MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARD IN INDIA WITH GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES S.S. Gautam Director (IH) Central Labour Institute Mumbai 400022

MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARD IN INDIA WITH GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

S.S. GautamDirector (IH)

Central Labour InstituteMumbai 400022

MAJOR ACCIDENT

An occurrence such as • major emission, fire or explosion• resulting from uncontrolled developments

in the course of an industrial activity,• leading to a serious danger to man,• immediate or delayed,• inside or out side the establishment and• involving one or more dangerous

substances.

EVENTS & POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES

• Releases– Toxic

• Within the premises• Within and beyond the premises

– Flammable with potential to explode• Within the premises• Within and beyond the premises• Confined or unconfined vapour cloud

explosion

• Pool Fires• With or without a potential of BLEVE

GROWTH AND DECAY OF CLOUD

Total release time 8 Min

Present scenario: 1 minute after the start of release.


















Present scenario: 7minute after the start of release.




Release stopped


Total release time 8Min






























Cloud cleared

Equal Concentration contour (Foot Print)

Plan View of contour at the ground

DEVELOPMENT OF POOL FIRE

Release from an atmospheric tank


Spreading of vapours


Contact with source of ignition


Flash fire

Pool Fire

• Pool Fire:– A fire of an spilled

pool of flammable or combustible substance with the risk of burns to persons or objects within or around the flames.

TYPES OF FIRES

• Flash Fire:– Ignition of a

flammable gas/vapour and air mixture on finding a source of ignition.

TYPES OF FIRES

• Jet Fire:– Jet of flame

formed due to instantaneously burning gas/ vapour.

TYPES OF FIRES

• BLEVE:– Boiling Liquid

Expanding Vapour Explosion

TYPES OF FIRES

• Unconfined vapour cloud Explosion:– A vaour

cloud exploding in open air

TYPES OF FIRES

• Confined Vapour Cloud Explosion:– A cloud

exploding in a buiding or confinement

NEED FOR SPECIAL APPROACH

• Superstar Technologies involving:– Combination of a number of factors.– Complex human components.– Interdependant, vulnerable and complex

societies.– Rapid development of large scale technologies

under economic pressures.– Devices scaled up by extrapolation without

enough trial and error experience.

• Dilution of Responsibilities:– Multidisciplinary design-teams reduce

the responsibility on any one person.– Specialisation is so high that the

organisations have monopoly of expertise.

– Difficulty of monitoring by Government inspectors.

• Increased awareness of public, NGOs & trade unions: – Intolerance among public– Development of associations and social

activists– Trade unions getting more and more

concerned on safety & health matters

• Vulnerability of high technology industries to failures:– Only one way to run the plant safety but

numerous ways by which plant can lead into emergency.

– Unforeseen dangerous effects.

MAJOR HAZARD CONTROL

• A well developed plan to prevent the major accident and develop the preparedness to mitigate the effects of such potential accidents.

CONSIDERATIONS AT VARIOUS STAGES

– Site selection,– Layout planning– Design– Erecting– Commissioning– Running

– Maintenance– Modifications – Emergency

Preparedness for mitigation of on site and off site consequences.

STAKEHOLDERS

• Government– Town Panning– Environment– Pollution control– Industrial Development– District Administration– Industrial Safety & Health

• Management• Workmen• Surrounding communities• NGOs

MAHC SYSTEM IN INDIA

• Manufacture Storage & Import of Hazardous Chemicals (MSIHC) Rules 1989 (with amendments in 1994 & 2000)

• CIMAH Rules (State Factories Rules) similar to MSIHC Rules .

• Identification of MAH installations.• Availability of Hazard Information to all

concerned.

MAHC SYSTEM IN INDIA (Contd.)

• Reporting of Major Accidents.• On Site & Off site Emergency Planning.• Central, State, District and Local Crisis

Groups to ensure off site emergency planning.

• Safety Report.• Internal & external Safety Audits

(Structured in line with EC Directives & Model CIMAH Regulations)

DEVELOPMENT OF MAH SYSTEM IN INDIA

• ILO-FRG Supported Project on 'Establishment and Initial operations of MAH system in India' from 1988 to 1990, which gave rise to notifications of

• Manufacture & Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules 1989 under EP Act and CIMAH rules as part of state factories rules.

• Identification of MAH installations was done during the project period, which kept updating since then.

DEVELOPMENT OF MAH SYSTEM IN INDIA (Contd.)

• A number of other documents were developed such as– model training manuals on the subject for:

• Factory inspectors• Supervisors• Safety Trainers• Safety Committee Members

– Guidelines for Inspectors of Factories for:• Inspection & prioritisation of MAH installations.• Evaluation of Safety Reports• Onsite & Offsite Emergency Planning etc.

DEVELOPMENT OF MAH SYSTEM IN INDIA (Contd.)

• Joint Inspections were carried out with experts from developed countries, Central Government and Factory inspectors.

SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS

• Amendments were brought in by Min. of Environment & Forest, Government of India, to cope up with the minor difficulties arising in enforcement:

• 1. in 1994• 2. In 2000

ONGOING EFFORTS OF DGFASLI

• A number of seminars, training Programmes, and consultancy activities are being done every year by central & regional labour institutes.

ROLE OF NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

(NDMA)

• NDMA has included industrial disasters as one of the types of disasters that may take place and has issued a document for management of industrial disasters for use by local authorities while developing offsite emergency plans.

APEL Seminars organised by National Safety Council with

the assistance of USAID programmes

• National Safety Council of India has collaborated with UNEP, World Environment Centre, USAID to popularise the concept of “Awareness and Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level (APEL)”. In all 32 events had been conducted under this project covering w2ide varieties of programmes for different target groups.

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS

• Release of Code of Practice by ILO in 1991, which included:

• General provisions; • Components of a major hazard

control system;• General duties; • Prerequisites for a major hazard

control system; • Analysis of hazards and risks;

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS

• Control of the causes of major industrial accidents;

• Safe operation of major hazard installations;

• Emergency planning; • information of the neighborhood

population on major hazards installations; • Siting and land-use planning; Reporting to

competent authorities;• Implementation of a major hazard control

system.

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTS

• Release of Seveso Directive II by the EU in 1996.

– Based on these directives, major changes were brought in major hazard systems in UK. The SIMAH Regulation of UK was modified and renamed as,

'Control of Major Accident Hazard (COMAH) regulations' in

1999.

– The important features of COMAH Regulations of UK are: Adequate safety and reliability of installations, equipment and infrastructure at design stage and while operation and maintenance.

COMAH

• Provide more stress on the operators of the facilities to demonstrate the prevention and mitigation measures and show that the risk has been kept 'As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP)' by use of best feasible method or technology available.

COMAH

– Demonstrate that major accident prevention policies and management system lies as per the methods prescribed by the statutes,

– The emergency plan to contain sufficient information to draw an off site emergency plan by the local authorities.

– sufficient authorities to the authorities to enable them to take decisions about the land utilization around the installation.

– Multiple information to be given on the points provided in the Safety report it the installation is a complex system.

RESEARCHES AROUND THE WORLD

• Research on reliable, repeatable and economically viable methods of QRA for MAH installation.

• HSE Great Britain has developed through a research contract during the year 2003, a model for ideal management of emergencies and method of performance measurement and review of the plans for on going refining of the on site and off site emergency plans.


• HSE Great Britain has conducted a research and

demonstrated that there has been definite

improvement in the factories which have come to

the fold of Safety report after replacement of

CIMAH regulation by COMAH regulations. The

study has shown highly encouraging results

justifying the added investment on development

of safety reports as per the new statute (2003).


• HSE Great Britain has conducted a research to

develop a frame work to define the human factors

instrumental for Major Accident and developed

standards to minimize this factor (2003).

• HSE Great Britain has conducted a research to

assess the human competence to ensure that the

MAH units are managed effectively (2003)


• European Council Parliament has issued revisions to prevailing directives on Major Accident Hazard incorporating the amendments on the basis of the experience gained after the major accidents that have taken since the Seveso Directive II. (2003).

• HSE has developed a computerized data base for spatial population mapping of complete Great Britain for assessment of population in risk from major accidents. (2005)


• Technological research centre of Finland has developed a computerised Emergency management assistance system to provided guidance on various matters during onset of emergency a major hazard installation. (2006)

• Early hazard identification of chemical plants with state chart modeling techniques in order to avoid the manual faults likely by identification of hazards by HAZOP technique. (2005)


• MIMIX system a technique to identify the causes and consequences of the deviations in management system of MAH plants. (2005)

• There are a large number of references that indicted that the improvements have been effected most of the European countries mainly based on the Seveso II Directives. Details of those documents are however not being quoted because the languages in which these documents have been published are other than English.

System in USA

• Emergency Planning and Community Right

to Know Act 1986(EPCRA) which is Title III

Document of Superfund Amendment

Reauthorisation Act,1986 (SARA)enforced

by EPA

• OSHA Rule, for Process Safety

Management of Highly Hazardous

Chemicals 1990

Conclusion

A need for review of the systems developed around the world to come out with the required amendments to bring the country closer to the developped countries.

THANK YOU

Documents

MAJOR ACCIDENT HAZARD IN INDIA WITH GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES S.S. Gautam Director (IH) Central Labour Institute Mumbai 400022