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INTRODUCTION

Corn (Zea mays Linn.) issecond to rice as the most important crop in the

Philippines. About one-third of Filipino farmers, or 1.8 million, depends on corn

as their majorsource of livelihood. Whitecorn is the most important substitute

staplein periods of riceshortage,especially for peoplein rural areas. Yellow corn

is the primary source of feed for the Philippines animal industry, and is being

increasingly used by manufacturing sectors. Most common in upland areas,corn

production peaks from July to September, the lean months are from January to

June. The upland regions of Mindanao have the most area planted to thecrop,

and highest in production in theentirecountry, Due to itseconomics, thus, there

is a need to give high priority in corn research to increase production, thus,

increase farmersyields and profit.

The infestation of insect pests however, has always been a problem of

corn growers becauseit lowers the production and degree ofeconomicvalue of

thecrop. The Asian corn borer,Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee), isconsidered the

most destructive pest of maize in the Philippines (Morallo-Rejesuset al., 2002).

This pest can cause the heaviest damage to corn plants usually from early

vegetative stage up to plant maturity. Newly hatched larvae feed on the leaf

blade and later boreinto thecorn stalk. Tassels and ears are also attacked which

results to broken tassels and poor quality of harvest.

Researchers nowadays, are focusing on the usefulness of incorporating

biological control measures, based on sound scientific information, into

1


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integrated pest management system, that willsurely be of benefit to our farmers.

This technology reduces dependence on commercial synthetic inputs and

consequently, leads to protect theenvironment and attaining sustainability. The

complex interaction between crop-weed-pest strategies may offer insights to be

employed for proper pest management as it relates to maximize use of

resources. Thevolatilecompound 1 methylethyl propyl disulfideemitted by I.

triloba incornfields has been previously observed to have a profound effect on

the corn borer population. Corn borer egg mass counts on corn plants in

unweeded and selectively weeded plots (R. cochinchinensis and I. triloba) was

reduced significantly (Calumpang et al., 2000). The mean number ofegg masses

was almost nil up to 71 days after corn emergence (Magalit, 1983). Weed

utilization strategy would not only reduceinput for herbicides to control this weed

but would also reduce inputs for insecticides to control corn borer population.

This way of controlling pest and weeds using non-synthetic inputs would very

well lead to sustainableenvironment which would include the human health

consideration due to lower levels of pesticide residues in theenvironment and

lesser applicatorexposure during crop production activities.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of I. triloba L. on the

population and damage of O. furnacalis and to determine the yield ofcorn as

affected byI. trilobaL. and O. furnacalis

This study was conducted at the University of Southern Mindanao

AgriculturalResearch Center (USMARC) experimental area, Kabacan, Cotabato

from July 2007 to January 2008.


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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Control of Corn Borer

with Ipomoea triloba

Calumpang et al., (2000) madesome research on thechemical basis for

the population reduction of the Asian corn borer in cornfields with Ipomoea

triloba.They found out that the presence ofI. triloba in cornfields had a profound

effect on thecorn borer population. The number ofegg masses was almost nil up

to 71 days after corn emergence (Magalit, 1983). Significant reduction in corn

borer population was also observed even when I. triloba was grown as a border

strip (Magsino, 1995).

Insect behavioris affected to a certain extent bychemicalsigns theinsect

perceives in theenvironment. Volatile compounds are continuouslyemitted by

plants into the air and these may be utilized by herbivores to locate their food

plants (Visser, 1986) or oviposition site (Binder et al., 1995). It is therefore

important that thevolatilechemical profile found in the headspace of thecorn -I.

triloba complex be determined as thisserves as the reservoir for thechemical

cues which insects perceive (Calumpang et al., 2000). The ultimate behavioral

response of an insect in accepting or rejecting a potential host plant is thought to

be mediated by a balance of sensory inputs from positive cues such as

attractants and stimulants as well as negativechemicalstimulisuch as repellents

and deterrents from the plant (Dethier, 1982)


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Experiments on the complex tritrophic interactions between crop-weed-

pest and parasitoid were conducted by Calumpang et al., (1994) to elucidate

mechanisms responsible for the population reduction of the Asian corn borer in

the presence of I. triloba. Limited field trials showed effective suppression of

Asian Corn Borer oviposition wheneverI. triloba wasentwined on thecorn plant

whileseparating the plants reduced the degree of oviposition suppression. The

parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens females also respond to olfactory cues

from I. trilobaindicating the presence of an arrestant. These resultsindicate that

components from I. triloba serve as efficient chemical signals in orienting the

wasp to corn borer eggs, eliciting intense searching response resulting in

oviposition. This may be anothercontributory mechanism interacting in thecorn-I

trilobacomplexin the field which leads to theeventual population reduction of the

O. furnacalis population in the presence ofI triloba (Calumpang et al., 1994).

These result show that 1-methylethyl propyl disulfide repels corn borer

moths away from corn plants thereby forcing them to seek other position sites.

Thus,oviposition isstill reduced when I. triloba is grown besidescorn because

this chemical is produced not only a consequence of entwining but also as a

chemicalemission of both corn and I. triloba.


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Biological Control Agents of Corn Borer

In search for non-chemical methods to control Asian corn borer, Ostrinia

furnacalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a major pest of corn in the

Philippines, the importation and rearing of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma

evanescens Westw. (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) was initiated in 1982 by

the Philippines German Crop Protection Program at the Bureau of Plant

Industry in Manila. The first inundative releases in 1983 showed promise, with

further trials attaining egg parasitization of up to 90% and corn borer damage

reduction of up to 71% (Tran and Hassan, 1986).

Trichogramma wasps kill host eggs by feeding on them. The host egg is

stung and the adult feeds on the drop ofliquid appearing at thesite of thesting,

but no egg is laid. The host egg dies, leaving no evidence of parasitism.

The densities oflarvae must also be assessed becauseincreased egg parasitism

and mortality may not reduce densities of damaging larvae. Forsome pests an

increase in egg parasitism by Trichogramma may represent compensatory or

replaceable mortality rather than additive mortality. Comparisons of crop

damage, yield and quality are important in assessing the economic return on

augmenting Trichogramma.


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When evaluating Trichogramma releases it is important to remember the

indirect benefits. Unlike manyinsecticides,Trichogramma haveverylittleimpact

on other naturalenemies which may bevaluable in holding the target pest and

secondary pestsin check. Also, mass rearing do not pose risks to field workers

orleave toxic residues on produce.

METHODOLOGY

Experimental Design and Treatments

A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with 7

treatments and three replications. A total area of476 m2 was divided into 21 plots

each with an inside dimension of 4 x 5 m (20 m2). One-meter alley between

replications and 0.5 m between treatments was provided. The treatments were

as follow;

y Treatment 1 - Corn alone.

y Treatment 2 - Fivecorn plants from the two inner rowsentwined with a

singleI. triloba each.

y Treatment 3 - Five corn plants at the two outer rows entwined with a

singleIpomoea triloba each.

y

Treatment4 - I. triloba entwined on five wooden poles between the two

second rows.

y Treatment 5 - I. trilobaentwined on wooden poles oneevery five hills on

the two outer rows per plot.


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Figure 2. The different treatments on thestudy Theeffect ofIpomoea triloba onOstrinia furnacalis Guenee.

y Treatment 6 - I. triloba allowed crawling between the two second rows of

each side of the plot.

y Treatment 7 - I. triloba allowed to crawlin between the two outer rows of

each plot.


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Cultural Management of the Host Plant

The experimental area was prepared thoroughly following strictly the

standard cultural practices forcorn. This was plowed once and harrowed twice

using a tractor- drawn plow.

Planting was done immediately after field lay-outing. Corn seeds were

drilled at a distance of 75 cm to 20 cm between and within furrows, respectively

at the rate of two to three seeds per hill. Thinning was done 10 days after

emergence leaving only one plant per hill for better space and exposure to

sunlight.

Hand weeding was done regularly to control weedsexcept forI. triloba.

In corn planting, drilling along the furrows with complete fertilizer (14-14-

14) was done. This wascovered with a thin layer ofsoil to prevent it from burning

theseeds. Fertilization is recommended half of the nitrogen and all phosphorus

and potassium was applied. Side dress application of half of the nitrogen

requirement was done using urea (46-0-0) was done immediately before hilling-

up at 28 30 days afteremergence.

Harvesting was done manually when the crop reaches physiological

maturity.


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Ipomoea triloba Culture

I. triloba seeds were planted in cups one month before planting ofcorn.

Three to four seeds were sown per cup. Plants were watered regularly and

fertilized with complete fertilizer. Thinning was done 10 days after emergence

leaving only one plant percup. Transplanting was done immediately one month

aftercorn emergence.

Data Gathered

Number of corn borer egg masses. This was assessed at 45 and 55

days after planting (DAP) using 10 plant samples randomlyselected per plot per

replication. Recorded egg masses were encircled/marked to avoid recounting

during succeeding assessment.

Leaf injury rating for corn borer. This was assessed at 30 and 40 DAP

using 10 plant samples per plot per replication. The rating scale that follows was

used.

Rating Description


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1 No feeding damage.

3 Plants with pin size holes and few holes of matched head size.

5 Plants with intermediate holes of matched head size.

7 Plants with many matched head size few holes ofvarying size.

9 Plants with intermediate to many holes ofvarying sizes.

Number of borer exit holes. This was assessed at harvest time bycounting

the holes on the stalk as a result of borer infestation based from ten sample

plants per plot.

Length of borer tunnels (cm). This was assessed at harvest time by

dissecting thecorn plants and measured the tunnellengths. Ten plant samples

per plot were used.

Number of broken/damaged tassels. This was assessed at harvest

time bycounting the broken tassels as a result of borerinfestation. Ten plants at

the two inner rows per plot were used.

Number of larvae. This was counted at harvest time by dissecting 10

plants from the two inner rows per plot.

Yield of green corn (kg/ha). This was assessed at 65 to 70 days after

planting by weighing corn ears with husk and without husk from the two inner

rows per plot.


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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Corn borer egg mass count

Table 1 presents thecorn boreregg masscount taken at 45 and 55 days

after planting.

At 45 DAP, (T1) corn planted alone had significantly highercounts ofcorn

boreregg mass with a mean of 0.43. per plot than when planted with I. tribloba.

(T2) Corn plants with two inner border rowsentwined with a singleI. tribloba, (T3)

corn plants with two outer border rows entwined a single I. triloba, (T4) corn

plants with I. triloba entwined on wooden poles between the two second rows,

(T5) corn plants with I. triloba entwined on wooden poles oneevery five hills on

the two outer rows per plot, (T6) corn plant with I. triloba allowed to crawl between

the two second rows ofeach side of the plot, and (T7) corn plants with I. triloba

allowed to crawl in between the two outer rows ofeach side of the plot, have

comparable means with 0.27, 0.20, 1.17, 0.13, 0.17 and 0.23 eggs masscount,

respectively.

At 55 DAP, no significant effect of the treatments on the number ofcorn

borereggs found on thecrop.


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Similar results are in strong agreement with field data generated by

Magalit(1983) where significant reduction in egg mass counts were observed

when I. triloba entwined corn or when I. triloba was grown as strips within or

border alongsidecorn (Magsino & Medina, 1994).

Table 1. Corn boreregg masscount assessed at 45 and 55 days after planting.USMARC, USM, Kabacan, Cotabato.

TreatmentsEggMass Count

45 DAP* 55 DAPns

T1- Corn alone 0.43a 0.79

T2- Corn plants at the two inner border rowsentwined with a singleI. triloba

0.27b 0.75

T3- Corn plants with two outer border rowsentwined a singleI. triloba

0.20b 0.77

T4- I. triloba entwined on wooden polesbetween the two second rows

0.17b 0.77

T5- I. triloba entwined on wooden poles one

every five hills on the two outer rows perplot

0.13b 0.77

T6- I. triloba allowed to crawl between the twosecond rows ofeach side of the plot

0.17b 0.75

T7-I. triloba allowed to crawlin between the twoouter rows ofeach side of the plot

0.23b 0.77

C.V. (%) 35.72 2.77


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Number of larvae,borer exit holes, broken/damaged tassels, andlength of borer tunnels (cm)

Table 2 presents the number of larvae, borer exit holes, broken or

damaged tassels and length of borer tunnels at harvest of green corn.

The number of larvae inside thestalks did not differsignificantly in plots

with and without I. triloba.Larval counts ranged from 0.47 to 0.73 per plot.

Numerically however,corn planted aloneshowed morelarva on them.

In terms of the number borer exit holes, plots with corn alone showed

more borer exit holes in them than any of the plots with I. triloba whether

entwined on the test plants or not.

Similarly, thelength of borer was not affected by the absence or presence

ofI. trilobain the plots. The tunnellengths ranged from 3.33 to 4.17 cm.

In the case of the number of broken/damaged tassels, corn with no I.

triloba had more (0.67). This treatment however wascomparable with of 0.57,

0.50, 0.60 and 0.50, respectively. T2 and T3 gavethe least significant number of

broken/damaged tassel with 0.43 and 0.40, respectively.


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Table 2. Number oflarvae, borerexit holes, damaged tassels and length of borertunnels taken at harvest time. USMARC, USM, Kabacan, Cotabato.

TreatmentsNumber of

larvaens

Numberof borer

exithole**

Lengthof borer

tunnels(cm)ns

Number ofbroken/da

magedtassels **

T1- Corn alone 0.73 1.40a

4.17 0.67a

T2- Corn plants with two innerborder rowsentwined with asingleI. triloba

0.53 0.70C 3.33 0.43c

T3- Corn plants with two outerborder rows entwined asingleI. triloba

0.47 0.7bc 3.88 0.40c

T4- Corn plants with I. trilobaentwined on wooden polesbetween the two secondrows

0.60 0.97b 3.85 0.57ab

T5- Corn plants with I. trilobaentwined on wooden polesone every five hills on thetwo outer rows per plot

0.50 0.80bc 4.12 0.50bc

T6- Corn plants with I. trilobaallowed to crawl between thetwo second rows of eachside of the plot

0.57 0.87bc 4.17 0.60ab

T7- Corn plants with I. trilobaallowed to crawl in betweenthe two outer rows of eachside of the plot

0.53 0.70c 3.53 0.50bc

CV (%) 18.28 14.41 17.53 11.66


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Yield of green cornwith husk and without husk

Table 3 shows theyield of green corn with and without husk assessed at

65 at 70 days after planting taken from the two inner rows per plot.

Based on green corn with husk, highlysignificant result was obtained. T1

has the least yield with 1.43 kg. T2, T3, T4, T5, and T5 havecomparable means

with 1.85, 1.98, 1.93, 1.83 and 1.88 kg of green corn, respectively. T6 got the

highest yield with 2.18 Kg/ha of green corn with husk.

Foryield of green corn without husk, T1 got thelowest yield of green corn

without hush while T2-T7 have comparable yield of green corn with 1.17, 1.22,

1.18, 1.20, 1.33 and 1.22 kg, respectively.

Resultsimply that the presences ofI. triloba can affect theyield of green

corn significantly higher than corn alone.


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Table 3. Yield of the green corn (kg/ha) from the two inner rows per plotassessed at 65 to 70 days after planting. USMARC, USM, Kabacan,Cotabato.

Treatments Yieldwith husk** withouthusk*

T1- Corn alone 1.43c 0.92b

T2- Corn plants with two inner border rowsentwined with a singleI. triloba

1.85b 1.17a

T3- Corn plants with two outer border rowsentwined a singleI. triloba

1.98ab 1.22a

T4- Corn plants with I. triloba entwined on woodenpoles between the two second rows

1.93b 1.18a

T5- Corn plants with I. triloba entwined on woodenpoles oneevery five hills on the two outer rowsper plot

1.83b 1.20a

T6- Corn plants with I. triloba allowed to crawlbetween the two second rows ofeach side ofthe plot

2.18a 1.33a

T7- Corn plants with I. triloba allowed to crawl inbetween the two outer rows ofeach side of theplot

1.88b 1.22a

C.V. (%) 7.07 8.74


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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The study entitled The effect of Ipomoea triloba on Ostrinia furnacalis

Guenee was conducted at the Experimental Area, University of Southern

Mindanao AgriculturalResearch Center, Kabacan, Cotabato. Seven treatments

was formed and evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD).

Seven different treatments using Ipomoea triloba were made to determine

theeffect on Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee on corn field.

Results of thestudyshowed at 45 DAP thecorn boreregg masscount

significantly reduced and highlysignificant effect was obtained in borerexit holes

and damaged tassels with the presence of Ipomoea triloba in the cornfields,

whereas no significant results were obtained in corn boreregg mass count at

55DAP, number oflarvae and length of borer tunnels (cm). For theyield of green

corn ears with husk and without husk obtained highlysignificant and significant

result, respectively.

Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the presence of

Ipomoea triloba in cornfieldscan affect the population and damagescaused by

Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee than corn alone. Similar results are in strong

agreement with field data generated by other researchers where significant

reduction in egg mass counts were observed when I. triloba entwined corn

(Magalit, 1983) or when I. triloba was grown asstrips within or border alongside

corn (Magsino & Medina, 1994). The presence ofI. triloba in cornfields has been

previously observed to have a profound effect on the corn borer population


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(Calumpang et al., 1994). The interactions between crop-weed-pest are

envisioned to elucidate mechanisms which play a part in the population reduction

of Asian corn borer in the presence of Ipomoea triloba.Another contributory

mechanism interacting in thecorn-I trilobacomplexin the field which leads to the

eventual population reduction of theO. furnacalis population in the presence ofI

triloba (Calumpang et al., 1994). This may offer insights into possiblestrategies

to beemployed for proper pest management as it relates to maximized use of

resources to attain sustainability (Calumpang et al., 2000).


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LITERATURE CITED

Binder, B. F., J. C. Robbins and R. L. Watson. 1995. Chemically mediatedovipositional behavior of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis(Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 21 (9) : 1315 1327.

Calumpang, S.M.F., Medina, J.R., Kato, S., Ohsawa, K., Honda, H. 2000.Chemical basis for the population reduction of the Asian corn borer oncorn entwined with Ipomoea triloba. International Society for Southeast

Asian Agricultural Sciences (ISSAAS), 2000, 6, 28-42

Calumpang, S. M. F., J. R. Medina, S. Kato, K. Ohsawa, I. Yamamoto, and H.Honda. 1994. Effect of Ipomoea triloba L. on feeding, growth and

ovi

posi

tion of

Ostrinia furnacalisGu

enee

(Le

pidopt

era). J. Agr

ic. S

ci. 39(3): 159 169.

Dethier, V. G. 1982. Mechanism of host plant recognition. Entomol. Exp. Appl.31: 49-56.

Magalit, V. F. 1983. The influence of weeds on the population densities of theAsian corn borer [Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee)] and its natural enemiesand earworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner). M.S. Thesis. University ofthe Philippines,Los Baos, College,Laguna. 63 p.

Magsino, G. L. 1995. Influence of weed vegetation on the population dynamics ofthe Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee). Ph.D. DissertationGregorio Araneta University Foundation, Metro Manila. 65p.

Magsino & Medina, 1994.

Morallo-Rejesus, B., E. G. Punzalan and P. A. Javier. 2002. Corn borer: A majorthreat in corn production for Asian corn borer AnnualReport. 10p.

Tran, L. & S. A. Hassan. 1986. Preliminary results on the utilization ofTrichogramma evanescens Westw. to control the Asian corn borerOstriniafurnacalis Gueneein the Philippines. Z. angew. Ent. 101: 18-23.

Visser, J. H. 1986. Host odor perception by phytophagous insects. Ann. Rev.Entomol. 31: 121 144.

19


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APPENDICES


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Republic of the PhilippinesUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Kabacan, Cotabato

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

APPLICATION FOR THESIS MANUSCRIPT DEFENSE

Name: JAHREL D. DE TOMAS Degree Sought: BSAMajor: ENTOMOLOGY Specialization:GLUTINOUS CORNTitle: THE EFFECT OF Ipomoea triloba l. ON Ostrinia furnacalis (GUENEE)

Date Examination: ______________ Time: __________ Room: _______

MEMBERS OF THE EXAMINING COMMITTEEName Signature Date

CONCEPTION R. BRAVO _________________ ____________PUIFICACION O. CAHATIAN _________________ ____________CARLITO A. MAARAT _________________ ____________CONRADO C. EVANGELISTA _________________ ____________

RECOMMENDING APPROVAL:

CONCEPCION R. BRAVO

Adviser

CARLITO A. MAARAT APPROVED:Statistician

PURIFICACION O. CAHATIAN

PURIFICACION O. CAHATIAN Dept Chairperson

Dept Research Coordinator

REPORT ON THE RESULT OF EXAMINATION(Indicate whether passed of failed under remarks)

Name Signature Remarks DateCOMCEPTION R. BRAVO __________ ___________ __________PUIFICACION O. CAHATIAN __________ ___________ __________

CARLITO A. MAARAT __________ ___________ __________CONRADO C. EVANGELISTA __________ ___________ __________

APPROVED:

PURIFICACION O. CAHATIANDept Chairperson

Appendix A


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Appendix B. Analysis ofvariance on corn boreregg masscount taken at 45 DAP.Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM, Kabacan,Cotabato.

S.V. df SS MS Fc F tab5% 1%

Replication 2 0.02000 0.01000 1.50ns 3.00 4.82

Treatments 6 0.18286 0.03048 4.57*

Error 12 0.08000 0.00667

Total 20 0.28286

C.V. = 35.72%

* = Significant at 5% levelns = Not significant

Appendix C. Analysis of variance on number of damaged tassels taken atharvest time. Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM,

Kabacan, Cotabato.

S.V. Df SS MS Fc

Replication 2 0.03524 0.01762 4.72*

Treatments 6 0.15810 0.02635 7.06**

Error 12 0.04476 0.00373

Total 20 0.23810

C.V. = 11.66%** = Highlysignificant at 1% level* = Significant at 5% level


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Appendix D. Analysis of variance on number of damaged tassels taken atharvest time. Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato.

S.V. Df SS MS Fc

Replication 2 0.00667 0.00333 0.21ns

Treatments 6 1.11238 0.18540 11.51**

Error 12 0.19333 0.01611

Total 20 1.31238

C.V. = 14.41%

** = Highlysignificant at 1% levelns = Not significant

Appendix E. Analysis ofvariance on yield of green corn ear without husk taken atharvest time. Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato

S.V. Df SS MS Fc

Replication 2 0.02310 0.01155 1.09ns

Treatments 6 0.28810 0.04802 4.54*

Error 12 0.12690 0.01058

Total 20 0.43810

C.V. = 8.74%** = Highlysignificant at 1% level* = Significant at 5% levelns = Not significant


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Appendix F. Analysis ofvariance on yield of green corn ear with husk taken atharvest time. Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato

S.V. Df SS MS Fc

Replication 2 0.01500 0.00750 0.43ns

Treatments 6 0.92286 0.15381 8.79**

Error 12 0.21000 0.01750

Total 20 1.14786

C.V. = 7.07%

** = Highlysignificant at 1% levelns = Not significant


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THE EFFECT OF Ipomoea triloba l. ON Ostrinia furnacalis (GUENEE)

JAHREL D. DE TOMAS

Thesis Manuscript Submitted to the College of AgricultureUniversity of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato

in Partial Fulfillment of theRequirementsfor the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE(Entomology)

MARCH 2012


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Republic of the PhilippinesUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Kabacan, Cotabato

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

APPROVAL OF THESIS MANUSCRIPT

Name: JAHREL D. DE TOMAS Degree Sought: BSAMajor: ENTOMOLOGY Specialization:Title: THE EFFECT OF Ipomoea triloba l. ON Ostrinia furnacalis (GUENEE)

APPROVED BY THE GUIDANCE COMMITTEE

CONCEPCION R. BRAVOAdviser

CARLITO A. MAARATStatistician

_______________Date

_______________Date

PUIFICACION O. CAHATIANDept. Research Coordinator

PUIFICACION O. CAHATIANDept. Chairperson

_______________Date

_______________Date

CONRADO C. EVANGELISTACollegeResearch Coordinator

_____________________Date

Study No: _____________Recorded by: ___________

RECEIVED:ARISTON D. CALVO

Director forResearch & Development

_______________Date

Index No: _____________Recorded by: __________


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TRANSMITTAL

The thesis attached hereto entitled, THE EFFECT OF Ipomoea triloba l.

Ostrinia furnacalis (GUENEE) prepared and submitted by JAHREL D. DE

TOMAS, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Sciencein Agriculture (Entomology) is hereby accepted.

CONCEPCION R. BRAVOAdviser

__________________Date

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Sciencein Agriculture (Entomology).

CONRADO C. EVANGELISTACA-Research Coordinator

__________________Date

iii


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BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

The researcher was born on the 3

rd

of November 1985 at Antonio Luna

Street, Barangay Poblacion, Kabacan, Cotabato. Heis theeldest among the two

siblings of Mr. Joel De Tomas and Mrs. Elma M. De Tomas. Hissisters nameis

Ms. Jherlymhe Dalayoan De Tomas, an undergraduatein Bachelor of Sciencein

Hotel and Restaurant Management. He is presently residing at Antonio Luna

Street, Poblacion, Kabacan, Cotabato.

He finished his primary education at Kabacan Pilot Central School

(KPCS) in March 2000. Hissecondaryeducation was pursued at National High

School, Poblacion, Kabacan, Cotabato in 2003.

After graduation, he pursued his tertiary education at the University of

Southern Mindanao taking up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. He is

determined to fulfill his goalsin life and one of theseis to be ofservice not only to

his family but to other people.

He was born as an artist. Heis a musiclover too and loves playing guitar.

He also haveskillsin printing t-shirts and drawing.

And now, the finalstep in pursuing his dream of obtaining a degree has

come to an end.

JAHREL D. DE TOMASResearcher

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Life's real failure is when you do not realize how close you were to

success when you gave up. W ith desire to finish thisstudy, this quote inspires

the researcher in completing and accomplishing theentire requirements,even

how many times he failed, he didnt stop to reach his dream. The researcher is

thankful to the Almighty God for His bountiful blessings and guidance, where if

not bec

ause

of His

lovi

ng kindn

ess,this

rese

arch w

illnot ha

vebee

ncomp

lete

d.

The researcher would like to express her heartfelt gratitude and

appreciation to those persons who had given their time, valuable efforts, and

generous assistance.

To Dr. Concepcion R. Bravo, his adviser, for the unconditional help and

pieces of advice, for guiding him throughout the duration of his research study

and for making herself always availableeven beyond consultation hours.

To Prof. Carlito A. Maarat, Department Statistician, for hisexpert guidance

in the analysis of data and interpretation of results.

To Dr. Purification O. Cahatian, Department Chairman, for her deep

concern and guidance to make this work a meaningful one, who gave her time

and effort to share knowledge to the researcher regarding the research work.

To Prof. Evelyn P. Esteban, Dept. Instruction Coordinator; Prof. Emiliana

G. Batomalaque, CA-Guidance Counsellor; Sir William Malacad and Dr. Amancio

Manceras, who provided thesweet corn seeds, for theirvaried helps.

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Heartfelt and grateful acknowledgement isextended to his family: to his

Papang Joel and Mamang Elma,sister Jherlymhe and niece Febymhe,Lolang

Joling, cousins and relatives, the sources of his strength during his ups and

down,encouragement to keep on and thier moral and spiritualsupport.

To herco-majors, and friends, for being there whenever he needed them:

Gwen Iris Descalsota, Mark Anthony Ancheta, Edwin Mayong, Camilo Marzo,

Renante Porras, and Kismen Basia for helping in collecting trilobaseeds, for their

prayers, sharing the pain during extreme pressures and happiness in triumph.

They are one of a kind.

To all of them, this work is humbly dedicated. Thank you very much. GodBless!


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

INTRODUCTION 1

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3

Biological Control of Corn Borer With Ipomoea triloba 3

Biological Control Agents of Corn Borer 5

METHODOLOGY 6

Experimental Design and Treatments 6

Cultural Management of the Host Plant 8

Ipomoea triloba Culture 9

Data Gathered 9

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11

Corn boreregg masscount 11

Number oflarvae, borerexit holes, broken/damagedtassels, and length of borer tunnels (cm)

13

Yield of green corn with husk and without husk 15

LITERATURE CITED 19

APPENDICES 20


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LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Pages

1 Corn boreregg masscount assessed at 45 and 55 daysafter planting. USMARC, USM, Kabacan, Cotabato.

12

2 Number of larvae, borerexit holes, damaged tassels andlength of borer tunnels taken at harvest time. USMARC,USM, Kabacan, Cotabato.

14

3 Yield of green corn (kg/ha) from the two inner rows per plotassessed at 65 to 70 days after planting. USMARC, USM,

Kabacan, Cotabato.

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Title Pages

A Application of thesis defenseexamination 21

B Analysis ofvariance on corn boreregg masscount taken at45 DAP. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM, Kabacan,Cotabato.

22

C Analysis of variance on the number of damaged tasselstaken at harvest time. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato

22

D Analysis of variance on the number of damaged tassels

taken at harvest time. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato.

23

E Analysis ofvariance on theyield of green corn without husktaken at harvest time. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato

23

F Analysis ofvariance on yield of green corn with husk takenat harvest time. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM, Kabacan,Cotabato

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ABSTRACT

DE TOM

AS, JAHREL D. 2012. The effect of Ipomoea triloba on Ostriniafurnacalis Guenee. BSA Thesis. College of Agriculture, University ofSouthern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato. 36 p.

Adviser: DR. CONCEPCION R. BRAVO

Seven treatments were used in this study: T1 - corn alone, T2 - corn

plants with two inner border rows entwined with a single I. triloba, T3 - corn

plants with two outer border rowsentwined with a singleI. triloba, T4- I. triloba

entwined on five wooden poles between the two second rows, T5 - I. triloba

entwined on five wooden poles oneevery five hills on the two outer rows per plot,

T6 - I. triloba allowed to crawl between the two second rows ofeach side of the

plot, and T7 - I. triloba allowed to crawl in between the two outer rows ofeach

side of the plot.

The number ofcorn boreregg mass wassignificantlylower on plots with I.

triloba than in corn alone at 45 DAP but not at 55 DAP. Highlysignificant effect

was obtained on the number of borerexit holes and number of damaged tassels,

and in yield of green corn ear,significantly produced yield than corn alone. In this

study, it shows that Ipomoea triloba hassignificant effects in the population of

Ostinia furnacalis Guenee, thus help to sustain a higheryield at harvest.

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