Managing Powdery Mildew of Cucurbits Organically

Managing Powdery Mildew Managing Powdery Mildew of Cucurbits Organicallyof Cucurbits Organically

Margaret Tuttle McGrath,Margaret Tuttle McGrath,Dept. of Plant Pathology, LIHREC, Dept. of Plant Pathology, LIHREC, Cornell University, Riverhead, NYCornell University, Riverhead, NY

[email protected]@cornell.edu

Powdery Mildew

Managing Cucurbit Managing Cucurbit Powdery Mildew OrganicallyPowdery Mildew Organically

Select resistant varieties. Availability of Select resistant varieties. Availability of nonnon--treated seed limits selection.treated seed limits selection.

Separate successive plantings.Separate successive plantings.

Apply oil, sulfur, or copper product Apply oil, sulfur, or copper product every 7 days (14 to resistant variety). every 7 days (14 to resistant variety). Start at threshold (1 of 50 old leaves Start at threshold (1 of 50 old leaves with symptoms).with symptoms).

GladiatorGladiator

MagicianMagician

HarlequinHarlequin

Autumn DelightAutumn Delight Bush Bush DelicataDelicata

Powdery Mildew Resistant VarietiesPowdery Mildew Resistant VarietiesCantaloupe: RaceCantaloupe: Race--specific resistance. specific resistance.

Races 1 and 2 on Long Island.Races 1 and 2 on Long Island.Squash + Pumpkin: 1 Major Squash + Pumpkin: 1 Major

resistance gene + modifying genes.resistance gene + modifying genes.Select varieties with resistance from Select varieties with resistance from both parents (homozygous). both parents (homozygous). ‘‘ResistantResistant’’..Resistance from one parent. Resistance from one parent. (heterozygous). (heterozygous). ‘‘TolerantTolerant’’..

Powdery Mildew Control Powdery Mildew Control -- Pumpkin Leaves, 2004Pumpkin Leaves, 2004Variety *Variety * UpperUpper LowerLowerNY01NY01--605A (PMRR)605A (PMRR) 9898 ghighi 9191 ghighiTouch of Autumn (PMR)Touch of Autumn (PMR) 9292 defghidefghi 8787 fghifghiNH1755A (PMR)NH1755A (PMR) 9292 defghidefghi 8686 fghifghiGladiator (PMRR)Gladiator (PMRR) 9696 efghiefghi 8686 fghifghiNY01NY01--609 (PMRR)609 (PMRR) 100100 hihi 7676 efghefghGold Bouillon (PMR)Gold Bouillon (PMR) 6363 bcbc 7575 defghdefghRupp 763 (PMR)Rupp 763 (PMR) 8787 bcdefgbcdefg 7272 defghdefghRupp 764 (PMR)Rupp 764 (PMR) 8282 bcdefbcdef 7171 defghdefghMagician (PMRR)Magician (PMRR) 9696 efghiefghi 7171 cdefgcdefgHobbit (PMR)Hobbit (PMR) 9191 defghidefghi 6666 cdefcdefMagic Lantern (PMR)Magic Lantern (PMR) 8888 cdefghcdefgh 4343 abcdabcd

* Control relative to * Control relative to HowdenHowden. All received reduced. All received reduced--fungicide fungicide program. PMRR = resistance from both parents.program. PMRR = resistance from both parents.

Fungicides Evaluated for Powdery Fungicides Evaluated for Powdery Mildew in 2001 and 2002Mildew in 2001 and 2002

Copper (Copper (KocideKocide))Sulfur (Sulfur (MicrothiolMicrothiol DisperssDisperss))Mineral oil (JMS Mineral oil (JMS StyletStylet--oil)oil)Biofungicide (Serenade)Biofungicide (Serenade)Potassium bicarbonate (Potassium bicarbonate (ArmicarbArmicarb 100, 100,

KaligreenKaligreen))Monopotassium phosphate (Monopotassium phosphate (NutrolNutrol))Plant extract (Plant extract (MilsanaMilsana))

KocideKocide 2000 2000 (Copper hydroxide)(Copper hydroxide) 141141 efef 11521152 cdcd

AUDPCAUDPCTreatment (7Treatment (7--day, 5X)day, 5X) UpperUpper LowerLower

Powdery Mildew of Pumpkin, 2001Powdery Mildew of Pumpkin, 2001

NontreatedNontreated 884884 aa 14151415 aaSerenade Serenade ((Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilis)) 563563 bb 13011301 abcabcKaligreenKaligreen (Potassium bicarbonate)(Potassium bicarbonate) 335335 cc 13471347 ababArmicarbArmicarb (Potassium bicarbonate)(Potassium bicarbonate) 332332 c c 11941194 bcdbcdMilsanaMilsana (Extract of giant knotweed)(Extract of giant knotweed) 359359 cc 12671267 abcdabcdNutrolNutrol (Monopotassium phosphate)(Monopotassium phosphate) 286286 cdcd 11111111 dd

JMS JMS StyletStylet--oil oil (Mineral oil)(Mineral oil) 6464 ghgh 638638 ffMicrothiolMicrothiol DisperssDisperss (Sulfur)(Sulfur) 6464 ghgh 663663 ffBravo Bravo (Chlorothalonil)(Chlorothalonil) 2020 ii 895895 eeQuadris alt. Bravo + NovaQuadris alt. Bravo + Nova 4747 ghighi 400400 ghgh

NontreatedNontreated 7373 aa 7676Serenade (6 lb)Serenade (6 lb) 5858 abab 6060KaligreenKaligreen (5 lb)(5 lb) 4141 bcdbcd 7171Quadris alt. Nova + BravoQuadris alt. Nova + Bravo 3737 cdecde 5353NutrolNutrol + Prudent Plus + Prudent Plus 2828 dd--hh 6868KocideKocide 2000 (2 lb)2000 (2 lb) 2121 dd--hh 7878Serenade (4 lb) + Serenade (4 lb) + KocideKocide 20002000 1414 ghgh 6868Bravo (2.7 lb)Bravo (2.7 lb) 1212 hh 6868**7/19, 7/25, 8/1, 8/8, 8/15 (N+P); All on 8/21, 8/277/19, 7/25, 8/1, 8/8, 8/15 (N+P); All on 8/21, 8/27--28, 9/6, 9/13.28, 9/6, 9/13.

Severity on 9/3/02Severity on 9/3/02Treatment (7Treatment (7--day) *day) * UpperUpper LowerLower

Powdery Mildew of PumpkinPowdery Mildew of Pumpkin

NontreatedNontreated 7373 aa 7676QuadrisQuadris alt. Nova + Bravoalt. Nova + Bravo 3737 cdecde 5353JMS JMS StyletStylet--oil (1.5%)oil (1.5%) 3333 cc--gg 7070KocideKocide 2000 (2 lb)2000 (2 lb) 2121 dd--hh 7878MicrothiolMicrothiol DisperssDisperss (4 lb)(4 lb) 1515 fghfgh 7070Bravo (2.7 lb)Bravo (2.7 lb) 1212 hh 6868

**7/19, 7/25, 8/1, 8/8, 8/15 (N+P); All on 8/21, 8/277/19, 7/25, 8/1, 8/8, 8/15 (N+P); All on 8/21, 8/27--28, 9/6, 9/13.28, 9/6, 9/13.

Severity on 9/3/02Severity on 9/3/02Treatment (7Treatment (7--day) *day) * UpperUpper LowerLower


Powdery Mildew Fungicide CostsPowdery Mildew Fungicide CostsProductProduct Rate/ARate/A Cost/A Cost/A QuadrisQuadris 1111--15.4 oz15.4 oz $24.92$24.92--$34.89$34.89FlintFlint 1.51.5--2 oz2 oz $18.75$18.75--$25.00$25.00NovaNova 5 oz5 oz $19.25$19.25Bravo Bravo UltrexUltrex 1.81.8--2.7 lb2.7 lb $13.86$13.86--$20.79$20.79MicrothiolMicrothiol DisperssDisperss 4 lb4 lb $3.00$3.00KocideKocide 2 lb2 lb $6.20$6.20JMS JMS StyletStylet--oiloil 0.750.75--1.5%1.5% $8.27$8.27--$16.53$16.53NutrolNutrol 1010--20 lb20 lb $11.70$11.70--$23.40$23.40KaligreenKaligreen 4 lb4 lb $21.41$21.41Armicarb 100Armicarb 100 4 lb4 lb $34.00$34.00SerenadeSerenade 6 lb6 lb $37.50$37.50

Fungicides for Cucurbit CropsFungicides for Cucurbit CropsBravoBravo AlternariaAlternaria LS, Anthracnose, DM, GSB, Powdery LS, Anthracnose, DM, GSB, Powdery

mildew, Scabmildew, ScabKocideKocide AlternariaAlternaria LS, Anthracnose, DM, GSB, Powdery LS, Anthracnose, DM, GSB, Powdery

mildew, Angular LS mildew, Angular LS JMS JMS StyletStylet--oiloil AlternariaAlternaria LS, GSB, Powdery mildew, VirusesLS, GSB, Powdery mildew, VirusesArmicarbArmicarb 100100 AlternariaAlternaria LS, Anthracnose, Powdery mildewLS, Anthracnose, Powdery mildewSerenadeSerenade Powdery mildewPowdery mildewKaligreenKaligreen Powdery mildewPowdery mildewSulfurSulfur Powdery mildewPowdery mildewNutrolNutrol Powdery mildewPowdery mildew

LS = leaf spotLS = leaf spot DM = Downy Mildew DM = Downy Mildew GSB = Gummy Stem BlightGSB = Gummy Stem Blight

Biopesticides - Powdery MildewOxiDate 27% hydrogen dioxide. OMRI soon?Bugitol 0.42% capsaicin + related capsaicinoids,

3.7% allyl isothiocyanate.Eco E-RASE 97.5% jojoba oil. OMRI.Trilogy 70% clarified extract of neem oil. OMRI.GC-3 Organic 30% cottonseed oil, 30% corn oil, 23%

garlic extract. Exempt. OMRI.Organocide 5% sesame oil (ai); 92% fish oil + 3%

emulsifiers (inerts). Exempt. OMRI.Sporan 17.6% rosemary oil (ai); 82.4% winter-

green oil (inerts). Exempt. OMRI.Exempt = Exempt from EPA registration.

fungicide

Fungicides - Powdery Mildew

Organic 97% Food-grade paraffinic oil, JMS Stylet-oil petroleum-based.

Sulfur Several products OMRI listed.DF formulation recommended.Microthiol Disperss used (not on OMRI list yet).

OxidateOxidate (IPM) (IPM) 9595 bcbc ** ** 6969 bcbcOxidateOxidateSporanSporan 9898 cc 7474 bcbcTrilogy Trilogy 9999 cc 8383 bcdbcdBugitolBugitol 9696 bcbc 8080 bcdbcdEco EEco E--RASERASE 9898 cc 8787 cdcdOrganocideOrganocide 9797 bcbc 6969 bcbcGCGC--33 9696 bcbc 8080 bcdbcdJMS JMS StyletStylet--oiloil 9797 bcbc 8181 bcdbcdMicrothiolMicrothiol DisperssDisperss (S)(S) 100100 cc 9595 cdcdBravo Bravo UltrexUltrex 9797 bcbc 7171 bcbcQuintecQuintec + S; Procure + S+ S; Procure + S 100100 cc 9797 cdcd* 8/68/6--7 (8/11 for 7 (8/11 for BugitolBugitol), 8/12, 8/19, 8/25, 9/1, 9/6, and 9/12), 8/12, 8/19, 8/25, 9/1, 9/6, and 9/12--13 (7X).13 (7X).** ‘aa’’ indicates no control; severity not different from nonindicates no control; severity not different from non--treated. treated.

Upper surfaceUpper surface Lower surface Lower surface

Treatment (7Treatment (7--day) *day) * 8/238/23 8/238/23 9/169/16

Powdery Mildew Control Powdery Mildew Control -- Pumpkin Leaves, 2004Pumpkin Leaves, 2004

(curative)(curative)(8/25+8/26+8/27)(8/25+8/26+8/27)

OxidateOxidate (IPM) (IPM) 9595 bcbc 1313 a **a ** 6969 bcbc 77 ababOxidateOxidate 3333 abab 2121 abcabcSporanSporan 9898 cc 4141 abab 7474 bcbc 1818 abcabcTrilogy Trilogy 9999 cc 6363 cdcd 8383 bcdbcd 2121 abcabcBugitolBugitol 9696 bcbc 6262 cdcd 8080 bcdbcd 1414 abcabcEco EEco E--RASERASE 9898 cc 7676 cdcd 8787 cdcd 2828 abcabcOrganocideOrganocide 9797 bcbc 8585 cdecde 6969 bcbc 3636 bcbcGCGC--33 9696 bcbc 8383 cdecde 8080 bcdbcd 4242 ccJMS JMS StyletStylet--oiloil 9797 bcbc 7777 cdcd 8181 bcdbcd 3030 abcabcMicrothiolMicrothiol DisperssDisperss (S)(S) 100100 cc 9292 defdef 9595 cdcd 2121 abcabcBravo Bravo UltrexUltrex 9797 bcbc 7676 cdcd 7171 bcbc 1818 abcabcQuintecQuintec + S; Procure + S+ S; Procure + S 100100 cc 9999 ff 9797 cdcd 8282 dd* 8/68/6--7 (8/11 for 7 (8/11 for BugitolBugitol), 8/12, 8/19, 8/25, 9/1, 9/6, and 9/12), 8/12, 8/19, 8/25, 9/1, 9/6, and 9/12--13 (7X).13 (7X).** ‘aa’’ indicates no control; severity not different from nonindicates no control; severity not different from non--treated. treated.


Treatment (7Treatment (7--day) *day) * 8/238/23 9/169/16 8/238/23 9/169/16


(curative)(curative)(8/25+8/26+8/27)(8/25+8/26+8/27)

Biopesticides - Powdery MildewMicrothiol Disperss 4 lb /A $2.64 /AJMS Stylet-oil 5 qt/100 gal $7.50 /AGC-3 Organic 1% (50 gpa) $23.75 /AOrganocide 2 oz/gal (50 gpa) $46.88 /AEco E-RASE 0.5-1% (50 gpa) $15 - 30.00 /ABugitol 96 fl oz/100 gal $28.56 /ATrilogy 1% (50 gpa) $11.75 /A Sporan 1.5 qt/A $29.25 /AOxiDate 40-128 fl oz/100 gal $6.41- 20.50 /A

Powdery Mildew - 2004Compost teaCompost teaChampion (copper hydroxide)Champion (copper hydroxide)Sonata (Sonata (Bacillus Bacillus pumiluspumilus))Serenade (Serenade (Bacillus Bacillus subtilissubtilis))

Compost Tea Compost Tea -- RegulationsRegulationsNational Organic StandardsNational Organic Standards

approved compostapproved compostno molasses or other sugarno molasses or other sugar

NYS DEC Bureau of Pesticide MgtNYS DEC Bureau of Pesticide Mgtmust bemust be registered as a registered as a

fungicide when used for fungicide when used for disease controldisease control

Compost Tea RecipesCompost Tea Recipes20032003 20042004 IngredientIngredient

4 lb 4 lb Grape pumice compostGrape pumice compost4 lb4 lb LeafLeaf--based compostbased compost

4 lb4 lb 4 lb4 lb VermicompostVermicompost (manure(manure--based compost)based compost)

12 oz 12 oz 12 oz12 oz Kelp Kelp ((FertrellFertrell Liquid Kelp)Liquid Kelp)

7 oz7 oz 4 oz4 oz Fish hydrolysate Fish hydrolysate ((Organic Gem Liquid Organic Gem Liquid

Fish or NeptuneFish or Neptune’’s Harvest Benefits of Fishs Harvest Benefits of Fish))

7 oz7 oz 16 oz16 oz HumicHumic acid acid ((FertrellFertrell BioBio--Hume)Hume)

60 gal water60 gal waterBrewed 24 hr in Brewed 24 hr in SotilloSotillo BrewerBrewer

Compost Tea Applications, 2004Compost Tea Applications, 2004NuFilmNuFilm P (6 oz/A) P (6 oz/A) + fish hydrolysate (1 oz/30 gal) + fish hydrolysate (1 oz/30 gal)

added after filteringadded after filtering

Applied at full strengthApplied at full strength

FloodJetFloodJet nozzles (large orifice, low resistance)nozzles (large orifice, low resistance)

Low pressure (40 Low pressure (40 psipsi))

Tractor sprayer with Tractor sprayer with diaphramdiaphram pump (pumpkin)pump (pumpkin)

Compost Tea Expenses, 2004Compost Tea Expenses, 2004$6.72$6.72 8 lb8 lb VermicompostVermicompost$1.89$1.89 16 oz16 oz HumicHumic acid acid ((FertrellFertrell BioBio--Hume)Hume)

$1.31$1.31 12 oz12 oz Kelp Kelp ((FertrellFertrell Liquid Kelp)Liquid Kelp)

$0.52$0.52 4 oz4 oz Fish hydrolysate Fish hydrolysate (Neptune)(Neptune)

$10.35$10.35 60 gal60 gal$19.16$19.16 110 gal/A110 gal/A

$1.92$1.92 Fish hydrolysate (2 oz/15 gal)Fish hydrolysate (2 oz/15 gal)$1.64$1.64 nuFilmnuFilm P spreader (6 oz/A)P spreader (6 oz/A)

$22.72$22.72 per acre cost undilutedper acre cost undiluted

Treatment Costs ($/A)Treatment Costs ($/A)

$22.72$22.72 Compost tea (undiluted)Compost tea (undiluted)

$26.50$26.50 Serenade (4 lb/A)Serenade (4 lb/A)

$6.50$6.50 Champion (2 lb/A)Champion (2 lb/A)

20032003 20042004 BiomassBiomass33.833.8 16.016.0 Active bacterial (Active bacterial (µµg/ml)g/ml)

576.0576.0 288.0288.0 Total bacterial (Total bacterial (µµg/ml)g/ml)1.281.28 0.910.91 Active fungal (Active fungal (µµg/ml) *g/ml) *1.731.73 2.782.78 Total fungal (Total fungal (µµg/ml) g/ml)

46,060.046,060.0 -- Flagellates (#/ml)Flagellates (#/ml)58.058.0 -- Amoebae (#/ml)Amoebae (#/ml)

277.0277.0 -- Ciliates (#/ml)Ciliates (#/ml)* * Fungal community present not highly beneficial.Fungal community present not highly beneficial.

Soil Soil FoodwebFoodweb, Inc. , Inc.

Organism Biomass in Compost TeaOrganism Biomass in Compost Tea

Leaf Organism Assay ResultsLeaf Organism Assay Results

TomatoTomatoNontreatedNontreated 3434 2222 5656 (inadequate)(inadequate)Compost teaCompost tea

before treatmentbefore treatment 1515 33 1818 (inadequate)(inadequate)after treatmentafter treatment 7676 1717 9393 (very good)(very good)

PumpkinPumpkinNontreatedNontreated 3232 11 3333 (inadequate)(inadequate)Compost teaCompost tea

before treatmentbefore treatment 3434 11 3535 (inadequate)(inadequate)after treatmentafter treatment 6161 55 6666 (adequate)(adequate)

* * Soil Soil FoodwebFoodweb, Inc. NY (Sept 8 2004), Inc. NY (Sept 8 2004)

Leaf surface coverage (%)Leaf surface coverage (%)**TreatmentTreatment BacteriaBacteria FungiFungi TotalTotal

Compost Tea Applications, 2004Compost Tea Applications, 2004Diseases first seen:Diseases first seen:

Powdery mildew in pumpkin on 26 JulPowdery mildew in pumpkin on 26 Jul

Compost tea applied:Compost tea applied:July: 16, 23, and 29 July: 16, 23, and 29 August: 4, 11, 17, and 25August: 4, 11, 17, and 25September: 1 and 8 September: 1 and 8

5/12 plastic laid

7/28/04

5/14 Dutch white clover seeded

Compost tea **Compost tea ** 1717 a a *** 00 aaCompost tea + SonataCompost tea + Sonata 7777 bcdbcd 6969 abcabcCompost tea + SerenadeCompost tea + Serenade 7474 bcbc 4646 ababSonata (biofungicide)Sonata (biofungicide) 4343 abab 33 aaChampion (copper)Champion (copper) 9999 dede 8585 bcbcSonata + Champion Sonata + Champion 9999 ee 8686 bcbcFlint + Flint + MicrothiolMicrothiol 9797 cdecde 9595 cc(sulfur); Procure + Bravo(sulfur); Procure + Bravo

* 7/27, 8/4, 8/11, 8/18, 8/24, 8/30, and 9/6 (7X).** 7/16, 7/23, 7/29, 8/4, 8/11, 8/17, 8/25, 9/1, and 9/8 (9X).*** ‘aa’’ indicates no control; severity not different from nonindicates no control; severity not different from non--treated.treated.


Treatment (7Treatment (7--day) *day) * 8/98/9 8/98/9


Compost tea **Compost tea ** 1717 aa*** 2929 abcabc 00 aa 44 aaCompost tea + SonataCompost tea + Sonata 7777 bcdbcd 1717 aa 6969 abcabc 77 ababCompost tea + SerenadeCompost tea + Serenade 7474 bcbc 7070 bcdbcd 4646 abab 4343 bcdbcdSonata (biofungicide)Sonata (biofungicide) 4343 abab 2222 abab 33 aa 1414 abcabcChampion (copper)Champion (copper) 9999 dede 8787 dd 8585 bcbc 4949 cdecdeSonata + Champion Sonata + Champion 9999 ee 8383 dd 8686 bcbc 4545 bcdbcdFlint + Flint + MicrothiolMicrothiol 9797 cdecde 9595 dd 9595 cc 8585 efef(sulfur); Procure + Bravo(sulfur); Procure + Bravo

* 7/27, 8/4, 8/11, 8/18, 8/24, 8/30, and 9/6 (7X).** 7/16, 7/23, 7/29, 8/4, 8/11, 8/17, 8/25, 9/1, and 9/8 (9X).*** ‘aa’’ indicates no control; severity not different from nonindicates no control; severity not different from non--treated.treated.


Treatment (7Treatment (7--day) *day) * 8/98/9 8/238/23 8/98/9 8/238/23


Powdery Mildew

Evaluation of New Nozzles Evaluation of New Nozzles and an Air Assist Sprayer and an Air Assist Sprayer for Improving Spray Coverage for Improving Spray Coverage on Under Side of Leaves on Under Side of Leaves

Powdery Mildew Severity (AUDPC values)Powdery Mildew Severity (AUDPC values)Fungicide *Fungicide * MuskmelonMuskmelon PumpkinPumpkin

Nozzle/SprayerNozzle/Sprayer UpperUpper LowerLower UpperUpper LowerLower

NontreatedNontreated 912912 aa 961961 aa 899899 aa 11041104 aaBravoBravo

Flat fanFlat fan 1818 bb 654654 bcbc 5151 bb 975975 aaD3D3--45 hollow cone45 hollow cone 2323 bb 601601 cc 2929 bb 968968 aaConejetConejet 44 bb 617617 bcbc 7070 bb 10991099 aaTwinTwin--jet flat fanjet flat fan 2121 bb 627627 bcbc 3434 bb 10541054 aaAir inclusionAir inclusion 1515 bb 780780 bb 4949 bb 10501050 aaAir assistAir assist 5858 bb 549549 cc 4040 bb 989989 aa

QuadrisQuadris alt Bravo+Novaalt Bravo+NovaFlat fanFlat fan 11 bb 239239 dd 2727 bb 611611 bb

* applications made on 8/1, 8/8, 8/16, 8/23, and 9/2* applications made on 8/1, 8/8, 8/16, 8/23, and 9/2

Fungicide Programs Evaluated Fungicide Programs Evaluated -- Pumpkin, Pumpkin, ‘‘0000

StandardStandard Alternatives BiocompatibleAlternatives BiocompatibleWeekWeek ProgramProgram to Bravoto Bravo FungicidesFungicides

11 QuadrisQuadris QuadrisQuadris SulfurSulfur22 Nova + BravoNova + Bravo Nova + Nova + KaligreenKaligreen KocideKocide33 QuadrisQuadris QuadrisQuadris KaligreenKaligreen44 Nova + BravoNova + Bravo Nova + Nova + KocideKocide KocideKocide55 QuadrisQuadris QuadrisQuadris KaligreenKaligreen

Applications: Applications: 8/15, 8/22, 8/30, 9/6, and 9/138/15, 8/22, 8/30, 9/6, and 9/13

Wizard, No FungicideWizard, No Fungicide 3131 aa 4949 aaWizard, Standard ProgramWizard, Standard Program 00 dd 1414 bcbcWizard, Bravo AlternativesWizard, Bravo Alternatives 00 d d 66 cdcdWizard, Wizard, BiocompatiblesBiocompatibles 66 bcbc 6969 aaMagic Lantern, No Fungicide Magic Lantern, No Fungicide 2323 aa 2020 bbMagic Lantern, Standard Program Magic Lantern, Standard Program 00 d d 00 eeMagic Lantern, Bravo AlternativesMagic Lantern, Bravo Alternatives 00 d d 11 dedeMagic Lantern, Magic Lantern, BiocompatiblesBiocompatibles 22 cdcd 2323 bbHMX 6687, No FungicideHMX 6687, No Fungicide 1010 bb 99 ccHMX 6687, Standard ProgramHMX 6687, Standard Program 00 dd 00 eeHMX 6687, Bravo AlternativesHMX 6687, Bravo Alternatives 00 dd 00 eeHMX 6687, HMX 6687, BiocompatiblesBiocompatibles 11 dd 00 ee

Severity on 9/14/00Severity on 9/14/00Variety, Treatment (7Variety, Treatment (7--day)day) UpperUpper LowerLower


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Managing Powdery Mildew of Cucurbits Organically