MANUAL FOR RICE PEST SURVEILLANCE

MANUAL FOR

RICE PEST SURVEILLANCE

Nat ional In i t ia t ive on Cl imate Resi l ient Agr icu l ture

Implementation : Natural Resources Management Division,ICAR, New Delhi

Project Coordination : Central Research Institute for DrylandAgriculture, Hyderabad

Pest Surveillance Coordination : National Centre for Integrated PestManagement, New Delhi andDirectorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad

NICRA

Contributors

Bentur JS, Jhansi Lakshmi V : Directorate of Rice Research (DRR)Sampathkumar M Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

Ramasubramanian GV, Jayaraj T : Tamil Nadu Rice Research InstituteAduthurai, Tamil Nadu

Sidde Gowda DK : University of Agricultural SciencesMandya, Karnataka

Sanjay Sharma : Directorate of Research, Indira GandhiKrishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur,Chhattisgarh

Sarao PS : Punjab Agricultural UniversityLudhiana, Punjab

Roy SK : Rice Research Station, ChinsuraWest Bengal

Patil AS, Vaishali S : Regional Agriculture Research StationDr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan KrishiVidyapeeth, Karjat, Maharashtra

Rao MS, Prasad YG, Prabhakar M : Central Research Institute for DrylandDesai S Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad

Tanwar RK, Garg DK, Singh Niranjan : National Centre for Integrated PestKanojia AK, Singh SK, Singh SP Management (NCIPM), New Delhi

Sathyakumar S, Mehta NeelamSingh Rajendra, Singh Dharmendra

and Vennila S

Technical Assistance : Ghosh Vishal and Kumari Alpana

Published by : Dr. O.M. Bambawale, DirectorNCIPM, New Delhi

Dr. B. Venkateswaralu, DirectorCRIDA, Hyderabad

Dr. B.C. Viraktamath, DirectorDRR, Hyderabad

CitationNICRA team of rice pest surveillance 2011. Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance. Jointly published byNational Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, Central Research Institute for DrylandAgriculture and Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad. 40 pp.

Printed atM/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi 110 028

NICRA

Foreword

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) launched the National Initiative onClimate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) with three pronged objectives of strategic research,technology demonstrations and capacity building during 2010-11. Assessment of theimpact of climate change simultaneous with formulation of adaptive strategies is themajor focal point across all sectors of agriculture, dairying and fisheries. Evolving climateresilient agricultural technologies that would increase farm production and productivityvis-à-vis continuous management of natural and manmade resources constitute an integralpart of sustaining agriculture in the era of climate change.

Plant protection deserves prime importance in crop production because of the factthat potential yields of crops are limited by pest groups of various categories viz.,insects,diseases, weeds, nematodes and rodents. Since pests are biotic natural resources ofEarth, their interdependent interactions amongst system variables are equally influencedby the factors of climate change. Climatic effects on pests could be direct as well as cropmediated. NICRA recognized the importance of pest risks associated with climate changeand provided a research platform across crops of rice, pigeon pea, groundnut, tomatoand mango during its first phase of implementation under eleventh plan. Assessing thechanging pest scenario, mapping of vulnerable regions of pest risks and to evolvepreventive as well as curative pest management strategies as adaptation towards climaticstress have been emphasized. Among many approaches to study impact of climate changeon pests, the long term trend analysis of their association with climate is important. Mostoften the available historical datasets lack continuity and their holistic retrieval iscumbersome. Availability of information technological tools has made it possible to createcentralized database of desired resources and associated activities with ease, in turnmaking scientific analyses and inferences more meaningful.

In case of studies relating to pest dynamics, it is essential to streamline methods ofsurveillance through carefully designed data recording formats relating to crops, pests,and production and protection practices in addition to weather. Implementation of pestsurveillance across seven different rice growing agro ecologies under NICRA offers perse heterogeneity of climate, upon comparison helps to draw the underlying mechanism ofthe observed pest status. Analyses with weather would further aid in delineating climateeffects on pests. Making pest surveillance operational through provision of pest scoutsand data entry operators make it possible to capture quality data at field level guided byscientific staff.

Production of “Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance” has been a part of systematicattempt to give specific skills to the users to undertake sampling relating to rice pests. Iappreciate the team work of the rice plant protection specialists of the nation, and wishthat the research outcome would be useful for the present and future of rice pestmanagement.

(Dr. A. K. Singh)(Deputy Director General,

Natural Resource Management, ICAR, New Delhi)

Contents

Foreword

1. Introduction 1

2. Surveillance plan and procedures 1

2.1 Nursery surveillance 2

2.1.1 General information for Nursery 22.1.2 Data sheet for nursery insect pests and diseases 2

Yellow stem borer egg mass 3Hispa adults 3Thrips damage 3Blast 4

2.2 Main field surveillance – selection of fixed fields 42.2.1 Experimental/Research station 42.2.2 Fields of farmers 42.2.3 General information for fixed fields 52.2.4 Specific guidelines for observations in fixed fields 5

Plant observationsHills 5Total tillers 6Total leaves 6Panicle bearing tillers 6

Insect pestsStem borer damage (Dead heart & White ear) 7Leaf folder damage 7Thrips damage 8Case worm damaged leaves 8Hispa damaged leaves 8Hispa adults 9Brown plant hopper 9BPH tiller damage 9BPH plant damage 9White backed plant hopper 10Zig-zag leafhopper 10Green leafhopper 10White leafhopper 10Gall midge 11Leaf mite 11Panicle mite 11

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Swarming caterpillar 12Rice horned caterpillar 12Yellow hairy caterpillar 12Stink bug 13Gundhi bug 13Blue beetle 13Black bug 14

Other pests 14

BeneficialsGreen mirid bug 14Rove beetle 15Ground beetle 15Wolf spider 15

DiseasesLeaf blast 16Sheath blight 16Bacterial leaf blight 16Brown spot 17Sheath rot 17Tungro virus 17Bakanae 18False smut 18

Sampling with sweep netsLady bird beetles 19Web spinning spiders 19

Unusual pest eventsRat damage 20Crab damage 20

2.2.5 Additional details to be recorded for fixed fields 20Plant protection sprays 20Fertilizer management 20Weather of the week 20YSB moth catch 21

2.3 Random field survey 212.3.1 Field selection for random survey 212.3.2 Guidelines for pest observations 212.3.3 Recording of species composition of stem borers

Dead heart 22White ear 22Yellow stem borer 22White stem borer 22Pink stem borer 23

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Dark headed borer 23Striped stem borer 23

3. Record of meteorological information 23

4. Observation of insects trapped in light traps 23

4.1 Description of insects caught in light traps 23

Yellow stem borer 23Pink stem borer 24White stem borer 24Dark headed borer 24Gall midge 24Green leafhopper 24BPH 25WBPH 25White leafhopper 25Zig-zag leafhopper 25Leaf folder 25Green mirid bug 26Coccinellids 26Black bug 26Ear head bug 26Swarming caterpillar moth 27

5. General instructions 27

Annexures

I. Schedule for surveillance 28

II. Nursery survey (Proforma 1- Part I) 29

III. Nursery survey (Proforma 1- Part II) 30

IV. General information for fixed fields (Proforma 2) 31

V. Data sheet for pest surveillance (Proforma 3) 32

VI. Meteorological information (Proforma 4) 37

VII. Record of light trap catches at experimental station 38(Proforma 5)

VIII. Scientific names of important rice pests and beneficials 39

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Manual for Rice Pest Surveillance

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1. Introduction

Importance of Indian rice cultivation arises out of its contribution towards foodand livelihood security for millions of consumers and producers. Rice is cultivatedunder dry, wet and semi dry systems covering diverse ecosystems such as irrigated,rainfed, low and upland, hill, shallow lowland, deep water, semi deep water andsaline alkaline etc., spread across many States and Union Territories togethernumbering 25. Rice production in the country fluctuates in relation to weatherduring the crop season. Additionally different categories of pests viz., insects,diseases, weeds, nematodes, rats and crabs cause direct and/or indirect damageat various crop growth stages resulting in reduction of rice yields.

Severity of rice pests is influenced both by crop growth and prevailing weather.In the context of climate change, we expect both the crop in terms of phenologyand physiology and the pests in their occurrence and abundance likely to change.Study of impact of climate change on rice crop-pest interactions requires carefullycollected data on long term basis. While already available historical data couldform an approach for partial study of climate change impacts, formulation andimplementation of a robust research strategy combining the present scenario ofcropping patterns, cultivars, and production and protection practices acrossheterogeneous locations over time would yield improved and holisticunderstanding. “National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)”has given emphasis to study the pest dynamics in relation to climate change. Aplan to study rice pest dynamics in multiple locations over seasons along withother system components including weather was formulated to be implementedthrough surveillance integrating geographical, field, crop, agronomical and pestmanagement practices. During the eleventh plan, seven rice centers (refer map)that represent dominant rice growing climatic zones have been included underNICRA for pest surveillance. Pre requisite for such surveillance is to devise aplan followed by design of data recording formats suiting to the purpose.Theconsultative group meeting of identified rice workers under NICRA finalized thestructure of rice pest surveillance to be carried out in nursery and fields locatedat the research/experimental station of the identified rice growing region, and atvillages in the fields of farmers.

This manual presents the procedures to be followed towards selection of nurseryand main fields of rice at the experimental/research stations, and villages besidesthe methods to be adopted for recording the observation of pests using the datarecording formats finalised.

2. Surveillance plan and procedures

One field at nursery stage and two main fields each at the experimental stationand in ten villages of the region are to be selected for rice pest surveillance.Fixed fields are those fields that once selected in the beginning of the seasonwould be continuously monitored till harvest on weekly basis for pests and diseases

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using the specified data sheet formats. In addition, a random survey coveringeight villages other than the ten selected villages has to be conducted duringeach week. The schedule of surveillance is given as Annexure I.

2.1. Nursery surveillance

One nursery at the experimental station of the identified centre and one at eachof the ten selected villages has to be selected for surveillance. General informationon nursery (one time information), and on nursery insect pests and diseases (oncea week) has to be collected.

2.1.1. General information for nursery

One time collection of general information relating to one selected nursery at theexperimental station and 10 across ten villages has to be done using Proforma1–Part I (Annexure II), which is self explanatory.

2.1.2. Data sheet for nursery insect pests and diseases

Five random spots of one square feet (four in the corners at least 3 feet inside the


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borders and one in the centre) have to be used during the weekly observations ofthe selected nurseries using the Proforma 1-Part II (Annexure III). Theprocedure for observations is as below.

Pest observations in the Nursery (Proforma 1-Part II)

Yellow stem borer egg massDescriptionEgg mass of stem borer is found on the lowerside of leaf blades and the stem, and is buffcoloured. Egg masses vary in size and thenumber of eggs per egg mass also varies.

Procedure for observationThe total number of stem borer egg masseson the seedlings in each spot of one squarefoot should be counted.

Hispa adultsDescriptionThe adult is a small, shiny, bluish black beetlemeasuring about 5.5 mm in length with spinesover the body surface.

Procedure for observationThe total number of Hispa adults found ineach spot of one square meter on the seedlingsshould be counted.

Thrips damageDescriptionYellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves ofyoung seedlings and terminal rolling anddrying of leaves from tip to base are noticedwith presence of nymphs and adults of thrips.

Procedure for observationDamage should be graded only when morethan 1/3rd rolling of leaves is seen onseedlings in the selected spot following thescale of traces, moderate and severe

Hispa adult

Stem borer egg masses andsingle egg mass

Thrips damage in nursery

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Traces: less than 25% of the seedlings showing presence and symptoms of thrips

Moderate: 25-50% of the seedlings showing presence and symptoms of thrips

Severe: more the 50% of the seedlings showing presence and symptoms of thrips

BlastDescriptionSymptoms of blast are seen on leaves assmall grayish spots or as spindle shapedspots with grey centre and brown margins.Drying and death of seedlings occur whennumerous spots occur on leaves.

Procedure for observationDisease should be graded only when morethan 1/3rd infection on of leaves is seen onseedlings in the selected spot following thescale of traces, moderate and severe.

Traces : less than 25% of the seedlingsshowing symptoms of blast

Moderate : 25-50% of the plants showingsymptoms of blast

Severe: more the 50% of the plantsshowing symptoms of blast

2.2. Main field surveillance – selection of fixed fields

2.2.1. Experimental/Research station

Two fixed experimental fields-one unprotected without any plant protectionmeasures (designated as Fixed 1) and the other protected with need based plantprotection practices (designated as Fixed 2) are to be used for weekly observations.Area of fields should be near to one acre or as per standards followed atInternational level.

2.2.2. Fields of farmers

Ten rice growing villages representing the agro-ecology of the identified regionin the same and neighboring district, distributed randomly should be selected. Ineach village, two farmers’ fields (designated as Fixed 1 and Fixed 2) of near toone acre are to be fixed for weekly observations. Assigning fields of farmers asFixed 1 and Fixed 2 should be made at time of field selection and same should bemaintained from the first observation till the end of season. Care should be takento select farmers growing common variety (ies) of the region.

Blast disease in traces


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2.2.3. General information for fixed fields

The geographical, cropping system and agronomical details relating to generalinformation (Proforma 2; Annexure IV) which are self explanatory should becollected once in the beginning of the season from main fields designated asFixed 1 and Fixed 2 (both at experimental station and farmers’ fields).

2.2.4. Specific guidelines for observations in fixed fields

● The recording of observations oninsect pests and diseases should beinitiated in main field from 20 daysafter transplanting (DAT).

● Fill in the details on field, field number( Fixed 1 and Fixed 2), district, taluka,name of the village, date ofobservation, stage of crop and crophealth in the Page 1 of Proforma 3(Annexure V).

● For stage of the crop, tick mark appropriate stage at the time of surveillancei.e.tillering or panicle initiation or flowering or grain maturity.

● For crop health, tick mark appropriate term as to excellent or good or poorbased on the status of crop stand in the field relating to crop growth anddevelopment.

● In each field select five spots randomly as shown in the figure (four in thecorners, at least 5 feet inside the borders and one in the centre). At each spotselect four random hills for recording observations. Thus a total of 20 hills /field would be sampled.

● Observations relating to plant details, insect pests, beneficials and diseasesshould be recorded against each of the selected 20 hills from the five spotsin page 3 to page 4 of Proforma 3 with due care. The spot and plantselections can be at random during each time of field visit.

Plant observations

HillsDescriptionBunch of tillers emerging from mother shoot (tiller) can be referred as a plant ora hill.

Procedure for observationHaving selected the spot inside the field random selection of a hill has to bemade for observations on number of tillers and leaves besides observations oninsect pests and diseases.

Selection of 5 spots for observationin a field

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Total tillersDescriptionTiller is a shoot including root, stem and leaves with or without panicle. A hillhas many tillers with or without panicles depending on the crop stage.

Procedure for observationIn each hill, count the total number of tillers and record.

Total leavesDescriptionLeaves are the leaf blades arranged alternately on a stem of tillers of a plant.

Procedure for observationIn each hill, count the total number of leaves on all the tillers and record.

Panicle bearing tillersDescriptionPanicles are the floral parts that had emerged out of leaf sheath. The panicle maybe at flowering, milk stage, dough stage and mature grain stage.

Procedure for observationIn each hill, count the total number tillers possessing panicles of any stage suchas flowering, milk stage, dough stage and mature grain stage.

Leaf blades Panicle bearingtillers

Hill with tillers


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Insect pests

Stem borer damage

Dead heartDead heart is a dried up central shoot of a tilleron the rice plant occurring during the vegetative(seedling to maximum tillering) stage that hasbeen attacked by any one species of stem borers.

White earIn the grown up rice plants with panicles, thestem borer attack results in “white ear”- acondition wherein whole panicle becomes driedand discolored. The grains of such panicles areempty or only partially filled.

Procedure for observationCount dead hearts (dried tillers) at tillering stageand white ear heads after panicle emergence ineach hill.

Leaf folder damageDescriptionRice plants have tubular folded leaves with orwithout larvae that are pale yellowish to green.Longitudinal and transparent whitish streaks arevisible on damaged leaves. Sometimes leaffolder larva fastens the leaf tip to the basal partof leaf. Heavily infested hills appear scorchedwith many folded leaves.

Procedure for observationCount the number of folded leaves per hill whenmore than 30% of a leaf is damaged. Larvaescrape the green tissues of the leaves and theleaves become white and dry.

White ear

Leaf folder larva andits damage

Dead heart

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Thrips damageDescriptionYellow (or) silvery streaks on the leaves ofyoung seedlings and terminal rolling anddrying of leaves from tip to base are noticedwith presence of nymphs and adults of thrips.

Procedure for observationOnce he thrips damage is ascertained, countthe number of damaged leaves having thesymptoms described above.

Case worm damaged leavesDescriptionLeaves damaged by case worm becomewhitish and papery. Tubular cases formed bycutting the apical portion of leaves float onwater around the plants. The leaves are cutat right angles as with a pair of scissors. Larvaif present is pale and translucent with orangehead and has filamentous gills on the sidesof the body.

Procedure for observationCount the damaged leaves due to case wormper hill and record.

Hispa damaged leavesDescriptionScrapping the chlorophyll by the adults andlong winding tunnels into leaves made by thegrubs are seen. Affected leaves show whitishand membranous patches along with long axisof leaf or blister near leaf tips. Damagedleaves dry up ultimately.

Procedure for observationCount the Hispa damaged leaves on each hilland record.

Case worm damage andits larva

Damage due to Hispa

Thrips damage


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Hispa adultsDescriptionSmall bluish-black beetles, covered withspines are the Hispa adults.

Procedure for observationCount the number of adults of Hispa on eachhill and record.

Brown plant hopper (nymphs and adults)DescriptionTwo forms of Brown plant hopper (BPH)adults viz., macropterous (long winged) andbrachypterous (short winged) are seen.Nymphs and adults are brown in colour withchestnut brown eyes and congregate at thebase of the plant above the water level.

Procedure for observationFor BPH, record the total number of hoppers(both nymphs and adults) on all tillers of eachhill.

BPH tiller damageDescriptionInitial damage due to feeding by BPH causesdrying of tillers. The tillers turn brown and lodge.

Procedure for observationFor tiller damage, count the number ofdamaged tillers per hill due to BPH.

BPH plant damageDescriptionAffected hill dries up and gives a scorchedappearance called “hopper burn”.

Procedure for observationFor BPH plant damage, record hill damage asyes if all tillers are completely dried or no ifpartial or no damage is seen.

Hispa adult and its damage

BPH nymphs and adults

Tiller and hill damage by BPH

Hopper burn due to BPH

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Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH)DescriptionNymphs are white in colour with yellowpronotum and possess a diamond likemarking on the thorax. They congregate atthe base of the plant above the water level.

Procedure for observationCount the number of nymphs and adults ofWBPH in each hill. Care must be taken todifferentiate between BPH and WBPH.Count them from the base of the plant abovethe water level.

Zig-zag leafhopperDescriptionNymphs have brown patches on the vertex,deep brown thorax and white abdomen.Adult hoppers have characteristic zigzagwhite and brown pattern on the fore wings.

Green leafhopper (GLH )DescriptionMany species of GLH are found. Nymphsare pale to yellowish green. Adults arewedge shaped and green with or withoutblack spots. All species invariably haveblack patch on wing tips.

White leafhopperLargest of all hoppers, having central black spot on the vertex of head. Faintbrown lines are seen on the forewings.

Procedure for observationHoppers other than BPH and WBPH viz.,zig-zag leafhopper, green and whiteleafhoppers, if found should be counted together and filled under “other hoppers”.Count the number of nymphs and adults of all hoppers other than BPH and WBPHin each hill.

WBPH nymphs and adults

Zig-zag leafhopper adult

GLH nymphs and adults


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Gall midgeDescriptionGall midge infestation results in formationof a tube like gall that is similar to “onionleaf” or “silver-shoot”. Gall is a silverywhite hollow tube, 1 cm wide and 10-30cm long. Infested tillers produce nopanicles.

Procedure for observationCount the number of silver shoots havingappearance of onion leaves/hill.

Leaf miteDescriptionFeeding takes place behind the leaf sheath.The feeding lesion can be detected by“cinnamon to chocolate-browndiscoloration” of the leaf sheath.

Procedure for observationLook for the presence of mites on leaves andsymptoms. Record for presence as 1 orabsence as 0 against each sampled hill.

Panicle miteDescriptionThe panicle mite is not visible to the nakedeye, and a minimum 20X hand lens isrequired to observe the mite inside of theleaf sheath. The mites are clear to straw-colored. When population levels are low themite is found feeding on internal surfacesof leaf sheaths, but when population levelsare high, the mite can be found on all plantparts, including the kernel. Necrotic bandsand spots are developed on rice grains andleaf sheaths when mite populations arelarge. Symptoms should be confirmed withthe presence of the panicle mites asdescribed above.

Procedure for observationLook for the presence of panicle mites along

Onion leaf due to gall midge

Leaf mite damage

Panicle mite damage

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with symptoms and record for presence as1 or absence as 0 against each sampled hill.

Swarming caterpillarDescriptionLeaves are cut in large scale with presenceof caterpillars. Severe infestation givescattle grazing appearance to the field. Maturelarvae or caterpillars are nearly 4 cm longand are green, gray, or brown in colour withdull dark dorsal and sub-dorsal longitudinalstripes. Two rows of C-shaped black spotsare visible along the backs.

Procedure for observationCount total number of caterpillars and damagedleaves in each hill and record them separately.

Rice horned caterpillarDescriptionDue to its characteristic feeding leafmargins as well as leaf tips are devoured;leaf tissues and veins are removed.

The larva or caterpillar is yellow-green withtwo pairs of horn like processes-a pair of redhorn like processes on the head and anotherpair of yellow processes in the anal end.

Procedure for observationCount total number of caterpillars anddamaged leaves in each hill and recordthem separately.

Yellow hairy caterpillarDescriptionDefoliation of leaves with presence oflarvae of yellow hairy caterpillar. Caterpillaris yellowish brown with red stripes, orangehead and tufts of hairs all over the body.

Procedure for observationCount the number of caterpillars anddamaged leaves in each hill.

Larva of horned caterpillar

Yellow hairy caterpillar

Swarming caterpillar damage atseedling stage and its larva


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Stink bugDescriptionBugs are straw-colored, one fourth (1/4) to half(1/2) inch long, somewhat elongated and flattenedwith forward pointing spines on the shield-likesegment behind the head.

Procedure for observationCount the number of nymphs and adults togetheron each hill and record.

Gundhi bugDescriptionNymphs are green to brown. Adults are slenderwith long legs and antennae.

Procedure for observationCount the number of nymphs and adults togetheron each hill and record.

Blue beetleDescriptionAdults are elongated, dark bluish green and shinywith striations on the elytra. Grubs are white withbrown head and with tubular processes at tip ofabdomen. Often grubs are found in aggregations.

Procedure for observationCount the number of immature stages and adultstogether on each hill and record.

Adult and nymph ofGundhi bug

Stink bug nymph

Adult and grubs of bluebeetle

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Black bugDescriptionNymphs are brown and yellow with blackspots and adults are shiny dark brown toblack, and are found in groups at the baseof plants.

Procedure for observationCount the number of nymphs and adultstogether on each hill and record.

Other pestsDescriptionWrite the name of any other insect pests not included in the data sheet. Provisionto enter maximum of three species is made in the data sheet.

Procedure for observationCount the number of the insects (stage specific) or the damage depending on thepest and specify also the units such as number of leaves or tillers or panicles orhills. If the insects belong to Hemiptera, count both adults and nymphs togetherand record. If the insect stage is caterpillar count the number and record. Inaddition, if the damage is noticed on leaves or tillers or panicles count them andrecord. Reporting should be made separately. Entry into database through softwareis not possible.

Beneficials

Green mirid bugDescriptionAdults are light green and slender (aboutseven to nine mm long), with long legs andantennae. Nymphs are completely green incolour. Brown mirids are also common butare different from green mirids and neednot to be counted.

Procedure for observationCount and record total number of youngerand adult stages in each hill and record.

Black bug adults

Mirid bug adult


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Rove beetleDescriptionAdult rove beetles are brown, reddish-brown, or black with gray markings on thewings and abdomen. Beetles are slenderwith slender elongate bodies.

Procedure for observationCount and record total number of adults ineach hill and record.

Ground beetleDescriptionThis group of beetles varies in size (1/8 to1 inch), shape and color. Most are flattened,dark brown, hard-bodied beetles with manyfine lengthwise ridges on their wing covers(elytra).

Procedure for observationCount and record total number of groundbeetles in each hill.

Wolf spiderDescriptionWolf spiders range from about 1/2 inch to2 inches in length, hairy, and are typicallybrown to gray in color with variousmarkings or lines.

Procedure for observationCount and record the total number ofyounger and adult stages in each hill.

Adult rove beetle

Adult ground beetle

Wolf spider with egg sac

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Diseases

The identity of the diseases has to be established before scoring for severity.

Leaf blastDescriptionLeaf lesions are spindle - shaped and oftendevelop grayish centers and coalesce onleaves.Lesions initially appear as gray-green and water-soaked with a darker greenborder that expand rapidly to severalcentimeters in length. Older lesions oftenbecome light tan in color with necroticborders.

Sheath blightDescriptionInitial lesions are small, ellipsoidal or ovoid,greenish-gray and water-soaked. Olderlesions are elliptical or ovoid with a grayishwhite center with light brown to dark brownmargin. Lesions reach the uppermost leafunder favorable conditions. Lesions maycoalesce forming bigger lesions withirregular outline and may cause the deathof the whole leaf.

Bacterial leaf blight ( BLB )DescriptionSeedling wilt is noted 1-3 weeks aftertransplanting. Leaves wilt and roll up andbecome grayish green to yellow. On matureplants leaves turn yellow or pale yellow.Water-soaked to yellowish stripes on leafblades or starting at leaf tips that laterincrease in length and width with a wavymargin are seen. Appearance of bacterialooze that looks like a milky or opaquedewdrop on young lesions is common.

Lesions due to blast

Sheath blight

Wilting and graying to yellowing ofleaves due to BLB


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Brown spotDescriptionInfected seedlings have small, circular oroval, brown lesions, which may girdle thecoleoptiles and cause distortion of theprimary and secondary leaves (symptom iscalled seedling blight). Young orunderdeveloped lesions on older leaves aresmall and circular, dark brown or purplishbrown. A fully developed lesion on olderleaves is oval, brown with gray or whitishcenter with reddish brown margin. Wheninfection is severe, the lesions maycoalesce, killing large areas of affectedleaves.

Sheath RotDescriptionInfection occurs on the uppermost leaf sheath enclosing the young panicles atlate booting stage. Initial symptoms are oblong or somewhat irregular spots orlesions, 0.5-1.5 cm long, with dark reddish brown margins and gray centre. Lesionsmay also consist of diffuse reddish brown discoloration in the sheath.

Tungro virusDescriptionLeaves turn yellow or orange yellow.Stunting and slightly reduced tillering arealways associated.

Procedure for observationObserve lesions/leaf drying/disease spotsfrom tip to downward on the leaf marginfirst to properly identify the diseases basedon the symptoms described above. Estimatethe leaf area covered by disease on a hill(0-100%). Assign index value for all theobserved diseases as per the per cent leafarea affected based on scale given below.

Brown spot

Tungro virus

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Index value Incidence

0 No incidence

1 < 1%

3 1 - 5%

5 6 - 25%

7 26 - 50%

9 51 - 100%

BakanaeDescriptionInfected plants are several inches taller thannormal plants in the field. Plants are thinwith yellowish green leaves and pale greenflag leaves. Seedlings die at early tilleringstage. Plants at maturity have partially filledor empty grains.

Procedure for observationBased on the above described symptoms,confirm the Bakanae disease and record thepresence (1) or absence (0) of the diseasein each hill.

False smutDescriptionDisease occurs on developing panicles/earheads wherein grains are turned togreenish velvety smut balls containingfungal spores that are orange initially laterturning to yellowish-green or greenish-black. Few or some grains in the earheadsat maturity are found to have smut infection.

Procedure for observationFor false smut, count number of paniclescarrying the infection of the disease in eachhill and record.

False smut

Bakanae (indicated by arrow)


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Sampling with sweep nets

Lady bird beetlesDescriptionAdult beetles are brightly coloured and areoval and convex. Various color forms occur.Beetles could be pests feeding on pollen aswell as predators feeding on other insects.

Procedure for observationThe number of lady bird beetle grubs, pupaeand adults caught by making a 270° singlesweep across plants near to each of thesampling spot using standard insect sweepnet should be noted and recorded. Onesweep at each spot should be used forsimultaneous counting of lady bird beetles(LBB) and web spinning spiders.

Web spinning spidersDescriptionSpiders that are web spinners are foundamidst silken strands that are shapeddifferently. Webs may be horizontal orvertical. Depending upon the species, thesize and color of adults vary.

Procedure for observationThe number of spider nymphs and adultscaught by making a 270° single sweepacross plants near to each of the samplingspot using standard insect sweep net shouldbe noted and recorded. One sweep at eachspot should be used for simultaneouscounting of web spinning spiders and ladybird beetles.

Adult of lady bird beetle

Web spinning spider

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Unusual pest events

Rat and crab damages are common at some of the locations and their activity isnocturnal.

Rat damageRat damage is patchy in the fields with symptoms of chopped plants with tillerscut at 45°, missing panicles and chewed up grains.

Crab damagePlants are cut at ground level and missing tillers are common. Series of burrowsin the rice fields are common.

Procedure for observationWhen damage to plants occur due to rats or crabs, approximate area affectedshould be specified in the scale of 1-100% in relation to the field area beingsampled.

2.2.5 Additional details to be recorded for fixed fields

Plant protection spraysDuring each time of visit to the fixed fields ie., once in a week, the plant protectionoperations taken up against insects, diseases, weeds and use of any biorationalsor biopesticides including bioagents, botanicals and microbials along with theirname, dosages and number of applications should be collected from the farmerand entered in the table of Page 5 of Proforma 3 (Annexure IV).

Fertilizer managementDuring each time of visit to the fixed fields i.e., once in a week the details onapplication of green manures, farm yard manure (FYM), nutrient spray(micronutrient or hormonal) and general pattern of fertilizer use as to over use oroptimal and deficit use should be recorded in the table of Page 5 of Proforma 3(Annexure IV).

Weather of the weekDetails of weather that is prevailing during the week of surveillance in respect ofthe farm/village should be stated in an objective pattern of YES or NO. If anyother weather pattern prevails other than those mentioned in the table, it can bewritten against‘Any other remarks’ as a short phrase.


21

YSB moth catchDescriptionPheromone traps for yellow stem borer @3 per fixed field have to be installed both atthe experimental station and the fields offarmers in villages. Fix the traps to thesupporting pole at a height of one foot abovethe plant canopy. Install the traps separatedby a distance of >75 feet in the vicinity ofthe selected fixed field. Use a cotton swabdipped in diclorvos inside the polythene bagto kill the insects getting trapped (take carethat the insecticide does not come in contactwith funnel at any time). If insecticide isnot used, see to that the live moths are killedbefore counting/emptying. Change of luresshould be made once in three weeks.

Procedure for observationDuring each week of surveillance, thenumber of moths/trap should be counted andentered. Emptying moths from polybags andensuring the trap presence/ readiness to replace in case of breakage/missing eventsshould be followed meticulously. Therefore, after initial installation, scouts shouldcarry few traps and lures during each week of surveillance for attending to missingtraps immediately.

2.3. Random field survey

2.3.1. Field selection for random survey

The survey is to be conducted once in a week (preferably Friday) by scientistsalongwith project staff in the area/villages not covered by scouts. During thesurvey the team will cover about 70-80 km distance in rice dominated area. Duringthe survey the villages having large area under rice, will be selected randomly.Around 7-8 km distance can be maintained between two villages for survey. Ineach village one rice field has to be selected for surveillance.

2.3.2. Guidelines for pest observations

The plant and pest observations are to be carried out as per the Proforma 3(page 1- 4) (Annexure V). Only 10 hills are to be observed (2 hills per spot X5 spots) are to be sampled. Additional details such as plant protection sprays,fertilizer management, and weather of the week and trap installation need not bedone for fields of random survey.

Installation of funnel trap(Pheromone)

NICRA

22

2.3.3. Recording of species composition of stem borers

During the surveillance at selected fields during random survey on 10 hills atfive spots, the tillers with symptoms of stem borer viz., dead heart or white earare to be collected and examined through dissection of the tillers.

Description

Dead heartDead heart is the dried up central shoot of atilleron the rice plant during vegetative(seedling to maximum tillering) stage that have been attacked by any one speciesof stem borers.

White earIn the grown up rice plants with panicles, the stem borer attack results in “whiteear”- a condition wherein whole panicle becomes dried and discolored. The grainsof such panicles are chaffy or only partially filled.

Procedure for observationThe species of stem borer should be determined based on larval and /or pupalstages present following descriptions given below.

Description of larval and pupal stages of stemborers

Yellow stem borerYellow stem borer (YSB) larva is pale yellow to yellowish green with brownhead. Usually one larva/tiller is seen. Pupa is whitish to pale yellowish greenenclosed in white silk cocoon. Fresh cocoon is pale brown and turn dark brown later.

White stem borerWhite stem borer (WSB) larvae are milky white and pupae are soft bodied.WSBpupa is paler and whiter than YSB pupae.

Dead heart White ear


23

Pink stem borerPink stem borer (PSB) larvae are pink and purplish on dorsal side and white atventral side. Head capsule is orange in color.

Dark headed borerYoung larvae are grayish white with distinct brown to black head. Grown uplarvae are creamy white with purple brown (3 dorsal and 2 lateral) stripes alongthe body.

Striped stem borerStriped borer larvae are dull yellow and have five distinct stripes ( 2 lateral, 2 subsubdorsal, and one median).

3. Record of meteorological information

Daily records of weather data from the observatory of the research stationor any other nearest location should be collected as per the Proforma 4(Annexure VI).

4. Observation on insects trapped in light trap

The light trap placed amidst rice fields being operated at the experimental stationshould be examined for insect catches every day. The number of insects (bothharmful as well as beneficials) should be recorded using Proforma 5(Annexure VII).

4.1. Description of insects caught in light traps

Yellow stem borerFemale moths are bright yellow to whitishwith black spot in the middle of forewing.Females possess anal tuft of yellow hairs.Male moths are smaller than females.Forewings are grey or light brown and havetwo rows of black spots at tips. Males alsocan be whitish yellow with spots on

Larva of PSB Pupa of PSB

YSB moth

NICRA

24

forewings not clear. Size and colourvariations of moths are common.

Pink stem borerMoths are whitish to dark straw colouredwith white hind wings. Male are smallerthan females. Males have pectinateantennae and females have filiformantennae.

White stem borerMale and female adults are perfect white inappearance. They have a tuft of long hairson the thorax. The male is smaller than thefemale.

Dark headed borerAdults are brownish yellow. The center ofthe forewings has dark markings of silveryscales or 6-7 tiny black dots. The hind winghas a lighter color.

Gall midgeThe adults are mosquito like. Female midgehas a bright red abdomen, and male has ayellowish brown body. Both adults havebead-like antennae with more than 10segments. Their maxillary palpi are 4-segmented.

Green leafhopperGreen hoppers with black spots that may ormay not extend up to distant end offorewing.

PSB moth

WSB moth

DHB moth

Adult gall midge

GLH adults


25

BPHColour may range from light to dark brown.Adult females are larger than males and beardark brown ovipositor at the base of theabdomen. Two distinct wing forms are seen.Large winged or macropterous forms havewings extended beyond the tip of theabdomen while short winged orbachypterous forms have smaller wings thatdo not extend beyond the tip of the body.

WBPHWBPH adults have greyish body andsmaller than BPH. A white strip on theupper middle part of abdomen is seen.Females display wing polymporhism asmacropterous and brachypterous, butbrachypterous males are seldom seen.

White leafhopperLargest of all the rice hoppers. White witha large black spot on the vertex of the headtowards the posterior margin. Light brownlines are seen on forewings from base totip.

Zig-zag leafhopperAdult hoppers have characteristic zigzagwhite and brown pattern on the front wings.

Leaf folderMoths are whitish yellow or golden yellowwith three black bands on the forewings,either complete or incomplete. Forewingshave a dark brown to gray band on theirouter margin.

BPH nynph and adult

WBPH nymph and adult

Leaf folder moth

White leafhopper adult

NICRA

26

Green mirid bugAdults are elongate and oval, have brightgreen membranous wings and black spottedthorax. Tip of the first antennal segment isgreenish yellow. The second antennalsegment is longer than the width of thepronotal base. Legs are green withyellowish tibiae.

CoccinellidsBrightly coloured beetles that are oval andconvex. Various color forms occur.Coccinellids are also commonly referred aslady bird beetles.

Black bugAdults are shiny dark brown to black.Depending on the species, spines on theanterior margin of pronotum pointedsideward or forward.

Ear head bugNymphs are green to brown. Adult isbrown, slender with long antennae andlegs. Ear head bug is also referred as‘Gundhi bug’.

Green mirid bug

Coccinellid adults

Black bug adult

Ear head bug adults


27

Swarming caterpillarThe moth is stout and dark brown. Forewings offemale moth are greyish brown with wavy linesand a dark spot sub centrally. Male moth hasimmense tufts of hairs on the forelegs and wingsmore grayish. The hind wings of both sexes arebrownish white with thin black margins

5. General instructions

Depending on the ecosystem the species of insects/diseases vary. There could beoccurrence of additional species of the same group of insect or altogether a newspecies so far. Different stages of insect pests collected and reared at laboratorycan help in recording their parasitoids. Therefore, the hitherto unrecorded speciesneeds to be collected and preserved for identification. Preservation of insects hasto be done in 70% ethyl alcohol in screw capped glass vials. Identification andreporting can be done at institution level directly or through crop coordinators ofNICRA.

Each farmer whose field has been selected can be given a diary for record keepingon the intercultural operations, plant protection sprays, fertilizer application,weather events, yield and market price of paddy at harvest. By visiting the fixedfields in villages on fixed days in a week for surveillance, farmer too can bemade to be an effective partner of the programme. Their contact details includingpostal address and phone numbers (land line and mobile, whichever is available)must be maintained for feedback and impact assessment in future.

Swarming caterpillar moth

NICRA

28

SCHEDULE FOR SURVEILLANCE

Day Schedule for Scouts/Data Entry Operator (DEO) No. of fields

Monday Two fixed plots (Fixed 1 Unprotected) and (Fixed 2 Protected) Twoat research station;

Documentation of historical data of the center

Tuesday @ two fixed fields/village in two villages by one scout Eight in

(Total of eight fields at four villages by two scouts); four villages

DEO to enter the data collected on previous day +documentation of historical data

Wednesday @ two fixed fields/village in two villages by one scout Eight in

(Total of eight fields at four villages by two scouts); four villages

DEO to enter the data collected on previous day +documentation of historical data

Thursday @ Two fixed field/village /scout Four in

(Total of four fields at two villages by two scouts) two villages

Scouts would also look for presence of new pests(insects and diseases) and outbreaks for general reportingunder pest alerts

Friday Random field survey across eight villages (@one field/village) Eight inby scientist and surveillance team; (Proforma 3) eight villages

Look for new/emerging pests and beneficials for reporting inaddition to using prescribed data sheet

Saturday Checking data/Upload of pest and weather data

Annexure I


29

NIC

RA

REA

L T

IME P

ES

T S

UR

VEIL

LA

NC

E (

RIC

E)

Nur

sery

Sur

vey

(PA

RT

I) :

(O

ne a

t Ex

perim

enta

l S

tatio

n an

d 10

nur

serie

s @

one

nur

sery

per

sel

ecte

d v

illag

e fo

r fix

ed f

ield

sur

veill

ance

durin

g th

e se

ason

; to

be

colle

cted

onc

e a

wee

k; u

se s

epar

ate

shee

ts f

or e

ach

nurs

ery)

Gen

eral

Inf

orm

atio

n fo

r N

urse

ry (

One

tim

e in

form

atio

n)

Pro

form

a 1

Par

t -

IA

nnex

ure

II

Nam

e of

the

exper

imen

tal

Nam

e of

Cult

ivar

See

d r

ate

Sow

ing d

uri

ng s

easo

nExa

ct d

ate

of

See

d t

reatm

ent

stati

on/v

illa

ge

Vari

ety

Hyb

rid

(kg

/acr

e)

Earl

yN

orm

al

Late

sow

ing

Nam

e o

fD

osa

ge

chem

ical

NICRA

30

Nur

sery

Sur

vey

(PA

RT

II in

res

pect

of

PAR

T I)

: .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

.....

Expe

rimen

tal

stat

ion/

villa

ge N

ame

: .

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

......

....

Dat

e of

Obs

erva

tion

:.....

......

......

......

......

......

....

DATA

SH

EET

FO

R N

UR

SER

Y P

ES

TS A

ND

DIS

EA

SES

Gui

delin

es f

or o

bser

vati

ons

in N

urse

ry:

•In

cas

e of

nur

sery

the

obs

erva

tions

are

to

be r

ecor

ded

from

one

fie

ld a

t Ex

perim

enta

l Sta

tion

and

ten

nurs

erie

s (o

ne n

urse

ry f

rom

eac

h of

the

sel

ecte

d vi

llage

s).

Inea

ch n

urse

ry,

sele

ct f

ive

rand

om s

pots

of

one

sq.

ft s

ize

(fou

r in

the

cor

ner,

at le

ast

3 fe

et in

side

the

bor

der

and

one

in t

he c

entr

e).

•C

ount

tot

al s

tem

bor

er e

gg m

asse

s an

d no

. of

his

pa a

dults

in e

ach

spot

and

rec

ord.

•Fo

r th

rips

and

blas

t th

e se

verit

y of

infe

stat

ion

shou

ld b

e tic

k m

arke

d m

entio

ned

base

d on

the

fol

low

ing

scal

e:

�Tr

aces

: le

ss t

han

25%

of

the

plan

ts s

how

ing

pres

ence

and

sym

ptom

s of

thr

ips

(mor

e th

an 1

/3rd r

ollin

g of

leav

es)

or t

he b

last

dis

ease

�M

oder

ate:

25-

50%

of

the

plan

ts s

how

ing

pres

ence

and

sym

ptom

s of

thr

ips

or t

he b

last

dis

ease

�S

ever

e: m

ore

the

50%

of

the

plan

ts s

how

ing

pres

ence

and

sym

ptom

s of

thr

ips

or t

he b

last

dis

ease

Spo

t of

one

sq.f

t

1 2 3 4 5

Ste

m b

orer

egg

mas

s (n

os.)

His

pa a

dults

(nos

.)Th

rips

dam

age

(> 1

/3rd r

ollin

g o

f le

af)

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

Bla

st

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

Trac

es/M

oder

ate/

Sev

ere

App

licat

ion

ofpe

stic

ides

Yes

/ N

o

If ye

s m

entio

n th

e N

ame

&do

sage

Nam

e:

Dos

age:

Pro

form

a 1

Par

t -

IIA

nnex

ure

III


31

NIC

RA

REA

L T

IME P

ES

T S

UR

VEIL

LA

NC

E (

RIC

E)

(Gen

eral

Info

rmat

ion

for

Fixe

d Fi

elds

- t

o be

fill

ed o

nly

once

in t

he b

egin

ning

of

the

seas

on)

Cro

ppin

g s

yste

m d

etai

ls o

f th

e re

gio

n

Maj

or C

ropp

ing

Sys

tem

s of

Gro

win

g co

ndit

ion

Gro

win

g se

ason

Nor

mal

Sow

ing

tim

eN

ew c

rops

of

the

regi

onLa

st y

ear’

s pr

oduc

tivi

tyre

gion

(Irr

igat

ed/R

ainf

ed)

(Kha

rif/

Rab

i/ot

hers

)(d

urin

g la

st f

ive

year

s)(K

g/ha

)

Agr

onom

ic d

etai

ls o

f th

e Fi

eld

(Mai

n fi

eld)

Fiel

dN

ame

of t

heA

rea

ofN

ame

of C

ulti

var

Met

hod

of s

owin

gS

eed

rate

Sow

ing

duri

ng s

easo

nEx

act

date

See

d tr

eatm

ent

Farm

er*

fixe

d fi

eld

Vari

ety

Hyb

rid

Dir

ect

Nur

sery

(kg/

acre

)Ea

rly

Nor

mal

Late

of s

owin

g(n

ame

of c

hem

ical

)(a

cres

)se

edin

g

Fixe

d 1

Fixe

d 2

Pro

form

a 2

*Pos

tal A

ddre

ss a

nd p

hone

num

ber

(s)

of t

he f

arm

er o

f Fi

xed

Fiel

d 1:

*Pos

tal A

ddre

ss a

nd p

hone

num

ber

(s)

of t

he f

arm

er o

f Fi

xed

Fiel

d 2:

Fiel

d

Fixe

d 1

Fixe

d 2

No.

of

spra

ys in

nurs

ery

See

dlin

gtr

eatm

ent

Age

of

seed

ling

atpl

antin

g

Exac

t da

teof

pla

ntin

gS

paci

ng (

cm)

Clip

ping

leaf

Yes/

No

Yes/

No

Roo

tdi

p

Yes/

No

Yes/

No

Pla

nt t

opl

ant

Row

to

row

Geo

gra

phic

Det

ails

Agr

o cl

imat

ic z

one

Sta

teD

istr

ict

Tehs

il /

Blo

ckEx

peri

men

tal

Sta

tion

/La

titu

deLo

ngti

tude

Alt

itud

eV

illag

e N

ame

Ran

dom

plan

ting

Ann

exur

e IV

Soi

lty

peS

oil h

ealt

h(E

xcel

lent

/G

ood/

Poo

r)

Cro

ps in

the

adja

cent

fiel

ds

Sou

rce

ofir

riga

tion

(Can

al/T

ube

wel

l/W

ell)

NICRA

32

Annexure VProforma 3

Page 1

NICRA REAL TIME PEST SURVEILLANCE (RICE)

Field : Experimental station / Farmer

Field No. : Fixed 1 (Unprotected) / Fixed 2 (Protected)

District : Taluka :

Date of observation : Name of village : Stage of crop : Nursery/seedling/tillering/panicle initiation /flowering/

grain maturity

Crop health : Excellent / Good / Poor

Random Field Survey

Name of the village :

Date of observation :

Latitude Longitude Altitude

Area of surveyed field (in acres) :


33

NIC

RA

REA

L T

IME P

ES

T S

UR

VEIL

LA

NC

E (

RIC

E)

Pag

e 2

Hill

No.

Tota

lti

llers

Tota

lle

aves

Pan

icle

bear

ing

tille

rs

Ste

m b

orer

No.

of

dead

hear

ts/w

hite

ears

Leaf

fold

erTh

rips

Cas

ew

orm

His

paB

PH

WB

PH

Oth

erho

pper

s

Nos

.P

lant

sda

mag

edYe

s(1)

/N

o(0

)

No.

of

tille

rsda

mag

ed

Nos

.N

os.

No.

of

dam

aged

leav

esN

o. o

f da

mag

ed l

eave

s

INS

ECT

PES

TS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

NICRA

34

NIC

RA

REA

L T

IME P

ES

T S

UR

VEIL

LA

NC

E (

RIC

E)

Pag

e 3

Hill

No.

INS

ECT

PES

TS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Gal

lm

idge

No.

of

silv

ersh

oot

Leaf

Mit

eP

anic

lem

ite

Sw

arm

ing

cate

rpill

arO

ther

cat

erpi

llars

Pre

senc

e (1

) /

Abs

ence

(0)

Dam

aged

leav

es

No.

of

Larv

aeD

amag

edle

aves

No.

of

Larv

ae

Stin

k bu

gG

undh

ibu

gB

lue

beet

leB

lack

bug

Nos

.

Oth

er P

est

1(_

__

__

_)

Spe

cify

Nam

e

Uni

t(_

__

__

__

_)

Oth

er P

est

2(_

__

__

_)

Spe

cify

Nam

e

Uni

t(_

__

__

__

_)

Oth

er P

est

3(_

__

__

_)

Spe

cify

Nam

e

Uni

t(_

__

__

__

_)


35

NIC

RA

REA

L T

IME P

ES

T S

UR

VEIL

LA

NC

E (

RIC

E)

Pag

e 4

Hill

No.

DIS

EAS

ES

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Ben

efic

ials

(al

l st

ages

)

Gre

enM

irid

bug

Gro

und

beet

leR

ove

beet

leS

pide

rB

last

She

ath

Blig

htBa

cter

ial

Leaf

Blig

ht

Bro

wn

spot

She

ath

Rot

Tung

roV

irus

Bak

anae

Fals

esm

ut

Pre

senc

e (1

) /

Abs

ence

(0)

No.

of

ear

hea

ds

Gra

de (

0, 1

, 3,

5,

7, 9

)N

os.

12

34

5

Nam

e of

the

Pes

t

No.

of

net

swee

ps

Lady

bir

dbe

etle

Spi

ders

Unu

sual

Pes

t Ev

ents

Nam

e of

the

Pes

t%

cro

p da

mag

e

NICRA

36

Page 5


Record the following only for fixed fields

Plant protection sprays Name of chemical Dosage No. of Applications

Against insects

Against diseases

Against Weeds

Use of biorationals

Fertiliser Management

Green manuring Yes/No

FYM Yes/No

Name of nutrient spray

Type of Fertiliser use Over use/optimal/ deficit use

Weather of the week

Unseasonal rains Yes/No

Hail storms Yes/No

High intensity rains Yes/No

Prolonged dry spells Yes/No

Floods Yes/No

Temperature High/Low/Normal

Any other Remarks

Trap YSB Moth Catch (Nos.)

1

2

3

Yield at Current Paddyharvest price per Quintal(q/ha) (Rs.)

Record only for Random Field Survey

Stem borer species composition through destructive sampling

No of Tillers Dissected

YSB WSB PSB Others

No. of larvae and pupae(DHB, SSB etc.)


37

Annexure VIProforma 4


Location Name: Latitude:

Longitude: Altitude:

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION for NICRA (based on the nearest location/research station)

(0C) (0C) (%) (mm) (hrs.) (km h-1)

Date

Max.Temp

Min.Temp

RH

Morning Evening

Rainfall Sun Shine Wind velocity

NICRA

38

Annexure VII


Location Name: Latitude: Longitude:

Daily record of Light trap catches at the experimental station

Proforma 5

Yellow stem borer

Pink borer

White Stem borer

Dark headed borer

Gall midge

Green leafhopper

BPH

WBPH

White leafhopper

Zig-zag leafhopper

Leaf folder

Green Mirid bug

Coccinellids

Black bug

Ear head bug

Dead leaf butterfly

Swarming caterpillar

moth

Dates

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Name of the pest


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Annexure VIII

SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF IMPORTANT RICE PESTS AND BENEFICIALS

S.No. Common name Scientific name

Insect pests

1 Yellow stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)

2 Pink borer Sesamia inferens (Walker)

3 White stem borer Scirpophaga innotata (Walker)

4 Dark headed borer Chilo polychrysus (Meyrick)

5 Striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Meyrick)

6 Swarming caterpillar Spodoptera mauritia Boisdual

7 Case worm Nymphula depunctalis Stagnalis

8 Rice horned caterpillar Melanitis leda ismene Cramer; Mycalesis sp.

9 Yellow hairy caterpillar Psalis pennatula (Fabricius)

10 Leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee)

11 Gall midge Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason

12 Stink bug Oebalus pugnax (Fabricius)

13 Gundhi bug Leptocorisa acuta (Thunberg)

14 Black bug Scotinophora coaractata Fabricius

15 Blue beetle Leptisma pygmoea Baly

16 Hispa Dicladispa armigera Olivier

17 Leaf mite Olygonychus oryzae (Hirst)

18 Panicle mite Steneotarsonemus spinkii Smiley

19 Thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis Bagnall

20 Brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)

21 White backed plant hopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)

22 Zig-zag leafhopper Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky)

24 Green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens (Distant); N. nigropictus (Distant)

25 White leafhopper Cofana spectra (Distant); C. unimacultata (Signoret)

Diseases

1 Leaf blast Pyricularia oryzae Cav.

2 Sheath blight Rhizoctonia solani Kühn

3 Bacterial leaf blight Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye

4 Brown spot Helminthosporium oryzae (Breda de Haan)

5 Sheath Rot Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada)

6 Bakanae Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg; F. moniliforme

7 False smut Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takah

NICRA

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Other pests

1 Rat Rattus rattus (Linnaeus); Bandicota bengalensis Gray

2 Crab Eriocheir sinensis (Milne-Edwards)

Beneficials

1 Lady bird beetles Micraspis hirashimai Sasaji; Harmonia octomaculata

(Fabricius); Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus

2 Web spinning spiders Tetragnatha; Argiope; Araenus; Oxyopes

3 Rove beetle Paederus fuscipes (Curtis)

4 Ground beetle Ophionea nigrofasciata (Schmidt - Goebel)

5 Wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boes. & Strand)

6 Green mirid bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter

Documents

MANUAL FOR RICE PEST SURVEILLANCE