Management of PCB in Japan

7/30/2019 Management of PCB in Japan

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1

The PCBs management in Japan:

Pollution, Environmental risks , Analysis

and control measure by JapaneseGovernment

July 19th Hanoi

Yasuaki Maeda

Osaka Prefecture University

2

Todays Talk1) History of the regulation of PCB

A: Stockholm Convention and Japanese Measure

B: PCB as POPs

2) How PCB can be analyzed

A: GC-MS B: simple method

3) The contamination of POPs in Vietnam and Japan

and their emission sources

4) Treatment of PCB

A: Chemical dechlorination B:Combusition

C: Sonolysis


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4

Damaged Babies by PCB


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What is POP

Stockholm Convention

international environmental treaty that aims to eliminate or restrict

the production and use ofpersistent organic pollutants (POPs).

remain intact for exceptionally long periods of time (many years);

become widely distributed throughout the environment as a resultof natural processes involving soil, water and, most notably, air;

accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms including humans,and are found at higher concentrations at higher levels in the food

chain; and

are toxic to both humans and wildlife.

6

Stockholm Convention

2001 May 23: Signed at Stockholm

2002 August: Japan

2004 May 17: Effective

A: (Elimination) Aldrin, Chlordane, Dieldrin, Endrin,

Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, Mirex, Toxaphene,

PCBsB: (Restriction) DDT

C: (Unintentional Production) Polychlorinated dibenzo

dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCBs, Hexachlorobenzene


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May 2009 New POPsA:-Hexachlorocyclohexane, -

Hexachlorocyclohexane,

Chlordecone, Hexabromobiphenyl ,

Hexabromodiphenyl ether, heptabromodiphenyl ether

Lindane, pentachlorobenzene(A and C),

Tetrabromodiphenyl ether, pentabromo diphenyl

ether

B: (Restriction) Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid(PFOS) andits salts, perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride(PFOSF)

C: Unintentional chemicals: Dioxins, Dibenzo furan

8

Regulation in Japan1) Stop the production and use: Aldrin, Chlordane,

Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene,

Mirex, Toxaphene, DDT, PCBs

Stop the import and export of POPs

2) Unintentional POPs:

3) Develop the inventry and make the plan for the

reduction of the emission( Dioxins, Dibenzo furan,HCB, PCB): 7680TEQ/ 1997, 372-400TEQ/2003

4) BAT/BEP: Best Available Technology/ Best

Environmental Practice


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Japanese correspondence

1. General Technical Guidelines for the Environmentally Sound

Management of Wastes consisting, containing or contaminated

with Persistent Organic Pollutants

2. Technical Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of

Wastes consisting, containing or contaminated with PCB, PCT or

PBB

3. Draft Technical Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management

of Wastes consisting, containing or contaminated with PCDDs and

PCDFs

4. Draft Technical Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of

Wastes consisting, containing or contaminated with Aldrin, Dieldrin,

Endrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, HCB, Mirex and Toxaphene or with

HCB as an industrial chemical5. Draft Technical Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management

of Wastes consisting, containing or contaminated

10

Japanese measure to POPs convention

Search of POPs contamination and correspondence to

Stockholm convention 2001

5 committees

(1) POPs Agricultural chemicals

(2) PCBs treatment committee

(3) Treatment of waste contaminated with POPs

(4) Inventory of HCB

PCBs committee(5) POPs monitoring studying committee


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Technical Guideline(1)

Low POPs content in Waste[1] PCB

[2] Dioxine

[3] Agricultural Chemicals Aldrin, Chlordane,Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene,

Mirex, Toxaphene

(long term toxity)

12

Regulation

Levels of destruction and irreversible

transformation

DE(Destruction efficiency) POPs input-POPs output/

POPs total input

DREDestruction removal efficiency):

POPs input-POPs in exhaust gas/ POPs total input

DE99.999%, DRE: 99.9999%

Dioxin emission : lower than 0.14 ngTEQ/Nm3


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Treatment technology

1.Alkali metal reduction

2. Base catalyzed decomposition (BCD)3. Cement kiln co-incineration

4. Gas phase chemical reduction (GPCR)

5. Hazardous waste incineration

6. Plascon (Plasma technology)

7. Super-critical water oxidation (SCWO)

Subcriticalwater oxidation

8. Catalytic hydro-dechlorination (CHD)

9. Potassium tert-Butoxidemethod (t-BuOK)10. The combined System of both photo-chemical

dechlorination and catalytic dechlorination (PCD and

CD)

14

Inventory of HCB and PCBEmission sources HCB emission (kg/y) PCB emission (kg/y)

Incinarator

Cement kiln

Pulp production

Mettallurgy(Cu,Fe,Al ,Zn)

Total

44

11

0.08

30

85

15

350

5.7

82

450

Metallurgy(others)

Petroleum burning

Biomass burning

Chemicals productionCrematorium

Electric cable burning

Total

100

0.38

0.034

0.240.16

0.42

100

100

0.84

0.28

0.0310.44

0.084

100

Others 1.9 5.1

Total 190 560


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Transformer

50kVA:115kg PCB

Condenser

100kVA:35kgPCB

Electric machine :few to ten4500000cable=1400km

16

Waste containing PCBsWaste Stored

numbers

Using

numbers

PCB concentration

HV trans

HV condenser

LV trans.

LV condenser

Trans (electric pole)

StabilizerPCB

Oil with PCB

Copy paper

Sludge

Others

15,430

240,002

34,679

1,796,644

1,974,106

5,099,42593t

175,244t

722t

19,611t

97,185

2,377

30,190

838

41,505

1,879,900

557,92976kg

18kg

0

0

8,175

60-70 % (KC-1000)

100%(Kc-300,400,500)

100%(KC-300,400,500)

100%(KC-300,400,500)

few-ten ppm

100%(KC-300,400,500)

100%(KC-300,400,500)

ppm-100%

3-5%


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Agricultural Chemicals

2001total 3680t174placesAldrin;51.85t, Dieldrin;18.885t,

Endrin;39.076t,DDT;943.766tBHC;1808t,unknown; 818.117t

recovered46.25t3 placesChlordane49t( stored in 1986 by Japanese

Regulation)

18


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19

20

Treatment of Agricultural Chemicals

DE:>99.999%

Emission gas: 0.1ngTEQ/m3

Waste water:10pgTEQ/L

Ash:3ngTEQ/g

Combustion over 1000o

CNa method, super critical , Mechanochemical,

Geomelt


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PCB treatment 5 places

Hokkaido

Tokyo

Toyota

Osaka

KItakyusyu

22


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Place Treatment Amounts Start Finish

Hokkaido(Na method)

HV TransWaste

1.8t/day8.0t/day

2008.MayNot yet

2016

Tokyo

( Hydro-

thermal)

Trans,

Condenser,

waste

2.0t/day 2005, Nov. 2016

Toyota

(Na method)

HV Trans

waste

1.6t/day 2005, Sep. 2016

Osaka(Cat.Hydro.) HV transwaste 2.0t/day 2006, Oct. 2016

Kitakyusyu

(Na method)

HV trans

Waste,mud

1.5t/day

10.4t/day

2004, Dec.

2009,July

2016

PCB Treatment system

24

Ultrasound

0 10 102 103 104 105 106 107

Human hearing

Conventional power ultrasound

Exended range for Sonochemistry

Diagnostic ultrasound

20 kHz 100 kHz

20 kHz 2 MHz

5 MHz 10 MHz

16 Hz 18 kHz

Bumble bee(150 Hz)

Middle C(256 Hz)

Mosquito(1500 Hz)

Grasshopper(7 kHz)

Upperrange

bats(70 kHz)


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FIGURE. Sound Motion and the Development and the Collapse of a Cavitation

Bubble

Rarefaction

Bubbleradius(m)

Time (sec)

0

5 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0 5 0 0

1 5 0

1 0 0

Formation

Growth

Implosion

Shock Wave

Hot Spot

RapidQuenching

~ 5000 K~ 2000 atm

Acoustic

Pressure

Compression

26

Sonolytical Degradation of PCBs


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28

pH

4 6 8 10 12

%

0

20

40

60

80

100

pH[OH-]

(mol L-1)

ultrasonic non-ultrasonic (stirring)

accelerationbksonic(min-1)

t1/2(min)

knon(min-1)

t1/2(min)

11.011.512.012.5

0.0010.0030.010.03

0.116 0.0020.134 0.0120.171 0.0190.290 0.016

6.05.24.12.4

0.0022 0.00010.0077 0.00070.0157 0.00130.0324 0.0008

315.190.044.121.4

52.517.410.98.9

a[DEP]0 = 100 ; at 293 1 Kbacceleration = ksonic/

knon

FIGURE. Reaction Pathways of the Sonochemical Degradation of

DEP

as a Function of H.

Reaction with OH radical

Hydrolysis

Pyrolysis

Mass balance

pH

4 6 8 10 12

Comsumptio

noryield(M)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

DEP

MEP

CO+CH4+C2H6+C2H4+C2H2

DEP + tertBuOH

FIGURE. Consumption of DEP and Formation of Products as a

Function of pH on 5min Sonication.

Decomposition and its acceleration


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PFOS degradation by Sonolysis

30

HPLC-MS spectrum of Sonolytical

Products of PFOS and PFOA


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Dioxines? PCDDPCDFDL-PCB

Chlorine at position 2,3,7,8

0 or 1 chorine at ortho position

32


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Concentrations of Dioxines

Toxic Equivalency Quantity [TEQ]

concn.

TEF

T o x i c E q u i v a l e n c y F a c t o r s ( T E F

T o x i c E q u i v a l e n c y F a c t o r s ( T E F T o x i c E q u i v a l e n c y F a c t o r s ( T E F

T o x i c E q u i v a l e n c y F a c t o r s ( T E F

N o T E F

N o T E F N o T E F

N o T E F o n l y a d d t h e t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o n l y a d d t h e t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o n l y a d d t h e t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n

o n l y a d d t h e t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n

T e t r a C D D s

T e t r a C D D s T e t r a C D D s

T e t r a C D D s

P e n t a C D D s

P e n t a C D D s P e n t a C D D s

P e n t a C D D s

H e x a C D D s

H e x a C D D s H e x a C D D s

H e x a C D D s

f o r t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s

f o r t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s f o r t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s

f o r t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s

Isomers TEF Isomers TEF Isomers IUPAC No. TEF

2378-TetraCDD 1 2378-TetraCDF 0.1 3,4,4',5-TetraCB #81 0.0001

12378-PentaCDD 1 12378-PentaCDF 0.05 3,3',4,4'-TetraCB #77 0.0001

123478-HexaCDD 0.1 23478-PentaCDF 0.5 3,3',4,4',5-PentaCB #126 0.1

123678-HexaCDD 0.1 123478-HexaCDF 0.1 3,3',4,4',5,5'-HexaCB #169 0.01

123789-HexaCDD 0.1 123678-HexaCDF 0.1 2',3,4,4',5-PentaCB #123 0.0001

1234678-HeptaCDD 0.01 123789-HexaCDF 0.1 2,3',4,4',5-PentaCB #118 0.0001

OctaCDD 0.0001 234678-HexaCDF 0.1 2,3,3',4,4'-PentaCB #105 0.0001

1234678-HeptaCDF 0.01 2,3,4,4',5-PentaCB #114 0.0005

1234789-HeptaCDF 0.01 2 ,3 ',4 ,4 ',5 ,5 '-HexaCB #167 0.00001

OctaCDF 0.0001 2,3,3 ',4,4 ',5-HexaCB #156 0.0005

2,3,3 ',4,4 ',5 '-HexaCB #157 0.0005

2,3,3',4,4',5,5'-HeptaCB #189 0.0001

PCDDs PCDFs DL-PCBs

P r o p o s e d b y W H O i n 1 9 9 8

PentaCDFs

34

0

20

40

60

80

100

Main emission source

Herbiscide:agent orange

Combustion: incenerator

Herbicide at paddy field

Natural sources: forest fire

0

20

40

60

80

100

Agent Orange

2 , 3 , 7 , 8

2 , 3 , 7 , 8 2 , 3 , 7 , 8

2 , 3 , 7 , 8 -

--

- T e t r a C D D

T e t r a C D D T e t r a C D D

T e t r a C D D

0

20

40

60

80

100

PentaCP

CNP

1 , 3 , 6 , 8

1 , 3 , 6 , 8 1 , 3 , 6 , 8

1 , 3 , 6 , 8 -

--

- + 1 , 3 , 7 , 9

+ 1 , 3 , 7 , 9 + 1 , 3 , 7 , 9

+ 1 , 3 , 7 , 9 -

--

- T e t r a C D D

T e t r a C D D T e t r a C D D

T e t r a C D D

0

20

40

60

80

100

exhaust gas

flyash


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HighHigh--resolution GC/highresolution GC/high--resolution MSresolution MS

M u l t i

M u l t iM u l t i

M u l t i -

--

- L a y e r S i l i c a

L a y e r S i l i c a L a y e r S i l i c a

L a y e r S i l i c a -

--

- g e l

g e lg e l

g e l

F i g . 1 F i g . 1 F i g . 1 F i g . 1 S c h e m e o f a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e

S c h e m e o f a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e S c h e m e o f a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e S c h e m e o f a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e

Nalysis of PCBs

ConcentrateConcentrate

A c t i v e C a r b o n

A c t i v e C a r b o n A c t i v e C a r b o n

A c t i v e C a r b o n -

--

- D i s p e r s e d S i l i c a

D i s p e r s e d S i l i c a D i s p e r s e d S i l i c a

D i s p e r s e d S i l i c a -

--

- g e l

g e lg e l

g e l

Extract (Soxhlet or PLE)Extract (Soxhlet or PLE)

KOH

36

Results

R e c o v e r i e s o f P C D D / P C D F s a n d D L

R e c o v e r i e s o f P C D D / P C D F s a n d D L R e c o v e r i e s o f P C D D / P C D F s a n d D L

R e c o v e r i e s o f P C D D / P C D F s a n d D L -

--

- P C B s o b t a i n e d b y S o x h l e t e x t r a c t i o n ( n = 3 ) .

P C B s o b t a i n e d b y S o x h l e t e x t r a c t i o n ( n = 3 ) . P C B s o b t a i n e d b y S o x h l e t e x t r a c t i o n ( n = 3 ) .

P C B s o b t a i n e d b y S o x h l e t e x t r a c t i o n ( n = 3 ) .

Preexperiment : comparison of standrd sample

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Recovery(%)

R e c o v e r y

R e c o v e r y R e c o v e r y

R e c o v e r y

A n a l i z e d V a l u e

A n a l i z e d V a l u e A n a l i z e d V a l u e

A n a l i z e d V a l u e

A u t h o r i z e d v a l u e


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T I C o f t h e e x t r a c t o f a u t h e n t i c O c t a C D F u s i n g P L E ,

T I C o f t h e e x t r a c t o f a u t h e n t i c O c t a C D F u s i n g P L E , T I C o f t h e e x t r a c t o f a u t h e n t i c O c t a C D F u s i n g P L E ,

T I C o f t h e e x t r a c t o f a u t h e n t i c O c t a C D F u s i n g P L E ,

a n d m a s s s p e c t r a o f P e a k N o . 4 a n d 5 .

a n d m a s s s p e c t r a o f P e a k N o . 4 a n d 5 . a n d m a s s s p e c t r a o f P e a k N o . 4 a n d 5 .

a n d m a s s s p e c t r a o f P e a k N o . 4 a n d 5 .

S c a n n i n g M o d e

S c a n n i n g M o d e S c a n n i n g M o d e

S c a n n i n g M o d e

Analtical results

Peak No.5

Peak No.4

Total Ion Chromatogram TIC

OctaCDF

1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HeptaCDF

38

Characteristics of the abundance ofPCDDsPCDDsPCDDsPCDDs, PCDFsPCDFsPCDFsPCDFs, and

dioxin-like PCBsPCBsPCBsPCBs in sediment samples from selected Asian

regions in Can Gio, Southern Vietnam and Osaka, Japan.


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Aloui

Bien Hoa

Agent orange spray

S u r v a y o f t h e D i o x i n e s a t s o u t h o f V i e t n a m a n d J a p a n

S u r v a y o f t h e D i o x i n e s a t s o u t h o f V i e t n a m a n d J a p a n S u r v a y o f t h e D i o x i n e s a t s o u t h o f V i e t n a m a n d J a p a n

S u r v a y o f t h e D i o x i n e s a t s o u t h o f V i e t n a m a n d J a p a n

40

S o u t h o f V i e t n a m S o u t h o f V i e t n a m S o u t h o f V i e t n a m S o u t h o f V i e t n a m

Can Gio 10 points

Hue rural area 3 points

Hanoi Urban area 2 points

Sampling points

7 km0 3.5

No.7

No.1

No.2 No.3

No.4

No.5 No.6

No.9

No.10No.8

F i g . 8 F i g . 8 F i g . 8 F i g . 8 A m a p

A m a p A m a p A m a p a n d p h o t o g r a p h o f C a n G i o

a n d p h o t o g r a p h o f C a n G i o a n d p h o t o g r a p h o f C a n G i o a n d p h o t o g r a p h o f C a n G i o

Can GioCan GioCan GioCan Gio


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R. YodoR. Kanzaki

Banda Waterway

R. InaR. Ai

O s a k a

O s a k a O s a k a

O s a k a

Urban points

Rural and residential points

F i g . 9

F i g . 9 F i g . 9

F i g . 9 A m a p a n d p h o t o g r a p h s o f O s a k a

A m a p a n d p h o t o g r a p h s o f O s a k a A m a p a n d p h o t o g r a p h s o f O s a k a

A m a p a n d p h o t o g r a p h s o f O s a k a

A r o u n d I n d u s t r i a l s o l i d

A r o u n d I n d u s t r i a l s o l i d A r o u n d I n d u s t r i a l s o l i d

A r o u n d I n d u s t r i a l s o l i d -

--

- w a s t e i n c i n e r a t o r s

w a s t e i n c i n e r a t o r s w a s t e i n c i n e r a t o r s

w a s t e i n c i n e r a t o r s

L o c a t i o n N o . 2 3

L o c a t i o n N o . 2 3 L o c a t i o n N o . 2 3

L o c a t i o n N o . 2 3

monitored from2001

Kanzaki river basinKanzaki river basinKanzaki river basinKanzaki river basin

42

PCDD/PCDFsPCDD/PCDFsPCDD/PCDFsPCDD/PCDFs

T a b l e T a b l e T a b l e T a b l e T o t a l P C D D / P C D F c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

T o t a l P C D D / P C D F c o n c e n t r a t i o n s T o t a l P C D D / P C D F c o n c e n t r a t i o n s T o t a l P C D D / P C D F c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

P C D D / P C D F c o n c e n t r a t i o n

P C D D / P C D F c o n c e n t r a t i o n P C D D / P C D F c o n c e n t r a t i o n P C D D / P C D F c o n c e n t r a t i o n

Area Average Concn.

(ng/kg-dry weight [dw])

Can Gio 386 62 650

Hue 1000 250 2300

Hanoi 530 520 540

Osaka (Suburban area) 134 59 830

Osaka (Urban area) 9203 500 380000

Concentration Range

(ng/kg-dw)


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0

20

40

60

80

100

TeCDDs

PeCDDs

HxCDDs

HpCDDs

OCDD

TeCDFs

PeCDFs

HxCDFs

HpCDFs

OCDF

Averagerelativeconcn.

Can Gio

PCDD/PCDF homologue

0

20

40

60

80

100

TeCDDs

PeCDDs

HxCDDs

HpCDDs

OCDD

TeCDFs

PeCDFs

HxCDFs

HpCDFs

OCDF

Av

eragerelativeconcn. Hue

PCDD/PCDF homologue

0

20

40

60

80

100

TeCDDs

PeCDDs

HxCDDs

HpCDDs

OCDD

TeCDFs

PeCDFs

HxCDFs

HpCDFs

OCDF


Hanoi

PCDD/PCDF homologue

P C D D / P C D F s e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s a t 3 p a l c e s i n V i e t n a m

P C D D / P C D F s e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s a t 3 p a l c e s i n V i e t n a m P C D D / P C D F s e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s a t 3 p a l c e s i n V i e t n a m

P C D D / P C D F s e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s a t 3 p a l c e s i n V i e t n a m

F i g . 1 0 P r o f i l e s o f P C D D / P C D F h o m o l o g u e s i n s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s f r o

F i g . 1 0 P r o f i l e s o f P C D D / P C D F h o m o l o g u e s i n s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s f r o F i g . 1 0 P r o f i l e s o f P C D D / P C D F h o m o l o g u e s i n s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s f r o

F i g . 1 0 P r o f i l e s o f P C D D / P C D F h o m o l o g u e s i n s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s f r o m V i e t n a m .

m V i e t n a m .m V i e t n a m .

m V i e t n a m .

(a) Can Gio (b) Hue (c) Hanoi

OctaCDD + HeptaCDDsPentaCP or natural sources

PCDFs combustion

44

0

20

40

60

80

100

TeCDDs

PeCDDs

HxCDDs

HpCDDs

OCDD

TeCDFs

PeCDFs

HxCDFs

HpCDFs

OCDF

Averagerelativeconcn. Suburban locations s, Osaka

PCDD/PCDF homologue

P C D D / P C D F s a n d t h e i r e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s i n O s a k a

P C D D / P C D F s a n d t h e i r e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s i n O s a k a P C D D / P C D F s a n d t h e i r e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s i n O s a k a

P C D D / P C D F s a n d t h e i r e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s i n O s a k a

F i g . 1 1 P r o f i l e s o f P C D D / P C D F h o m o l o g u e s i n s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s f r o

F i g . 1 1 P r o f i l e s o f P C D D / P C D F h o m o l o g u e s i n s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s f r o F i g . 1 1 P r o f i l e s o f P C D D / P C D F h o m o l o g u e s i n s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s f r o

F i g . 1 1 P r o f i l e s o f P C D D / P C D F h o m o l o g u e s i n s e d i m e n t s a m p l e s f r o m O s a k a

m O s a k a m O s a k a

m O s a k a

0

20

40

60

80

100

TeCDDs

PeCDDs

HxCDDs

HpCDDs

OCDD

TeCDFs

PeCDFs

HxCDFs

HpCDFs

OCDF


Urban locations, Osaka

PCDD/PCDF homologue

(a) Suburban areas (b) Urban areas

OctaCDD + HeptaCDDsPentaCP or Natural sources

TetraCDDs 1,3,6,8-+1,3,7,9-TetraCDDs CNP

PCDFsemitted from combustion process


23/25

45

e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s o f O c t a C D D

e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s o f O c t a C D D e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s o f O c t a C D D e m i s s i o n s o u r c e s o f O c t a C D D

C o n t a m i n a t e d i n P e n t a c h l o r o p h e n o l

C o n t a m i n a t e d i n P e n t a c h l o r o p h e n o lC o n t a m i n a t e d i n P e n t a c h l o r o p h e n o l

C o n t a m i n a t e d i n P e n t a c h l o r o p h e n o l

Japan until 1970

Virtnam :unknown

N a t u r a l s o u r c e s : f o r e s t f i r e

N a t u r a l s o u r c e s : f o r e s t f i r e N a t u r a l s o u r c e s : f o r e s t f i r e

N a t u r a l s o u r c e s : f o r e s t f i r e

1

11

1

Low concentration ofP C D F s

P C D F s P C D F s

P C D F s

2

22

2

2 3 7 8

2 3 7 8 2 3 7 8

2 3 7 8 -

--

- s u b s t i t u t e d

s u b s t i t u t e d s u b s t i t u t e d

s u b s t i t u t e d H e x a C D D s

H e x a C D D s H e x a C D D s

H e x a C D D s

1 2 3 7 8 9

1 2 3 7 8 9 1 2 3 7 8 9

1 2 3 7 8 9 -

--

- H e x a C D D

H e x a C D D H e x a C D D

H e x a C D D

5 3 %

5 3 %5 3 %

5 3 %

1 2 3 6 7 8

1 2 3 6 7 8 1 2 3 6 7 8

1 2 3 6 7 8 -

--

- H e x a C D D

H e x a C D D H e x a C D D

H e x a C D D

3 0 %

3 0 %3 0 %

3 0 %

C a n G i p a n d H u e : N a t u r a l

C a n G i p a n d H u e : N a t u r a lC a n G i p a n d H u e : N a t u r a l

C a n G i p a n d H u e : N a t u r a l

O s a k a :

O s a k a :O s a k a :

O s a k a :

P e n t a C P

P e n t a C P P e n t a C P

P e n t a C P

H a n o i : u n k o w n

H a n o i : u n k o w n H a n o i : u n k o w n

H a n o i : u n k o w n

Cl

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O

O

ClCl

Cl Cl

Cl

ClCl

Cl

PentaCP

+

OctaCDD

Area 123789-HexaCDD 123 78-HexaCDD

Can Gio 54% 28%

Hue 55% 28%

Hanoi 40% 40%

Osaka 38% 42%

T a b l e 2

T a b l e 2 T a b l e 2

T a b l e 2 R a t i o s o f

R a t i o s o f R a t i o s o f

R a t i o s o f 1 2 3 7 8 9

1 2 3 7 8 9 1 2 3 7 8 9

1 2 3 7 8 9 -

--

- o r 1 2 3 6 7 8

o r 1 2 3 6 7 8 o r 1 2 3 6 7 8

o r 1 2 3 6 7 8 -

--

- H e x a C D D s t o t o t a l 2 3 7 8

H e x a C D D s t o t o t a l 2 3 7 8 H e x a C D D s t o t o t a l 2 3 7 8

H e x a C D D s t o t o t a l 2 3 7 8 -

--

-


s u b s t i t u t e d H e x a C D D s s u b s t i t u t e d H e x a C D D s


46

DLDLDLDL----PCBsPCBsPCBsPCBs

D L

D LD LD L -

--- P C B s

P C B s P C B s P C B s

T a b l e 3


T a b l e 3 T o t a l D L

T o t a l D L T o t a l D L

T o t a l D L -

--

- P C B c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

P C B c o n c e n t r a t i o n s P C B c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

P C B c o n c e n t r a t i o n s

Area Average Concn.

(ng/kg-dw)

Can Gio 250 20

1100

Hue 260 100

490

Hanoi 13000 12000

13000

Osaka (Suburban area) 250 16

700

Osaka (Urban area) 88000 360

370000

Concentration Range

(ng/kg-dw)


24/25

47

T a b l e 4


T a b l e 4 R a t i o s o f

R a t i o s o f R a t i o s o f

R a t i o s o f (

((

( # 1 2 6

# 1 2 6 # 1 2 6

# 1 2 6 +

+ +

+ # 1 6 9

# 1 6 9 # 1 6 9

# 1 6 9 ) / (

) / () / (

) / ( # 7 7

# 7 7 # 7 7

# 7 7 +

+ +

+ # 1 2 6

# 1 2 6 # 1 2 6

# 1 2 6 +

+ +

+ # 1 6 9

# 1 6 9 # 1 6 9

# 1 6 9 )

))

)

+

+

+

P C B m a t e r i a l s

P C B m a t e r i a l s P C B m a t e r i a l s

P C B m a t e r i a l s

combustion

D L

D LD L

D L -

--

- P C B s

P C B s P C B s

P C B s

D L

D LD LD L -

--- P C B s e s t i m a t i o n o f e m i s s i o n s o u r c e

P C B s e s t i m a t i o n o f e m i s s i o n s o u r c e P C B s e s t i m a t i o n o f e m i s s i o n s o u r c e P C B s e s t i m a t i o n o f e m i s s i o n s o u r c e

P C B

P C BP C B

P C B

P C B

P C BP C B

P C B

P C B

P C BP C B

P C B

Area Ratio

Can Gio 0.190.15

No.3 (near town) 0.55

No.4 (near shrimp nursery) 0.22

No.6 (near hotel) 0.21

No.7 (near hotel) 0.19

Hue 0.030.03

Hanoi 0.08

Osaka (Suburban area) 0.090.05

Osaka (Urban area) 0.060.04

Sources

48

WHOWHOWHOWHO----TEQTEQTEQTEQ

W H O

W H OW H OW H O -

--- T E Q

T E QT E QT E Q

Environmental Criteria of Japan: 150 ng/kg-dw

WHO-TEQ: TEQ obtained from TEF proposed by WHO in 1998.

T a b l e 5


T a b l e 5 W H O

W H OW H O

W H O -

--

- T E Q v a l u e s

T E Q v a l u e s T E Q v a l u e s

T E Q v a l u e s

Can Gio: same as other big cities in Vietnam

City Center in Osaka: very high

Area WHO-TEQ

(ng/kg-dw)

Can Gio 2.7 0.42

7.2

Hue 2.9 0.92

5.6

Hanoi 9.6 9.3

9.8

Osaka (Suburban area) 2.3 0.18

1.1

Osaka (Urban area) 190 1

370

Range (ng/kg-dw)


25/25

49

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

PCDD/PCDF

Source

DL-PCBs

SourceTEQ

Can GioNatural

Agent Orange

Combustion

PCB products

Natural agent orange

PCB products

Hue Natural PCB products Natural PCB products

Hanoi Combustion PCB products PCB products combustion

Suburban

Osaka

Agricultural

Chemicals

Combustion

PCB products

Agricultural chem.

=combustion

=PCB products

Urban

Osaka

Agricultural

Chemicals

Combustion

PCB productsCombustion and PCB

products

50

Thank you!

Documents

Management of PCB in Japan