Macedon

From Amyntas I to Philip II

Location

Geography

Political Structure

Ø Small agricultural or mountain villages governed by a local baron.

Ø Monarchy dependent upon the barons. Ø The king was primus inter pares. Ø Accession required ratification of the

barons Ø International treaties often required the

inclusion of the barons as signatories. Ø There was little or no court formality.

Argead Royal House

Amyntas I ca. 513 – 497 BC

Bubares = Gygea Alexander I 497 - 454

Amyntas I

Ø 513 - 497 Ø Nominal subject of Darius I after 512 Ø Benefited from the defeat of the

Paeonians. Ø Athenian proxenos Ø Offered Hippias Anthemous in 506 BC.

Alexander I

Ø Subject to Persia from 492 BC. Ø Helped Xerxes with supplies and directions.

Ø Philhellene Ø Olympic competitor in 508 or 504 Ø Provided lumber for Athenian fleet Ø Proxenos for Athens by 480 BC. Ø Joined the Delian League

Fifth Century Argeadae

Perdiccas 454 - 413 Menelaus Amyntas

Alexander I 497 - 454

Archelaus 413 - 399

Orestes Amyntas II 399 – 96 394/3

Arrhidaeus

Eurydice = Amyntas III 392 - 370

Amyntas III

Ø 392 – 370 Ø Euridice, daughter of Sirrhas of Lyncestis Ø Defeated by Illyrians in 394/3 Ø Returned in 392 with aid of Chalcidians Ø Attacked Chalcidians in 383:

Ø Driven back even losing Pella Ø Returned with support of Sparta

Sons of Amyntas:

Amyntas III = Eurydice

Alexander II Perdiccas III Philip II (369-68) (365 – 59) (359 – 36)

Philip II

Ø Philip’s problems in 359: Ø Illyria hostile (holding upper Macedonia) Ø Threat from Thrace;

Ø  Supporting Pausanias for the throne Ø The Paeonian raids along the Axios. Ø Athens asserting claims on Amphipolis

Ø  Supporting Argaeus for the throne Ø Archelaus (half brother) claimed the throne

Philip II

Philip’s Solutions:

Ø The Paeonians and Illyrians were greedy so he bought them off.

Ø Argaeus was overconfident so he ambushed him.

Ø Athens claimed to be ‘freeing’ Amphipolis so Philip granted them their freedom.

Ø Philip settled with Archelaus

Philip’s Reforms

Ø Weaponry standardized and provided by the state.

Ø The spear was replaced by the sarissa, Ø Troops under the pay of the king and could

be drilled regularly. Ø The panoply was lightened. Ø The cavalry became an offensive arm. Ø The nobility were included in a reciprocal

deal

Macedonian Phalanx

Philip on the Offensive

Ø 358: Attacked and defeated the Paeonians and Illyrians.

Ø 357: Took Amphipolis. Ø With Olynthus attacked Potidaea. Ø Took Crenides and renamed it Philippi.

Ø Revenues from gold mines Ø 357 BC.

Ø Alexander of Pherae assassinated. Ø Philip drawn into a protracted war in Thessaly

The Sacred War

Ø 355 – 347: Ø Phocians sieze Delphi Ø Philip supporting Larissa against Pherae Ø Phocis, Pherae, Athens and Sparta Ø Vs. Ø Thebes, Larissa (and Philip)

Ø Philip given control of Amphictyonic Council

Expansion of Macedon

Ø 344: Conquest of Illyria Ø 343: Conquest of Thrace Ø 341/0:

Ø Philip attacked Perinthus and Byzantium. Ø Resistance from both Athens and Persia

brought a truce Ø 338:

Ø Philip marches against Athens Ø Athens and Thebes defeated at Chaeronea

The League of Corinth

Ø 337: Ø Philip convenes council of Greek states at

Corinth Ø Philip elected hegemon Ø Panhellenic war against Persia Ø 336: Ø Attalus and Parmenion lead advance force

to the Troad

Death of Philip

Ø 336: Ø Cleopatra, daughter of Philip, to marry

Alexander of Epirus Ø Pausanias, member of the bodyguard,

assassinates Philip.

Philip’s Legacy