Macromolecules of Life:

C________________ bonded to Make __________ (a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers)

Broken down into subunits called _____________ (a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers).

2 Types:

1. ____________Compounds: Do not contain ____________

2. ____________ Compounds: Contain _____________

EX: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

Making Macromolecules

Dehydration : Combining monomers to make a polymer. Dehydration means to take water out. Thus when you use dehydration synthesis, you are building something up while taking water out. In carbohydrates, an H from one carbohydrate and an OH from another are taken out. They form water. The two carbohydrates are then joined together by a bond.

TAKE _______________________

Breaking Macromolecules: _________________: a chemical process in which a certain

molecule is split into two parts by the addition of a molecule of water.

______________________!!

Animation of Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU

Organic Compounds: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids.

A. :1. Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, ____________________

2. Key source of Energy

3. Sugar: Building blocks of carbs

4. 3 types of sugars:

a. __________________: Simple sugars (C6H12 O6)

Ex: glucose and ____________________

b. Disaccharides: 2 sugars join together (C12 H22 O11 )

Ex. Maltose: _____________________________

sucrose: glucose + fructose

c. : Complex Carbohydrate.

Ex: Starch: Food storage for plants

cellulose: Makes up cell walls

glycogen: Food storage in animals.

glucose Glucose

Can occur in Ring form or linear form.

Cellulose

Organic Compounds: Con’tB. Lipids1. Not soluble in water (does not dissolve)2. Made of _____________________3. Examples: waxes, fat, steroids, phospholipids (make up cell membrane)

a. triglycerides: (3 fatty acids bonded together)b. 2 types: Oils, Fats

1. _________ : Liquid at room temperature 2. __________: Solid at room temperature A. : Contain the maximum number of hydrogen; all carbon and hydrogen are stable - Solid at room temperature: butter, grease, lard

B. Unsaturated Fat: Carbon is missing some Hydrogen so they are not stable. (easier to break down) - liquid at room temp: olive oil, fish oils4. Other Ex: Chlorophyll, hormones, other pigments.

Organic Molecules Con’t

C. Proteins

1. Made of C, H, O, _________________________

2. Made of 2 or more ________________________

3. Make up skin and muscles

4. Blood clotting, visual processes, cell repair, cell processes

5. _____________________________: building blocks of proteins.

6. 20 Common amino acids

Proteins Con’t

6. Bonded Covalently: Forms a peptide bond

7. Dipeptide bond: _____ amino acids bonded

8. Polypeptide bond: _____________ amino acids bonded

9. Enzymes

a. One basic function of an enzyme is to ____________ the rate of a

reaction. Most cellular reactions occur about a million times faster than they would in the absence of an enzyme. Second, most enzymes act specifically with only one reactant (called a substrate) to produce products. ( Lock and Key)

Proteins Con’t Enzymes

1. One basic function of an enzyme is to increase the rate

of a reaction. Most cellular reactions occur about a

million times faster than they would in the absence of an

enzyme. Without enzymes, our guts would take weeks and weeks

to digest our food, our muscles, nerves and bones would not work

properly and so on - we would not be living

EX: The absence of enzymes is responsible for many diseases. In humans,

a tragic disease called phenylketonuria (PKU), which causes severe

mental retardation and even death in infants, is the result of the

absence of one type of enzyme. Tay-Sachs disease is a similarly

tragic result of an enzyme deficiency. It causes retardation, paralysis,

and often death in early childhood when left untreated

2. Second, most enzymes act specifically with only

one reactant (called a ________________) to produce products. (Lock and

Key)

.

Enzymes Con’t

LOCK ______________________________ This theory states that all enzymes and substrates have specific

structures called active sites or binding sites. The substrate fits into the enzyme's active site, and they react. The substrate is broken down, and then the enzyme can act on the next substrate.

Generally, there is only _______ active site on each enzyme molecule and only one type (or combination) of substrate molecules will fit into it just like a key fitting into a lock.

Nucleic Acids1. DNA: ____________________________

a. Stores and uses important information to direct all cell

activities.

b. It will make an exact copy of itself for new cells that are

created.

2. RNA: ______________________________

a. Uses information from DNA to make Proteins