Mango Cultural Mgt PDF

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Cultural Management Practices of Mango 11111

Mango grows anywhere in the country. However, profitableproduction, ideal soil and climate should be considered.

The ideal growing conditions for mango are distinct wet and dryseasons with at least four to five months of dry period. A mangogrower should consider the following soil suitability requirementsand climatic conditions:

Soil characteristics:

- sandy loam, relatively rich in organic matter- good drainage (very important)- pH 6.0-7.0- flat to slightly rolling terrain

Climatic condition

- distinct wet and dry season (4 to 5 months dry period)- temperature of 21 to 30 ºC- no strong winds

Elevation

- should not be higher than 600 meters above sea level.- 400 meters ideal for growing mango

After area selection, the mango grower is advised to plant therecommended mango varieties/strains:

••••• GUIMARAS SELECTION:

GES 73, 77, 84, 85, Talaban, Fresco, Tanaleon and Guimaras Super.

••••• BATAAN: Lamao No. 1

••••• ILOCOS: MMSU Gold

••••• ZAMBALES: Sweet Elena

These materials can be availed from nurseries accredited by the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI).

Cultural Management Practices of Mango2

• For backyard planting, underbrushing or cutting ofyoung trees (bushes, volunteer plants) is required to

clear the area. This will facilitate lay-out and minimizeshading of newly-planted trees.

• For orchard planting, underbrushing, plowing andharrowing are required to attain good soil tilth. Theseactivities should be done before the onset of rainydays, in preparation for field lay-out.

• Planting of ‘windbreaks’ such as mahogany andacacia, along boundaries is also recommended.These trees will also serve as circumferential fence

for the orchard.

• If irrigation facilities have to be installed, these shouldbe part of the plan for site development.

• Faucets may be strategically placed within theorchard while primary and secondary waterlines couldbe installed for ready access.

• An orchard shed, together with a working area and

storeroom may be constructed in a section of theorchard that is highly accessible to transportationfacilities.




In the square system,trees are planted inthe corners of thesquare. This system is

widely practicedbecause it is easy tolay-out. It alsofacilitates manycultural managementpractices such as

pruning, bagging, etc.

In adopting the square system, one has to follow theseprocedures:

• Make a wooden triangular frame measuring 3x4x5 meters.• Set this frame in one corner of the field. This will serve as

reference point.• With nylon strings, extend both arms of the triangle and fix

the ends using bamboo poles.• The lay-out can be done using another string with marked

distance of planting.• Place bamboo stick on the appropriate distance.• Move the marked string to over the entire area.

Triangular System

The triangular system issimply done by laying outthe plants in the corners ofan equilateral triangle. Itaccommodate 15% moreplants that the square

system.

Square System In the quincunx system, plants are laid out in the four corners and

at the center of a square to maximize space. In general, it can

accommodate about two times more plants than the square

system.

The earlier designs (square,triangular and quincux) are

appropriate for flat and

slightly rolling areas.

Quincux System

Contour System

On the slopes of hilly land in which the threat of erosion is morelikely to happen, plants are laid out on contour lines, establishedagainst the slope.

This system of planting reduces the slope length and the slope

angle, thus, allowing rainwater to be withheld by the soil for

sometime; allowing

it to percolate and

prevent runoff. The

root system of the

main crop furtherkeeps the soil intact

and holds the soil

particles together.

Laying out hilly

lands is done using

an A-frame starting

from the upper tothe lower slope.





Start laying-out from the top of the hill by establishing a

baseline from the steepest slope. Each point in the reference

line should be break-chained so that one can get the accurate

slope distance with the changing slope downhill. Always start

the determination of each contour line from the baseline.

Drive the first stake at the desired point. Place one leg of the

A-frame beside the first stake. Then, adjust the other leg on

the ground such that the weighted string passes the midpoint

mark on the crossbar. Drive another stake at this point.

Move the A-frame to the next spot such that one leg touches

the second stake at the side of its base.

Repeat the above steps until the whole area has been laid

out.

Make corrections or adjustments to the layout to take care

of strange spots like gullies and rocks on the ground.

This is made when contour lines go astray, or when

they become too close to cause the overlapping of

hills between contour lines, or too far to leave a

larger area unused.

All reference lines, especially the

layout made in the flatbeds,

should be placed at a certain

distance from the border. If the

borders are lined up with tree

windbreaks, the distance

between the windbreak and the

plant should be equal to the

average of their respective

planting distance.

Some guidelines in the use of contour system:

contour lay-out

Cultural Management Practices of Mango

6

The distance of planting in mango is influenced by fertility of soil,wherein fast growth is attained. Fertile soil and wider spacing arerecommended for fast growing varieties. These conditions will alsobenefit farmers who want to plant intercrops in between rows of trees.

In general, mangoes need full sunlight for productive growth. Thus,close spacing that can result to competition of light, food and watermust be avoided.

For ‘Carabao’ mango, spacing not less than 10x10 m, (100 trees perhectare) can be tolerated. However, the ideal distance of 12x12m or14x14m is recommended for grafted trees. On the other hand, widerspacing of 20x20m and above is recommended for seeded trees.

High density planting, asexperienced by most mango

growers, resulted to lowproductivity of trees due tocompetition. Also, it causedproblems associated withpests. Unless the treestructure is modified toaccommodate small or dwarftrees, high density plantingshould be avoided.

high density planting




Plant during the start of the rainy season. Planting late may be

done if irrigation facilities are available.

Plants are set in holes, deep and wide enough to accommodate

the mass of soil in the roots of the planting material (usually twicethe size of the container.) This is recommended in areas with

fertile, deep and friable soils. However, in areas with clayey, rocky,

or poor (either acidic or basic) soils, big holes with a diameter

and depth of 0.5 x 0.5 x0.5m are appropriate.

Provided the soil is fertile, the top fertile soil should be separated

from the subsoil and should be returned first. Otherwise, this is

not done because poor soil will be replaced

by compost.

Remove carefully the plastic container from the

roots of the planting materials and see to it

that the mass of soil remains intact with the

roots.

Mix the topsoil with 1 kg compost

and place at the bottom of the hole.

Set the plant into the hole.

Press the topsoil with compost

around the plant with feet or

hands to compact.

Tie each plant to a support

bamboo pole or stick) to avoid

lodging.


Mulching is needed to conserve moisture.It also serves as a source of organicmatter. No prescribed amount of mulch isused but more is better.

To prepare mulch, place field waste orresidues around the base of the trunk, fewinches away from the stem to prevent pestproblems.

Commonly used mulching materials arerice straws, rice hulls, sugarcanebagasse, chopped weeds and banana

stalks.

There is a need to take care of newly plantedtrees; otherwise, high percentage mortalitycan occur, particularly during dry season.

The establishment period is about four to fiveyears and it is important for the trees to attainmaximum canopy size, through propermanagement before these can be induced toflower.

The whole area can be secured by a barbed wire (two

strands, fixed on wooden or concrete posts).

Individual fencing of trees can also be done using wooden

sticks or bamboo poles.

Wind breaks, if planted close to each other, can also serve

as fences.

young mango tree




Mangoes do not need extensive fertilization because they can survive

in poor and unfertile soil. However, fertilization is necessary to

stimulate early growth and rapid development of young trees.

Fertilizer usage depends on climate and environmentalconditions, variation in farming practices, soil and tissue analyses

and results of field fertilizer

experiments. Use of organic

fertilizer is advised due to its

macronutrients, affordability

and availability.

Table 1 presents the amount and

frequency of fertilizer needed at

planting and during the non-bearing years. (Please see Table

1 in the next page)canal constructed around the

tree


Fertilizer management for ‘Carabao’ mango.Age of Tree Rate/Tree/Year Fertilizer

GradeApplication

Method TimeAt plantingand up tothree yearsof age

5 kg Chickenmanure(old)

Incorporate withsurface soil then fillup the hole.

At planting

100-150 g 14-14-14 Place the fertilizerabout 8 cm below the

roots and 12 cm tothe side of theseedling

At planting or atthe start of the

rainy season

100-150 g 14-14-14 Apply in four to sixholes around thebase of the plant.Cover the fertilizerwith soil.

Before the endof rainy season

Nonbearingyoung trees

300-500 g 14-14-14 Mix thoroughly andapply in two equaldoses in four to sixholes within the treecanopy.

First applicationis made at thestart of the rainyseason; thesecond, beforethe end of therainy season.

Bearingtrees up to15 years ofage

5 kg 14-14-14 On relatively flatarea, ring weed thecanopy area thenbroadcast fertilizerabout 2-3 m awayfrom the base orwithin the treecanopy. Cover thefertilizer with soil byharrowing or plowing.

On slightly hilly orrolling land, apply insix to eight holes, 2-3m away from thebase. Cover thefertilizer with soil.

-do-

Bearing tree,

15 years ofage or older

5 kg plus 1 kg for

every year after15 years

14-14-14 -do- -do-

Table 1: Fertilizer Management for Carabao Mango




The types of intercrops depend

upon the suitability of the

commodity and their demand in

the area.

Intercrops like leguminous vegetables, melons, squash,

sweet potato and short maturing fruit crops (papaya and

pineapple) are recommended.

Intercrops should be managed separately and should notcompete with the main crop (mango).

• Desirable climatic requirement is five months of continuous

dry season that will coincide with mango flowering.

• However, there is a need to irrigate young and newly

established trees, especially during the dry season.

• The volume of water

required per week is 20 to

40 liters, just enough to

saturate the soil

within the root system.

• Flooding method can be

used to apply water.

Field establishment of young

trees require 4 to 5 years. To

make use of the spaces in

between trees, intercropping is

recommended.


Weeds compete for water and nourishment of young trees. During

dry season, weeds can be fire hazard and will cause the burning of

trees.

• For orchard plantation, weed control can be done through

inter-row cultivation, using a tractor or plow driven by a cow.

• For backyard plantation, ring cultivation can suffice weed

control. In weeding, the following radius from the base of

the trunk needs to be considered:

Underbrush the remaining spaces manually. Use of mower or rotary grass cutter can also be done. Also, herbicide should be used

with caution since mango trees are sensitive to the chemical.

It is not necessary to prune young

trees unless insects and diseases

are present, if this happens, removeonly the affected parts.

In formative pruning, grafts which

are about one meter tall, cut

terminal portions to encourage

lateral branching. Also, maintain

three to four strong branches; allow

them to grow before doing the second cut. This is a special pruning

with the objective of producing dwarf trees.

Age of Tree (Years) Radius (cm)

1-3 20-45

4-10 50-90

10-15 100-200




Young trees will flower after a fewyears from planting. However, it isadvisable to cut these flowers so asnot to compete with the growth of

young trees.

With good cultural management, trees can form the maximum canopyand are ready for induction after five years from planting.

These cultural management for bearing trees will help mango

growers produce more fruits of better quality.

Pruning is usually done after

harvest to prepare the tree for

production, improve fruit

quality and attain desired size

and shape of crown, eliminate

undesirable branches andachieve dwarfing effect to

enable the trees to be resis-

tant to lodging. To avoid

infection after pruning, treat

the cut portion with any paint

or used diesel oil.


• It is advisable to do minimal pruning prior to flowerinduction to remove unnecessary, crowded, overlappingbranches and those which are affected by pests.

• Only the inside branches should be pruned to allow thepenetration of light as well as circulation of air inside thecanopy. This condition is inimical for the growth of pests.

• Some farmers do the “open center” pruning to enhance lightpenetration. This is recommended for big trees.

Soil fertilizer when applied afterpruning will encourage thegrowth of vegetative shoots, avery important requirement forflower induction.

• The amount andfrequency of fertilizer is given in Table 1 for bearing trees.(see Table 1)

• For less than 30 years old grafted trees, apply fertilizer atabout 1.0 to 1.5 meter radius from the trunk in a smallcanal constructed around the tree that is 30 cm deep.

•

For large trees, make a canal perpendicular to the canopyspread and apply fertilizer.

• Developing flowers and fruitsrequire foliar spray at 12-16,21-25 at bud elongation and30-35 days after flowerinduction to encouragedevelopment, enhance fruitset and fruit development.




Flowering of mango trees usuallytakes place from October to May.

Growth and flowering occur inphases. Shoot or leaf flush is

frequent in the juvenile stage of treesand in areas with short dry season. Itis less frequent in mature trees and inareas with long dry season.

The frequency of flushes depends on cultivars; the ‘Carabao’ mango for instance have longer intervals while the ‘Indian’ mangois a regular bearer, even without induction.

• The ‘Carabao’ mango undergoes an alternate bearing

habit with flowers and fruits in the first year (on season)and little or no flowers in the next year (off season). Thereis a need to correct this fruiting behavior, otherwise,production becomes irregular and markets will be affected.

• ‘Carabao’ mango is ready for flower induction when leaves

are 7 to 9 months old, crispy, dark green and buds areplump and prominent.

Types of Flower Induction

1. Smudging

Smudging is a common practice whichinvolves building a smoky fire below thetree canopy, allowing the smoke to passthrough the foliage. It is done continuouslyfor several days but is stopped whenflowers do not appear within two weeks.


2. Chemical Induction

As long as shoots arephysiologically matured,potassium nitrate (KNO3)spraying can induceflowering anytime of the year.

It is now known that KNO3

only acts as inducing agentand “lets go” what is insidethe shoot. Hence, if shootsare not physiologicallymatured, leaves, instead offlowers, come out.

KNO3 is however restricted because it can be an ingredient forexplosive. This holds true for other salts of nitrates, particularly

calcium nitrate, which is now being used. Nitrate base in watersolution offers as an alternative. (i.e. UAN and ANS)

In the absence of or failure to attain nitrate, the commerciallyformulated flower inducers (in powder or liquid form) may beused: Boom, Flower Set, Mangotone, Miracleblum and others.

• The success of flower induction depends on age of tree,age of shoot, month of induction, concentration of spraymixture and yield of the tree in the previous season.

The process is repeated one to two months later. Mature trees with

brittle, dark green leaves from the current flush or coppery-bronze

colored from the older flush are usually preferred as well as those

with prominent and well-developed terminal and axillary buds.

This method, however, is laborious and ecology-damaging. Areas

around the mango orchard are not only stripped of vegetation butare polluted with combustion by-products.

chemical spraying




• Older trees respond more readily to flower induction thanyounger ones.

• Flushes during the first quarter of the year may respond afterseven to nine months, while the last quarter will do so in fiveto six months.

Trees during the wet months (July to November) need stronger

concentration (2%) while the trees may respond to lowerconcentration (1%) during December to May.

Trees with high load of fruits in the preceding season may not respond

satisfactorily to induction in the following year.

For economical reasons, it is recommended to choose carefullytrees for induction. Use the following concentrations as a guidein flower induction.

Season Form of Inducer Concentration ofInducer

Early (July toNovember); chooseonly old trees

Crystalline(agricultural grade)

2%(2 kg/100 liters

water)(2 small tin cans/ kerosene can of

water)

Late

(December-May)

Crystalline

(agricultural grade)

1-1.5%

(1-1.5 kg/100 literswater)(1-1.5 tin can/

kerosene can ofwater)


For liquid formulation: Mix one liter of the formulated product in

two to three kerosene cans of water (40-60 liters) early in the

season. For large-scale operations, use power sprayer. For small

scale spraying, knapsack or home made, manually operated

sprayer may be used.

Induced trees start to flower in 7 to 14 days. Rains of shortduration immediately after spraying do not affect the effectiveness

of the inducer as long as the leaves are dry when the spraying

was done.

However, if continuous rain lasts for one or more days immediately

after induction, follow-up spray with reduced concentration. If induced

trees do not flower due to pest infestation or strong winds, postpone

induction for the next season.

About 50% to 60% of trees in the orchard will have fair number of

flowers. The trees that do not flower will be more responsive in thenext season.

The percent flowering per tree also varies. This is its maximum

capacity, thus, should not be forced to produce more flowers.

In September, only trees with 10 to 12 or older shoots may

respond to induction.

In October, only old trees with seven to nine months or oldershoots may respond to induction.

In December or later, even young trees of five to six month-

old shoots may respond to induction.

Central Visayas and all Mindanao regions produce off season

fruits to avoid the glut in supply in March to May.

Paclobutrazol, a plant growth regulator, is used for this

purpose.



Cultural Management Practices of Mango 19 Cultural Management Practices of Mango20

Sixty days after flower

induction is the best time to

bag mango fruits, since at this

stage, the fruit is established

on the tree.

The bag should be big enough

to allow room for fruit

development. Its bottom

portion should be closed to

prevent the mango seed

borers from laying its eggs on

the apex of the fruit.

Bagging, using sturdy materials, protects the fruits from rain and

strong winds. Also, it does not only promote fruit quality but also

protects fruits from diseases like stem-end rot, scab and sooty

mold. It minimizes incidence of fruit fly, mango seed borer or

cecid fly. This practice also helps avoid latex burns during

harvest, fruit rejects are reduced.

Bagging materials

Several bagging materials are used in the field. However,

imported newspaper or waxy magazine are recommended for

both wet and dry seasons, while ordinary newspapers may be

used during dry season.

Bagged fruits have higher recovery rates and are more

marketable, as compared to non-bagged fruits.

REFERENCES:REFERENCES:REFERENCES:REFERENCES:REFERENCES:

ATI-Cabagan. Management Practices of Fruit Bearing Carabao Mango.

Cabagan: The Mango Technical Committee, 2003.

Extension Communication Division. Mango Production Guide.

Tugegarao: Agricultural Training Institute, 2001.

Golez, Hernani. “Technology Updates on Major Fruits: Mango.” (APaper presented during the 3rd Mindanao Fruit Industry

Conference) Davao City: November 2003.

Golez, Hernani. “Updates on the Cultural Management of Mango.”Jordan, Guimaras, BPI-National Mango Research andDevelopment Center.

The Philippines Recommends for Mango. Los Banos Laguna: Philippine

Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research

and Development (PCARRD) and Philippine Agriculture and

Resources Research Foundation, Inc. (PARRFI), 1994.

Pictures from Dr. Hernani G. Golez. Bureau of Plant Industry - National

Mango Research and Development Center.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Kristina Mae R. Ombao

Pauline Anne P. EscalanteManaging Editors

and

Desktop Publishing Artists

Antonieta J. Arceo

Editor

Hernani G. Golez, Ph.D.

Subject Matter Specialist

Roberto T. Masbang

Editha S. Vinuya

Editorial Consultants

Asterio P. Saliot, MNSA

Alberto B. Maningding, MNSAAdvisers

REFERENCES:REFERENCES:REFERENCES:REFERENCES:REFERENCES:

ATI-Cabagan. Management Practices of Fruit Bearing Carabao Mango.

Cabagan: The Mango Technical Committee, 2003.

Extension Communication Division. Mango Production Guide.

Tugegarao: Agricultural Training Institute, 2001.

Golez, Hernani. “Technology Updates on Major Fruits: Mango.” (APaper presented during the 3rd Mindanao Fruit Industry

Conference) Davao City: November 2003.

Golez, Hernani. “Updates on the Cultural Management of Mango.”Jordan, Guimaras, BPI-National Mango Research andDevelopment Center.

The Philippines Recommends for Mango. Los Banos Laguna: Philippine

Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research

and Development (PCARRD) and Philippine Agriculture and

Resources Research Foundation, Inc. (PARRFI), 1994.

Pictures from Dr. Hernani G. Golez. Bureau of Plant Industry - National

Mango Research and Development Center.

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