Making The Right Choice...viruses and fungi " Heat and some chemicals Effective under specific conditions " Medical industry Laboratories ... " Double action: sanitize & acid rinse

Confidential Ecolab Information

Making The Right ChoiceMaking The Right Choice

SanitizersSanitizers


Sanitation ProtectsSanitation ProtectsProduct Quality & SafetyProduct Quality & Safety



Benefits ofBenefits of“Making The Right Choice”“Making The Right Choice”

• Reputation• Financial Security• Regulatory Compliance• Customer Satisfaction & Health• Profitability


Types of MicroorganismsTypes of Microorganisms

SpiralSpiralBacteriaBacteria

CocciCocciBacteriaBacteria

RodRod--ShapedShapedBacteriaBacteria

MoldsMoldsYeastYeast


Definition of Key TermsDefinition of Key TermsSterilant / Sterilize

• Complete destruction of all forms of life• Includes bacterial spores as well as bacteria,

viruses and fungi• Heat and some chemicals

– Effective under specific conditions• Medical industry

– Laboratories


Definition of Key TermsDefinition of Key TermsDisinfectant / Disinfect

• Kills 100% of vegetative cells• May not kill bacterial spores• Hospitals and general use on

inanimate objects


Definition of Key TermsDefinition of Key TermsSanitizer / Sanitize

• Reduce microbial contaminationon inanimate surfaces to levels considered safe by public health codes or regulations

• Two types:– No-rinse food contact surface sanitizer– Non-food contact surface sanitizer


Food Contact Surface SanitizerFood Contact Surface SanitizerAOAC Germicidal Detergent Sanitizer Test

99 ml SanitizerUse-Solution25ºC

Add 1 ml of E.colior S.aureus

(minimum of 7.5 x 107

CFU/ml)

30 secondContactTime

Neutralize 1 mlEnumerateSurvivorsRequired

Efficacy:99.999% Kill in 30 seconds at 25ºC

0

15

30


List of Other Product ClaimsList of Other Product ClaimsCommon Descriptions / Terms

AlgaecideBiocideAntisepticFungicideSlimicidePreservative


United States Environmental United States Environmental Protection AgencyProtection Agency

• Antimicrobial efficacy data• Product chemistry• Toxicology data• Label & technical literature

EPAEPAFIFRAFIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide ActFederal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

Sanitizer Registration


EPA Reg. No. 1677-58


Health Canada / Health Canada / Canadian Food Canadian Food

Inspection AgencyInspection Agency


DIRECTIONS FOR USE:It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.


Usage RestrictionsUsage RestrictionsKey Points

• Prepare only in potable water• Fresh solution

– Not reused• Accurate concentration

– Not below - questionable efficacy– Not above - violates regulation


NOTE: FOR MECHANICAL OPERATIONS prepared use solutions may not be reused for sanitizing but may be reused for other purposes such as cleaning.

FOR MANUAL OPERATIONS fresh sanitizing solutions should be prepared at least daily or more often if the solution becomes diluted or soiled.


Categories of Commonly Used NoCategories of Commonly Used No--Rinse Rinse Food Contact Surface SanitizersFood Contact Surface Sanitizers

• Chlorine• Chlorine dioxide / mixture of

oxychloro species• Iodophors• Quaternary ammonium

compounds• Acid-anionic sanitizers• Carboxylic acid sanitizers• Peroxy acid compounds


ChlorineChlorine

• Chlorine gas• Sodium, calcium, lithium hypochlorites• Powdered organic chlorine sources

– Maximum concentration - 200 ppmavailable chlorine

• Read and follow label “Directions for Use”


•• NaOCl + HNaOCl + H22O O HOClHOCl + NaOH+ NaOH

•• Ca(OCl)Ca(OCl)22 + 2H+ 2H22OO 2HOCl2HOCl + Ca(OH)+ Ca(OH)22

•• ClCl22 + H+ H22OO HOClHOCl + H+ H++ + Cl+ Cl--

Chemistry of ChlorineChemistry of Chlorinein Solutionin Solution


Chlorine AdvantagesChlorine Advantages

• Broad antimicrobial activity• Hard water tolerant• Low temperature efficacy• Relatively inexpensive• No residual activity /

non film forming

100%

50%

0%

HO

CI A

ctiv

ity

4 5 6 7 8 9 10pH


Chlorine DisadvantagesChlorine Disadvantages

• Potential for toxic chlorine gas formation

• Corrosive• Irritation• Unstable, short shelf life• Formation of potentially toxic

by-products, THM’S


IodophorsIodophors

• Iodine + Surfactant + Acid– Maximum Concentration - 25 ppm

• Read and follow label “Directions for Use”


Iodophors AdvantagesIodophors Advantages

• Broad antimicrobial activity• Less irritating than chlorine• Low toxicity• Effective pH range

– Broader than chlorine - 2-8• Less corrosive than chlorine• Stable, long shelf life• Color of use solution provides visual control


Effect of pH on Effect of pH on Iodophor SanitizersIodophor Sanitizers

pH

4

6

10

Chemical Species

I2

IO-, HIO

I3-, IO3

-, I-

Color

Amber

Clear

Activity

Active

Inactive

Note: I2 form is most active


Iodophors Iodophors DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• Staining porous and plastic materials• Poor activity against bacteriophage• Poor low temperature efficacy• Corrosive at high temperatures.

DO NOT USE ABOVE 120ºF• May produce excessive foam on CIP application• More expensive than chlorine• Odor may be offensive


QuaternaryQuaternaryAmmoniumAmmonium

ChlorideChlorideCompoundsCompounds

• Benzalkonium chloride• Substituted benzalkonium chloride• Dual quat• Twin chain quat• Read and follow label “Directions for Use”

for approved use concentration


Quaternary Ammonium Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Compound Chloride Compound

AdvantagesAdvantages• Odorless, colorless• Non-corrosive• Temperature stable• Relative stability in presence of organic soil• Broad antimicrobial activity• Residual antimicrobial film• Some detergency and soil penetrating ability• Stable, long shelf-life• Mold and odor control


Quaternary Ammonium Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Compound Chloride Compound

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• Incompatible with anionic wetting agents• Low hard water tolerance• Limited low temperature activity• Excessive foaming in mechanical applications• Antimicrobial activity may vary depending on

formulation


Acid Acid AnionicsAnionics

• Anionic surfactants + acid• Double action:

sanitize & acid rinse• Read and follow label for

approved use concentration


Acid AnionicsAcid AnionicsAdvantagesAdvantages

• Stable - long shelf life• Generally non-corrosive• Non-staining• Low odor• Not affected by hard water• Removes and controls mineral films• Good bacteriophage activity


Acid AnionicsAcid AnionicsDisadvantagesDisadvantages

• High cost• pH sensitivity, (optimum pH 2 - 3)• Limited and varied antimicrobial activity• poor yeast and mold activity• Corrosion potential• High foaming• Skin irritant• Inactivated by cationic surfactants


CarboxylicCarboxylicAcidAcid

• Fatty acids + organic acids + mineral acid• Double action: sanitize & acid rinse• Low foam• Read and follow label approved use

concentration


Carboxylic Acid Carboxylic Acid AdvantagesAdvantages

• Low foaming CIP application• Broad bacterial activity• Stable, good shelf life• Not affected by hard water salts• Remove and control mineral films• Non-staining


Carboxylic Acid Carboxylic Acid DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• Limited and varied activity against fungi

• pH sensitivity - optimum activity pH < 3.5

• Inactivated by cationic surfactants

• Temperature sensitivity, use at > 55ºF

• Corrosion potential & equipment compatibility issues


Peroxy Peroxy CompoundsCompounds

H2O2 CH2COOH

H

H

H

H

CC

O

O O

+

HydrogenPeroxide

AceticAcid

Peroxyacetic Acid



Peroxyacetic Acid Peroxyacetic Acid AdvantagesAdvantages

• Low foam• Broad temperature

range of activity• Combine sanitizing

and acid rinse• No residue• Generally non-corrosive

to stainless steel and aluminum

• Relative tolerance to organic soil

• Phosphate free• Broad bactericidal activity• Active over broad pH range

up to pH 7.5


POAA and the POAA and the EnvironmentEnvironment

Peroxyacetic Acid&

Hydrogen Peroxide

Breakdown

Into

WaterOxygen

Acetic Acid(Vinegar)


Effect of TemperatureEffect of Temperatureon Sanitizer Efficacyon Sanitizer Efficacy

Peroxyacid vs. Acid SanitizersEffect of pH onEffect of pH on

Sanitizer EfficacySanitizer EfficacyPeroxyacid vs. Acid Sanitizers

Staphylococcus aureus

Escherichia coli

3.0 pH 5.0

40ºF 70ºF

5

1

LO

G R

ED

UC

TIO

NS

LO

G R

ED

UC

TIO

NS

5

1

Peroxyacid Peroxyacid Acid

Peroxyacid Acid Peroxyacid

AcidAcid


Peroxyacetic Acid Peroxyacetic Acid DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• Metal ion sensitivity• Corrosive to soft metals• Odor of concentrate• Varied activity against fungi


Relative Antimicrobial Activity of Relative Antimicrobial Activity of Chemical SanitizersChemical Sanitizers

% R

EL

AT

IVE

EFF

ICA

CY

GRAM +BACTERIA

GRAM -BACTERIA

YEASTS MOLDS

Peroxyacetic Acid Chlorine Iodophors Acid

Anionics Quats

Sanitizers vs. MicroorganismsSanitizers vs. Microorganisms


Peroxy Acid/Organic Acid Compositions

• Original Peroxy Acid– Acetic acid– Hydorgen peroxide– Peroxyacetic acid

• Mixed Peroxy Acid/Organic Acid– Acetic acid– Hydrogen peroxide– Peroxyacetic acid– Organic acid, e.g.,

Octanoic acid– Surfactant


Mixed Peracid Efficacy Against Yeast and Mold

-

Saccharomycescerevisiae (yeast)

Geotrichumcandidum (Mold)

Log

Red

uctio

n

Mixed Peracid Sanitizer 1300 ppm

Peracetic Acid Sanitizer 2000 ppm

12 deg C5 minutes


Hot WaterHot Water

• PMO - Minimum of 170ºF for 5 minutes

• IDF - Minimum of 185ºF for 15 minutes

Time / Temperature Combinationis Critical to Hot Water Sanitizing


Hot Water AdvantagesHot Water Advantages

• Inexpensive• Easily available• Broad antimicrobial activity• Non-corrosive• Penetration


Hot Water DisadvantagesHot Water Disadvantages

• Slow• Film formation• Equipment damage• Condensation formation• Safety• Cost


Maximizing Sanitizer EffectivenessMaximizing Sanitizer Effectiveness

• Clean surface• Intimate contact• Temperature• Concentration• Contact time• pH• Composition of makeup water• Type of microorganism• Number of organisms


Why Should Cleaning & SanitizingWhy Should Cleaning & SanitizingBe Carried Out As Two Steps?Be Carried Out As Two Steps?• The presence of any residual soil can

chemically or physically impair the efficacy of sanitizers

• Soil may shield microorganisms from the necessary direct contact with the sanitizers


Effect of Temperature onSanitizer Performance

Sanitizer Type 70oF 55oF 40oF Sodium hypochlorite + + +Iodophor + + + QAC + + -Acid Anionics + + -Peroxyacetic acid + + ++ Good Activity+ Variable Activity- Substantial loss of activity


Sanitizer Optimum use Solution pH

Sanitizer Optimum pHChlorine Generally more effecitve as pH is reduced.

(As pH approaches 4 increasing amounts of toxic chlorine gas is formed.)

Iodophor Generally more effective at pH 2-5 but alsohave acceptable efficcy toward neutral pH.

Neutral Quat Neutral pH

Acid Quat Acidic pH

Acid Anionic <3.0

Carboxylic acid <3.5

Peroxyacetic acid Use solutions typically pH 3-4.5Effective up to pH of 7.5


Descending Order of ResistanceDescending Order of Resistanceto Germicidal Chemicalsto Germicidal Chemicals

• Bacterial spores• Mycobacteria• Non lipid or small viruses• Fungi• Vegetative bacteria• Lipid or medium sized viruses


Sanitizer ApplicationSanitizer Application

• Spray• Circulate• Foam• Fog

– NOTE: Follow label usage instructions


General Guideline forGeneral Guideline forSanitizer ApplicationSanitizer Application

1. Sanitizer applied as the final step in the cleaning program

2. Resanitize if time between completion of sanitizer program and startup exceeds four hours

Numberof Bacteria

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 etc.

Minutes After Cleaning

Lag Phase 816

32

64128

256

RapidGrowth


Effect of Sanitizers on Waste Effect of Sanitizers on Waste Treatment PlantsTreatment Plants

• Inactivation• Absorption• Biodegradation• Acclimation

Four Factors That Determine Impact:


Chlorine Dioxide Chlorine Dioxide -- CIOCIO22AdvantagesAdvantages

• Strong oxidizing chemical• More tolerant of organic

matter than chlorine• Less corrosive to

stainless steel• Less pH sensitive


Chlorine Dioxide Chlorine Dioxide -- CIOCIO22DisadvantagesDisadvantages

• Toxicity• Sensitive to light & temperature• Cost


Ozone Ozone -- OO33AdvantagesAdvantages

• Powerful oxidizing gas• Broad germicidal activity


Ozone Ozone -- OO33DisadvantagesDisadvantages• Unstable• pH sensitive• Temperature sensitive• Safety issues• Toxicity• Cost• Corrosive


Ultraviolet Ultraviolet -- UVUVAdvantagesAdvantages

• Activity independent of pH and temperature

• No residual taste or odor• Low toxicity


Ultraviolet Ultraviolet -- UVUVDisadvantagesDisadvantages

• Poor penetration• Safety issues• Bacterial regrowth• Interferences• Costs


Ideal SanitizerIdeal Sanitizer• Broad antimicrobial activity• Rapid Kill• Easily prepared and

soluble in water• Stable• Tolerant of soil, hard water, etc.• Environmentally compatible and non-toxic• Noncorrosive• Economical• Safe to use


Ideal SanitizerIdeal Sanitizer• Broad antimicrobial activity• Rapid Kill• Easily prepared and

soluble in water• Stable• Tolerant of soil, hard water, etc.• Environmentally compatible and

non-toxic• Noncorrosive• Economical• Safe to use


Why Do We Sanitize?Why Do We Sanitize?

• Product safety• Product quality - extend

shelf-life• Comply with government

regulations

Documents

Making The Right Choice...viruses and fungi " Heat and some chemicals Effective under specific conditions " Medical industry Laboratories ... " Double action: sanitize & acid rinse