Upload
morris-holland
View
221
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Macromolecules of Life
Organic v. Inorganic
Organic molecules are carbon based; they are the second most common molecules found in living things next to water.
Inorganic molecules are not carbon based. (exceptions: CO2).
Organic molecules can fall into four groups of macromolecules
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
They are each composed of multiple monomers, single units, that are bonded together to form polymers, many units bonded together.
Condensation/Dehydration Reaction – Producing a Polymer
When two monomers come together to make a polymer they undergo a condensation/ dehydration reaction.
The two join to make one molecule and end up. producing a water
Hydrolysis – Breaking a Polymer into Monomers
When a polymer is broken down into its monomers it undergoes a hydrolysis reaction.
Here water is added to break apart a polymer.
Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Nonpolar molecules have an evenly distributed charge. They are called hydrophobic or water fearing.
Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge. They are hydrophilic or water loving.
Most macromolecules of life start as hydrocarbons, molecules composed of C and H.
Hydrocarbons are nonpolar which creates an issue since our bodies are predominantly made of water.
Therefore, a functional group is added to change the various characteristics of a molecule to make it polar.
Functional Groups
Carbohydrates
Elements: C, H, O – distinguishing fact, always occur C,H2,O
Monomer: monosaccharides; C6H12O6 isomers
Carbohydrates
2 monosaccharides make a disaccharide
More than 2 monosaccharides make a polysaccharide
Examples and functions: (M) Glucose – source of energy for the
body (D) Sucrose – quick source of energy (P) Glycogen – stored energy, many linked
glucoses (P) Cellulose – component of the cell wall (P) Chitin – Exoskeleton of insects and
crustaceans
Lipids
Elements: C, H, O – distinguishing feature is that they have large amounts of C and H but little O. They are nonpolar and insoluble.
Monomers: fatty acids and glycerols
Lipids
Examples and functions of each type FA - 2 types: Saturated and
Unsaturated. Saturated have as many hydrogens bonded to the central carbons as possible. Unsaturated do not have as many hydrogens as possible because carbon made a double bond. Saturated are extremely unhealthy for humans because they can clog arteries.
Phospholipids are important because they build the cell membrane of every kind of cell.
Triglycerides are fats – found in human blood and can contribute to heart disease
Steroids are not all bad. Some examples are cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone
Proteins
Elements: C, H, O, N, and S – distinguishing element is S
Monomer: amino acid; there are 20.
Components of an amino acid:
Two amino acids are joined by a peptide bond
Proteins
The order, number, and types of amino acids are what makes different proteins.
• Examples: Proteins have different functions Hemoglobin – carries oxygen
on the red blood cells. Insulin – regulates blood
sugar Enzymes ~ Enzymes typically
end with -ase; lactase, sucrase, polymerase; speed up chemical reactions
Proteins
There are 4 levels to the structure of a protein Primary – combination of amino acids Secondary – structure that the amino acids build –
sheets and helixes Tertiary – globular (3-D) shape that they take Quaternary – when 2 or more join together
Nucleic Acids
Elements: C, O, H, P, N – distinguishing element is P
Monomer: nucleotides. It is composed of a 5 C sugar, a Phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Nucleic Acids
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – genetic information; has deoxyribose as its sugar
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) – a copy of the genetic information that makes proteins; has ribose as its sugar.
Five Nitrogenous bases: Adenine (both DNA and RNA) Thymine (only DNA) Guanine (both DNA and RNA) Cytosine (both DNA and RNA) Uracil (only RNA)