Integrated Pest Management in Rice base cropping system

Olumoye. E. Oyetunji

Musa Room, IITAIbadan, Nigeria.07 August, 2015

AGRA TRAINING PROGRAMME FOR TECHNICIAN

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• Background

• What is a pest?

• Rice ecologies with different constraints

• Pests in rice base cropping system

• Research highlights on major insect pests of rice

- African rice gall midge (AfRGM)

- Stem borers

- Termites

- Vectors of rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV)

Research products

Perspectives

OUTLINESOUTLINES

What is a pest?

Descriptions• A pest is a plant or animal detrimental to humans or human

concerns (as agriculture or livestock production)

• It includes organisms that cause nuisance and epidemic disease associated with high mortality

• An animal or insect or other organisms that causes problems for people especially by damaging crops

• To human, it is anyone who bothers or annoys other people

• In its broadest sense, it is a competitor of humanity

Category of pest

• General categories:• Pest can include:

Plants

Animals

Insects

Birds

Pathogens etc

For example:•Insects are pests for farmers

•Caterpillar are pest to crops

•Flies are pest to animals

•Mice are household pests etc

Category of pest

Agro-ecological zone

Main biotic

constraints

Guinea savanna –

humid forest zone

Weeds Termites

Stem borers Blast

Guinea savanna – humid forest zone

WeedsBlast

AfRGMStem borers

Sudan savanna - humid forest

zone

WeedsAfRGM

Stem BorersRYMV

BLB and Blast

Sahel - humid forest zone

Weeds AfRGM

Stem Borers RYMV

BLB

Biotic constraints across major rice ecosystems

Upland Hydromorphic Lowland Irrigated lowland

Different Pests of rice• Pest in fields include the followings:

Birds

Weeds

Insects

Pathogens

BIRDS• Bird has been a major

constraint in rice production

• Damage by bird invasion can reach up to 75% of total output

• The cost of bird scaring could reach up to 50% of total production costs

TypesVillage Weaver

Red-headed Quelea

Bronze Mannikin

Ploceus weavers

Bird control• Erect scarecrows

randomly in the

• Scare the bird manually

• Tie old VHS tapes diagonally

• Install bird nets if available

• Use catapults

scarecrow

WEEDS• Weeds are defined simply as

plants out of place

• This include any plants that interfere with the cultivation of desirable plants causing economic loss through increased production costs, or that reduce the yield and/or quality of the crop

• Weed compete with crop for Space Light Nutrients Water

Factors aiding weed competitiveness depends on the following influences:

a) relative growth stages of rice and weed,b) nature of stand establishment

(transplanting and direct seeding)c) density of plantingd) rice variety (short variety vs. tall, leafy

variety)e) moisture and nutrient availability

Types•Grasses•Sedges•Broad leaves•Algae

Weed managementWeeds can be managed through:•1. Land Preparation •2. Water Management•3. Hand Weeding •4. Hand Hoeing •5. Brushing Bunds/Peripheries •6. Crop Rotation • 7. Herbicides

CATEGORIES OF HERBICIDES

•Herbicides are divided into three groups, depending or the time of application: •a) Pre-planting (application before crop is planted)b) Pre-emergence (application after planting, but prior to emergence of weeds)c) Post-emergence (application after emergence of weeds)

•mode of action:

•1) Contact herbicides - kill plant tissues at or very close to point of contact.2) Systemic herbicides - move wither the plant to expert affects away from the point of contact.3) Selective herbicides - kill or stunt come plant species, with little or no effect on others

Weed management• After the establishment of the field,

allow standing water to control weed

• First hand weeding at 14-21 days after transplanting (DAT)

• Use rice weeding handheld equipment

• Second hand weeding at 40 DAT

• Promote the use of plant-based products (biopesticides)

• Entomopathogenic fungi as

alternatives to synthetic pesticides

• Indiscriminate use of pesticides• Concerns on food, environment and natural resource management (soil, water, beneficials)

Pesticide use in crop production systems

Pest management

• Pest management is therefore a means to reduce pest numbers to an acceptable threshold

• An acceptable threshold, in most cases, refers to an economically justifiable threshold

• This is where application of pest control measures reduces pest numbers to a level below which additional applications would not be profitable

• This means when additional costs of control exceed additional benefits)

• Pest eradication (i.e. complete removal) is usually not a viable option.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

• Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of wholistic approach / practices

• IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment

Management options of rice insects

Varietal resistance/tolerance

BiopesticidesCultural practices

Biological control

Africa Rice Gall Midge (AfRGM)

The African rice gall midge (AfRGM), Orseolia oryzivora Harris and Gagné (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is a serious insect pest of rainfed and irrigated lowland rice in Africa

It is a bud borer and larval feeding insect causing severe damage to rice during the vegetative stages (seedling to panicle initiation)

AfRGM pupa AfRGM Adult

AfRGM eggs with newly hatched larva

AfRGM larva in a dissected gall

Hot spots

Senegal- Djibelornr Ziguinchor

- Southwest- Sudan savanna

Sierra Leone- Rokupr nr Kambia- Northwest- Humid forest zone

Burkina Faso- Karfiguéla nrBobo Dioulasso

- Southwest- Northern Guineasavanna

- Longorola nr Sikasso- Southeast- Northern Guineasavanna

- Gadza nr Bida- Central- SouthernGuineasavanna

Nigeria

- Ogidiga nrAbakaliki

- Southeast- Derivedsavanna

Mali

Distribution of the AfRGM in Africa

Endemic countries

Senegal

Gambia

Guinea Bissau

Guinea

Sierra Leone

Burkina Faso

Mali

Côte d’Ivoire

Ghana

Togo

Benin

Nigeria

ChadNiger

Tanzania

Cameroon

Malawi

Sudan

Uganda

Zambia

Countries with AfRGM incidence

Symptoms of AfRGM

Paddy screenhouse -artificial infestation

Conventional ‘spreader rows’ – rows of highly susceptible variety around plots of plants being screened; newly hatched larvae deposited on ‘spreader’ plants

Scores shown are mean percent tiller infestation (tillers with visible galls) recorded at 70 DAT

Design: augmented with 2 replicated checks (test lines unreplicated)

Varietal ResistanceWhat are the Issues?

•High yielding rice varieties with stable resistance to AfRGM are not yet available

•Are there potentially useful sources of resistance / tolerance in lowland NERICA lines and Oryza sativa to AfRGM?

•TOG 5681, TOG 7106, TOG 7206, T0S 14519 are some of the resistant varieties while ITA 306 is susceptible variety

Levels of resistance / susceptibility

Score SES description % Tiller infestation

0 Highly resistant 0%1 Resistant <1%3 Moderately resistant 1 - 5%5 Moderately susceptible 6 -10%79 Highly susceptible

>25%

Standard Evaluation System (SES), IRRI, 1996

Susceptible 11-25%

Percent tiller infestation on the susceptible check should on the average be more than 15% for trial results to be considered valid

Accomplishments● Donors for resistance/tolerance to AfRGM

identified

● Mechanisms associated with resistance/tolerance in rice lines to AfRGM determined

● Lowland NERICAs and Chinese hybrids characterized for resistance/tolerance to AfRGM

Stem borers

• They are considered to be the most important insect pests of rice in west Africa and are found in all ecosystems

• Stem borer species which cause serious damage to rice include: – African pink borer, Sesamia calamistis– African white borer, Maliarpha separatella – African striped rice borer, Chilo zacconius – Stalk-eyed fly, Diopsis longicornis

• Damage is caused by the boring activity of the larvae within the stem during the vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth

Major stem borer species

Striped stem borer,Chilo zacconius adult

Striped stem borer,Chilo zacconius larva

Pink stem borer,Sesamia calamistis larva

Pink stem borer, Sesamia calamistis adult

Symptoms of stem borer damage on rice

Deadhearts Whiteheads

Key Issues •Most of the traditional Oryza sativa varieties grown in Africa are low yielding and highly susceptible to stem borers

•AfricaRice has generated several hundred NERICA lines, opening new gene pools and increasing the biodiversity of rice to end-users

•However, we do not know how resistant these NERICA lines are to stem borers

•Are NERICAs more or less vulnerable to stem borer damage than the landraces they are about to replace ?

•Rice mixed with maize is a common feature of traditional upland rice cultivation in some West African countries

•Rice and maize share some common stem borer species

•Can maize be used as a trap crop to protect rice against stem borers?

Key Issues

Key Issues

•Sesamia calamistis Hamp. is a major stem borer pest of upland rice in Africa

•IITA has identified an indigenous endoparasitoid Cotesia sesamiae for biological control of maize stem borer. Maize and rice share common stem borer – Sesamia calamistis

•Can Cotesia sesamiae be used to protect rice against Sesamia calamistis?

Biological control of Sesamia calamistis by the endoparasitoid Cotesia sesamiae

Cotesia sesamiae

Larval parasitoid

Cotesia sesamiae Sesamia calamistis

Termites• Most significant soil pests of rice in Africa and are mainly

found in the upland rice ecosystem. The most damaging in Nigeria is Macrotermes spp.

• Damage is caused by the adults (workers) that consume the roots and fill the stem with soil. The reduced translocation of water and nutrients causes the attacked plant to dry up and die

• Termite damage on rice roots can also predispose the roots to secondary infection or invasion by pathogens

• Yield losses of about 50% to 100% have been attributed to termites in farmers’ fields

Microtermes and their damage on rice

Pawpaw mixed with red palm oil

• Ripe and unripe pawpaw were diced and mixed with red palm oil• Application was made along the rows of rice plants• Application was made 25 DAS and every 20 days till maturity

Biological control of termites

Bamboo

Bamboo stems of 500 cm length were buried 200 cm deep in the soil at a spacing of 0.5 m in all directions

Cultural control of termites

Distribution of RYMV in Africa

MauritaniaSenegal

Gambia Guinea Bissau

GuineaSierra Leone

Burkina Faso

Mali

Liberia

Côte d’Ivoire

GhanaTogo

Benin

Nigeria

ChadNiger

Kenya

Tanzania

MadagascarCameroon

Rwanda

Countries with RYMV incidence

Endemic countries

How is the virus transmitted?The virus is mechanically transmitted – gains entry into rice plants through injuries. The possible roots of entry are:

Root damage during transplanting and roots intertwining in the soilWeeding operations with hoesHarvesting with sickleInsects

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22

33

feed on an infected plant

collect the virus particles

pass them on to the next plant that they feed on

The virus does not undergo any changes within the insect itself, but simply uses it as a vehicle – semi persistent

The insect species

Why focus on insect vectors?

Chaetocnema pulla Trichispa sericea Oxya hyla

Locris rubra Conocephalus longipennisChnootriba similis

Insect vectors of RYMV

Nature of damage of rice leaves by vectors

1. Chaetocnema pulla2. Trichispa sericea3. Oxya hyla

1 2 3 45

4. Chnootriba similis5. Conocephalus longipennis

Research Products cont.Technologies/methodologies

● Growing maize as a trap crop for rice stem borers in West Africa (Nwilene et al., 2008)● IPM technologies for termite control now available (Nwilene et al., 2008)● New methodology for screening rice varieties resistant/tolerant to RYMV using insect vectors (Sere et al., 2008)

Research Products cont. New ideas/concepts/paradigms developed

Functional AgrobiodiversityHabitat management – planting of Paspalum scrobiculatum around rice fields to increase the reservoir of AfRGM parasitoids early in the season and throughout the cropping period. This is a simple cultural intervention developed to control AfRGM (Nwilene et al., 2007, 2008)

Thank you! Merci!

07th August, 2015 Presentation @Musa Room IITA, Ibadan

Center of Excellence for Rice Research