Palau Artwork

MANGROVE LIVELIHOOD, UTILIZATION

AND VALUATION

J.H. Primavera

Chief Mangrove Scientific Advisor

Zoological Society of London

Iloilo City, Philippines

FUNCTIONS OF MANGROVES

1. Information • spiritual/religious • educational/historical

2. Regulatory • coastal buffer zone • flood regulation • decreased erosion • nutrient supply & recycling • land accretion • wildlife habitat

3. Resource • forestry - wood for fuel, housing, construction, fishing poles - honey & beeswax - medicines - others: dyes (tannins, fodder, etc.) • fisheries - seaweeds, shrimps, crabs, fish

Philippine places named after mangroves (Primavera et al, 2004)

Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea (nilad) Maynilad (now Manila)

Avicennia marina (piapi) Piapi Beach, Dumaguete City Barringtonia spp. Bitoon, Jaro, Iloilo City Excoecaria agallocha (alipata) Lipata, Culasi, Antique Lipata, Surigao City Heritiera littoralis (dungon) Dungon, Jaro, Iloilo City Hibiscus tiliaceus and Thespesia Balabago, Jaro, Iloilo City

populnea (balabago) Lumnitzera racemosa Culasi, Antique (culasi, tabao) Matabao, Agusan del Norte Tabao, Buenavista, Guimaras Taba-ao, Sagay, Negros Occid. Matabao, Siquijor Nypa fruticans (nipa, sapsap, sasa) Canipaan River, Palawan Casapsapan, Aurora Rhizophora spp. (bakhaw) Bakhaw, Jaro, Iloilo City Bakhawan, Concepcion, Iloilo Sonneratia alba (pagatpat) Pagatpatan, Agusan Pequeno, Agusan Norte Pagatpatan Jasaan, Misamis Or. Rhizophora species (bakhaw) bakhawan Ceriops tagal (tungog) katunggan

Species Uses

Avicennia alba bark as astringent; resinous secretion for birth control; ointment from seeds for smallpox ulceration

Avicennia marina smoke of dried branches as mosquito repellent

Avicennia officinalis fruits as astringent, seeds and roots as poultice to treat ulcers

Bruguiera sexangula roots and leaves for burns; leaves have tumor-inhibiting alkaloids; fruits chewed as substitute for betel nut, lotion made from fruits to treat sore eyes

Ceriops tagal bark infusion for obstetric and haemorrhagic conditions, e.g. ulcers; dried bark chewed by old folks

Excoecaria agallocha leaves for epilepsy; sap for ulcers and toothache; twigs as pest repellent

Heritiera littoralis seed extract for diarrhea and dysentery

Lumnitzera littorea leaf decoction for thrush in infants

Rhizophora spp. pounded bark placed on skin to relieve jellyfish sting; bark decoction used to wash jellyfish before eating; and for scabies and skin infection

Sonneratia caseolaris sap as skin cosmetic

Xylocarpus granatum seed oil used for lamps and grooming hair, fruits and seeds for diarrhea; bark decoction for cholera

Xylocarpus mekongensis seeds for insect bites and diarrhea; seeds and bark as astringent

TRADITIONAL USES OF PHILIPPINE MANGROVES (Primavera et al., 2004)

FOOD

1) vegetables: A. marina, Sesuvium portulacastrum leaves 2) flavoring: O. octodonta leaves 3) tea leaves: C. decandra, B. cylindrica, R. apiculata 4) seasoning: salt leaves of A. floridum, Avicennia sp. 5) fodder: Rhizophora leaves for pigs

OTHER USES*

• fibers, ropes – Hibiscus, Pandanus

• corks, floats – S. caseolaris, S. alba

pneumatophores

• perfumes – B. gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula

• hair preservative – A. ilicifolius

• skin cosmetics – S. caseolaris

• aphrodisiac – Excoecaria agallocha

• soap substitute – A. marina, R. apiculata,

R. mucronata ash

• adhesives – B. gymnorrhiza, C. tagal bark

• dyes – Ceriops tagal, Bruguiera, Rhizophora

* Bandaranayake, 1998

Arabs – developed rich pharmacopoeia of mangroves

Abu Sina – famous Arab doctor whose Latinized name

Linnaeus gave to mangrove genus

Avicennia marina – most widely distributed mangrove

species

MEDICINAL USES OF MANGROVES

Chemicals: alkaloids, saponins, quinolone derivatives, flavonoids,

polyphenolds, glycosides, giberellins, triterpenes, PUFAs

Uses:

• molluscicide, insecticide, piscicide, spermicide

• antihelminthic

• antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal

• cancer, tumors

• diarrhea, hemorrhage

• analgesic, inflammation, disinfectant

• antioxidant, astringent

Ref: Bandaranayake, 1998

Value of ecosystem services of mangroves (Barbier et al, 2012)

Examples of value

(US$/ha/yr)a

Raw materials and food 484-585

Coastal protection 8,966-10,821

Erosion control 3,679

Maintenance of fisheries 708-987

Carbon sequestration 30-50

TOTAL 14,166-16,142a

aNo estimates available for a) water purification, and b) tourism, recreation,

education and research

CONCLUSIONS (M. Langdown & K. Hutchinson, 2005)

• Fewer trees in nipa and pond areas

• Fewer crab catches in nipa areas

MANGROVE-FISHERIES CONNECTION

Ronnback abundance, biomass Atherinidae, Chanidae et al (1999) 5/21 families Mugilidae

AUTHORS CRITERIA FAMILY

Pinto (1987) predom. estuarine Ambassidae, Chanidae (vs. marine, Gobiidae, Hemiramphidae, stragglers) Labridae, Megalopidae, 17/54 families Monodactylidae, Mugilidae, Muraenidae, Muraenesocidae, Ophichthidae, Catophagidae, Scorpaenidae, Sillaginidae, Sparidae, Tetraodontidae, Theraponidae

Dolar et al frequency, biomass Apogonidae, Siganidae, (1991) 4/21 families Gobiidae, Mugilidae Blok (1995) frequency Lutjanidae, Siganidae, 4/17 families Theraponidae

FISH FAMILIES ASSOCIATED WITH MANGROVES

Mangrove Valuation

Total Goods and Services

• Costanza et al. (1997) PhP495,000/ha/yr ($9,900/ha/yr)

• Spurgeon & Roxburgh (2005) PhP520,000/ha/yr ($1,040/ha/yr)

American Samoa (=$104,000/sq km/yr)

• Sathirathai & Barbier (2001) PhP1.8-17.5 million/ha/yr ($27,000-35,000/ha/yr)

Thailand ($2.7-3.5 million/sq km/yr)

• Wells et al (2006) PhP20-45 million/ha/yr

($200,000-900,000/ha/yr)

• Barbier (2007) $10,158–12,392/ha NPV

Individual Goods and Services

• Fisheries: Ronnback 1999, 2000 PhP45,000-620,000 ($900-12,400/ha/yr)

• Wood products (Malaysia) ($11,561/ha/yr)

• Erosion control: Ruitenbeek 1992 PhP3,000/household/yr ($600/household/yr)

• Waste disposal: Lal 1990 (Fiji) PhP264,000/ha/yr ($5,280/ha/yr)

Cabrera etal, 1998 (Mexico) PhP59,500/ha/yr ($1,190/ha/yr)

• Coastal protection & waste PhP420,750/ha/yr ($8,414/ha/yr)

disposal (Costanza et al 1997)

The Asian earthquake tsunami

(Source: US Geological Survey)

Main earthquake

epicentre

Aftershocks

_ Plate boundaries

Earthquake Tsunamis

The movement in the earth’s crust causes the water surface to lift

(Source: School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

The Asian earthquake tsunami

Travel time in

hours

(Source: National

Institute of Advanced

Industrial Science and

Technology, Japan)

What do they look like?

• In deep water they move very fast but may only be 0.5 to

1m high

• In shallow water they slow down and become higher

(Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA)

A comparison with wind waves at the coast

• Tsunamis are

often the same

height as wind-

waves

• It is the volume of

water behind

them that causes

the damage

(Source: Department of Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington)

Wind-wave Tsunami

Wave period 5 to 15 sec 20 min to several hours

Wave length

Wave height

100 to 200 m

20 to 50 cm

200 to 350 km

20 to 400 cm

(Latief & Hadi, 2006)

Source: www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

Philippine Seismicity

Map (1907-2000)

1976 tsunami, Cotabato Trench, Mindanao - 5000 dead, 2300

missing, >3,000 homeless in Cotabato, Lanao, Zamboanga Sur, Sulu

COASTAL PROTECTION beach forest

Bangladesh, 1991 – thousands died from a

tidal wave but intact mangroves dissipated

comparable tidal wave in 1960

Orissa, India, 1999 – supercyclone with 5-6

m waves, floods up to 15 km inland; at least

10,000 people killed, 10 million homeless

in areas with no mangroves

Capiz, Philippines, 1984 – Typhoon Undang

caused 1,000 deaths where mangroves had

been converted to ponds

Cotabato Trench, Mindanao, 1976 - tsunami

left 5000 dead, 2300 missing, in 3 provinces

Myanmar, 2008 – 140,000 deaths from

Cyclone Nargis

PROTECTION

BFD A.O. 2 (1979) Minimum 25% total mangrove forest of given area completely protected as Mangrove Wilderness Area P.P. 2151 & 2152 (1981) Declaration of 4,326 ha mangroves as wilderness areas,

74,767 ha (including entire Palawan province) as forest reserves P.P. 2146 (1982) National prohibition on mangrove cutting DENR A.O. 15 (1990) Prohibit further conversion of thickly vegetated areas R.A. 7161 (1991) Ban on cutting of all mangrove species

GREENBELT/BUFFER ZONE

P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: retention (exclusion from pond development) of 20 m wide mangrove strip along shorelines facing oceans, lakes etc.

P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove leaseholders to retain/replant 20 m mangrove strip along rivers, creeks

MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm surge, typhoon areas: 50-100 m along shorelines, 20-50 m along riverbanks

DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas, oceans and 20 m along riverbanks DENR A.O. 76 (1987) Pond leases under FLA required to plant 50 m mangrove strip DENR A.O. 16 (1993) Guidelines for buffer zones in protected areas R.A. 8850 (1998)

J.H. Primavera

Coastal Planning for Disaster Management Seminar – June 30, 2006

NATURAL BUFFERS

PHILIPPINE MANGROVE GREENBELT/OTHER LAWS

P.D. 705 (1975) Revised Forestry Code: mangrove strips in islands providing protection from high winds, typhoons shall not be alienated

P.D. 953 (1976) Fishpond/mangrove lease holders required to retain or replant 20-m mangrove strip along rivers, creeks

BFD A.O. 2 (1979) Min. 25% of total mangrove forest in given area completely protected as Mangrove Wilderness Areas

P.P. 2151 & 2152 (1981)

Declaration of 4,326 ha mangroves as wilderness areas, 74,767 ha as forest reserves

MNR A.O. 42 (1986) Expansion of mangrove belt in storm surge, typhoon areas: 100 m along shorelines, 50 m along riverbanks

DENR A.O. 76 (1987)

Establishment of buffer zone: 50 m fronting seas/oceans and 20 m along riverbanks; lessees of FLA ponds required to plant 20-50 m-mangrove strip

DENR A.O. 77 (1988)

Integrated Social Forestry Program (provision of legal tenure incentives for co-management of forest resources)

DENR A.O. 123 (1990)

Award of 25-yr Community Forestry Management Agreement for small scale mangrove use, Rhizophora and Nypa plantations, aquasilviculture

DENR A.O. 15 (1990)

Policies on communal forests, plantations, tenure through Mangrove Stewardship Contracts; revert abandoned ponds to forest; ban cutting of trees in FLA areas; prohibit conversion of thickly vegetated areas

DENR A.O. 3 (1991) Policies and guidelines for Mangrove Stewardship Agreement

DENR A.O. 23 (1993)

Combined 3-yr Mangrove Reforestation Contract and 25-yr Forest Land Management Agreement into 25-yr FLMA for families (1-10 ha) and communities (10-1,000 ha)

Barringtonia asiatica (bulubitoon, botong) Calophyllum inophyllum (dangcal, bitaug) Cycas edentata (pitogo) Erythrina indica (dapdap) Talipariti tilia- ceum (balaba- go, malibago, lambago) Intsia bijuga (ipil)

Pandanus tectorius (pandan) Millettia pinnata (bani, balukbaluk) Sterculia ceramica (banilad) Sterculia foetida (calumpang, bobog) Terminalia catappa (talisay) Thespesia populnea (banago) Vitex parviflora (tugas, mulawon, molave)

Bitoon, Jaro, Iloilo City Bitoon, Carles, Iloilo Bitoon, Daan Bantayna, N. Cebu Bitoon, Dumanhug, S. Cebu Botong, Oton, Iloilo Botong, Quezon? Dangcalan, Hamtik, Antique Dangcalan, Bulalacao, Mis. Occ. Dangcal, Ilog, Negros Occ. Dangcalan Bay, Masbate Bitaug, E. Villanueva, Siquijor Pitogo (C.P. Garcia), Bohol Pitogo, Zamboanga del Sur Pitogo, San Joaquin, Iloilo Dapdapan, Sapian, Capiz Dapdap, Jawili, Tangalan Balabago, Jaro, Iloilo City Malibago, Maasin, S. Leyte Maribago, Mactan Is., Cebu Maribago, Lapulapu City Malibago, Calatagan, Batangas Kalambagohan, CDO City Ipil, Barbaza, Antique Ipil, Balison, Antique Ipil, Jagna, Boho lIpil, Zamboanga Sibugay

Pandan, Antique Pandan, Tubigon, Bohol Bani, Pangasinan Bani, Tinambac, Cam. Sur Banilad, Dumaguete, Neg. Or. Banilad, Cebu Cabubugan, Guimbal, Iloilo Bobog, S. Lorenzo, Guimaras Bubog, Sibunag, Guimaras Bubog, Talisay City, Neg. Occ. Calumpang, Molo, Iloilo City Calumpang, Estancia, Iloilo Talisay, Barotac Nvo., Iloilo Talisay City, Negros Occ. Talisay, Cebu Talisay, Sta. Fe, Cebu Talisay, Anda, Bohol Talisay, Camarines Norte Talisay, Batangas Banago, Caluya, Antique Banago, Bacolod City Tugas, Kalibo, Aklan Tugas, Makato, Aklan Tugas, Tanjay, Negros Or. Tugas, Baybay, Leyte Tugas, C.P. Garcia, Bohol Tugas, Getafe, Bohol Tugas, Carrascal, Surigao Sur Tugas, Baliangao, Mis. Occ Mulawon, Pan-ay, Capiz Molave, Zamboanga del Norte

PLACE NAMES – BEACH FOREST SPP.

DENR National Greening Program: 1.5 B trees/1.5 M ha/ 6 yrs: 10% indigenous species + 50% fast-growing species (exotics e.g. Swietenia mahogani) & fruit trees

• exotics suitable for commercial plantations - not biodiversity conservation, watersheds & Climate Change mitigation

• plant native flora – but which species?

• beach forest spp. – coIonizers that thrive in full sunlight, inadequate water, poor nutrients, therefore ideal for NGP; from beach to 200 km inIand, 200 masI <m above sea IeveI>

• many refo areas bare sites (= beginning), so pIant colonizers, eg, coastal talisay, botong, bani vs climax flora (= at the end, eg, dipterocarps take 17-30 years to fIower) LET’s USE BEACH FOREST TREES FOR NGP REFO!!

THANK YOU!!