Manual Contents - mme.gov.qa

QHDM TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I FINAL DRAFT JUNE 2014– NOT TO BE USED FOR DESIGN PURPOSES

Manual Contents

Volume 1

Part 1: Introduction to QHDM and Guidance

Part 2: Planning

Part 3: Roadway Design Elements

Part 4: Intersections and Roundabouts

Part 5: Qatar Roadway Design Criteria

Part 6: Design for Priority Intersections

Part 7: Design for Roundabouts

Part 8: Design for Signalized Intersections

Part 9: Interchanges and Freeway or Motorway Corridors

Part 10: Drainage

Volume 2

Part 11: Utilities

Part 12: Pavement Design

Part 13: Structures Interfaces

Part 14: Earthworks

Part 15: Ground Investigation and Aspects of Geotechnical Design Guide

Part 16: Geotechnical Risk Management

Part 17: Intelligent Transportation Systems

Part 18: Street Lighting

Part 19: Pedestrian, Bike, and Public Transportation

Part 20: Context Sensitive Design

Volume 3

Part 21: Environmental

Part 22: Landscape and Planting Design

Part 23: Design and Operation of Road Safety

Part 24: Road Safety Audits

Part 25: Departures from Standards


TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1 FINAL DRAFT JUNE 2014– NOT TO BE USED FOR DESIGN PURPOSES

Volume 1

Part 1: Introduction to QHDM and Guidance

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ iii

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose and Intent of the Manual .............................................................................. 1 1.2 Scope and Jurisdiction of the Manual ......................................................................... 2 1.3 Intended Audience ...................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Road Design and Collaboration ................................................................................... 2 1.5 Organization of this Manual ........................................................................................ 4 1.6 Integration with Other Publications ............................................................................ 4

2 Guidance...................................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 7 2.2 Sustainability................................................................................................................ 7 2.3 Sustainability Concepts and Definitions ...................................................................... 8

2.3.1 Hima: Ancient Sustainable Best Practice in Qatar ....................................... 8 2.3.2 Sustainability in Qatar Today ....................................................................... 8 2.3.3 International Best Practice in Qatar―Key Considerations .......................... 9

2.4 Safety in Design ......................................................................................................... 10 2.4.1 Human Factors in Roadway Design ............................................................ 11 2.4.2 Road Safety Audits ..................................................................................... 12

2.5 Design for Maintenance ............................................................................................ 12 2.5.1 Maintenance Organizations ....................................................................... 13

2.6 Context Sensitive Design and Context Sensitive Solutions ........................................ 13 2.6.1 Problem Definition ..................................................................................... 13 2.6.2 Policy, Strategy, and Plan Context ............................................................. 14 2.6.3 Development of the Design Vision and Objectives .................................... 14 2.6.4 A Collaborative Multi-Disciplinary Approach ............................................. 14 2.6.5 Working with Stakeholders ........................................................................ 14 2.6.6 Community Engagement ............................................................................ 15 2.6.7 Understanding the Urban and Landscape Context .................................... 15 2.6.8 The Importance of Incorporating Landscaping into Qatar Urban Streets . 15

References .......................................................................................................................... 17


PAGE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS FINAL DRAFT JUNE 2014– NOT TO BE USED FOR DESIGN PURPOSES

Part 2: Planning

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vii

1 Highway Strategy ..........................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Vision, Goals, and Objectives ....................................................................................... 1 1.3 Project Types and Scope .............................................................................................. 3 1.4 Transportation Planning Process in Qatar ................................................................... 4 1.5 Land Use Considerations.............................................................................................. 5

1.5.1 Land Acquisition ........................................................................................... 5 1.6 Appraisal ...................................................................................................................... 7

2 Projects Involving New Roads .......................................................................................9 2.1 Planning and Design Objectives: Provide Mobility and Accessibility........................... 9 2.2 Planning Development Access for New Roads ............................................................ 9 2.3 Project Development Process ...................................................................................... 9

2.3.1 Development Process for New Road Projects ............................................ 10 2.3.2 Project Development Process: Design and Build (D&B) ............................. 12

3 Project Development Process for Interchange Design Studies (Existing Reconstruction or New) .............................................................................................. 15 3.1 Step 1: Establish Data Collection Requirements and Obtain Data ............................ 15

3.1.1 Develop Interchange Planning and Design Framework ............................. 16 3.1.2 Assemble and Charter Stakeholders .......................................................... 16 3.1.3 Develop Project Planning and Design Criteria ............................................ 17

3.2 Step 2: Confirm Study Approach, Evaluation Criteria, and Decision Process ............ 17 3.2.1 Determine Evaluation Criteria and Technical Approach ............................ 17 3.2.2 Develop Design Year Traffic and Select Most Likely Alternatives .............. 18

3.3 Step 3: Conduct Interchange Type Studies ................................................................ 18 3.3.1 Concept Engineering Design ....................................................................... 18 3.3.2 Stakeholder Review and Screening ............................................................ 19

3.4 Step 4: Functional Geometric Design of Screened Alternatives ................................ 19 3.5 Step 5: Select Preferred Alternative, Document and Develop Final

Engineering Plans ....................................................................................................... 20

4 Projects Involving Existing Roads ................................................................................. 21 4.1 Unique Characteristics of Projects Involving Existing Roads ..................................... 22 4.2 Design of Reconstruction Projects ............................................................................. 22

4.2.1 Relationship of Safety Performance to Design Elements ........................... 23 4.2.2 Risk Management Guidelines ..................................................................... 25 4.2.3 Reconstruction Design Approach ............................................................... 26

4.3 Designation of Eligibility for 3R Treatment ................................................................ 27 4.4 Design of 3R Projects ................................................................................................. 28

4.4.1 Context Sensitive Safety Enhancements for 3R Projects ........................... 29



4.4.2 3R Safety Enhancements for Rural Highways ............................................ 29 4.4.3 3R Safety Enhancements for Urban Roads ................................................ 32

5 Functional Classification as a Primary Design Control .................................................. 33 5.1 Qatar Road Classification ........................................................................................... 33 5.2 Definition of Urban and Rural Roads ......................................................................... 34 5.3 Functional Classification in Urban Areas ................................................................... 34

5.3.1 Expressways ............................................................................................... 35 5.3.2 Arterials ...................................................................................................... 35 5.3.3 Collector-Distributor Roads ........................................................................ 36 5.3.4 Collector Roads .......................................................................................... 36 5.3.5 Local ........................................................................................................... 38

5.4 Functional Classification in Rural Areas ..................................................................... 38 5.5 Special Corridors ........................................................................................................ 39 5.6 Temporary Roads ....................................................................................................... 40 5.7 Application of Functional Classification in Design ..................................................... 40

5.7.1 Key Parameters .......................................................................................... 40 5.7.2 Network Connections ................................................................................. 46 5.7.3 Transport Provisions for Non-car Users ..................................................... 50

6 Design Vehicles .......................................................................................................... 53 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 53 6.2 Vehicle Weights and Dimensions .............................................................................. 53

6.2.1 Abnormal Loads and High Load Routes ..................................................... 53 6.3 Typical Design Vehicles .............................................................................................. 54

6.3.1 Definitions and Principles ........................................................................... 54 6.3.2 Design Vehicles........................................................................................... 54 6.3.3 Swept Path Analysis ................................................................................... 55

7 Driver Performance and Human Factors ...................................................................... 57 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 57 7.2 Qatar Driver Characteristics ...................................................................................... 57 7.3 The Task of Driving .................................................................................................... 58 7.4 Vehicle Guidance ....................................................................................................... 59

7.4.1 Road Following ........................................................................................... 59 7.4.2 Car Following .............................................................................................. 59 7.4.3 Passing Maneuvers ..................................................................................... 59 7.4.4 Gap Acceptance, Merging, and Other Guidance Activities ........................ 59

7.5 Information System ................................................................................................... 59 7.5.1 Traffic Control Devices ............................................................................... 60 7.5.2 Road Environment ...................................................................................... 60

7.6 Information Handling................................................................................................. 60 7.6.1 Reaction Time ............................................................................................. 60 7.6.2 Primacy ....................................................................................................... 60



7.6.3 Expectancy .................................................................................................. 61 7.7 Driver Error ................................................................................................................ 62 7.8 Speed and Design ....................................................................................................... 63 7.9 Design Assessment .................................................................................................... 65

8 Traffic Characteristics.................................................................................................. 67 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 67 8.2 Traffic Volume ............................................................................................................ 67

8.2.1 Annual Average Daily Traffic ...................................................................... 67 8.2.2 Design Hour Traffic ..................................................................................... 67

8.3 Highway Capacity Concepts ....................................................................................... 69 8.3.1 Capacity Definition .................................................................................... 69 8.3.2 General Characteristics and Application .................................................... 70 8.3.3 Level of Service ........................................................................................... 71 8.3.4 Traffic Operations Analysis ......................................................................... 72 8.3.5 Level of Service as a Design Control ........................................................... 72 8.3.6 Influence of Design Features on Capacity .................................................. 73

9 Access Control and Access Management ..................................................................... 75 9.1 General Conditions .................................................................................................... 75 9.2 Access Management .................................................................................................. 76

9.2.1 Basic Principles of Access Management ..................................................... 76 9.2.2 Access Classifications .................................................................................. 77 9.2.3 Methods of Controlling Access................................................................. 77 9.2.4 Access Management and Safety Performance ........................................... 78

10 Speed and Design ....................................................................................................... 79 10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 79 10.2 Operating Speed ........................................................................................................ 79 10.3 Speed Variations ........................................................................................................ 79 10.4 Design Speed .............................................................................................................. 80 10.5 Posted Speed ............................................................................................................. 80

11 Facilities for Pedestrians ............................................................................................. 81 11.1 General Considerations.............................................................................................. 81 11.2 Designing for Pedestrians .......................................................................................... 81 11.3 Pedestrian Capacity and Pedestrian Facilities ........................................................... 81

12 Facilities for Cyclists .................................................................................................... 85

13 Parking ....................................................................................................................... 87

References ........................................................................................................................... 89



Part 3: Roadway Design Elements

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ xi

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Design Speed ............................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 Posted Speed ................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Design Speed Related Parameters .............................................................................. 3

1.2.1 Changeover of Design Speed ....................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Reconstruction and Connection to Existing Roads ...................................... 4 1.2.3 Departures from Standards .......................................................................... 4 1.2.4 Special Considerations ................................................................................. 7

1.3 Sustainability................................................................................................................ 7

2 Sight Distance ............................................................................................................ 11 2.1 Basic Types of Sight Distance ..................................................................................... 11 2.2 Stopping Sight Distance ............................................................................................. 12

2.2.1 SSD Model and Parameters ........................................................................ 12 2.2.2 Stopping Sight Distance Design Values ...................................................... 12 2.2.3 Horizontal Restrictions to Stopping Sight Distance .................................... 14 2.2.4 Vertical Restrictions to Stopping Sight Distance ........................................ 16

2.3 Passing Sight Distance ............................................................................................... 17 2.4 Decision Sight Distance .............................................................................................. 19 2.5 Intersection Sight Distance ........................................................................................ 21

2.5.1 Case A: Intersections with No Control ....................................................... 22 2.5.2 Case B: Intersections with Stop Control on Minor Road ............................ 24 2.5.3 Case C: Intersections with Yield Control on Minor Road ........................... 28 2.5.4 Case D: Intersections with Traffic Signal Control ....................................... 31 2.5.5 Case E: Intersections with All-Way Stop Control ....................................... 32 2.5.6 Case F: Left Turns from Major Road ........................................................... 32

2.6 Special Considerations ............................................................................................... 33 2.7 Departures ................................................................................................................. 34

3 Horizontal Alignment ................................................................................................. 35 3.1 Simple Horizontal Curve and Spirals .......................................................................... 35 3.2 Alignment combinations using simple curves and tangents ..................................... 36 3.3 General Design Considerations.................................................................................. 39

3.3.1 Maximum Centerline Deflection without a Horizontal Curve.................... 39 3.3.2 Minimum Curve Lengths ............................................................................ 40

3.4 Cross Slope and Superelevation ................................................................................ 40 3.5 Superelevation Transition and Spirals ....................................................................... 42

3.5.1 Axis of Rotation .......................................................................................... 43 3.5.2 Rate of Rotation ......................................................................................... 43 3.5.3 Calculation of Superelevation Transition Lengths ..................................... 46



3.5.4 Spirals ......................................................................................................... 48 3.5.5 Positioning of Superelevation Transition ................................................... 49 3.5.6 Superelevation on Compound Curves ........................................................ 51 3.5.7 Superelevation on Reverse Curves ............................................................. 52 3.5.8 Shoulder Slopes on Superelevated Roadways ........................................... 53

3.6 Travelled Way Widening on Horizontal Curves ......................................................... 57 3.7 Horizontal Clearance or Lateral Offset ...................................................................... 60 3.8 Special Considerations ............................................................................................... 61

4 Vertical Alignment ...................................................................................................... 63 4.1 Terrain ........................................................................................................................ 64 4.2 Longitudinal Grades ................................................................................................... 64

4.2.1 Maximum Longitudinal Grades .................................................................. 64 4.2.2 Minimum Grades ........................................................................................ 64 4.2.3 Minor Road Grades at Intersections .......................................................... 64

4.3 Vertical Curves ........................................................................................................... 65 4.3.1 Crest Vertical Curves .................................................................................. 65 4.3.2 Sag Vertical Curves ..................................................................................... 65 4.3.3 Crest Vertical Curve Design ........................................................................ 67 4.3.4 Sag Vertical Curve Design ........................................................................... 69 4.3.5 Minimum Length of Vertical Curves ........................................................... 72 4.3.6 Maximum Grade Change without a Vertical Curve .................................... 72

4.4 Vertical Clearances ..................................................................................................... 73 4.5 Special Considerations ............................................................................................... 76

5 General Considerations ............................................................................................... 79 5.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 79 5.2 Harmonizing the Horizontal Alignment ..................................................................... 80 5.3 Harmonizing the Vertical Alignment .......................................................................... 81 5.4 Phasing of Horizontal and Vertical Alignments ......................................................... 82 5.5 Alignment Coordination in Design ............................................................................. 83

6 Cross Section Elements ............................................................................................... 89 6.1 General Considerations.............................................................................................. 89

6.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 89 6.1.2 Design Principles ......................................................................................... 90 6.1.3 Road Network Objectives ........................................................................... 91 6.1.4 Departures .................................................................................................. 93

6.2 Design Requirements ................................................................................................. 93 6.2.1 Travel Lanes ................................................................................................ 94 6.2.2 Shoulders .................................................................................................... 95 6.2.3 Hard Strips .................................................................................................. 97 6.2.4 Auxiliary Lanes ............................................................................................ 97 6.2.5 Medians ...................................................................................................... 98



6.2.6 Service Roads ........................................................................................... 101 6.2.7 Frontage Roads ........................................................................................ 102 6.2.8 Parking Bays and Lanes ............................................................................ 103 6.2.9 Parallel Roadside Parking ......................................................................... 105 6.2.10 Angled Roadside Parking .......................................................................... 105 6.2.11 Off Street Parking ..................................................................................... 106 6.2.12 Curbs ........................................................................................................ 108 6.2.13 Road Restraint System ............................................................................. 112 6.2.14 Side Slopes ............................................................................................... 112 6.2.15 Clearances ................................................................................................ 113 6.2.16 Fencing ..................................................................................................... 114 6.2.17 Roadside Elements and Verges ................................................................ 114 6.2.18 Pedestrian Facilities.................................................................................. 115 6.2.19 Bike Facilities ............................................................................................ 116 6.2.20 Utilities ..................................................................................................... 116 6.2.21 Right-of-Way ............................................................................................ 116 6.2.22 Typical Cross Sections .............................................................................. 116

7 Integrated Road and Landscape Design ..................................................................... 157 7.1 Integrated Road Design Principles ........................................................................... 158 7.2 Road Siting and Alignment ...................................................................................... 158

7.2.1 Earthworks ............................................................................................... 158 7.2.2 Retaining Walls ......................................................................................... 159 7.2.3 Rock Cut ................................................................................................... 159 7.2.4 Interchanges and Roundabouts ............................................................... 160 7.2.5 Gateways .................................................................................................. 160 7.2.6 Special Areas ............................................................................................ 161

7.3 Structures ................................................................................................................ 161 7.3.1 Bridges ...................................................................................................... 161 7.3.2 Pedestrian Bridges ................................................................................... 162 7.3.3 Tunnels ..................................................................................................... 163 7.3.4 Pedestrian Underpasses ........................................................................... 163

7.4 Fences and Walls ..................................................................................................... 164 7.5 Water Management/ and Conservation ................................................................. 164

7.5.1 Detention Systems ................................................................................... 165 7.5.2 Infiltration Systems .................................................................................. 165

7.6 Landscape and Utilities ............................................................................................ 166 7.7 Sustainable Landscape Design ................................................................................. 166

7.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 166 7.7.2 Urban Street and Landscape Assessment and Planning .......................... 167 7.7.3 Soils .......................................................................................................... 167 7.7.4 Water Conservation ................................................................................. 168 7.7.5 Plant Species ............................................................................................ 168 7.7.6 Materials .................................................................................................. 168



7.7.7 Landscape Maintenance and Management ............................................. 169

8 Other Elements Affecting Design ............................................................................... 171 8.1 Erosion Control ........................................................................................................ 171 8.2 Rest Areas ................................................................................................................ 171

8.2.1 Spacing of Rest Areas ............................................................................... 171 8.2.2 Site Selection ............................................................................................ 171 8.2.3 Rest Area Design ....................................................................................... 172

8.3 Traffic Control Devices ............................................................................................. 178 8.3.1 Signing and Marking ................................................................................. 178 8.3.2 Traffic Signals ............................................................................................ 179

8.4 Noise Barriers ........................................................................................................... 179 8.4.1 Placement ................................................................................................. 179

8.5 Fencing ..................................................................................................................... 180 8.6 Sand Abatement in Dune Areas ............................................................................... 180

References ......................................................................................................................... 183



Part 4: Intersections and Roundabouts


1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Intersection Type Selection Criteria ............................................................................ 1 1.3 Intersection Objectives ................................................................................................ 2

2 Intersection Types and Their Applicability .................................................................... 3 2.1 Types Related to Functional Classification .................................................................. 3 2.2 Traffic Flow and Capacity ............................................................................................. 4

3 Intersection Selection ................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Operational Quality ..................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Safety Performance ..................................................................................................... 8 3.3 Spatial Efficiency and Lifecycle Cost ............................................................................ 8 3.4 Decision-making in Intersection Type Selection .......................................................... 8

3.4.1 Rural Intersections ....................................................................................... 9 3.4.2 Urban Major Road Intersections .................................................................. 9 3.4.3 Urban Local Road Intersections ................................................................. 10

3.5 Route Designation ..................................................................................................... 10 3.6 Traffic Flows and Capacity ......................................................................................... 10 3.7 Local Conditions ......................................................................................................... 10 3.8 Overview of Operational and Design Trade-offs ....................................................... 10 3.9 Designation of Priority Intersections ......................................................................... 11

3.9.1 Needs for Traffic Signal-Controlled Intersections ...................................... 12 3.10 Data and Analysis for Intersections ........................................................................... 13

4 Roundabout Type Selection ........................................................................................ 15 4.1 Route Designation ..................................................................................................... 15 4.2 Traffic Flows and Capacity ......................................................................................... 15 4.3 Data and Analysis for Roundabouts .......................................................................... 16

5 High-volume At-grade Intersection Types ................................................................... 19 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 19 5.2 Indirect Left-turn Intersections ................................................................................. 19 5.3 “Superstreet” Intersections ....................................................................................... 21 5.4 Continuous-flow Intersections .................................................................................. 21 5.5 Arterial-to-arterial Grade Separations....................................................................... 22

References .......................................................................................................................... 23



Part 5: Qatar Roadway Design Criteria

Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................. v

1 Urban Roadway Design .................................................................................................1 1.1 Design Criteria for Urban Expressways ........................................................................ 2

1.1.1 Network Connections ................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Design Vehicle .............................................................................................. 2 1.1.3 Decision Sight Distance ................................................................................ 4 1.1.4 Cross Slope and Superelevation ................................................................... 4 1.1.5 Lateral Offset and Horizontal Clearance ...................................................... 4 1.1.6 Median Width ............................................................................................... 4 1.1.7 Parking, Sidewalks, and Bike Paths............................................................... 4 1.1.8 Interchanges with Arterials and Rural Freeways .......................................... 5 1.1.9 Collector-Distributor Roads .......................................................................... 5 1.1.10 Vertical Clearances ....................................................................................... 5 1.1.11 Right-of-Way Widths .................................................................................... 5

1.2 Design Criteria for Arterials, Collector Distributor Roads and Boulevards .................. 5 1.2.1 Network Connections ................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Design Vehicle .............................................................................................. 8 1.2.3 Cross Slope and Superelevation ................................................................... 8 1.2.4 Curbs ............................................................................................................. 8 1.2.5 Lateral Offset and Horizontal Clearance ...................................................... 8 1.2.6 Median Width ............................................................................................... 9 1.2.7 On-street Parking ......................................................................................... 9 1.2.8 Bike Paths ..................................................................................................... 9 1.2.9 Sidewalks ...................................................................................................... 9 1.2.10 Intersection Design ....................................................................................... 9 1.2.11 Service Roads .............................................................................................. 10 1.2.12 Interchanges ............................................................................................... 10 1.2.13 Vertical Clearances ..................................................................................... 10 1.2.14 Right-of-Way Widths .................................................................................. 10

1.3 Design Criteria for Collectors ..................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Network Connections ................................................................................. 13 1.3.2 Design Vehicle ............................................................................................ 13 1.3.3 Cross Slope and Superelevation ................................................................. 13 1.3.4 Median Width ............................................................................................. 13 1.3.5 Curbs ........................................................................................................... 13 1.3.6 Lateral Offset and Horizontal Clearance .................................................... 14 1.3.7 On-street Parking ....................................................................................... 14 1.3.8 Bike Paths ................................................................................................... 14 1.3.9 Sidewalks .................................................................................................... 14 1.3.10 Intersection Design ..................................................................................... 15 1.3.11 Vertical Clearances ..................................................................................... 15



1.3.12 Right-of-Way Widths .................................................................................. 15 1.4 Design Criteria for Local and Service Roads .............................................................. 15

1.4.1 Network Connections ................................................................................. 16 1.4.2 Design Vehicle ............................................................................................ 16 1.4.3 Cross Slope and Superelevation ................................................................. 16 1.4.4 Curbs .......................................................................................................... 17 1.4.5 Lateral Offset and Horizontal Clearances ................................................... 17 1.4.6 On-street Parking ....................................................................................... 17 1.4.7 Bike Paths ................................................................................................... 17 1.4.8 Sidewalks .................................................................................................... 17 1.4.9 Intersection Design .................................................................................... 17 1.4.10 Driveways ................................................................................................... 18 1.4.11 Cul-de-Sacs and Turnarounds .................................................................... 20 1.4.12 Vertical Clearances ..................................................................................... 20 1.4.13 Right-of-Way Widths .................................................................................. 20

2 Rural Roadway Design Criteria .................................................................................... 23 2.1 Design Criteria for Rural Freeways ............................................................................ 24

2.1.1 Network Connections ................................................................................. 24 2.1.2 Design Vehicle ............................................................................................ 24 2.1.3 Horizontal Alignment and Vertical Profile.................................................. 24 2.1.4 Decision Sight Distance .............................................................................. 24 2.1.5 Cross Slope and Superelevation ................................................................. 26 2.1.6 Median Width ............................................................................................ 26 2.1.7 Curbs .......................................................................................................... 26 2.1.8 Roadside Slopes and Clear Zones ............................................................... 26 2.1.9 Interchanges ............................................................................................... 27 2.1.10 Vertical Clearances ..................................................................................... 27 2.1.11 Right-of-Way Widths .................................................................................. 27

2.2 Design Criteria for Rural Arterials .............................................................................. 27 2.2.1 Network Connections ................................................................................. 27 2.2.2 Design Vehicle ............................................................................................ 29 2.2.3 Horizontal Alignment and Vertical Profile.................................................. 29 2.2.4 Decision Sight Distance .............................................................................. 29 2.2.5 Passing Sight Distance ................................................................................ 29 2.2.6 Cross Slope and Superelevation ................................................................. 29 2.2.7 Median Width ............................................................................................ 29 2.2.8 Curbs .......................................................................................................... 30 2.2.9 Roadside Slopes and Clear Zone ................................................................ 30 2.2.10 Interchanges ............................................................................................... 30 2.2.11 Vertical Clearances ..................................................................................... 30 2.2.12 Intersection Design .................................................................................... 30 2.2.13 Right-of-Way Widths .................................................................................. 31

2.3 Design Criteria for Rural Collectors ........................................................................... 31



2.3.1 Network Connections ................................................................................. 31 2.3.2 Design Vehicle ............................................................................................ 31 2.3.3 Horizontal Alignment and Vertical Profile .................................................. 31 2.3.4 Passing Sight Distance ................................................................................ 33 2.3.5 Cross Slope and Superelevation ................................................................. 33 2.3.6 Median Width ............................................................................................. 33 2.3.7 Curbs ........................................................................................................... 33 2.3.8 Roadside Slopes and Clear Zone ................................................................. 34 2.3.9 Vertical Clearances ..................................................................................... 34 2.3.10 Intersection Design ..................................................................................... 34 2.3.11 Right-of-Way Widths .................................................................................. 34

2.4 Design Criteria for Rural Local Roads ......................................................................... 34 2.4.1 Network Connections ................................................................................. 34 2.4.2 Design Vehicle ............................................................................................ 36 2.4.3 Horizontal Alignment and Vertical Profile .................................................. 36 2.4.4 Cross Slope and Superelevation ................................................................. 36 2.4.5 Curbs ........................................................................................................... 36 2.4.6 Roadside Slopes and Clear Zone ................................................................. 36 2.4.7 Vertical Clearances ..................................................................................... 36 2.4.8 Intersection Design ..................................................................................... 36 2.4.9 Right-of-Way Widths .................................................................................. 36

References ........................................................................................................................... 37



Part 6: Design for Priority Intersections

Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................... vii

1 General Design Controls ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Definition ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Application of Priority Intersections to the Qatar Road Network ............................... 2 1.3 Basic Types of Priority Intersections ............................................................................ 2 1.4 Design of Priority Intersections ................................................................................... 3 1.5 Priority Intersection Design Procedure ....................................................................... 4 1.6 Choice of Simple or Channelized Left-turn Priority Intersection ................................. 6

2 Priority Intersections for Two-lane Major Collectors and Local Access ............................ 7 2.1 Two-lane Road Simple T-intersection .......................................................................... 7 2.2 Channelized Left-turn Lanes for T-intersections on Two-lane Roads .......................... 8 2.3 Guidelines for Designing Priority T-intersections with Left-turn Lanes....................... 9 2.4 Guidelines for the Operational Viability of Priority T-intersections .......................... 11 2.5 Crossroads (Four-leg) Intersections ........................................................................... 14

2.5.1 Crossroads on High-speed Rural Roads ..................................................... 14 2.5.2 Crossroads on Lower-speed Urban Roads ................................................. 15

2.6 Staggered T-intersections .......................................................................................... 15 2.6.1 Design and Operation of Left/Right Stagger .............................................. 16 2.6.2 Design and Operation of Right/Left Stagger .............................................. 17 2.6.3 Safety Effects of Staggered T-intersections ............................................... 17

2.7 Reconstruction of Priority Intersections .................................................................... 17

3 Priority Intersections for Multi-lane Arterials and Collector Roads ............................... 19 3.1 Priority Intersection with Two-lane Minor Road ....................................................... 19 3.2 Priority Intersections between Two Multi-lane Roads .............................................. 20

3.2.1 Minor Road Approach ................................................................................ 20 3.2.2 Diverge Approach from Major Road .......................................................... 20

3.3 System Considerations in Multi-lane Priority Intersection Planning and Design ...... 22 3.4 Unsignalized Median U-turns .................................................................................... 22 3.5 Accommodating Pedestrians at Multi-lane Priority Intersections ............................ 23

4 Design Controls for Priority Intersections .................................................................... 25 4.1 Design Speed ............................................................................................................. 25 4.2 Design Vehicles .......................................................................................................... 25 4.3 Design Level of Service .............................................................................................. 27

4.3.1 Level of Service Definitions for Priority Intersections ................................ 27 4.3.2 Level of Service Analysis and Intersection Type Selection ......................... 27

4.4 Locating Priority Intersections ................................................................................... 28 4.4.1 Major Road Alignment ............................................................................... 28 4.4.2 Minor Road Alignment ............................................................................... 29 4.4.3 Skewed Crossroads .................................................................................... 31



4.4.4 Y-intersections ............................................................................................ 31 4.5 Vertical Alignment ..................................................................................................... 33 4.6 Spacing of Intersections ............................................................................................. 34 4.7 Visibility ...................................................................................................................... 34

5 Geometric Design Details for Priority Intersections ...................................................... 39 5.1 Road Widths ............................................................................................................... 39 5.2 Corner Radii ............................................................................................................... 39

5.2.1 Simple T-intersection Corner Radii ............................................................. 39 5.2.2 Corner Radii for Channelized Right Turns .................................................. 41

5.3 Auxiliary Lanes ........................................................................................................... 42 5.3.1 Right-turn Diverge Auxiliary Lanes ............................................................. 42 5.3.2 Guidelines for Application of Right-turn Diverge Auxiliary Lanes .............. 43 5.3.3 Merging Auxiliary Lanes ............................................................................. 46 5.3.4 Guidelines for Application of merging Auxiliary lanes ............................... 47 5.3.5 Through-lane Continuity and Right-turn Lanes .......................................... 48 5.3.6 Guidelines for Application of Left-turn Auxiliary Lanes .............................. 48 5.3.7 Channelized Major Road Left-turn lanes .................................................... 48 5.3.8 Components of Auxiliary and Left-turn Lane Lengths ................................ 50

5.4 Turning Roadways ...................................................................................................... 53 5.4.1 Turning Roadway Width ............................................................................. 53 5.4.2 Turning Roadway Nose ............................................................................... 54 5.4.3 Sight Distance through Turning Roadways ................................................. 55

5.5 Islands and Channelization ........................................................................................ 55 5.5.1 Principles .................................................................................................... 55 5.5.2 Functions .................................................................................................... 56 5.5.3 Raised vs. Flush Island Types ...................................................................... 56 5.5.4 Design of Islands ......................................................................................... 57

5.6 Pedestrians and Cyclists ............................................................................................. 63 5.6.1 Channelization for Pedestrians and Cyclists ............................................... 63

5.7 Pavement Markings ................................................................................................... 64 5.8 Traffic Control Devices ............................................................................................... 64 5.9 Intersection Lighting .................................................................................................. 65 5.10 U-turns ....................................................................................................................... 65

5.10.1 Safety at U-Turns ........................................................................................ 66 5.10.2 U-Turn Elements ......................................................................................... 66

5.11 Alignment of Intersection at Service Road Termination............................................ 69 5.11.1 Service Road Diverge/Merge ...................................................................... 69 5.11.2 Local Grade Separation .............................................................................. 72

5.12 Corner Islands ............................................................................................................ 74 5.12.1 Corner Islands at Turning Roadways .......................................................... 74 5.12.2 Corner Island for Direct Entry with No Auxiliary Lane ................................ 74

5.13 Median Openings ....................................................................................................... 75 5.14 Intersection Sight Distance ........................................................................................ 75



6 Other Design Elements ............................................................................................... 77 6.1 Driveways and Major Private Entrances .................................................................... 77

6.1.1 Location and Classification ......................................................................... 77 6.1.2 Visibility at Driveways and Private Entrances ............................................ 77

6.2 Priority Intersections in Residential Areas ................................................................. 77 6.2.1 Typical Configurations ................................................................................ 77 6.2.2 Older Residential Areas .............................................................................. 79 6.2.3 Corner Plots at Priority Intersections ......................................................... 80

6.3 Pedestrian and Bike Facilities .................................................................................... 81 6.3.1 Pedestrian Facilities.................................................................................... 81 6.3.2 Wheelchair Ramps and Mobility Impaired Users ....................................... 82 6.3.3 Bike Facilities .............................................................................................. 82

6.4 Landscape .................................................................................................................. 83 6.5 Rail Consideration ...................................................................................................... 83

6.5.1 Grade Separation ....................................................................................... 83 6.5.2 At-grade Crossings...................................................................................... 84 6.5.3 Horizontal Alignment ................................................................................. 85 6.5.4 Vertical Alignment ...................................................................................... 85

References .......................................................................................................................... 87



Part 7: Design for Roundabouts


1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Definitions and Principles ............................................................................................ 1

1.1.1 General ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Design Principles ........................................................................................... 1 1.1.3 Roundabout Key Dimensions ....................................................................... 1

1.2 Roundabout Categories ............................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 General ......................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Mini-roundabouts......................................................................................... 4 1.2.3 Single-lane Roundabouts .............................................................................. 5 1.2.4 Two-lane Roundabouts ................................................................................ 5 1.2.5 Grade-separated Roundabouts .................................................................... 6 1.2.6 Signalized Roundabouts ............................................................................... 7

1.3 Road Space Allocation and Lane Management ........................................................... 8 1.3.1 Public Transport ........................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Cyclists .......................................................................................................... 9

2 Operational Analysis ................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Traffic Operation ........................................................................................................ 11

2.1.1 Effect of Geometric Elements .................................................................... 11 2.1.2 Definition of Roundabout Capacity ............................................................ 11

2.2 Traffic Data ................................................................................................................. 12 2.3 Capacity and Performance Analysis ........................................................................... 12

2.3.1 Capacity ...................................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Performance Analysis ................................................................................. 12

2.4 Safety Considerations ................................................................................................ 13 2.4.1 General ....................................................................................................... 13 2.4.2 Curbs ........................................................................................................... 15 2.4.3 Two-wheeled Vehicles ................................................................................ 15 2.4.4 Large Vehicles ............................................................................................. 15

3 Geometric Design ....................................................................................................... 17 3.1 General Considerations.............................................................................................. 17

3.1.1 Design Objectives ....................................................................................... 17 3.1.2 Location of Roundabouts ........................................................................... 17 3.1.3 Design Vehicle ............................................................................................ 18

3.2 Key Design Elements .................................................................................................. 18 3.2.1 Inscribed Circle Diameter ........................................................................... 18 3.2.2 Circulatory Roadway ................................................................................... 20 3.2.3 Central Island .............................................................................................. 20 3.2.4 Splitter Islands ............................................................................................ 20



3.2.5 Alignment of Entry Lanes ........................................................................... 21 3.2.6 Entry Curb Radius, r .................................................................................... 22 3.2.7 Approach Half Width (v) ............................................................................. 23 3.2.8 Entry Width, e ............................................................................................ 23 3.2.9 Average Effective Flare Length, l’ ............................................................... 23 3.2.10 Entry Angle, ϕ ............................................................................................. 24 3.2.11 Entry Path Radius ....................................................................................... 26 3.2.12 Exit Width ................................................................................................... 31 3.2.13 Exit Curb Radius.......................................................................................... 31 3.2.14 Right-turn Bypass Lanes ............................................................................. 32 3.2.15 Approach Layout at Right-turn Bypass Lanes............................................. 36 3.2.16 Exit Layout on Right-turn Bypass Lanes ..................................................... 39 3.2.17 Non-physically Separated Right-turn Bypass Lanes ................................... 40 3.2.18 Buses and Right-turn Lanes ........................................................................ 40

3.3 Sight Distance ............................................................................................................ 40 3.3.1 Approach Visibility ..................................................................................... 40 3.3.2 Visibility at Roundabouts ........................................................................... 41 3.3.3 Forward Visibility at Entry .......................................................................... 41 3.3.4 Visibility to the Left at Entry ....................................................................... 42 3.3.5 Circulatory Visibility.................................................................................... 44 3.3.6 Pedestrian Crossing Visibility ..................................................................... 45 3.3.7 Visual Intrusions ......................................................................................... 46

3.4 Other Aspects of Design ............................................................................................ 46 3.4.1 Cross Slope and Longitudinal Gradient ...................................................... 46 3.4.2 Curbs .......................................................................................................... 48

3.5 Signing and Marking .................................................................................................. 50 3.5.1 Signing ........................................................................................................ 50 3.5.2 Road Markings ............................................................................................ 50

3.6 Landscaping Recommendations ................................................................................ 50 3.7 Lighting Recommendations ....................................................................................... 51 3.8 Pedestrians and Cyclists ............................................................................................ 52

3.8.1 Principles for Pedestrian Crossings ............................................................ 52 3.8.2 Pedestrian Crossing Locations and Dimensions ......................................... 52 3.8.3 Provision of Facilities by Roadway Functional Classification ..................... 53

References .......................................................................................................................... 55



Part 8: Design for Signalized Intersections


1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 General Design Controls .............................................................................................. 1

1.1.1 Design Principles ........................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 General Design Considerations .................................................................... 2

1.2 Signalized Intersection Design Process ........................................................................ 2 1.2.1 Intersection Sizing and Cycle Length ............................................................ 3 1.2.2 Pedestrians ................................................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Initial Design Efforts ..................................................................................... 3 1.2.4 Arrangement and Operations ...................................................................... 3 1.2.5 Level of Service ............................................................................................. 5

2 Intersection Types ........................................................................................................7 2.1 Intersection Design Plans ............................................................................................. 7

2.1.1 Signalized Crossroads ................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Signalized T-Intersections ............................................................................. 9 2.1.3 Signalized Staggered Intersections ............................................................... 9 2.1.4 Development of Right Turn and Left Turn Deceleration Lanes at

Intersections ............................................................................................... 10

3 Geometric Design ....................................................................................................... 15 3.1 General Controls ........................................................................................................ 15

3.1.1 Considerations ............................................................................................ 15 3.1.2 Design Speed .............................................................................................. 15

3.2 Intersection Visibility ................................................................................................. 15 3.2.1 Visibility on Intersection Approach ............................................................ 15 3.2.2 Intersection Intervisibility Zone .................................................................. 16

3.3 Geometric Parameters ............................................................................................... 19 3.3.1 Corner Radii ................................................................................................ 19 3.3.2 Roadway Widths ......................................................................................... 20 3.3.3 Roadway Widths around Corners ............................................................... 20 3.3.4 Swept Paths Requirements ........................................................................ 20 3.3.5 Simultaneous Left Turns ............................................................................. 23 3.3.6 U-Turns at Intersections ............................................................................. 24 3.3.7. Median U-Turns .......................................................................................... 24

3.4 Lane Configurations ................................................................................................... 26 3.4.1 Signalized Approach Lanes ......................................................................... 26 3.4.2 Storage Lanes ............................................................................................. 27 3.4.3 Lane Continuity ........................................................................................... 27

3.5 Staggered Intersections ............................................................................................. 28 3.5.1 Stagger Distances ....................................................................................... 28



3.5.2 Storage Length ........................................................................................... 29 3.5.3 Left and Right Staggers............................................................................... 30 3.5.4 Right and Left Staggers............................................................................... 30

3.6 Turning Lanes and Islands .......................................................................................... 30 3.6.1 Right-Turn Lanes with Separation Island (Exclusive Right-Turn Lanes) ..... 30 3.6.2 Acceleration Merging Lanes at Right-Turn Lanes....................................... 31 3.6.3 Signal Control on Right-Turn Lanes ............................................................ 33 3.6.4 Left-Turn Lanes ........................................................................................... 33 3.6.5 Channelizing Islands and Pedestrians ........................................................ 35

3.7 Signals ........................................................................................................................ 35 3.7.1 Visibility and Positioning ............................................................................ 35 3.7.2 Signal Head Arrangement .......................................................................... 36

4 Signalized Roundabouts ............................................................................................. 37 4.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 37

4.1.1 Application of Design ................................................................................. 37 4.1.2 Pedestrian Crossing Facilities ..................................................................... 38 4.1.3 Geometric Design Standards ...................................................................... 38 4.1.4 Size ............................................................................................................. 39

4.2 Signal Control ............................................................................................................. 39 4.2.1 Extent of Signal Control .............................................................................. 39 4.2.2 Methods of Signal Control ......................................................................... 40 4.2.3 Duration of Signal Control .......................................................................... 41

4.3 Geometric Modifications ........................................................................................... 42 4.3.1 General ....................................................................................................... 42 4.3.2 External Approach Lane on the Outside .................................................... 42 4.3.3 External Approach Lane on the Inside ....................................................... 43 4.3.4 Internal Approach Lanes ............................................................................ 44

5 Other Design Elements ............................................................................................... 47 5.1 Pedestrians and Cyclists ............................................................................................ 47

5.1.1 General Considerations .............................................................................. 47 5.1.2 Specific Measures for Pedestrians ............................................................. 47 5.1.3 Pedestrian Refuges and Separation Islands ............................................... 48 5.1.4 Use of Tactile Paving .................................................................................. 49 5.1.5 Crossing Places ........................................................................................... 50 5.1.6 Specific Measures for Cyclists .................................................................... 50

5.2 Transit Facilities at Intersections ............................................................................... 51

References .......................................................................................................................... 53

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 53



Part 9: Interchanges and Freeway or Motorway Corridors


1 Qatar Expressway and Freeway System .........................................................................1

2 Principles of Freeway and Expressway Planning and Design ...........................................3 2.1 Background on Principles ............................................................................................. 3 2.2 Maintain Route Continuity........................................................................................... 3 2.3 Maintain Basic Number of Lanes ................................................................................. 4

2.3.1 Establishing Basic Lanes ............................................................................... 4 2.3.2 Application of Auxiliary Lanes ...................................................................... 5

2.4 Provide Lane Balance ................................................................................................... 5 2.5 Provide All Movements in All Directions ..................................................................... 6 2.6 Provide Appropriate Interchange and Ramp Spacing .................................................. 6 2.7 Select Appropriate Interchange Types......................................................................... 8 2.8 Select Appropriate Design Speeds for Ramps.............................................................. 8 2.9 Design Right-hand Exits and Entrances Only ............................................................... 9 2.10 Prefer Single-Exit Designs .......................................................................................... 10 2.11 Provide Decision Sight Distance in Advance of Exits ................................................. 10 2.12 Avoid Designing Weaving Sections ............................................................................ 11 2.13 Develop Designs That Can Be Simply Signed ............................................................. 11

3 General Design Requirements for Interchanges ........................................................... 13 3.1 Elements of Interchanges .......................................................................................... 13

3.1.1 Mainline ...................................................................................................... 13 3.1.2 Ramps ......................................................................................................... 13 3.1.3 Weaving Sections ....................................................................................... 13 3.1.4 Collector-Distributor Roads ........................................................................ 14 3.1.5 Service Roads .............................................................................................. 14 3.1.6 Crossroad .................................................................................................... 15

3.2 Capacity and Level of Service for Freeways and Interchanges1 ................................ 15 3.2.1 Overview of Operations and Level of Service for Freeway and

Expressway Elements ................................................................................. 16 3.2.2 Guidance for Selection of Level of Service Criteria for

Interchange Design ..................................................................................... 16 3.2.3 Improving the Performance of Interchanges ............................................. 21

3.3 Basic Freeway and Interchange Design Criteria......................................................... 22 3.3.1 Mainline Alignment Design ........................................................................ 22 3.3.2 Interchange Types and Functional Classification ....................................... 24 3.3.3 Design Speeds for Service Interchange Ramps .......................................... 24 3.3.4 Design Speeds for System Interchange Ramps .......................................... 26 3.3.5 Design Speeds for Collector-Distributor Roads .......................................... 26 3.3.6 Vertical Relationship of Crossroad to Expressway or Freeway .................. 26 3.3.7 Vertical Clearance ....................................................................................... 27



4 Interchange Types and their Geometric Design ........................................................... 29 4.1 Considerations in Interchange Type Selection .......................................................... 29 4.2 Service Interchange Types ......................................................................................... 31

4.2.1 Diamond Forms .......................................................................................... 32 4.2.2 Other Diamond Forms ................................................................................ 39 4.2.3 Diverging Diamond Interchange ................................................................ 39 4.2.4 Partial Cloverleaf Interchanges .................................................................. 40 4.2.5 Full Cloverleaf Interchanges ....................................................................... 45 4.2.6 Three-Level Service Interchange Forms ..................................................... 46

4.3 System Interchange Types ......................................................................................... 48 4.3.1 Three-Leg System Interchanges ................................................................. 49 4.3.2 Four-Leg System Interchanges ................................................................... 52 4.3.3 Special Design Issues for System Interchanges .......................................... 53

5 Geometric Design Requirements for Interchange Ramps ............................................. 59 5.1 Elements of Ramps .................................................................................................... 59

5.1.1 Diverge ....................................................................................................... 59 5.1.2 Ramp Proper .............................................................................................. 63 5.1.3 Merge ......................................................................................................... 67 5.1.4 Ramp Design for High Volumes and Lane Balance..................................... 70

5.2 Ramp Cross Section Dimensions ................................................................................ 74 5.2.1 One-Lane Ramps—Typical ......................................................................... 74 5.2.2 Two-Lane Ramps—Typical ......................................................................... 75 5.2.3 Loop Ramp and Sharp Radius Lane Widths ................................................ 75

5.3 Crossroad Design Considerations .............................................................................. 76 5.3.1 Access Control and Proximate Intersections.............................................. 76 5.3.2 Entrance Ramp Location and Advance Notice to Drivers .......................... 76 5.3.3 Wrong-way Driving Mitigation ................................................................... 77 5.3.4 Pedestrians ................................................................................................. 78

6 Service Road Interface with Ramps and Crossroad ...................................................... 79

7 Design of Closely Spaced Interchanges and Ramps ...................................................... 81 7.1 Effects of Adding Unplanned New Interchanges to the Existing Network ................ 81 7.2 Operational and Safety Implications of Weaving and Closely

Proximate Ramps ....................................................................................................... 82 7.3 Methods for Evaluation of Operations on Freeways with Closely

Proximate Ramps ....................................................................................................... 82 7.4 Design Solutions to Elimination or Reduction of Weaving ........................................ 84

8 Arterial-to-Arterial Interchanges ................................................................................. 87 8.1 Quadrant Interchanges .............................................................................................. 87 8.2 Innovative Arterial-to-Arterial Interchanges ............................................................. 88

References .......................................................................................................................... 89



Part 10: Drainage


1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 1

1.2.1 Scope of Part 10............................................................................................ 1 1.2.2 Responsibilities ............................................................................................. 1

1.3 Functions of Highway Drainage ................................................................................... 2 1.4 Drainage Design Philosophy ........................................................................................ 2

1.4.1 Minor System ............................................................................................... 3 1.4.2 Major System ................................................................................................ 4

1.5 Climatic and Physical Considerations .......................................................................... 4 1.5.1 Resilience and Urban Creep ......................................................................... 5 1.5.2 Climate Change ............................................................................................. 6

1.6 Policies and Environmental Controls ........................................................................... 6

2 Project Concept Stage ...................................................................................................9 2.1 Design Stage 1 Summary ............................................................................................. 9 2.2 Data Gathering ............................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Catchment Assessment .............................................................................................. 10

2.3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Flood Risk Assessment................................................................................ 11

2.4 Consideration of Geometric Design of Road ............................................................. 14 2.5 Determine Viable Outfalls .......................................................................................... 15 2.6 Consideration of Treated Sewage Effluent ................................................................ 15 2.7 Identify Pollution Control Requirements ................................................................... 15

2.7.1 Background ................................................................................................. 15 2.7.2 Scope .......................................................................................................... 16

2.8 Stakeholder Engagement ........................................................................................... 16 2.9 Option Development and Drainage Strategy ............................................................. 16

3 Preliminary Design Work............................................................................................. 19 3.1 Design Stage 2 Summary ........................................................................................... 19 3.2 Design Criteria ............................................................................................................ 19

3.2.1 Flood Return Periods .................................................................................. 19 3.2.2 Acceptable Highway Flood Standards ........................................................ 20 3.2.3 Gully Spacing .............................................................................................. 21 3.2.4 Pipeline Velocities ...................................................................................... 24 3.2.5 Pipline Materials ......................................................................................... 25

3.3 Hydrological Data ....................................................................................................... 25 3.3.1 Rainfall Characterization ............................................................................ 25 3.3.2 Intensity-Duration-Frequency .................................................................... 26



3.3.3 Hyetographs ............................................................................................... 31 3.3.4 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................. 33 3.3.5 Runoff Curve Number Method .................................................................. 33

3.4 Hydraulic Analysis Processes ..................................................................................... 35 3.4.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 35 3.4.2 Rational Method ........................................................................................ 35 3.4.3 Mathematical Models ................................................................................ 41

3.5 Pollution Control Process .......................................................................................... 42 3.5.1 Method ....................................................................................................... 42

3.6 Sustainable Drainage Systems ................................................................................... 46 3.6.1 Infiltration Guidance .................................................................................. 47 3.6.2 Specification of Suitable Vegetation .......................................................... 48 3.6.3 Pervious Surfaces ....................................................................................... 48 3.6.4 Soakaways .................................................................................................. 51 3.6.5 Swales ......................................................................................................... 54 3.6.6 Filter Trenches and Drains ......................................................................... 57 3.6.7 Bio-retention Areas .................................................................................... 61 3.6.8 Sand Filters ................................................................................................. 64 3.6.9 Basins ......................................................................................................... 69

3.7 Preliminary Design Strategy ...................................................................................... 74 3.8 Review Process .......................................................................................................... 75

4 Detailed Design Work ................................................................................................. 77 4.1 Design Stage 3 Summary ........................................................................................... 77 4.2 Design in Urban Areas ............................................................................................... 78

4.2.1 Urban Catchments ..................................................................................... 78 4.2.2 Drainage of the Roadway ........................................................................... 78 4.2.3 Design of Traditional Drainage Capture Techniques .................................. 79 4.2.4 Drainage of Medians, Pedestrian Paths, and Shoulders ............................ 90 4.2.5 Emergency Flood Areas .............................................................................. 90 4.2.6 Retention of Stormwater ........................................................................... 91

4.3 Design in Rural Areas ................................................................................................. 92 4.3.1 Rural Catchments ....................................................................................... 92 4.3.2 Drainage of the Roadway ........................................................................... 93 4.3.3 Drainage of Medians and Shoulders .......................................................... 93 4.3.4 Natural Surface Drainage ........................................................................... 95

4.4 Intersection Drainage ................................................................................................ 96 4.4.1 Consideration for Drainage at Intersections .............................................. 96 4.4.2 T-Intersections ........................................................................................... 97 4.4.3 Roundabouts .............................................................................................. 98 4.4.4 At-Grade Intersections ............................................................................... 99 4.4.5 Interchanges ............................................................................................... 99 4.4.6 Drainage Design of Highway Tunnels and Underpasses .......................... 100 4.4.7 Highway Tunnels and Underpasses Drainage Monitoring ....................... 100



4.4.8 Storm Attenuation Tanks and Pumping Stations ..................................... 100 4.5 Maintenance Strategies ........................................................................................... 100

4.5.1 Planned Maintenance .............................................................................. 100 4.5.2 Reactive Maintenance .............................................................................. 101

4.6 Subsurface Drainage ................................................................................................ 101 4.6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 101 4.6.2 Groundwater Control ............................................................................... 102 4.6.3 Subsurface Drainage ................................................................................. 102 4.6.4 Subsurface Drainage Methods ................................................................. 103

References ......................................................................................................................... 105



Volume 2

Part 11: Utilities

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ vi

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Key Design Stages and Responsibilities ....................................................................... 1 1.3 Overall Management of Utilities and Utility Corridors ................................................ 2

1.3.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Background Information .............................................................................. 3 1.3.3 Utility Vision Based on Global Best Practices ............................................... 4

1.4 Information Sources .................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Environmental, Health, and Safety .............................................................................. 5

2 Key Reference Documents and Manuals ....................................................................... 7

3 Consultation and Approvals – No Objection Certificates ................................................ 9 3.1 Service Utility Providers Consultation ......................................................................... 9 3.2 Design Phase Stages .................................................................................................... 9

3.2.1 Stage 1: Project Initiation ............................................................................. 9 3.2.2 Stage 2: Concept Design ............................................................................. 10 3.2.3 Stage 3: Preliminary Design........................................................................ 11 3.2.4 Stage 4: Final Design .................................................................................. 11 3.2.5 Stage 5: Construction ................................................................................. 13

3.3 Authorities, Regulatory Bodies, and Stakeholders .................................................... 13 3.4 Conflict Resolution Process ....................................................................................... 13

3.4.1 Consultant’s Role........................................................................................ 13 3.4.2 Service Authority’s Role ............................................................................. 13 3.4.3 Ministry of Municipality and Urban Planning Role as Impartial

Adjudicator ................................................................................................. 13 3.5 Design Standards ....................................................................................................... 15 3.6 Planning Role ............................................................................................................. 15

4 Project Initiation – Data Acquisition ............................................................................ 17 4.1 Data Responsibilities.................................................................................................. 17 4.2 Obtaining Utility Data and Service Drawings ............................................................. 17 4.3 Project Boundaries .................................................................................................... 17 4.4 Validation of Received Asset Data ............................................................................. 18 4.5 Discrepancy Reporting ............................................................................................... 18



5 Concept Design ........................................................................................................... 19 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 19 5.2 Deliverables ............................................................................................................... 19 5.3 Project Definition ....................................................................................................... 20 5.4 New Developments .................................................................................................... 20 5.5 Classification of the Road........................................................................................... 21 5.6 Country-wide Utility Transmission Corridors ............................................................. 21 5.7 General Principles of Providing a Utility Corridor ...................................................... 23 5.8 Establishing Present and Future Utility Requirements .............................................. 23 5.9 Prioritization and Optimization of Utilities ................................................................ 23 5.10 Utility Impact Assessment ......................................................................................... 24 5.11 Basic Utility Corridor Development ........................................................................... 27 5.12 General Utility Corridor Width Considerations .......................................................... 27 5.13 Utility Corridor Design Guidelines ............................................................................. 29 5.14 Road Utility Corridor Placement Considerations ....................................................... 31

5.14.1 Establishing Proposed Road Widths Horizontal Considerations ................ 31 5.14.2 Proposed Vertical Utility Layout Considerations ........................................ 32 5.14.3 Routing of Utility Corridors at intersections and Junctions ....................... 34 5.14.4 Corridor Configuration ............................................................................... 34 5.14.5 Proposed Intersection Utility Layout Considerations ................................. 35

5.15 Dealing with Utility Congestion in Narrow Corridors ................................................ 38 5.15.1 Ministry of Municipality and Urban Planning Standard Highway

and Utility Sections ..................................................................................... 39 5.15.2 Telecommunications .................................................................................. 39 5.15.3 Combined Trenches .................................................................................... 40 5.15.4 Stacking Utilities ......................................................................................... 40 5.15.5 Electrical Utility Corridors ........................................................................... 41 5.15.6 Electrical Duct Bank System ....................................................................... 42 5.15.7 Utility Gallery .............................................................................................. 42 5.15.8 Utility Tunnels ............................................................................................. 45 5.15.9 Deep Sewers and Metro Tunnels ............................................................... 47 5.15.10 Impact on Utility Corridors for Metro Stations and Tunnels ...................... 48

5.16 Street Furniture, Landscaping, and Other Considerations ........................................ 49 5.17 Land Acquisition ......................................................................................................... 51

5.17.1 Easements .................................................................................................. 52 5.18 Buffer Areas ............................................................................................................... 53 5.19 Utilities in Private Developments .............................................................................. 53 5.20 Temporary Construction of Utility Corridors ............................................................. 53 5.21 Operation and Maintenance Considerations ............................................................. 53

6 Preliminary Design ...................................................................................................... 55 6.1 Deliverables ............................................................................................................... 55 6.2 Service Connections ................................................................................................... 55

6.2.1 Existing Service Connections ...................................................................... 55



6.2.2 Future Connections and Empty Plots ......................................................... 55 6.3 Location and Design Considerations for Electrical and Telecom Chambers

and Draw Pits ............................................................................................................. 56

7 Detailed Design Deliverables ...................................................................................... 57

References .......................................................................................................................... 59



Part 12: Pavement Design

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. vi

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Objectives and Basis of Design Procedure ................................................................... 2

1.1.1 Analysis of Traffic Data ................................................................................. 3 1.1.2 Ground Investigation .................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 Additional Factors ......................................................................................... 3 1.1.4 Choice of Materials and Thicknesses to Meet the Predicted

Traffic Load ................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Empirical Design Method ............................................................................................. 4 1.3 Mechanistic-Empirical Design Method ........................................................................ 4 1.4 Difference between the AASHTO Empirical and Mechanistic-Empirical

Design Methods ........................................................................................................... 4

2 Types of Pavement .......................................................................................................7 2.1 Flexible ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Rigid ............................................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Flexible Composite ....................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Concrete Block and Modular Paving ............................................................................ 8

3 Pavement Structure Basics ............................................................................................9 3.1 Introduction to Layered System .................................................................................. 9 3.2 Structural Layers in Flexible Pavements ...................................................................... 9

3.2.1 Wearing Course and Surface Course ............................................................ 9 3.2.2 Intermediate or Binder Course ..................................................................... 9 3.2.3 Base Course .................................................................................................. 9 3.2.4 Subbase ...................................................................................................... 10

3.3 Structural Layers in Rigid Pavements ......................................................................... 10 3.4 Structural Layers in Composite Pavements ............................................................... 10

4 Subgrades ................................................................................................................... 13 4.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 13

4.1.1 Role of Foundation during Construction .................................................... 13 4.1.2 Role of Base and Subbase in Service .......................................................... 13

4.2 Types of Subgrade ...................................................................................................... 14 4.3 Subgrade Strength Determination ............................................................................. 14

4.3.1 Geotechnical Investigation ......................................................................... 14 4.3.2 Subgrade Design Using California Bearing Ratio ........................................ 16

4.4 Parameters and Correlations ..................................................................................... 17 4.5 Drainage of Subgrade ................................................................................................ 19 4.6 Stabilization of Subgrade ........................................................................................... 19 4.7 Improvement of Subgrade ......................................................................................... 19



4.8 Protection of Subgrade .............................................................................................. 20 4.9 Practical Guidelines for Subbase in Pavement Design .............................................. 20

5 Aggregate Bases and Subbases ................................................................................... 23 5.1 Selection of Materials ................................................................................................ 23 5.2 Aggregate Subbase .................................................................................................... 23 5.3 Aggregate Base Course .............................................................................................. 23

6 Stabilized Base Courses .............................................................................................. 25 6.1 Selection of Materials ................................................................................................ 25 6.2 Asphalt Concrete Base Course ................................................................................... 25 6.3 Asphalt Treated Permeable Base .............................................................................. 25 6.4 Cement Treated Base ................................................................................................ 26 6.5 Roller-Compacted Concrete Base .............................................................................. 26

7 Surface Courses .......................................................................................................... 27 7.1 Asphalt Concrete ....................................................................................................... 27

7.1.1 Materials and Mix Design Selection ........................................................... 27 7.1.2 Surface Courses .......................................................................................... 27 7.1.3 Intermediate Courses ................................................................................. 28

7.2 Portland Cement Concrete ........................................................................................ 28

8 Design Elements and Construction Considerations ...................................................... 29 8.1 Design Elements: Failure Mechanisms ...................................................................... 29

8.1.1 Flexible Pavements with Flexible Base ....................................................... 30 8.1.2 Perpetual Pavements with Asphalt Base ................................................... 31 8.1.3 Flexible Pavements with Cement-Bound Base ........................................... 31 8.1.4 Rigid Pavements ......................................................................................... 31

8.2 Design Elements: 1993 AASHTO Guide ..................................................................... 33 8.2.1 Input for the 1993 AASHTO Guide ............................................................. 33 8.2.2 Pavement Performance ............................................................................. 33 8.2.3 Reliability .................................................................................................... 34 8.2.4 Standard Deviation ..................................................................................... 34 8.2.5 Serviceability .............................................................................................. 34 8.2.6 Material Properties: Flexible Design .......................................................... 35 8.2.7 Material Properties: Rigid Design............................................................... 35 8.2.8 Drainage Coefficient ................................................................................... 36 8.2.9 Environmental Conditions .......................................................................... 37 8.2.10 Traffic ......................................................................................................... 37

8.3 Construction Considerations ..................................................................................... 37 8.3.1 Asphalt Concrete ........................................................................................ 37 8.3.2 Continuously Reinforced Concrete ............................................................ 38 8.3.3 Joints in Rigid Pavements ........................................................................... 38 8.3.4 Smoothness of Pavement Surface ............................................................. 39



9 Traffic Analysis ........................................................................................................... 41 9.1 Estimation of Average Annual Daily Traffic ............................................................... 41

9.1.1 Traffic Counts ............................................................................................. 41 9.2 Estimating Equivalent Standard Axle Loads ............................................................... 44

9.2.1 Standard Axle Load ..................................................................................... 46 9.2.2 Axle Load Limits .......................................................................................... 46 9.2.3 Design Life .................................................................................................. 47 9.2.4 Growth Rate ............................................................................................... 47 9.2.5 Directional and Lane Distribution Factors .................................................. 49

9.3 Determination of Cumulative Equivalent Standard Axle Loads ................................. 50

10 Design of New Pavements ........................................................................................... 61 10.1 Flexible Design Process: 1993 AASHTO Guide ........................................................... 61

10.1.1 Example Flexible Pavement Design ............................................................ 63 10.2 Rigid Pavement Design Process: 1993 AASHTO Guide .............................................. 72 10.3 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Method ..................................................... 78

10.3.1 Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Process ...................................... 79 10.3.2 Mechanistic-Empirical Design Method Input Parameters ......................... 79 10.3.3 Traffic Input Parameters ............................................................................. 80 10.3.4 Climate ........................................................................................................ 84 10.3.5 Subgrade ..................................................................................................... 84 10.3.6 Mechanistic-Empirical Design Method Input Parameters for

Flexible Pavement ...................................................................................... 86 10.3.7 Mechanistic-Empirical Design Method Input Parameters for

Rigid Pavement ........................................................................................... 91 10.3.8 Run Analysis and Report ............................................................................. 95

10.4 Ramp and Shoulder Pavements ................................................................................. 95 10.5 Design for Special Pavements .................................................................................... 96 10.6 Selection of Pavement Design Method ..................................................................... 97

11 Design for Rehabilitation of Existing Pavements .......................................................... 99 11.1 Rehabilitation Design Process .................................................................................... 99

11.1.1 Basis of Rehabilitation Design .................................................................. 100 11.1.2 Rehabilitation Design Using the 1993 AASHTO Guide ............................. 101

11.2 Pavement Assessment and Need for Rehabilitation ............................................... 102 11.3 Methods of Rehabilitation ....................................................................................... 103

11.3.1 Bituminous Overlays ................................................................................. 103 11.3.2 Mill and Overlay ....................................................................................... 103 11.3.3 Concrete Overlays .................................................................................... 103 11.3.4 In-Place Recycling ..................................................................................... 104

11.4 Pavement Deterioration Mechanisms ..................................................................... 104 11.5 Pavement Survey and Investigation ........................................................................ 105 11.6 Network-Level Surveys ............................................................................................ 106 11.7 Project-Level Investigation and Assessment ........................................................... 106



11.7.1 Review existing information ..................................................................... 106 11.7.2 Visual Survey ............................................................................................ 106 11.7.3 Coring ....................................................................................................... 107 11.7.4 Test Pits .................................................................................................... 108 11.7.5 Ground-Penetrating Radar ....................................................................... 108 11.7.6 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer ................................................................... 109

11.8 Pavement Strength .................................................................................................. 109 11.8.1 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer ................................................................... 110 11.8.2 Falling Weight Deflectometer .................................................................. 110 11.8.3 Data Handling of FWD Results ................................................................. 111 11.8.4 Interpretation of FWD Data ..................................................................... 111

12 Evaluation of Pavement Alternatives ........................................................................ 113 12.1 Engineering and Design ........................................................................................... 113 12.2 Economic Analysis and Value Engineering .............................................................. 113

12.2.1 Life Cycle Cost .......................................................................................... 113 12.2.2 Value Engineering .................................................................................... 115

13 Sustainable Pavement Practices................................................................................ 117 13.1 Overview .................................................................................................................. 117 13.2 Recycled Aggregates ................................................................................................ 117 13.3 Warm-Mix Asphalt ................................................................................................... 118 13.4 Two-lift Concrete Construction ............................................................................... 118 13.5 Noise Reducing Pavements ..................................................................................... 119 13.6 Porous Pavement ..................................................................................................... 120

References ........................................................................................................................ 121



Part 13: Structures Interfaces

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. iii

1 General ........................................................................................................................1

2 Structure Design and Approval ......................................................................................3 2.1 Qatar Highway Structure Design Manual .................................................................... 3 2.2 Technical Approval of Highways Structures ................................................................ 3 2.3 Structures Requiring Approval in Principle .................................................................. 4 2.4 Submission of Approval in Principle ............................................................................ 4 2.5 Departures from Standard ........................................................................................... 6

3 Structure Interfaces with Highway Design .....................................................................9 3.1 Headroom to Structures .............................................................................................. 9 3.2 Highway Configuration on Bridges .............................................................................. 9 3.3 Highway Configuration in Tunnels and Underpasses ................................................ 10 3.4 Special Consideration for Tunnels ............................................................................. 10 3.5 Clearance to Obstacles .............................................................................................. 11 3.6 Parapets ..................................................................................................................... 11 3.7 Waterproofing of Bridge Decks ................................................................................. 12 3.8 Pavement on Bridges ................................................................................................. 12 3.9 Lighting, Sign, and Gantry Supports ........................................................................... 13

4 Maintenance Requirements ........................................................................................ 15 4.1 Bridge Structures ....................................................................................................... 15

4.1.1 Bearings ...................................................................................................... 16 4.1.2 Expansion Joints ......................................................................................... 16 4.1.3 Access to Edges and Overhangs ................................................................. 17 4.1.4 Access at Bridge Abutments ....................................................................... 17 4.1.5 Access within Bridge Decks ........................................................................ 17 4.1.6 Drainage of Bridge Decks ........................................................................... 18

4.2 Tunnels, Underpass Structures, and Retaining Walls ................................................ 18 4.2.1 Drainage of Tunnels and Underpass Structures ......................................... 18 4.2.2 Associated Drainage Structures ................................................................. 18 4.2.3 Fire Life Safety Equipment.......................................................................... 18

5 Pedestrian Crossings ................................................................................................... 19 5.1 Pedestrian and Bike Bridges ...................................................................................... 19 5.2 Pedestrian and Bike Underpasses .............................................................................. 19

6 Animal Crossings......................................................................................................... 21

References ........................................................................................................................... 23



Part 14: Earthworks


1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Use of Soil and Rock Terms.......................................................................................... 1

2 Planning of Earthworks ................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Sustainable Practices ................................................................................................... 3

2.2.1 Materials Stewardship ................................................................................. 3 2.2.2 Preservation of Topsoil ................................................................................ 3 2.2.3 Use of Nonstandard or Recycled Materials.................................................. 4 2.2.4 Minimization of Erosion ............................................................................... 4

2.3 Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Assessments and Ground Investigation for Earthworks ................................................................................................................... 5

2.4 Consideration of Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures .......................... 6 2.5 Existing Earthworks ..................................................................................................... 7

3 Earthworks Design ....................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Balancing Earthwork Materials Volume ...................................................................... 9 3.2 Potential Effects of Sustainable Drainage ................................................................. 10 3.3 Disposal of Surplus Fill ............................................................................................... 11 3.4 Design of Cuttings ...................................................................................................... 11

3.4.1 Modes of Slope Failure ............................................................................... 11 3.4.2 Cutting Slope Design .................................................................................. 11

3.5 Influence of Construction Procedures on Cutting Slope Stability ............................. 14 3.5.1 Seismic Effects ............................................................................................ 15

3.6 Design of Embankments and Filled Areas ................................................................. 15 3.6.1 Embankment and Fill Slope Design ............................................................ 15 3.6.2 Seismic Effects ............................................................................................ 16

3.7 Embankments over Weak Ground ............................................................................ 16

4 Earthworks Construction ............................................................................................ 17 4.1 Quality Control of Earthworks Materials ................................................................... 17 4.2 Placement of Earthworks Materials .......................................................................... 17

4.2.1 Soils ............................................................................................................ 17 4.2.2 Rocks .......................................................................................................... 18

4.3 Slope Inspections ....................................................................................................... 18 4.3.1 Soil Slopes ................................................................................................... 18 4.3.2 Rock Slopes ................................................................................................. 19

4.4 Minimizing the Effects of Construction Plant Operations ......................................... 19 4.5 Blasting ...................................................................................................................... 19



5 Information on Specific Materials and Issues ............................................................... 21 5.1 Soils and Bedrock Strata ............................................................................................ 21 5.2 Seismic Hazard ........................................................................................................... 21 5.3 Geosynthetics ............................................................................................................ 21 5.4 Prevent the Spread of Plant and Animal Diseases ..................................................... 21

6 Highways in Dune Areas .............................................................................................. 23 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 23 6.2 Dune Formation and Movement ............................................................................... 23 6.3 Design and Construction in Dune Areas .................................................................... 23

6.3.1 Highway Location ....................................................................................... 23 6.3.2 Design Elements ......................................................................................... 23 6.3.3 Design and Construction Considerations ................................................... 25 6.3.4 Dune Stabilization ....................................................................................... 27 6.3.5 Dune Destruction ....................................................................................... 28

References ........................................................................................................................... 29



Part 15: Ground Investigation and Aspects of Geotechnical Design Guide


Nomenclature and Symbols ................................................................................................ viii

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1

2 Qatar General Geology and Geotechnical Hazards ......................................................... 3 2.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Geology of the Region ................................................................................................. 3

2.2.1 Solid Geology ................................................................................................ 4 2.2.2 Superficial Geology ....................................................................................... 8

2.3 Characteristics of Qatar Strata .................................................................................. 11 2.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Aeolian Sands ............................................................................................. 11 2.3.3 Sabkha ........................................................................................................ 12 2.3.4 Marine Sediments ...................................................................................... 13 2.3.5 Continental Sediments ............................................................................... 13 2.3.6 Residual Soils .............................................................................................. 13 2.3.7 Rus Formation Unit 1 (Al Khor Limestone) ................................................. 13 2.3.8 Rus Formation Unit 2 (Undifferentiated Carbonate and

Sulfate Facies) ............................................................................................ 14 2.4 Groundwater Problems in Qatar ............................................................................... 17

3 Preliminary Sources Study .......................................................................................... 19 3.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Scope of Preliminary Sources Study .......................................................................... 19

4 Ground Investigation Planning .................................................................................... 21 4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 21 4.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 21 4.3 Ground Investigations Proposals ............................................................................... 23

4.3.1 Phasing of Ground Investigation ................................................................ 23 4.3.2 Guidelines for Overall Coverage of Exploratory Hole

Spacing and Depth ..................................................................................... 24 4.3.3 Ground Investigation Requirements with Regard to

Contaminated Land .................................................................................... 25 4.4 Soils and Rocks Sampling and Testing to Obtain Engineering Parameters

for Use in Geotechnical Design .................................................................................. 31 4.4.1 General ....................................................................................................... 31 4.4.2 Difficulties in Parameter Determination .................................................... 32 4.4.3 Natural Variability and Variability due to Past Land Use ........................... 35 4.4.4 Sampling and Testing Procedures .............................................................. 35



4.4.5 Interpretation ............................................................................................. 36 4.5 Guidelines for Typically Required Engineering Parameters ....................................... 39 4.6 In Situ Tests for Determining Soils, Groundwater, and Rock Properties and

Engineering Parameters ............................................................................................. 39 4.7 Laboratory Tests for Determining Soil, Groundwater, and Rock Properties and

Engineering Parameters ............................................................................................. 39 4.7.1 Soils and Groundwater ............................................................................... 39 4.7.2 Rock ............................................................................................................ 50

4.8 Monitoring Instrumentation ...................................................................................... 53

5 Ground Investigation Procurement ............................................................................. 55 5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 55 5.2 Procurement of a Ground Investigation Company .................................................... 55

5.2.1 Quality of Ground Investigation Personnel ................................................ 56 5.2.2 Laboratory Quality ...................................................................................... 57

5.3 Ground Investigation Company Performance ........................................................... 58

6 Ground Investigation Specification and Bill of Quantities ............................................. 59 6.1 Specification and Bill of Quantities ............................................................................ 59 6.2 Specification of Ground Investigation of Contaminated Land .................................. 59

7 In Situ Testing and its Interpretation ........................................................................... 63 7.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 63 7.2 Standard Penetration Testing .................................................................................... 63

7.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 63 7.2.2 Influence of Different Practices and Equipment on SPT Results ................ 64 7.2.3 Corrections Applied to SPT Results ............................................................ 66 7.2.4 Engineering Parameters and Direct Design Methods ................................ 67

7.3 Cone Penetration Testing .......................................................................................... 68 7.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 68 7.3.2 Test Methods .............................................................................................. 70 7.3.3 Factors that Can Affect CPT Results ........................................................... 70 7.3.4 Presentation of Results .............................................................................. 71 7.3.5 Soils Characteristics, Engineering Parameters, Direct Design

Methods and Other Applications ............................................................... 73 7.4 Dynamic Cone Penetration Testing ........................................................................... 74

7.4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 74 7.4.2 Description of DCPT Equipment and Operation of Equipment .................. 74 7.4.3 DCPT Application ........................................................................................ 75 7.4.4 DCPT Data Analysis ..................................................................................... 76 7.4.5 Relationship between Penetration Index and Other Geotechnical

Parameters ................................................................................................. 76 7.5 In Situ Density Tests ................................................................................................... 77 7.6 Pressuremeter Tests .................................................................................................. 77

7.6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 77



7.6.2 Test methods .............................................................................................. 79 7.6.3 Factors that can affect pressuremeter test results .................................... 80 7.6.4 Data Processing and Results Presentation ................................................. 80

7.7 Packer Testing (Lugeon)............................................................................................. 82 7.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 82 7.7.2 Test Methods ............................................................................................. 83 7.7.3 Factors that can affect packer test results ................................................. 83

7.8 Falling/Rising/Constant Head Permeability Tests...................................................... 83 7.8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 83 7.8.2 Test methods, data processing and results presentation .......................... 84

7.9 Infiltration testing ...................................................................................................... 84

8 Geophysical Surveys ................................................................................................... 85 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 85 8.2 Planning ..................................................................................................................... 86 8.3 Seismic ....................................................................................................................... 87 8.4 Electrical Resistivity ................................................................................................... 89 8.5 Ground-penetrating Radar ........................................................................................ 89 8.6 Microgravity ............................................................................................................... 90 8.7 Borehole Geophysics ................................................................................................. 90 8.8 Procurement of Geophysical Survey Work ................................................................ 91

9 Ground Investigation Reporting .................................................................................. 93 9.1 Description of Soils and Rocks, Borehole and Trial Pit Records ................................ 93 9.2 Laboratory Test Reporting ......................................................................................... 93 9.3 Electronic Transfer of Geotechnical Data .................................................................. 93

10 Geotechnical Design ................................................................................................... 95 10.1 Interpretative Ground Model .................................................................................... 95 10.2 Selection of Geotechnical Design Parameters ........................................................... 95 10.3 Geotechnical Design .................................................................................................. 97 10.4 Seismic Loading ......................................................................................................... 99 10.5 Ground Improvement ................................................................................................ 99

11 Trenchless Installation of Services below Roads ........................................................ 109 11.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 109 11.2 Trenchless Technology Methods ............................................................................. 109 11.3 Managing Risk Associated with Trenchless Methods .............................................. 109 11.4 Geotechnical Certification ....................................................................................... 112

References ........................................................................................................................ 113

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 129



Part 16: Geotechnical Risk Management

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. iv

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Application of Geotechnical Certification Procedure .................................................. 1

2 The Geotechnical Practitioner .......................................................................................3 2.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 General Role of Geotechnical Practitioners ................................................................. 3 2.3 Geotechnical Practitioners Grades .............................................................................. 5

3 Management of Geotechnical Risk ................................................................................7 3.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Definitions and Abbreviations ..................................................................................... 8

3.2.1 Organizations, Roles, and Responsibilities ................................................... 8 3.2.2 Key Terms ..................................................................................................... 8

3.3 Geotechnical Categories .............................................................................................. 9 3.4 Geotechnical Certification Key Stages ....................................................................... 11 3.5 Geotechnical Certificate ............................................................................................ 16

4 Key Stage 1: Initial Project Review ............................................................................... 17 4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 17 4.2 Initial Project Review ................................................................................................. 17

5 Key Stage 2: Geotechnical Assessment ........................................................................ 19 5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 19 5.2 Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2A: Preliminary Sources Study ............................................... 19 5.3 Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2B: Ground Investigation Proposals ...................................... 20 5.4 Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2C: Ground Investigation ....................................................... 20 5.5 Key Stage 2 Sub-stage 2D: Geotechnical Interpretative Report ................................ 21

6 Key Stage 3: Geotechnical Design ................................................................................ 23 6.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 23 6.2 Geotechnical Design .................................................................................................. 23

7 Key Stage 4: Geotechnical Observations and Feedback ................................................ 25 7.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 25 7.2 Geotechnical Observations and Feedback ................................................................. 25



8 Geotechnical Risk Register and Risk Assessment ......................................................... 27 8.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 27 8.2 Geotechnical Risk Register ........................................................................................ 27

8.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 27 8.2.2 Example Project.......................................................................................... 28

8.3 Risk Assessment ......................................................................................................... 29 8.4 Further Information and Geotechnical Risk Register Template ................................ 31

References .......................................................................................................................... 33



Part 17: Intelligent Transportation Systems


1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Definition of Intelligent Transport Systems ................................................................. 1 1.3 Structure ...................................................................................................................... 1

2 Traffic Detection and Monitoring Systems .....................................................................3 2.1 System Purpose............................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Corridor Detection Systems ......................................................................................... 3 2.3 Point Detection Systems .............................................................................................. 4

2.3.1 Inductive Loops............................................................................................. 4 2.3.2 Microwave Radar Detection Systems ........................................................... 4 2.3.3 Magnetometer Detection Systems .............................................................. 4 2.3.4 Video Image Vehicle Detection Systems ...................................................... 4

2.4 Select Vehicle Detection .............................................................................................. 5 2.5 Design Considerations ................................................................................................. 5

2.5.1 Predesign Planning ....................................................................................... 5 2.5.2 System Requirements ................................................................................... 5 2.5.3 Detector Technology Selection .................................................................... 5 2.5.4 Deployment Guidelines ................................................................................ 6 2.5.5 Enclosure ...................................................................................................... 6 2.5.6 Power Requirements, Availability, and Conditioning ................................... 6 2.5.7 Communications ........................................................................................... 6 2.5.8 Environmental .............................................................................................. 7

3 Closed-Circuit Television Cameras .................................................................................9 3.1 System Purpose............................................................................................................ 9 3.2 Design Considerations ................................................................................................. 9

3.2.1 Predesign Planning ....................................................................................... 9 3.2.2 CCTV Type ..................................................................................................... 9 3.2.3 Camera Mount............................................................................................ 10 3.2.4 Enclosure .................................................................................................... 10 3.2.5 Power Requirements, Availability, and Conditioning ................................. 10 3.2.6 Communications ......................................................................................... 10 3.2.7 Environmental ............................................................................................ 10

3.3 Location Guidelines .................................................................................................... 10

4 Road Weather Information Systems ............................................................................ 13 4.1 System Purpose.......................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Types of Sensors ........................................................................................................ 13 4.3 Design Considerations ............................................................................................... 13

4.3.1 Predesign Planning ..................................................................................... 14



4.3.2 Location and Placement Guidelines ........................................................... 14 4.3.3 Sensor Type and Sensor Mount ................................................................. 14 4.3.4 Enclosure .................................................................................................... 14 4.3.5 Power Requirements, Availability, and Conditioning ................................ 14 4.3.6 Communications ........................................................................................ 15 4.3.7 Environmental ............................................................................................ 15

5 Over-Height and Over-Weight Vehicle Detection Systems ........................................... 17 5.1 System Purpose ......................................................................................................... 17 5.2 Over-Height Detection Systems ................................................................................ 17 5.3 Over-Weight Detection Systems ............................................................................... 17 5.4 Design Considerations ............................................................................................... 18

5.4.1 Predesign Planning ..................................................................................... 18 5.4.2 Enforcement Purpose................................................................................. 18 5.4.3 Enforcement System Location ................................................................... 18 5.4.4 Enforcement System Signals ...................................................................... 19 5.4.5 Enforcement System Sensors ..................................................................... 19 5.4.6 Power Requirements, Availability, and Conditioning ................................ 19 5.4.7 Communications ........................................................................................ 19 5.4.8 Environmental ............................................................................................ 19

6 Dynamic Message Signs .............................................................................................. 21 6.1 System Purpose ......................................................................................................... 21 6.2 Design Considerations ............................................................................................... 21 6.3 Types of Signs ............................................................................................................ 22 6.4 Location Guidelines ................................................................................................... 23

6.4.1 Longitudinal Placement .............................................................................. 23 6.4.2 Lateral and Vertical Placement .................................................................. 24

7 Lane Control Signs ...................................................................................................... 25 7.1 System Purpose ......................................................................................................... 25 7.2 Types of Signs ............................................................................................................ 25 7.3 Location Guidelines ................................................................................................... 26

7.3.1 Spacing between Signs ............................................................................... 26 7.3.2 Vertical Placement ..................................................................................... 27

7.4 Design Considerations ............................................................................................... 27 7.4.1 Predesign Planning ..................................................................................... 27 7.4.2 Longitudinal Placement .............................................................................. 27 7.4.3 Vertical Placement ..................................................................................... 27 7.4.4 Sign Matrix Type ......................................................................................... 27 7.4.5 Structure ..................................................................................................... 27 7.4.6 Enclosure .................................................................................................... 27 7.4.7 Power Requirements, Availability, and Conditioning ................................ 28



7.4.8 Communications ......................................................................................... 28 7.4.9 Environmental ............................................................................................ 28

8 Ramp Metering System ............................................................................................... 29 8.1 System Purpose.......................................................................................................... 29 8.2 Study Requirements ................................................................................................... 30

8.2.1 Data Collection ........................................................................................... 30 8.2.2 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 30 8.2.3 Design of System ........................................................................................ 30

8.3 Design Considerations ............................................................................................... 31 8.3.1 Predesign Planning ..................................................................................... 31 8.3.2 Ramp Meter Study ...................................................................................... 31 8.3.3 Lane Configuration ..................................................................................... 31 8.3.4 Ramp Meter Location ................................................................................. 31 8.3.5 Vehicle Detectors ....................................................................................... 31 8.3.6 Enclosure Placement .................................................................................. 32 8.3.7 Power Requirements, Availability, and Conditioning ................................. 32 8.3.8 Communications ......................................................................................... 32 8.3.9 Environmental ............................................................................................ 32

9 Toll and Payment Collection ........................................................................................ 33 9.1 Background Information ............................................................................................ 33 9.2 Types of Collection ..................................................................................................... 34

9.2.1 Smart Cards ................................................................................................ 34 9.2.2 Transponders .............................................................................................. 34 9.2.3 Cellular Telephones .................................................................................... 34

9.3 Other Considerations ................................................................................................. 34

10 Enforcement Systems ................................................................................................. 35 10.1 System Purpose.......................................................................................................... 35 10.2 Automatic Number Plate Recognition ....................................................................... 35 10.3 Speed Enforcement ................................................................................................... 35

10.3.1 Point Speed Cameras .................................................................................. 36 10.3.2 Average Speed Cameras ............................................................................. 36

10.4 Other Types of Enforcement...................................................................................... 36 10.4.1 Bus Lane Enforcement ................................................................................ 36 10.4.2 Red Light Enforcement ............................................................................... 36 10.4.3 Other Enforcement ..................................................................................... 37

10.5 Mobile Enforcement .................................................................................................. 38

11 Telecommunications Networks ................................................................................... 39 11.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 39 11.2 Design Considerations ............................................................................................... 39



12 Intelligent Transportation Systems in Tunnels ............................................................. 41 12.1 Vehicle Detection Systems in Tunnels ....................................................................... 41 12.2 CCTV Cameras in Tunnels .......................................................................................... 42

References .......................................................................................................................... 43

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 43



Part 18: Street Lighting

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. iv

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Hierarchy of Standards ................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Sustainability ................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 Reference Standards and Documents ......................................................................... 3

2 Environmental ..............................................................................................................5

3 Software Requirements ................................................................................................7 3.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Lighting Photometric Performance Software .............................................................. 7 3.3 Lighting Cabling Network Software ............................................................................. 8

4 Classifications and Design Factors .................................................................................9 4.1 Road Classification ....................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Road Surface Classification .......................................................................................... 9 4.3 Maintenance Factor ................................................................................................... 10 4.4 Luminaire Inclination ................................................................................................. 10

5 Lighting Design ........................................................................................................... 11 5.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 11 5.2 Lighting Level for Various Road Classifications .......................................................... 11 5.3 Roundabouts and Intersections ................................................................................. 11

5.3.1 Roundabouts .............................................................................................. 11 5.3.2 Intersections ............................................................................................... 12 5.3.3 Underbridges .............................................................................................. 13 5.3.4 Underpasses ............................................................................................... 13 5.3.5 Pedestrian Crossings ................................................................................... 13 5.3.6 Tunnels ....................................................................................................... 14 5.3.7 Bike Paths and Pedestrian Walkways ......................................................... 14

5.4 Special Lighting Requirements ................................................................................... 14 5.4.1 Lighting near Overhead Lines ..................................................................... 15 5.4.2 Lighting of Bends in Road ........................................................................... 15 5.4.3 Column Setback .......................................................................................... 16

6 Typical Road Lighting Furniture Configurations ............................................................ 17



7 Standard Lighting Equipment ...................................................................................... 19 7.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 19 7.2 Luminaires/Lamps ..................................................................................................... 19

7.2.1 Luminaires .................................................................................................. 19 7.2.2 High Pressure Sodium ................................................................................ 19 7.2.3 LED .............................................................................................................. 19

7.3 Conventional, Non-High Mast Columns .................................................................... 20 7.4 High Masts ................................................................................................................. 20 7.5 Cables ......................................................................................................................... 20 7.6 Earthing ...................................................................................................................... 21 7.7 Feeder Pillars ............................................................................................................. 21 7.8 Ducts .......................................................................................................................... 21

8 Sign Gantry Lighting ................................................................................................... 23

9 Typical Lighting Layouts .............................................................................................. 25 9.1 Design Drawings Symbols .......................................................................................... 25 9.2 Typical Roundabout Layout ....................................................................................... 26 9.3 Typical Intersection Layout ........................................................................................ 26

References .......................................................................................................................... 29



Part 19: Pedestrian, Bike, and Public Transportation

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................. ix

1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Structure ...................................................................................................................... 1

2 Pedestrian Facilities ......................................................................................................3 2.1 Introduction to Pedestrian Facilities Guidelines and Standards in Qatar .................... 3 2.2 Definitions .................................................................................................................... 4

2.2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 4 2.2.2 Sidewalks ...................................................................................................... 4 2.2.3 Off-Road Pedestrian Paths ........................................................................... 5 2.2.4 Shared-Use Paths ......................................................................................... 5 2.2.5 Segregated Paths .......................................................................................... 6 2.2.6 Integrated Facilities ...................................................................................... 6 2.2.7 Highway Verges and Shoulders .................................................................... 7

2.3 Design Criteria for Pedestrian Paths ............................................................................ 7 2.3.1 Pedestrian Envelopes ................................................................................... 7 2.3.2 Pedestrian Path Width ................................................................................. 7 2.3.3 Cross Slope ................................................................................................... 8 2.3.4 Vertical Clearance ......................................................................................... 9 2.3.5 Gradients ...................................................................................................... 9

2.4 Steps and Ramps .......................................................................................................... 9 2.4.1 Ramps ........................................................................................................... 9 2.4.2 Steps ........................................................................................................... 10 2.4.3 Handrails ..................................................................................................... 11

2.5 Pedestrian Crossing Treatments ................................................................................ 12 2.5.1 General ....................................................................................................... 12 2.5.2 Level of Service ........................................................................................... 14 2.5.3 Dropped Curbs ............................................................................................ 16 2.5.4 Tactile Paving .............................................................................................. 19 2.5.5 Pedestrian Refuge Islands .......................................................................... 24

2.6 Speed Humps and Tables ........................................................................................... 25 2.6.1 General ....................................................................................................... 25 2.6.2 Rumble Strips ............................................................................................. 28 2.6.3 Drainage ..................................................................................................... 28 2.6.4 Separation Strip .......................................................................................... 29 2.6.5 Pedestrian Guardrail ................................................................................... 29

2.7 Pedestrian Crossing Facilities ..................................................................................... 30 2.7.1 Zebra Crossings ........................................................................................... 30 2.7.2 Signal-Controlled Pedestrian Crossing ....................................................... 32 2.7.3 Siting of Crossings ....................................................................................... 33



2.8 Pedestrian Facilities at Intersections ......................................................................... 33 2.9 Grade-Separated Facilities ......................................................................................... 33 2.10 Surface Treatments ................................................................................................... 35 2.11 Pedestrian Path Lighting ............................................................................................ 38

3 Cyclist Facilities .......................................................................................................... 39 3.1 Types of Cyclist Facilities ........................................................................................... 39

3.1.1 On-Road Facilities ....................................................................................... 39 3.1.2 Off-Road Facilities ...................................................................................... 39

3.2 Design Criteria: On-Road Cycle Facilities ................................................................... 40 3.2.1 Level of On-Road Provision ........................................................................ 40 3.2.2 Full Integration ........................................................................................... 40 3.2.3 Partial Integration ...................................................................................... 40 3.2.4 Paved Shoulders ......................................................................................... 41

3.3 Design Criteria—Off-Road Bike Paths ........................................................................ 42 3.3.1 Design Speed .............................................................................................. 42 3.3.2 Visibility ...................................................................................................... 43 3.3.3 Sight Distances on Nonmotorized User Routes ......................................... 43 3.3.4 Eye and Object Heights .............................................................................. 43 3.3.5 Street Furniture and Other Obstructions ................................................... 44 3.3.6 Visibility to and from Nonmotorized User Crossing Points ........................ 44 3.3.7 Visibility Splays at Intersections on Nonmotorized User Routes ............... 44 3.3.8 Horizontal Alignment ................................................................................. 46 3.3.9 Vertical Alignment ...................................................................................... 46 3.3.10 Gradient ..................................................................................................... 46 3.3.11 Cross Section .............................................................................................. 48 3.3.12 Boundary Treatments ................................................................................ 49 3.3.13 Physical Separation .................................................................................... 50 3.3.14 Crossfall ...................................................................................................... 54 3.3.15 Vertical Clearance ...................................................................................... 54 3.3.16 Bike Path Shading and Water Stations ....................................................... 54

3.4 Off-Road Bike Path Intersections ............................................................................... 55 3.4.1 Path-Path Intersections .............................................................................. 55 3.4.2 Path–Road Intersections ............................................................................ 55 3.4.3 Road Intersections ..................................................................................... 56

3.5 Bike Path Terminal Treatments ................................................................................. 56 3.5.1 Path Terminal Treatments ......................................................................... 56 3.5.2 Separate Entry and Exit Treatment ............................................................ 57 3.5.3 Bollards and U-Rails.................................................................................... 58 3.5.4 Staggered Fence Treatment ....................................................................... 61 3.5.5 Offset Path Treatment ............................................................................... 62

3.6 Cycle Provision at Structures ..................................................................................... 63 3.6.1 General ....................................................................................................... 63 3.6.2 Protective Railings ...................................................................................... 64



3.6.3 Cycle Wheeling Ramps ............................................................................... 64 3.7 Cycle Parking .............................................................................................................. 65

3.7.1 High-Security Facilities ............................................................................... 66 3.7.2 Medium-Security Facilities ......................................................................... 66 3.7.3 Low-Security Facilities ................................................................................ 66

4 Public Transport Facilities ........................................................................................... 67 4.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 67

4.1.1 Public Transport Facilities ........................................................................... 67 4.1.2 Requirements ............................................................................................. 68

4.2 Bus Facilities ............................................................................................................... 68 4.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 68 4.2.2 Bus Operator .............................................................................................. 68 4.2.3 Bus Terminal Design ................................................................................... 69 4.2.4 Park-and-Ride-Facilities .............................................................................. 70 4.2.5 Bus Stops .................................................................................................... 70

4.3 Planning Process for Bus Stops .................................................................................. 73 4.4 Introduction to Design Process for Bus Stops ............................................................ 73

4.4.1 Initial Information for Agreeing Project Brief ............................................. 73 4.4.2 Available Drawing Information ................................................................... 73 4.4.3 Utility Information ...................................................................................... 74 4.4.4 Identify Preliminary Bus Stop Locations from Satellite imagery ................ 74 4.4.5 Bus Stop Shelter ......................................................................................... 74 4.4.6 Highway Designs of Bus Stops .................................................................... 74 4.4.7 Design Location of Bus Stops and Bus Shelters .......................................... 74

4.3 Qatar Bus Stop Design Guide ..................................................................................... 75 4.4 Bus Shelter Design ..................................................................................................... 77

References ........................................................................................................................... 79



Part 20: Context Sensitive Design

Acronyms and Abbreviations .............................................................................................. viii

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Qualities and Characteristics of Successful Projects ................................................... 1 1.2 Importance of Context Sensitive Design to Qatar ....................................................... 2 1.3 Coordination with Other Sections of this Manual ....................................................... 2

2 Critical Success Factors for CSD/CSS .............................................................................. 5 2.1 Employ Effective Decision-making .............................................................................. 5 2.2 Reflect Community Values .......................................................................................... 6 2.3 Achieve Environmental Sensitivity .............................................................................. 6 2.4 Provide Safe and Feasible Solutions ............................................................................ 6 2.5 A Collaborative Multi-Disciplinary Approach .............................................................. 7 2.6 The Project Team ......................................................................................................... 7 2.6 Project Management Plans.......................................................................................... 8 2.7 Standards versus Guidelines ........................................................................................ 8 2.8 Departures from Standards ......................................................................................... 8

3 Working with Stakeholders .......................................................................................... 9 3.1 Who Are Stakeholders? ............................................................................................... 9 3.2 Understanding and Identifying Stakeholders ............................................................ 10 3.3 Principles of Stakeholder Engagement ...................................................................... 11 3.4 Understanding the Scope and Objectives of Stakeholder Engagement .................... 11 3.5 When to Engage Stakeholders ................................................................................... 12 3.6 Stakeholder Engagement Plan ................................................................................... 12 3.7 Stakeholder Engagement Techniques ....................................................................... 13

3.7.1 Workshops ................................................................................................. 13 3.7.2 Design Days or Charrettes .......................................................................... 14 3.7.3 Site Visits or Site Audits .............................................................................. 14 3.7.4 Case Study Visits ......................................................................................... 14 3.7.5 One-on-One Meetings ................................................................................ 14 3.7.6 Stakeholder Questionnaires ....................................................................... 15 3.7.7 Websites ..................................................................................................... 15 3.7.8 Visual Presentation Techniques ................................................................. 15

3.8 Community Engagement ........................................................................................... 15 3.8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 15 3.8.2 What is “Community”?............................................................................... 16 3.8.3 Benefits of Community Engagement ......................................................... 16 3.8.4 Principles of Community Engagement ....................................................... 17 3.8.5 Understanding the Local Community ........................................................ 17 3.8.6 Defining the Purpose and Objectives of the Consultation ......................... 17 3.8.7 Identifying the Scope of the Consultation ................................................. 18



3.8.8 When to Engage ......................................................................................... 18 3.8.9 Community Engagement Plan .................................................................... 18 3.8.10 Reporting .................................................................................................... 18 3.8.11 Community Engagement Techniques ......................................................... 19

3.9 Policy, Strategy, and Plan Context ............................................................................. 20 3.9.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 20 3.9.2 Integrating Road and Land Use Plans ......................................................... 21

3.10 Develop the Design Vision and Objectives ................................................................ 21 3.10.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 21

3.11 Understanding the Urban and Landscape Context .................................................... 23 3.11.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 23 3.11.2 Urban and Landscape Appraisal ................................................................. 23 3.11.3 The Value of a Good Road Landscape and Urban Streets .......................... 24

3.12 Urban Context Appraisal ............................................................................................ 24 3.12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 24 3.12.2 Urban Context Appraisal ............................................................................ 24 3.12.3 Character and Local Distinctiveness ........................................................... 25 3.12.4 Land Use Context ........................................................................................ 26 3.12.5 Urban Form, Street Structure, and Layout ................................................. 26 3.12.6 Public Space and Parks ............................................................................... 26 3.12.7 Movement .................................................................................................. 27 3.12.8 Landscape and Ecology ............................................................................... 27 3.12.9 Legibility...................................................................................................... 28 3.12.10 Buildings ..................................................................................................... 28 3.12.11 Community Facilities .................................................................................. 29 3.12.12 Community Safety ...................................................................................... 29

3.13 Landscape Character Appraisal .................................................................................. 29 3.13.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 29 3.13.2 Landscape Character Assessment Process ................................................. 30 3.13.3 Describing the Existing Landscape Character ............................................. 31

3.14 Local Landscape Character Appraisal ........................................................................ 33 3.14.1 Identify the Road Function and its Interaction with the Landscape .......... 33 3.14.2 Undertake the Impact Assessment ............................................................ 33 3.14.3 Develop Mitigation Measures .................................................................... 34 3.14.4 Visual Effects .............................................................................................. 34

3.15 Context Sensitive Solutions........................................................................................ 35 3.15.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 35 3.15.2 Project Stages ............................................................................................. 35 3.15.3 Context Sensitive Solutions ........................................................................ 35

4 Urban Roads ............................................................................................................... 37 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 37 4.2 Approach .................................................................................................................... 37 4.3 Comprehensive Urban Road Design .......................................................................... 37



4.4 Objectives for Urban Roads ....................................................................................... 38 4.4.1 General ....................................................................................................... 38 4.4.2 Safety .......................................................................................................... 39 4.4.3 Land Use Context ....................................................................................... 41 4.4.4 Character .................................................................................................... 41 4.4.5 Link and Place ............................................................................................. 42 4.4.6 Efficient Movement .................................................................................... 43 4.4.7 Sustainability .............................................................................................. 44 4.4.8 Walking, Cycling, and Public Health ........................................................... 45 4.4.9 Activity ........................................................................................................ 46 4.4.10 Legibility and Image ................................................................................... 47 4.4.11 Culture and Heritage .................................................................................. 48

4.5 Urban Road Design .................................................................................................... 49 4.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 49 4.5.2 Urban Context and Road Character ........................................................... 49 4.5.3 Road Function ............................................................................................ 51 4.5.4 Streetscape Zones ...................................................................................... 56 4.5.5 Cyclists Zone ............................................................................................... 58 4.5.6 Edge Zone ................................................................................................... 59 4.5.7 Special Urban Roads ................................................................................... 59

4.6 Pedestrians, Cyclists, and Transit Users .................................................................... 59 4.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 59 4.6.2 Designing for Pedestrians........................................................................... 60 4.6.3 Designing for Cyclists.................................................................................. 62 4.6.4 Designing for Public Transport Users ......................................................... 63

4.7 Urban Road Design Elements .................................................................................... 66 4.7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 66 4.7.2 Priority Intersections .................................................................................. 66

4.8 Roundabouts ............................................................................................................. 67 4.8.1 Signal Controlled Intersections .................................................................. 69 4.8.2 Interchanges ............................................................................................... 70 4.8.3 Curb Extensions .......................................................................................... 72 4.8.4 Medians ...................................................................................................... 73 4.8.5 Traffic Calming............................................................................................ 74

4.9 Streetscape Design .................................................................................................... 77 4.9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 77 4.9.2 Relationship to Buildings ............................................................................ 77 4.9.3 Shade and Climate...................................................................................... 79 4.9.4 Planting in the Street.................................................................................. 80

4.10 Paving and Street Furniture ....................................................................................... 83 4.10.1 Paving Materials ......................................................................................... 83 4.10.2 Street Furniture .......................................................................................... 84 4.10.3 Feature and Landscape Lighting ................................................................. 85



4.10.4 Public Art .................................................................................................... 88 4.10.5 Signage and Wayfinding ............................................................................. 89

5 Rural Roads ................................................................................................................ 93 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 93

5.1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 93 5.1.2 Approach .................................................................................................... 93

5.2 Objectives of Rural Roads .......................................................................................... 93 5.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 93 5.2.2 Safety .......................................................................................................... 94 5.2.3 Policies, Plans, and Strategies .................................................................... 94 5.2.4 Landscape Context ..................................................................................... 94 5.2.5 Walking, Cycling, and Public Health ........................................................... 94 5.2.6 Legibility...................................................................................................... 94 5.2.7 Sustainability .............................................................................................. 94 5.2.8 Culture and Heritage .................................................................................. 94

5.3 Rural Road Design ...................................................................................................... 95 5.3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 95 5.3.2 Earthworks .................................................................................................. 95 5.3.3 Structures ................................................................................................... 95 5.3.4 Priority Junctions, Roundabouts, and Interchanges ................................... 95 5.3.5 Water Management ................................................................................... 95 5.3.6 Planting ....................................................................................................... 95

References ........................................................................................................................... 97



Volume 3

Part 21: Environmental

Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................................................ iv

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Purpose and Timing ..................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Sustainability................................................................................................................ 3

1.3.1 Concepts and Definitions ............................................................................. 3 1.3.2 Sustainability in Qatar Today ....................................................................... 3 1.3.3 Sustainability in the Qatar Highways Design Manual .................................. 4 1.3.4 International Best Practice in Qatar—Key Considerations .......................... 4 1.3.5 Sustainability in Design—Key Generic Themes Applicable .......................... 5

1.4 Structure of Environmental Guidelines in QHDM ....................................................... 7

2 Environmental Legislation – Policy, Permitting, and Process .......................................... 9 2.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Significance .................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Legislation .................................................................................................................... 9

2.3.1 National Legislation .................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 International Conventions.......................................................................... 11

2.4 Guidance .................................................................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Qatar’s Environmental Permitting Procedure ............................................ 13 2.4.2 Demonstrate Integration of Environmental Mitigation Measures ............ 17 2.4.3 Design and Discipline Integration .............................................................. 17 2.4.4 Procurement of Construction Contractors................................................. 17

3 Environmental Management ...................................................................................... 19 3.1 Objective .................................................................................................................... 19 3.2 Significance ................................................................................................................ 19 3.3 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 19 3.4 Guidance .................................................................................................................... 19

3.4.1 Principles .................................................................................................... 20 3.4.2 Required ..................................................................................................... 21 3.4.3 Recommended ........................................................................................... 22 3.4.4 Further Reading .......................................................................................... 24

4 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage.............................................................................. 25 4.1 Objective .................................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Significance ................................................................................................................ 25



4.3 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 25 4.4 Guidance .................................................................................................................... 26


5 Ecology and Biodiversity ............................................................................................. 29 5.1 Objective .................................................................................................................... 29 5.2 Significance ................................................................................................................ 29 5.3 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 30 5.4 Guidance .................................................................................................................... 30


6 Water Quality and Conservation ................................................................................. 35 6.1 Objective .................................................................................................................... 35 6.2 Significance ................................................................................................................ 35

6.2.1 Water Quality ............................................................................................. 35 6.2.2 Water Conservation ................................................................................... 36

6.3 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 37 6.4 Guidance – Water Quality .......................................................................................... 38


6.5 Guidance – Water Conservation ................................................................................ 41 6.5.1 Principles .................................................................................................... 41 6.5.2 Required ..................................................................................................... 41 6.5.3 Recommended ........................................................................................... 42 6.5.4 Further Reading .......................................................................................... 43

7 Air Quality .................................................................................................................. 45 7.1 Objective .................................................................................................................... 45 7.2 Significance ................................................................................................................ 45 7.3 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 46 7.4 Guidance .................................................................................................................... 46

7.4.1 Principles .................................................................................................... 46 7.4.2 Required ..................................................................................................... 47 7.4.3 Recommended ........................................................................................... 48

8 Acoustics, Noise, and Vibration ................................................................................... 49 8.1 Objective .................................................................................................................... 49



8.2 Significance ................................................................................................................ 49 8.3 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 49 8.4 Guidance .................................................................................................................... 50


9 Erosion Control and Contaminated Land ..................................................................... 55 9.1 Objective .................................................................................................................... 55 9.2 Significance ................................................................................................................ 55 9.3 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 55 9.4 Guidance .................................................................................................................... 56


10 Materials and Waste Management ............................................................................. 61 10.1 Objective .................................................................................................................... 61 10.2 Significance ................................................................................................................ 61

10.2.1 Material Resources..................................................................................... 62 10.2.2 Waste ......................................................................................................... 63

10.3 Legislation .................................................................................................................. 63 10.4 Guidance .................................................................................................................... 64


References .......................................................................................................................... 75



Part 22: Landscape and Planting Design


1 Introduction .................................................................................................................5 1.1 What Is Landscaping? .................................................................................................. 5 1.2 Landscaping in the Highway Environment ................................................................... 6 1.3 Existing Landscape Assessment ................................................................................... 6 1.4 Roadside Landscape Design ......................................................................................... 6 1.5 General Criteria for Selection of Trees and Plants ....................................................... 7

1.5.1 Tree Boxes and Planting Requirements ....................................................... 7 1.5.2 Tree Sizes ...................................................................................................... 9 1.5.3 Tree Lawn ................................................................................................... 10 1.5.4 Medians ...................................................................................................... 11 1.5.5 Planting Street Trees .................................................................................. 11

1.6 Guidelines on Tree Location ...................................................................................... 11 1.6.1 Turf Grasses ................................................................................................ 12 1.6.2 Ground Covers ............................................................................................ 12 1.6.3 Ground Cover Plants ................................................................................... 13 1.6.4 Borders ....................................................................................................... 13

1.7 Plant Species and Water Requirements .................................................................... 13 1.8 Irrigation Systems ...................................................................................................... 13 1.9 Bed Preparation for Landscaping ............................................................................... 13 1.10 General ....................................................................................................................... 14 1.11 Landscape and Road Safety Considerations .............................................................. 14 1.12 Sight Distance............................................................................................................. 15

2 General Landscape Design Guidelines .......................................................................... 17 2.1 Landscape Design Objectives ..................................................................................... 17 2.2 Management and Maintenance ................................................................................ 18 2.3 Making Space for Landscape ..................................................................................... 18 2.4 Highway Conditions ................................................................................................... 19 2.5 Plants.......................................................................................................................... 22 2.6 Planting Design Themes ............................................................................................. 26 2.7 Planting Functions ...................................................................................................... 30 2.8 Landscaping Plans ...................................................................................................... 31 2.9 Maintenance of Landscaped Areas ............................................................................ 32

3 Irrigation .................................................................................................................... 35 3.1 Strategy ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.2 Water Availability ....................................................................................................... 35 3.3 Management and Maintenance ................................................................................ 35

References ........................................................................................................................... 37



Part 23: Design and Operation of Road Safety


1 Road Safety Principles .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Basic Principles ............................................................................................................ 1

1.1.1 Safe System .................................................................................................. 1 1.1.2 A Shared Responsibility ................................................................................ 3 1.1.3 Results-Focused Approach ........................................................................... 3 1.1.4 Data-Driven Analysis .................................................................................... 4

1.2 Using Data to Inform Road Safety Policy and Safety Countermeasures Implementation ........................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Crash Data .................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Road Safety Engineering Management Tools .............................................................. 9

2 Speed ........................................................................................................................ 19 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 19

2.1.1 Safe System Approach ................................................................................ 19 2.1.2 Road Characteristics ................................................................................... 22 2.1.3 Design Characteristics ................................................................................ 24 2.1.4 Design Speed .............................................................................................. 25 2.1.5 Actual Speeds (Operating or Travel Speed) ............................................... 25 2.1.6 Self-Explanatory Roads ............................................................................... 25 2.1.7 Posted Speed Acceptance .......................................................................... 25 2.1.8 Road Hierarchy ........................................................................................... 27

3 Setting Posted Speeds ................................................................................................ 33 3.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 33

3.1.1 Roles and Organizational Responsibility .................................................... 34 3.1.2 Speed Limit Working Group ....................................................................... 34 3.1.3 Overseeing Organization ............................................................................ 34 3.1.4 Public Works Authority .............................................................................. 34 3.1.5 Traffic Police ............................................................................................... 35 3.1.6 Accredited Practitioner .............................................................................. 35 3.1.7 Posted Speed Assessment for Existing Roads ............................................ 35 3.1.8 New Roads .................................................................................................. 36 3.1.9 Function versus Use of the Road ................................................................ 36 3.1.10 Existing Roads ............................................................................................. 37 3.1.11 Safety Countermeasures ............................................................................ 39 3.1.12 Posted Speed Review Report ..................................................................... 39 3.1.13 Signing Posted Speeds ................................................................................ 40

4 Traffic Calming ........................................................................................................... 41 4.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 41 4.2 Relationship between Speed and Injury Severity ...................................................... 41



4.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 42 4.4 Benefits and Disadvantages of Traffic Calming.......................................................... 42

4.4.1 Benefits ....................................................................................................... 42 4.4.2 Disadvantages ............................................................................................. 43

4.5 Types of Traffic Calming Measures ............................................................................ 43 4.5.1 Vertical Measures ....................................................................................... 43 4.5.2 Horizontal Measures .................................................................................. 44 4.5.3 Other Measures .......................................................................................... 44

4.6 General Design Criteria .............................................................................................. 44 4.7 Vertical Measures ...................................................................................................... 45

4.7.1 Speed Tables ............................................................................................... 45 4.7.2 Speed Humps .............................................................................................. 45 4.7.3 Rumble Devices .......................................................................................... 46

4.8 Horizontal Measures .................................................................................................. 46 4.8.1 Road Narrowing .......................................................................................... 46 4.8.2 Traffic Splitter Islands/Pedestrian Refuges ................................................ 46 4.8.3 Gateway Entry Treatments (Physical Measures)........................................ 47

4.9 Design Process ........................................................................................................... 48 4.9.1 Process Overview ....................................................................................... 48 4.9.2 Step 1 – Identification of Need for Traffic Calming Measures ................... 48 4.9.3 Step 2 – Data Collection and Analysis ........................................................ 49 4.9.4 Step 3 – Preparation of Preliminary Design ............................................... 50 4.9.5 Step 4 – Consultation ................................................................................. 51 4.9.6 Step 5 – Detailed Design ............................................................................. 52 4.9.7 Step 6 – Construction ................................................................................. 52 4.9.8 Step 7 – Monitoring and Evaluation ........................................................... 52

4.10 School Zones .............................................................................................................. 53 4.10.1 Speed .......................................................................................................... 54 4.10.2 Components ............................................................................................... 54 4.10.3 Process ........................................................................................................ 56

5 Roadside Clear Zones .................................................................................................. 59 5.1 General ....................................................................................................................... 59

5.1.1 New Designs ............................................................................................... 61 5.1.2 Existing Layouts .......................................................................................... 61

5.2 Urban and Low Flow Roads ....................................................................................... 62 5.3 Design Criteria ............................................................................................................ 62

5.3.1 Surface Conditions ...................................................................................... 63 5.3.2 Slopes ......................................................................................................... 64 5.3.3 Drainage Channels ...................................................................................... 65 5.3.4 Obstructions ............................................................................................... 65 5.3.5 Curbs ........................................................................................................... 66 5.3.6 Nonmotorized Users ................................................................................... 66

5.4 Horizontal Curves ....................................................................................................... 66



6 Vehicle Restraint Systems ........................................................................................... 71 6.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 71

6.1.1 Provision of Vehicle Restraint Systems ...................................................... 71 6.1.2 Reduction of Risk Level Posed by a Safety Concern ................................... 71 6.1.3 Clear Zone Concept .................................................................................... 72

6.2 Longitudinal Safety Barriers and Containment Curbs ............................................... 73 6.3 Median Safety Barriers and Containment Curbs ....................................................... 73 6.4 Verge Safety Barriers and Containment Curbs .......................................................... 73

6.4.1 Roadside Conditions ................................................................................... 74 6.4.2 Side Slopes ................................................................................................. 74 6.4.3 Selection of a Verge Safety Barrier or Containment Curb ......................... 76

6.5 Impact Severity Level ................................................................................................. 77 6.6 Deflection Characteristics .......................................................................................... 77 6.7 Safety Barrier Layout ................................................................................................. 77 6.8 Vehicle Parapets ........................................................................................................ 81

6.8.1 Height of Vehicle Parapets ......................................................................... 81 6.8.2 Impact Severity Level ................................................................................. 82 6.8.3 Deflection Characteristics .......................................................................... 82 6.8.4 Addition Vehicle Parapet Considerations .................................................. 82

6.9 End Treatments/Terminals ........................................................................................ 83 6.10 Transitions ................................................................................................................. 85 6.11 Impact Attenuators .................................................................................................... 86 6.12 Additional Vehicle Restraint Systems’ Selection Considerations .............................. 87

References .......................................................................................................................... 89



Part 24: Road Safety Audits


1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Context: The Safe System Approach ............................................................................ 1 1.3 Scope ............................................................................................................................ 2 1.4 What are Road Safety Audits ....................................................................................... 2

2 Road Safety Audit Stages ..............................................................................................5 2.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Stage 1: Concept Design .............................................................................................. 5 2.3 Stage 2: Preliminary Design ......................................................................................... 6 2.4 Stage 3: Detailed Design .............................................................................................. 6 2.5 Stage 2/3: Combined Preliminary and Detailed Design ............................................... 7 2.6 Stage 4: Construction ................................................................................................... 7 2.7 Stage 5: Post-Construction .......................................................................................... 8 2.8 Stage 6: Road Safety Review (Existing Road Network) ................................................ 8 2.9 Other Road Safety Audits ............................................................................................. 9

2.9.1 Interim .......................................................................................................... 9 2.9.2 Thematic ....................................................................................................... 9 2.9.3 Work Zones ................................................................................................. 10

2.10 Exemptions ................................................................................................................ 10

3 Road Safety Audits within Projects .............................................................................. 11 3.1 Types of Projects to be Subjected to Road Safety Audits .......................................... 11 3.2 Hold Points—Through the Design Process ................................................................ 11 3.3 Exemptions ................................................................................................................ 11

4 Road Safety Audit Team .............................................................................................. 13 4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 13 4.2 Composition of the Road Safety Audit Team ............................................................. 13

4.2.1 Road Safety Audit Team Leader ................................................................. 14 4.2.2 Road Safety Audit Team Member .............................................................. 14 4.2.3 Road Safety Audit Team Observer ............................................................. 14 4.2.4 Specialist Advisors ...................................................................................... 14 4.2.5 Local Representative .................................................................................. 14

4.3 Experience .................................................................................................................. 15 4.4 Accreditation .............................................................................................................. 15

5 Road Safety Audit Process ........................................................................................... 17 5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 17 5.2 Step 1: Project Identification ..................................................................................... 17 5.3 Step 2: Selection of Road Safety Audit Team ............................................................ 18



5.4 Step 3: Pre–Road Safety Audit Briefing Material ....................................................... 18 5.5 Step 4: Desktop Study ................................................................................................ 20 5.6 Step 5: Site Visit ......................................................................................................... 20 5.7 Step 6: Road Safety Audit Debrief ............................................................................. 20 5.8 Step 7: Reporting ....................................................................................................... 21 5.9 Step 8: Completion of Decision Tracking Form ......................................................... 21 5.10 Step 9: Audit Closure ................................................................................................. 22

6 Road Safety Audit Management ................................................................................. 23 6.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 23 6.2 Primary Roles and Responsibilities ............................................................................ 23

6.2.1 Overseeing Organization ............................................................................ 23 6.2.2 Design Organization ................................................................................... 23 6.2.3 Road Safety Audit Team ............................................................................. 24

6.3 Management Procedures .......................................................................................... 24 6.3.1 Overview .................................................................................................... 24 6.3.2 Submanagement within Organizations ...................................................... 24

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 25



Part 25: Departures from Standards Process


1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.1 Design Departures ....................................................................................................... 1

1.1.1 What is a Design Departure? ........................................................................ 1 1.1.2 Justification for a Departure ......................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Design Criteria Requiring the Departure Process ......................................... 3 1.1.4 Other Design Parameters ............................................................................. 5 1.1.5 Roadside Barriers and Attenuators .............................................................. 5

2 Design Departure Procedures – Determination and Monitoring .....................................7 2.1 Design Departure – Procedures ................................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Departures Involving Design Criteria ............................................................ 7 2.1.2 Programmatic Departures ............................................................................ 7 2.1.3 Departures during Concept Development or Preliminary Engineering ....... 8 2.1.4 Determine Impacts of Meeting Criteria ....................................................... 8 2.1.5 Perform Transportation Risk Assessment .................................................... 9 2.1.6 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................. 10 2.1.7 Risk Assessment and Recommendations ................................................... 10 2.1.8 Review and Approval of Design Departures ............................................... 11

2.2 Level of Detail Required for Departure Submission .................................................. 12 2.3 Monitoring Performance ........................................................................................... 14 2.4 Departures Tracking Form ......................................................................................... 14 2.5 Determination of a Departure ................................................................................... 14 2.6 Retroactive Departures .............................................................................................. 14

3 Design Departures – Mitigation Strategies ................................................................... 15 3.1 Bike Lane or Shared-use Path .................................................................................... 15 3.2 Design Speed .............................................................................................................. 16 3.3 Lane Width ................................................................................................................. 16 3.4 Shoulder Width .......................................................................................................... 17 3.5 Bridge Width .............................................................................................................. 17 3.6 Horizontal Alignment ................................................................................................. 17 3.7 Superelevation ........................................................................................................... 18 3.8 Vertical Alignment ..................................................................................................... 18 3.9 Grade.......................................................................................................................... 18 3.10 Stopping Sight Distance ............................................................................................. 18 3.11 Cross Slope ................................................................................................................. 18 3.12 Vertical Clearance ...................................................................................................... 19 3.13 Lateral Offset to Obstructions ................................................................................... 19 3.14 Length of Acceleration and Deceleration Lanes on Freeways and Expressways ....... 19 3.15 Structural Capacity ..................................................................................................... 20



3.16 References on the Operational and Safety Effects of Roadway Elements ................ 20

References .......................................................................................................................... 21

Bibliography ........................................................................................................................ 21