"%a#*$ a#a ,&" )&a(! +a "%'"()l)a!a%$ &(*)a"('" %" aa( !"'all"% )l""('a#*%:

PUERTAS DE MADERA3

!" )'" %"#.( !" #*"#a$ ">"('a% !" (&!% + la/#a!a% + &l*!a% a l*a$ )( la%!*"(%*("% + !*/&% a#)a!% "( l% la(%: '!a &(*( %"#. "(%a/la!a$"a!a )( #"%*%'l + a)&?a!a: la% &(*("% !" l% )"#)% + "*(a=% %"#.( !" '*!" )aa: l% a'"#*al"% "l"a!% %"#.( l% %*&*"('"%

!" #&"%'a/l"#% !" )"#)% !" 4 > 1 "*(a= *(0"#*# !" 1 > 1 /a'*"('"% !" >

)a!a a )('a#a )( '#"% /*%a#a% !" 0*"## &l*! !" 7 )( 6 '#(*ll% !" 1:%" )l)a#a( "( l% ;a(% "#0")'a"('" ala!a% + a'#(*lla!a% )( !%'#(*ll% !" 2 "( )a!a &( !" l% )a("%: l% /a'*"('"% %"#.( )la;a!% + "a!%)( #"%*%'l "( %& a#'" *('"#*#$ )( )#'"% !" 45\ "( la% "%,&*(a%: la%)a/#a(a% %" )la;a#a( )( )la; !" 1 + %" "a#a( )( #"%*%'l # a/%la!%$ )( )#'"% "( la% "%,&*(a%: l% "/,&*lla!% !" l% 'a/l"#% *#.(/)"l"a!%:( %" 'l"#a#a( a% !" K "( "l a##a%'#" + "( la% &('a% !" )*"##" &(a la!" a% 3: la% #")##*!a% ,&" %" aa( (")"%a#*a%$ a% ) &(a a( !"a)"*'" !" l*(a=a "( la% &"#'a% "%'a% "%'.( *()l&*!a% "( "l #")*$ *&al"('" la)l)a)*( !" la )aa "%")*0*)a!a:

TIPOS DE PUERTASa la% &"#'a% # %& 0a/#*)a)*( %" l"% )()" !" !*0"#"('"% (/#"% + l%#*()*al"% %(

&"#'a% "('a/l"#a!a% "%'a% &"!"( %"# !" &( 'a/l"# !% a>*$ + %(!" "(% !*0*)&l'a! a#a )(%'#&*#la%: )(%*%'" "( &( a#) !" #*"#a$ !"*($ )"!# )a/a$ %"( la )al*!a! + (")"%*!a! !" la /#a la "!*!a !"la#) (#al"('" "% !" 1 > 4: "l 'a/l"# a /a%" !" '#*la+


23/28

"()aa!!" )a/*lla )( "%"%# !" 6: "( )a)*("% "( l&a# !"'#*la+ %"&"!" &%a# ;*!#*$ # l ,&" %" l" llaa &"#'a ;*!#*"#a:&"#'a% "(!&"la!a% la ;*%'a !" "%'a &"#'a %"#a !&"la$ )l)a!a "( %"('*!;"#'*)al + 'a/*"( "( %"('*! !*a(al: %& %*%'"a )(%'#&)'*; "% &+%**la# a la% !" '* 'a/# )( /a%'*!#$ "# "( "%'" )a% "( l&a# !"

)l)a# la% a% !" '#*la+$ %" )l)a la !&"la %&"'a!a al /a%'*!# #"!* !" '#(*ll%:&"#'a '* 'a/# la ;*%'a !" "%'a &"#'a "% !" !%

a% !" '#*la+ !" #*"#a$ @'* )a/*lla$ +a %"a al (a'al )( /a#(*= "('*('a!a:"l %*%'"a )(%'#&)'*; !" "%'" '* !" &"#'a% )()*%'" "( &( /a%'*!# !"a!"#a ,&" ll";a # !"('#$ "l )&al "%'a )&"%' # !% la#&"#% +;a#*% "*(a=%$ a "%'" ;a( &(*!a% !% a% !" '#*la+ # "!* !""a"(':&"#'a '* a(al la ;*%'a !" "%'" '* !" &"#'a "% *&al a la !" '* 'a/#$)( la !*0"#"()*a !" ,&" "l %*%'"a )(%'#&)'*; ;a#*a$ +a ,&" "( "%'a "l;a%'*!# ;a a "%'a# 0#a! # '*#a% !" 0*/#a)"l '#*la+ )#&=a!a% "('#" %*"( %"('*! ;"#'*)al + #*=('al a )a!a 5)$ "('#" l% a("l"% %" *('"#)ala#a)a("% !" a!"#a a#a !a# a% #**!"= + a!"#"()*a al "a# la% a% !"'#*la+:&"#'a "('a/la!a "%'a% &"#'a% (#al"('" %( #;*%#*a% "%")*al"a#a &( "%")*0*) '* )('">' a#,&*'")'(*) ,&" la !"a(!":&"#'a% )##"!*=a% "%'a% &"#'a% %" )(%'#&+"( *&al ,&" la% !" '*'a/# !" a(al$ # %"# a% l*"#a% + ;*%'%a% a#a "l '* !" &"/l" +%"#;*)* ,&" !a#a( (#al"('" %" &%a( "( )l%"'% + ) &"#'a% !"*('"#)&(*)a)*($ )&a(! "( "l l)al ( a+ %&0*)*"('" "%a)* a#a "la/a'**"(' !" la &"#'a:

MADERA EN PISOS3l% *%% !" a!"#a a#'a( )al*!"= + "l"a()*a #"%&a#!a( !"l 0#$ + ( a?a!"()al# ">'#a !a('" l% "%"% !" ;"#a(: %& ">'"(%a ;a#*"!a! "#*'" !a# &%' a'!a% la% (")"%*!a!"% + "%'*l%: "l"*# "l .% #.)'*) a#a "l "%a)* ,&",&"#a% !")#a# "% )%a (&"%'#a:

l% *%% !" a!"#a (&()a a%a( !" !a$ )/*(a( )( )&al,&*"# "%'*l!")#a'*; + %" a!a'a( a '!a% la% la'*'&!"% + '""#a'a%: %*"#" %" a(#"la)*(a! )( a/*"('"% )l.%*)%$ "# l% (&";% '#a'a*"('% !" la% a!"#a%%" a!a'a( *()l&% "( "l /a?$ #a)*a% a l% 8'!% ,&" la% #'""( !" la&"!a!: %* a "% %" l" a)a?a !" )a/*% "( l% !*%"?%$ la% a!"#a%0#")"( %*/*l*!a!"% ,&" a%'a a#a ( %" a/a( ">l#a!:la "l"))*( !"l '* !" a'"#*al$ %&% '(al*!a!"% a)a/a!%$ ;"(!#. %*"#"!"'"#*(a!a # "l '* !" a/*"('" ,&" #"'"(!"% )(%"&*#:

;a#*"!a! !" *%%l% *%% !" a!"#a 0l'a('" %( l% ,&" "%'.( 'a(! la !"la('"#a a la !&"la + "l


24/28

'#a!*)*(al a#,&8: "%'a )*( "% &+ %l*)*'a!a ( %l #,&" "% &+ #"%*%'"('"%*( #,&" %& *(%'ala)*( "% &+ l**a + #.*!a$ + %" &"!" )l)a# %/#" "l%&"l #**(al ">*%'"('":la !&"la !" a!"#a a)*=a "% "l %&"l .% #"%*%'"('": "#*'" a)a/a!% &+!*%'*('% #,&" la #*,&"=a !" %&% ;"'a% ( "#*'" "()('#a# &(a 'a/la *&al a

'#a: "% &( /&"( a*%la('" '8#*) + a)%'*)$ + %& #a! !" "la%'*)*!a! la a)"#")"(!a/l" a#a '! '* !" )l*a'la: %" /a#(*=a "( "l "(' !" la*(%'ala)*($ # l ,&" "( &( (* !" '#"% %"a(a% ( %" &"!" *%a# %* (,&"#"% ,&" la &"lla ,&"!" a#)a!a: %& a('"(**"(' "#*'" ;a#*a%#"%'aa)*("%:"l '#a!*)*(al a#,&8 0#")" !*%'*('a% %*/*l*!a!"% !")#a'*;a% # l% !*/&%!*;"#%% ,&" %" &"!"( /'"("# )( %& )/*(a)*(: "% "l .% ")(*)a&(,&" %& *(%'ala)*( "% .% )l*)a!a$ &"% "l %&"l !"/" "%'a# l**$ %") +l*%: la a!"#a$ ) a'"#*al ;*;$ "% &+ %"(%*/l" a l% )a/*% !"'""#a'a$ + "% a/*'&al ,&" la%

*"=a% %" !*la'"( + )('#a*a( )( l% )a/*% )l*.'*)%: )a!a )*"#' '*"$ !"/"%"# a)&)*lla! + /a#(*=a! !" (&";:%* l ,&" '*"(" "% &( #"%&&"%' a&%'a!$ &"!" "l"*# a!"#a% %*('8'*)a% la*(a!%$ ,&" **'a( a la "#0"))*( a la% (a'al"%: "% % '" # la% !" a+#)al*!a! + a#a('a %*( ,&*"#" ,&" a la la#a l /a#a' a)a/" %al*"(! )a#: l%'a/l"#% "%'.( 0a/#*)a!% )( 0*/#a% !" a!"#a ,&" %" #")&/#"( )( a"l!")#a! ,&" #"#!&)" "l a%")' !" la a!"#a:a+ !% )la%"% !" la*(a!% l% !" #"%*( !*#")'a + l% !" al'a #"%*(: l%#*"#% %" *(%'ala( !*#")'a"('" %/#" "l 'a/l"# !" /a%" "%'a/l" + %" #";*%'" )(&(a )aa #'")'#a: "( "l %"&(!$ ;a#*a% l.*(a% '#a(%a#"('"% %" #"(%a( &(')( "l a"l !")#a! a#a )l)a#%" !"%&8% %/#" "l 'a/l"# /a%": (*(&( !""%'% %&"l% "%'. #"a#a! a#a %#'a# al'% #a!% !" &"!a!:

#$D%&$ %' ()*+*.la% a!"#a% "( "%'a% a#"a% a#,&*'")'(*)a%$ "%'a( ">&"%'a% a &( %"#;*)*)(%'a('" + )a%'*a!$ !"/*! a la 0&()*( ,&" !"%""?a($ # 'al '*; la% ,&"%" "l"a( "( "%'a %&"#0*)*"$ '"(!#a( ,&" )&l*# )( l% #",&*%*'% %*&*"('"%

a/"# %*! #";*a"('" '#a'a!a% a#a /'"("# )&al*!a!"% ) %( la!"=a a!")&a!a$ /"ll"=a$ /&"(a "%'a/*l*!a!$ a)a/a! a#a!a/l"$ '"#% +%/#" '! !a/l"

!"/"#a( %"# %"*!a% + /la(!a%$ !"%")a(!%a la% !a% + &+ /la(!a%:

calidades de madera para piso, que deberan considerarse para su eleccion.a#a l% *%% !" !&"la !" a#,&"'$ "% )(;"(*"('" )(%*!"#a# #")()"# ,&"">*%'"( '#"% )al*!a!"% !" a!"#a$ la% )&al"% %" &"!"( 'a# ) &(*!a!"%)a#a'*;a% a#a %& "l"))*(:


25/28

])al*!a! ">'#a %( a!"#a% %"l"))*(a!a% ''al"('" l*/#"% !" !"0")' + )('(al*!a!"% )la#a% + "("a%:

])al*!a! %"l")'a *()l&+"( '(al*!a!"% "(% )la#a% ,&" la a('"#*# + "#*'"",&"?% + a*%la!% !"0")'%:

])al*!a! '* 1 '* a #"%'a( )l#a)*("% !" a#)a! )('#a%'" !"/*! a la('"#*# a ,&" "% a!"#a a% ;"'"a!a$ 'a/*"( %" a)"'a( (!% ( a+#"% !"6:5 $ la% *##&&la#*!a!"% + !"0")'% %( 'l"#a/l"%$ %*( ,&" "%' ,&*"#a !")*# ,&"%" a)"'a( a#*"'a*"('% + !"0#a)*("%:

la presentacion de la madera en piso son: duela, adoquin y parquet.

LA DUELA' "%'a 0a/#*)a!a *(!&%'#*al"('" "( 0#a !" '*#a% @'a/la%$ (#al"('"la% "!*!a% !" "%'a% *"=a% %( !" "%"%# # 2$ 3 12 $ + a%'a 4 !"a() @la% )"#)*al"%$ "% )a#a)'"#*%'*) + #* !" la !&"la ,&" "( %&% a#*%'a%"( %"('*! l(*'&!*(al %" l"% aa &( !"l "%")*al$ al )&al # &( la! %"#a(a llaa(!%"l" "/#a + # "l '# la! &(a )"a !*"('" a) ,&""/(a#a "( la #a(a "l a)la*"(' a('"#*# "( l ,&" #"%")'a a la )a#('"#*a/la()a %" l" llaa a)*"/#a!:"l )&*!a! !" la !&"la 0a/#*)a!a "% !" &)a *#'a()*a$ +)(%*!"#a(! &(a #";*%*( #";*a$ a%* ) "l )('#l !" )al*!a! (")"%a#* a#a %&)"#)*al*=a)*($ !"/"( "a)a#%" + ala)"(a#%" )&*!a!%a"('" "( /!"a%,&" la% #'"a( !"l *('"#"#*% ) "l %l$ la ll&;*a$ "l ;*"('$ &"!a!$*(%")'% a#a%*'%: l #*()*al "% ,&" "%'a a!"#a %" )(%"#;" %")a + "(/&"(a% )(!*)*("%:la !&"la %" &"!" )l)a# !" !% 0#a% @la% a% )&("% la #*"#a "% %/#"l*("%$ !"a(! &(a )aa#a !" a*#" "('#" la l%a *% + la !&"la la %"&(!a "%la ,&" %" &"!" )l)a# !*#")'a"('" %/#" la l%a 0*#" a /a%" !" &( "a!"%")*al + ,&" la %&"#0*)*" "%'" )( &( a)a/a! "#0")'a"('" &l*! + (*;"la!a#a &(a "#0")'a a!"#"()*a:

"l a#,&"''a/*8( "% &(a a!"#a *(!&%'#*al*=a!a$ 0a/#*)a!a )( a!"#a% + )a#a)'"#%'*)a%*&al"% a la% !" la !&"la$ )( la !*0"#"()*a !" ,&" "( "%'" )a% %" !*0"#"()*a$ #"%'a# )(0#a! !" )"!a)"#a !" a!"#a !" )#'" #"&la# + "!*!a% ",&"?a%$0#a(! %a*)% !" "!*!a% )"#)*al"% !" 1 > 1 ): 2 > 2 ): + a%'a!" 3 > 3 ): )( "%"%# #"!* !" 6 :

)#,&*% !"l %a*) + !*%'#*/&)*( !" *"=a% !"l a#,&"' + %& #)"!**"(')(%'#&)'*;


26/28

LA MADERA COMO ELEMENTO ESTRUCTURAL

CARACTER^STICAS DE LA MADERA

]MADERA PARA MIEMBROS ESTRUCTURALES

a !*0"#"()*a !" &)% a'"#*al"% !" )(%'#&))*($ la a!"#a ( "% &( a'"#*al"la/#a!$ %*( #.(*)$ ,&" "("#al"('" %" &%a "( %& 0#a (a'al: !" l%(&"#%% 0a)'#"% ,&" *(0l&+"( "( %& #"%*%'"()*a$ l% .% *#'a('"% %( la!"(%*!a!$ l% !"0")'% (a'al"% + %& )('"(*! !" &"!a!: a )a&%a !" l%!"0")'% + la% ;a#*a)*("% *("#"('"% a la a!"#a$ "% *%*/l" a%*(a#l""%0&"#=% &(*'a#*% !" '#a/a )( "l #a! !" #")*%*( ,&" %" a)" "( "l a)"# "( "l )()#"': !"%!" "l &(' !" ;*%'a !" la *("(*"#a$ la a!"#a #"%"('a#/l"a% a% )l"% + ;a#*a!% ,&" &)% '#% a'"#*al"% "%'#&)'al"%:

]MATERIAL ESTRUCTURAL

)( &)a 0#")&"()*a %" l" llaa al a'"#*al "%'#&)'al a!"#a" a!"#a#&"%a: !"/*! a ,&" la #"%*%'"()*a !" la a!"#a ;a#*a )( "l '* !" )a#a a la,&" %" %&"'a$ + 'a/*8( # ,&" "l "0")' !"l )a! ;a#*a )( "l 'aa?:

]COLUMNAS DE MADERA


27/28

"l '* !" )l&(a !" a!"#a ,&" %" &%a )( a% 0#")&"()*a "% la )l&(a %l*!a%"()*lla: )(%*%'" "( &(a %la *"=a !" a!"#a$ !" %"))*( '#a(%;"#%al #")'a(&la#:&( '* !" )l&(a ,&" 'a/*8( %" )(%*!"#a ) )l&(a %l*!a

%"()*lla "% &( *"/# %l*! !" %"))*( '#a(%;"#%al)*#)&la# %" &%a )( "(# 0#")&"()*a ,&" &(a )l&(a !" %"))*( '#a(%;"#%al#")'a(&la#: a#a ,&" %" !*%(" !" )(")'#"% a#a a!"#a$ %" &%a()(%'a('""('" )l&(a% )( %"a#a!#"%: )(%*%'" "( &( )(&(' !" *"=a% !"a!"#a + %" &%a( "( l% *"/#% !" la% a#a!a% ,&" '#a/aa( a )#"%*(:la% )l&(a% )&"%'a% %" a)"( %&"'a(!$ )( "a"(' '#(*ll%$ 'a/l("%+ *"/#% )&a!#a!%: %( !"0*)*"('"% "( )&a(' a )aa)*!a! !" )a#a: "( '!%l '*% !" )l&(a%$ la )aa)*!a! !" )a#a !""(!" !" la #"la)*( !" "%/"l'"=:

]RELACI_N DE ESBELTE

la #"la)*( !" "%/"l'"=$ !" &(a )l&(a %l*!a !" a!"#a "% la #"la)*( !" lal(*'&! %*( a+ !" la )l&(a a la !*"(%*( !" %& la! "(#: "%'" la! "% laa% a(%'a !" l% !% )a#a%$ la #"la)*( !" "%/"l'"= "% l!$ l ,&" l W l(*'&! %*(a+ !" la )l&(a$ "( &la!a%$ + ! W la !*"(%*( !"l la! "(#$ "(&la!a%:

]TIPOS DE `IGAS

&(a ;*a "% &( *"/# "%'#&)'al ,&" "%'a %&"' a )a#a% '#a(%;"#%al"%:"("#al"('"$ la% )a#a% /#a( "( &( a(&l #")' al "" l(*'&!*(al !" la ;*a:)a#a!a% )( '#% *"/#% "%'#&)'al"%$ la% )a#a% /#" &(a ;*a a% )"l *% "% !" la ;*a$ '*"(!"( a 0l">*(a# "( ;"= !" ala#a# a)#'a# "l*"/#: "( la% ;*a% %*l"%$ l% a+% "%'.( "( l% ">'#"%$ + la% 0&"#=a%#"%*%'"('"% !*#**!a% a)*a a##*/a %" llaa( #"a))*("%: &(a '#a/" "% &(a ;*a$ "#"%'" '"#*( %" al*)a a la% ;*a% #a(!"%: &(a ;*a ,&" %#'a

a '#a% ;*a% ",&"?a% %" llaa '#a/":"( la )(%'#&))*( !" "('#aa!%$ la% ;*a% ,&" %#'a( !*#")'a"('" la% 'a/la%!"l *% %" llaa( ;*&"'a%: "( l% #"la"('% !" )(%'#&))*( a% #")*"('"% %"&%a( l% '8#*(% ;*&"'a + 'a/l( a#a *!"('*0*)a# a!"#a !" %"))*( '#a(%;"#%al#")'a(&la# ,&" '*"(" &( "%"%# (*(al !" 2: a%'a$ "# %*( *()l&*# l% !" 5: +a()% (*(al"% !" 4$ .%: la% ;*a% ,&" %#'a( )&/*"#'a% !" '")% %"llaa( a#"% )( 0#")&"()*a %( *()l*(a!%:

"( la )(%'#&))*( !" &"('"%$ la% ;*a% l(*'&!*(al"% "( la% ,&" %" )l)a( l%'#a;"%a?% !*"('"% %" llaa( la#&"#% #"0*#*8(!%" a la a!"#a !" %"))*('#a(%;"#%al #")'a(&la# ,&" '*"(" !*"(%*("% (*(al"% !" 5 a% !" "%"%#+ K a% !" a():


28/28

&(a ;*a %*l" "% la ,&" !"%)a(%a "( &( a+ "( )a!a ">'#"$ %*(#"%'#*))*("%:la a+#a !" la% ;*a% "( la )(%'#&))*( !" a!"#a %( ;*a% %*l"%:&(a ;*a ;la!a "% la ,&" %/#"%al" !" &( a+$ ) la% "'#a!a% "( &( ,&" %/#"%al"( !"l a#."'# !"l *%:

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