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INTRODUCTION
Corn (Zea mays Linn.) issecond to rice as the most important crop in the
Philippines. About one-third of Filipino farmers, or 1.8 million, depends on corn
as their majorsource of livelihood. Whitecorn is the most important substitute
staplein periods of riceshortage,especially for peoplein rural areas. Yellow corn
is the primary source of feed for the Philippines animal industry, and is being
increasingly used by manufacturing sectors. Most common in upland areas,corn
production peaks from July to September, the lean months are from January to
June. The upland regions of Mindanao have the most area planted to thecrop,
and highest in production in theentirecountry, Due to itseconomics, thus, there
is a need to give high priority in corn research to increase production, thus,
increase farmersyields and profit.
The infestation of insect pests however, has always been a problem of
corn growers becauseit lowers the production and degree ofeconomicvalue of
thecrop. The Asian corn borer,Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee), isconsidered the
most destructive pest of maize in the Philippines (Morallo-Rejesuset al., 2002).
This pest can cause the heaviest damage to corn plants usually from early
vegetative stage up to plant maturity. Newly hatched larvae feed on the leaf
blade and later boreinto thecorn stalk. Tassels and ears are also attacked which
results to broken tassels and poor quality of harvest.
Researchers nowadays, are focusing on the usefulness of incorporating
biological control measures, based on sound scientific information, into
1
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integrated pest management system, that willsurely be of benefit to our farmers.
This technology reduces dependence on commercial synthetic inputs and
consequently, leads to protect theenvironment and attaining sustainability. The
complex interaction between crop-weed-pest strategies may offer insights to be
employed for proper pest management as it relates to maximize use of
resources. Thevolatilecompound 1 methylethyl propyl disulfideemitted by I.
triloba incornfields has been previously observed to have a profound effect on
the corn borer population. Corn borer egg mass counts on corn plants in
unweeded and selectively weeded plots (R. cochinchinensis and I. triloba) was
reduced significantly (Calumpang et al., 2000). The mean number ofegg masses
was almost nil up to 71 days after corn emergence (Magalit, 1983). Weed
utilization strategy would not only reduceinput for herbicides to control this weed
but would also reduce inputs for insecticides to control corn borer population.
This way of controlling pest and weeds using non-synthetic inputs would very
well lead to sustainableenvironment which would include the human health
consideration due to lower levels of pesticide residues in theenvironment and
lesser applicatorexposure during crop production activities.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of I. triloba L. on the
population and damage of O. furnacalis and to determine the yield ofcorn as
affected byI. trilobaL. and O. furnacalis
This study was conducted at the University of Southern Mindanao
AgriculturalResearch Center (USMARC) experimental area, Kabacan, Cotabato
from July 2007 to January 2008.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Control of Corn Borer
with Ipomoea triloba
Calumpang et al., (2000) madesome research on thechemical basis for
the population reduction of the Asian corn borer in cornfields with Ipomoea
triloba.They found out that the presence ofI. triloba in cornfields had a profound
effect on thecorn borer population. The number ofegg masses was almost nil up
to 71 days after corn emergence (Magalit, 1983). Significant reduction in corn
borer population was also observed even when I. triloba was grown as a border
strip (Magsino, 1995).
Insect behavioris affected to a certain extent bychemicalsigns theinsect
perceives in theenvironment. Volatile compounds are continuouslyemitted by
plants into the air and these may be utilized by herbivores to locate their food
plants (Visser, 1986) or oviposition site (Binder et al., 1995). It is therefore
important that thevolatilechemical profile found in the headspace of thecorn -I.
triloba complex be determined as thisserves as the reservoir for thechemical
cues which insects perceive (Calumpang et al., 2000). The ultimate behavioral
response of an insect in accepting or rejecting a potential host plant is thought to
be mediated by a balance of sensory inputs from positive cues such as
attractants and stimulants as well as negativechemicalstimulisuch as repellents
and deterrents from the plant (Dethier, 1982)
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Experiments on the complex tritrophic interactions between crop-weed-
pest and parasitoid were conducted by Calumpang et al., (1994) to elucidate
mechanisms responsible for the population reduction of the Asian corn borer in
the presence of I. triloba. Limited field trials showed effective suppression of
Asian Corn Borer oviposition wheneverI. triloba wasentwined on thecorn plant
whileseparating the plants reduced the degree of oviposition suppression. The
parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens females also respond to olfactory cues
from I. trilobaindicating the presence of an arrestant. These resultsindicate that
components from I. triloba serve as efficient chemical signals in orienting the
wasp to corn borer eggs, eliciting intense searching response resulting in
oviposition. This may be anothercontributory mechanism interacting in thecorn-I
trilobacomplexin the field which leads to theeventual population reduction of the
O. furnacalis population in the presence ofI triloba (Calumpang et al., 1994).
These result show that 1-methylethyl propyl disulfide repels corn borer
moths away from corn plants thereby forcing them to seek other position sites.
Thus,oviposition isstill reduced when I. triloba is grown besidescorn because
this chemical is produced not only a consequence of entwining but also as a
chemicalemission of both corn and I. triloba.
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Biological Control Agents of Corn Borer
In search for non-chemical methods to control Asian corn borer, Ostrinia
furnacalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a major pest of corn in the
Philippines, the importation and rearing of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma
evanescens Westw. (Hymenoptera:Trichogrammatidae) was initiated in 1982 by
the Philippines German Crop Protection Program at the Bureau of Plant
Industry in Manila. The first inundative releases in 1983 showed promise, with
further trials attaining egg parasitization of up to 90% and corn borer damage
reduction of up to 71% (Tran and Hassan, 1986).
Trichogramma wasps kill host eggs by feeding on them. The host egg is
stung and the adult feeds on the drop ofliquid appearing at thesite of thesting,
but no egg is laid. The host egg dies, leaving no evidence of parasitism.
The densities oflarvae must also be assessed becauseincreased egg parasitism
and mortality may not reduce densities of damaging larvae. Forsome pests an
increase in egg parasitism by Trichogramma may represent compensatory or
replaceable mortality rather than additive mortality. Comparisons of crop
damage, yield and quality are important in assessing the economic return on
augmenting Trichogramma.
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When evaluating Trichogramma releases it is important to remember the
indirect benefits. Unlike manyinsecticides,Trichogramma haveverylittleimpact
on other naturalenemies which may bevaluable in holding the target pest and
secondary pestsin check. Also, mass rearing do not pose risks to field workers
orleave toxic residues on produce.
METHODOLOGY
Experimental Design and Treatments
A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used with 7
treatments and three replications. A total area of476 m2 was divided into 21 plots
each with an inside dimension of 4 x 5 m (20 m2). One-meter alley between
replications and 0.5 m between treatments was provided. The treatments were
as follow;
y Treatment 1 - Corn alone.
y Treatment 2 - Fivecorn plants from the two inner rowsentwined with a
singleI. triloba each.
y Treatment 3 - Five corn plants at the two outer rows entwined with a
singleIpomoea triloba each.
y
Treatment4 - I. triloba entwined on five wooden poles between the two
second rows.
y Treatment 5 - I. trilobaentwined on wooden poles oneevery five hills on
the two outer rows per plot.
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Figure 2. The different treatments on thestudy Theeffect ofIpomoea triloba onOstrinia furnacalis Guenee.
y Treatment 6 - I. triloba allowed crawling between the two second rows of
each side of the plot.
y Treatment 7 - I. triloba allowed to crawlin between the two outer rows of
each plot.
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Cultural Management of the Host Plant
The experimental area was prepared thoroughly following strictly the
standard cultural practices forcorn. This was plowed once and harrowed twice
using a tractor- drawn plow.
Planting was done immediately after field lay-outing. Corn seeds were
drilled at a distance of 75 cm to 20 cm between and within furrows, respectively
at the rate of two to three seeds per hill. Thinning was done 10 days after
emergence leaving only one plant per hill for better space and exposure to
sunlight.
Hand weeding was done regularly to control weedsexcept forI. triloba.
In corn planting, drilling along the furrows with complete fertilizer (14-14-
14) was done. This wascovered with a thin layer ofsoil to prevent it from burning
theseeds. Fertilization is recommended half of the nitrogen and all phosphorus
and potassium was applied. Side dress application of half of the nitrogen
requirement was done using urea (46-0-0) was done immediately before hilling-
up at 28 30 days afteremergence.
Harvesting was done manually when the crop reaches physiological
maturity.
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Ipomoea triloba Culture
I. triloba seeds were planted in cups one month before planting ofcorn.
Three to four seeds were sown per cup. Plants were watered regularly and
fertilized with complete fertilizer. Thinning was done 10 days after emergence
leaving only one plant percup. Transplanting was done immediately one month
aftercorn emergence.
Data Gathered
Number of corn borer egg masses. This was assessed at 45 and 55
days after planting (DAP) using 10 plant samples randomlyselected per plot per
replication. Recorded egg masses were encircled/marked to avoid recounting
during succeeding assessment.
Leaf injury rating for corn borer. This was assessed at 30 and 40 DAP
using 10 plant samples per plot per replication. The rating scale that follows was
used.
Rating Description
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1 No feeding damage.
3 Plants with pin size holes and few holes of matched head size.
5 Plants with intermediate holes of matched head size.
7 Plants with many matched head size few holes ofvarying size.
9 Plants with intermediate to many holes ofvarying sizes.
Number of borer exit holes. This was assessed at harvest time bycounting
the holes on the stalk as a result of borer infestation based from ten sample
plants per plot.
Length of borer tunnels (cm). This was assessed at harvest time by
dissecting thecorn plants and measured the tunnellengths. Ten plant samples
per plot were used.
Number of broken/damaged tassels. This was assessed at harvest
time bycounting the broken tassels as a result of borerinfestation. Ten plants at
the two inner rows per plot were used.
Number of larvae. This was counted at harvest time by dissecting 10
plants from the two inner rows per plot.
Yield of green corn (kg/ha). This was assessed at 65 to 70 days after
planting by weighing corn ears with husk and without husk from the two inner
rows per plot.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Corn borer egg mass count
Table 1 presents thecorn boreregg masscount taken at 45 and 55 days
after planting.
At 45 DAP, (T1) corn planted alone had significantly highercounts ofcorn
boreregg mass with a mean of 0.43. per plot than when planted with I. tribloba.
(T2) Corn plants with two inner border rowsentwined with a singleI. tribloba, (T3)
corn plants with two outer border rows entwined a single I. triloba, (T4) corn
plants with I. triloba entwined on wooden poles between the two second rows,
(T5) corn plants with I. triloba entwined on wooden poles oneevery five hills on
the two outer rows per plot, (T6) corn plant with I. triloba allowed to crawl between
the two second rows ofeach side of the plot, and (T7) corn plants with I. triloba
allowed to crawl in between the two outer rows ofeach side of the plot, have
comparable means with 0.27, 0.20, 1.17, 0.13, 0.17 and 0.23 eggs masscount,
respectively.
At 55 DAP, no significant effect of the treatments on the number ofcorn
borereggs found on thecrop.
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Similar results are in strong agreement with field data generated by
Magalit(1983) where significant reduction in egg mass counts were observed
when I. triloba entwined corn or when I. triloba was grown as strips within or
border alongsidecorn (Magsino & Medina, 1994).
Table 1. Corn boreregg masscount assessed at 45 and 55 days after planting.USMARC, USM, Kabacan, Cotabato.
TreatmentsEggMass Count
45 DAP* 55 DAPns
T1- Corn alone 0.43a 0.79
T2- Corn plants at the two inner border rowsentwined with a singleI. triloba
0.27b 0.75
T3- Corn plants with two outer border rowsentwined a singleI. triloba
0.20b 0.77
T4- I. triloba entwined on wooden polesbetween the two second rows
0.17b 0.77
T5- I. triloba entwined on wooden poles one
every five hills on the two outer rows perplot
0.13b 0.77
T6- I. triloba allowed to crawl between the twosecond rows ofeach side of the plot
0.17b 0.75
T7-I. triloba allowed to crawlin between the twoouter rows ofeach side of the plot
0.23b 0.77
C.V. (%) 35.72 2.77
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Number of larvae,borer exit holes, broken/damaged tassels, andlength of borer tunnels (cm)
Table 2 presents the number of larvae, borer exit holes, broken or
damaged tassels and length of borer tunnels at harvest of green corn.
The number of larvae inside thestalks did not differsignificantly in plots
with and without I. triloba.Larval counts ranged from 0.47 to 0.73 per plot.
Numerically however,corn planted aloneshowed morelarva on them.
In terms of the number borer exit holes, plots with corn alone showed
more borer exit holes in them than any of the plots with I. triloba whether
entwined on the test plants or not.
Similarly, thelength of borer was not affected by the absence or presence
ofI. trilobain the plots. The tunnellengths ranged from 3.33 to 4.17 cm.
In the case of the number of broken/damaged tassels, corn with no I.
triloba had more (0.67). This treatment however wascomparable with of 0.57,
0.50, 0.60 and 0.50, respectively. T2 and T3 gavethe least significant number of
broken/damaged tassel with 0.43 and 0.40, respectively.
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Table 2. Number oflarvae, borerexit holes, damaged tassels and length of borertunnels taken at harvest time. USMARC, USM, Kabacan, Cotabato.
TreatmentsNumber of
larvaens
Numberof borer
exithole**
Lengthof borer
tunnels(cm)ns
Number ofbroken/da
magedtassels **
T1- Corn alone 0.73 1.40a
4.17 0.67a
T2- Corn plants with two innerborder rowsentwined with asingleI. triloba
0.53 0.70C 3.33 0.43c
T3- Corn plants with two outerborder rows entwined asingleI. triloba
0.47 0.7bc 3.88 0.40c
T4- Corn plants with I. trilobaentwined on wooden polesbetween the two secondrows
0.60 0.97b 3.85 0.57ab
T5- Corn plants with I. trilobaentwined on wooden polesone every five hills on thetwo outer rows per plot
0.50 0.80bc 4.12 0.50bc
T6- Corn plants with I. trilobaallowed to crawl between thetwo second rows of eachside of the plot
0.57 0.87bc 4.17 0.60ab
T7- Corn plants with I. trilobaallowed to crawl in betweenthe two outer rows of eachside of the plot
0.53 0.70c 3.53 0.50bc
CV (%) 18.28 14.41 17.53 11.66
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Yield of green cornwith husk and without husk
Table 3 shows theyield of green corn with and without husk assessed at
65 at 70 days after planting taken from the two inner rows per plot.
Based on green corn with husk, highlysignificant result was obtained. T1
has the least yield with 1.43 kg. T2, T3, T4, T5, and T5 havecomparable means
with 1.85, 1.98, 1.93, 1.83 and 1.88 kg of green corn, respectively. T6 got the
highest yield with 2.18 Kg/ha of green corn with husk.
Foryield of green corn without husk, T1 got thelowest yield of green corn
without hush while T2-T7 have comparable yield of green corn with 1.17, 1.22,
1.18, 1.20, 1.33 and 1.22 kg, respectively.
Resultsimply that the presences ofI. triloba can affect theyield of green
corn significantly higher than corn alone.
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Table 3. Yield of the green corn (kg/ha) from the two inner rows per plotassessed at 65 to 70 days after planting. USMARC, USM, Kabacan,Cotabato.
Treatments Yieldwith husk** withouthusk*
T1- Corn alone 1.43c 0.92b
T2- Corn plants with two inner border rowsentwined with a singleI. triloba
1.85b 1.17a
T3- Corn plants with two outer border rowsentwined a singleI. triloba
1.98ab 1.22a
T4- Corn plants with I. triloba entwined on woodenpoles between the two second rows
1.93b 1.18a
T5- Corn plants with I. triloba entwined on woodenpoles oneevery five hills on the two outer rowsper plot
1.83b 1.20a
T6- Corn plants with I. triloba allowed to crawlbetween the two second rows ofeach side ofthe plot
2.18a 1.33a
T7- Corn plants with I. triloba allowed to crawl inbetween the two outer rows ofeach side of theplot
1.88b 1.22a
C.V. (%) 7.07 8.74
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The study entitled The effect of Ipomoea triloba on Ostrinia furnacalis
Guenee was conducted at the Experimental Area, University of Southern
Mindanao AgriculturalResearch Center, Kabacan, Cotabato. Seven treatments
was formed and evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD).
Seven different treatments using Ipomoea triloba were made to determine
theeffect on Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee on corn field.
Results of thestudyshowed at 45 DAP thecorn boreregg masscount
significantly reduced and highlysignificant effect was obtained in borerexit holes
and damaged tassels with the presence of Ipomoea triloba in the cornfields,
whereas no significant results were obtained in corn boreregg mass count at
55DAP, number oflarvae and length of borer tunnels (cm). For theyield of green
corn ears with husk and without husk obtained highlysignificant and significant
result, respectively.
Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the presence of
Ipomoea triloba in cornfieldscan affect the population and damagescaused by
Ostrinia furnacalis Guenee than corn alone. Similar results are in strong
agreement with field data generated by other researchers where significant
reduction in egg mass counts were observed when I. triloba entwined corn
(Magalit, 1983) or when I. triloba was grown asstrips within or border alongside
corn (Magsino & Medina, 1994). The presence ofI. triloba in cornfields has been
previously observed to have a profound effect on the corn borer population
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(Calumpang et al., 1994). The interactions between crop-weed-pest are
envisioned to elucidate mechanisms which play a part in the population reduction
of Asian corn borer in the presence of Ipomoea triloba.Another contributory
mechanism interacting in thecorn-I trilobacomplexin the field which leads to the
eventual population reduction of theO. furnacalis population in the presence ofI
triloba (Calumpang et al., 1994). This may offer insights into possiblestrategies
to beemployed for proper pest management as it relates to maximized use of
resources to attain sustainability (Calumpang et al., 2000).
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LITERATURE CITED
Binder, B. F., J. C. Robbins and R. L. Watson. 1995. Chemically mediatedovipositional behavior of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis(Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 21 (9) : 1315 1327.
Calumpang, S.M.F., Medina, J.R., Kato, S., Ohsawa, K., Honda, H. 2000.Chemical basis for the population reduction of the Asian corn borer oncorn entwined with Ipomoea triloba. International Society for Southeast
Asian Agricultural Sciences (ISSAAS), 2000, 6, 28-42
Calumpang, S. M. F., J. R. Medina, S. Kato, K. Ohsawa, I. Yamamoto, and H.Honda. 1994. Effect of Ipomoea triloba L. on feeding, growth and
ovi
posi
tion of
Ostrinia furnacalisGu
enee
(Le
pidopt
era). J. Agr
ic. S
ci. 39(3): 159 169.
Dethier, V. G. 1982. Mechanism of host plant recognition. Entomol. Exp. Appl.31: 49-56.
Magalit, V. F. 1983. The influence of weeds on the population densities of theAsian corn borer [Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee)] and its natural enemiesand earworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner). M.S. Thesis. University ofthe Philippines,Los Baos, College,Laguna. 63 p.
Magsino, G. L. 1995. Influence of weed vegetation on the population dynamics ofthe Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee). Ph.D. DissertationGregorio Araneta University Foundation, Metro Manila. 65p.
Magsino & Medina, 1994.
Morallo-Rejesus, B., E. G. Punzalan and P. A. Javier. 2002. Corn borer: A majorthreat in corn production for Asian corn borer AnnualReport. 10p.
Tran, L. & S. A. Hassan. 1986. Preliminary results on the utilization ofTrichogramma evanescens Westw. to control the Asian corn borerOstriniafurnacalis Gueneein the Philippines. Z. angew. Ent. 101: 18-23.
Visser, J. H. 1986. Host odor perception by phytophagous insects. Ann. Rev.Entomol. 31: 121 144.
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APPENDICES
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Republic of the PhilippinesUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO
Kabacan, Cotabato
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
APPLICATION FOR THESIS MANUSCRIPT DEFENSE
Name: JAHREL D. DE TOMAS Degree Sought: BSAMajor: ENTOMOLOGY Specialization:GLUTINOUS CORNTitle: THE EFFECT OF Ipomoea triloba l. ON Ostrinia furnacalis (GUENEE)
Date Examination: ______________ Time: __________ Room: _______
MEMBERS OF THE EXAMINING COMMITTEEName Signature Date
CONCEPTION R. BRAVO _________________ ____________PUIFICACION O. CAHATIAN _________________ ____________CARLITO A. MAARAT _________________ ____________CONRADO C. EVANGELISTA _________________ ____________
RECOMMENDING APPROVAL:
CONCEPCION R. BRAVO
Adviser
CARLITO A. MAARAT APPROVED:Statistician
PURIFICACION O. CAHATIAN
PURIFICACION O. CAHATIAN Dept Chairperson
Dept Research Coordinator
REPORT ON THE RESULT OF EXAMINATION(Indicate whether passed of failed under remarks)
Name Signature Remarks DateCOMCEPTION R. BRAVO __________ ___________ __________PUIFICACION O. CAHATIAN __________ ___________ __________
CARLITO A. MAARAT __________ ___________ __________CONRADO C. EVANGELISTA __________ ___________ __________
APPROVED:
PURIFICACION O. CAHATIANDept Chairperson
Appendix A
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Appendix B. Analysis ofvariance on corn boreregg masscount taken at 45 DAP.Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM, Kabacan,Cotabato.
S.V. df SS MS Fc F tab5% 1%
Replication 2 0.02000 0.01000 1.50ns 3.00 4.82
Treatments 6 0.18286 0.03048 4.57*
Error 12 0.08000 0.00667
Total 20 0.28286
C.V. = 35.72%
* = Significant at 5% levelns = Not significant
Appendix C. Analysis of variance on number of damaged tassels taken atharvest time. Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM,
Kabacan, Cotabato.
S.V. Df SS MS Fc
Replication 2 0.03524 0.01762 4.72*
Treatments 6 0.15810 0.02635 7.06**
Error 12 0.04476 0.00373
Total 20 0.23810
C.V. = 11.66%** = Highlysignificant at 1% level* = Significant at 5% level
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Appendix D. Analysis of variance on number of damaged tassels taken atharvest time. Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato.
S.V. Df SS MS Fc
Replication 2 0.00667 0.00333 0.21ns
Treatments 6 1.11238 0.18540 11.51**
Error 12 0.19333 0.01611
Total 20 1.31238
C.V. = 14.41%
** = Highlysignificant at 1% levelns = Not significant
Appendix E. Analysis ofvariance on yield of green corn ear without husk taken atharvest time. Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato
S.V. Df SS MS Fc
Replication 2 0.02310 0.01155 1.09ns
Treatments 6 0.28810 0.04802 4.54*
Error 12 0.12690 0.01058
Total 20 0.43810
C.V. = 8.74%** = Highlysignificant at 1% level* = Significant at 5% levelns = Not significant
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Appendix F. Analysis ofvariance on yield of green corn ear with husk taken atharvest time. Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato
S.V. Df SS MS Fc
Replication 2 0.01500 0.00750 0.43ns
Treatments 6 0.92286 0.15381 8.79**
Error 12 0.21000 0.01750
Total 20 1.14786
C.V. = 7.07%
** = Highlysignificant at 1% levelns = Not significant
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THE EFFECT OF Ipomoea triloba l. ON Ostrinia furnacalis (GUENEE)
JAHREL D. DE TOMAS
Thesis Manuscript Submitted to the College of AgricultureUniversity of Southern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato
in Partial Fulfillment of theRequirementsfor the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE(Entomology)
MARCH 2012
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Republic of the PhilippinesUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO
Kabacan, Cotabato
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
APPROVAL OF THESIS MANUSCRIPT
Name: JAHREL D. DE TOMAS Degree Sought: BSAMajor: ENTOMOLOGY Specialization:Title: THE EFFECT OF Ipomoea triloba l. ON Ostrinia furnacalis (GUENEE)
APPROVED BY THE GUIDANCE COMMITTEE
CONCEPCION R. BRAVOAdviser
CARLITO A. MAARATStatistician
_______________Date
_______________Date
PUIFICACION O. CAHATIANDept. Research Coordinator
PUIFICACION O. CAHATIANDept. Chairperson
_______________Date
_______________Date
CONRADO C. EVANGELISTACollegeResearch Coordinator
_____________________Date
Study No: _____________Recorded by: ___________
RECEIVED:ARISTON D. CALVO
Director forResearch & Development
_______________Date
Index No: _____________Recorded by: __________
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TRANSMITTAL
The thesis attached hereto entitled, THE EFFECT OF Ipomoea triloba l.
Ostrinia furnacalis (GUENEE) prepared and submitted by JAHREL D. DE
TOMAS, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Sciencein Agriculture (Entomology) is hereby accepted.
CONCEPCION R. BRAVOAdviser
__________________Date
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Sciencein Agriculture (Entomology).
CONRADO C. EVANGELISTACA-Research Coordinator
__________________Date
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BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
The researcher was born on the 3
rd
of November 1985 at Antonio Luna
Street, Barangay Poblacion, Kabacan, Cotabato. Heis theeldest among the two
siblings of Mr. Joel De Tomas and Mrs. Elma M. De Tomas. Hissisters nameis
Ms. Jherlymhe Dalayoan De Tomas, an undergraduatein Bachelor of Sciencein
Hotel and Restaurant Management. He is presently residing at Antonio Luna
Street, Poblacion, Kabacan, Cotabato.
He finished his primary education at Kabacan Pilot Central School
(KPCS) in March 2000. Hissecondaryeducation was pursued at National High
School, Poblacion, Kabacan, Cotabato in 2003.
After graduation, he pursued his tertiary education at the University of
Southern Mindanao taking up Bachelor of Science in Agriculture. He is
determined to fulfill his goalsin life and one of theseis to be ofservice not only to
his family but to other people.
He was born as an artist. Heis a musiclover too and loves playing guitar.
He also haveskillsin printing t-shirts and drawing.
And now, the finalstep in pursuing his dream of obtaining a degree has
come to an end.
JAHREL D. DE TOMASResearcher
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Life's real failure is when you do not realize how close you were to
success when you gave up. W ith desire to finish thisstudy, this quote inspires
the researcher in completing and accomplishing theentire requirements,even
how many times he failed, he didnt stop to reach his dream. The researcher is
thankful to the Almighty God for His bountiful blessings and guidance, where if
not bec
ause
of His
lovi
ng kindn
ess,this
rese
arch w
illnot ha
vebee
ncomp
lete
d.
The researcher would like to express her heartfelt gratitude and
appreciation to those persons who had given their time, valuable efforts, and
generous assistance.
To Dr. Concepcion R. Bravo, his adviser, for the unconditional help and
pieces of advice, for guiding him throughout the duration of his research study
and for making herself always availableeven beyond consultation hours.
To Prof. Carlito A. Maarat, Department Statistician, for hisexpert guidance
in the analysis of data and interpretation of results.
To Dr. Purification O. Cahatian, Department Chairman, for her deep
concern and guidance to make this work a meaningful one, who gave her time
and effort to share knowledge to the researcher regarding the research work.
To Prof. Evelyn P. Esteban, Dept. Instruction Coordinator; Prof. Emiliana
G. Batomalaque, CA-Guidance Counsellor; Sir William Malacad and Dr. Amancio
Manceras, who provided thesweet corn seeds, for theirvaried helps.
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Heartfelt and grateful acknowledgement isextended to his family: to his
Papang Joel and Mamang Elma,sister Jherlymhe and niece Febymhe,Lolang
Joling, cousins and relatives, the sources of his strength during his ups and
down,encouragement to keep on and thier moral and spiritualsupport.
To herco-majors, and friends, for being there whenever he needed them:
Gwen Iris Descalsota, Mark Anthony Ancheta, Edwin Mayong, Camilo Marzo,
Renante Porras, and Kismen Basia for helping in collecting trilobaseeds, for their
prayers, sharing the pain during extreme pressures and happiness in triumph.
They are one of a kind.
To all of them, this work is humbly dedicated. Thank you very much. GodBless!
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
INTRODUCTION 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3
Biological Control of Corn Borer With Ipomoea triloba 3
Biological Control Agents of Corn Borer 5
METHODOLOGY 6
Experimental Design and Treatments 6
Cultural Management of the Host Plant 8
Ipomoea triloba Culture 9
Data Gathered 9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 11
Corn boreregg masscount 11
Number oflarvae, borerexit holes, broken/damagedtassels, and length of borer tunnels (cm)
13
Yield of green corn with husk and without husk 15
LITERATURE CITED 19
APPENDICES 20
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Pages
1 Corn boreregg masscount assessed at 45 and 55 daysafter planting. USMARC, USM, Kabacan, Cotabato.
12
2 Number of larvae, borerexit holes, damaged tassels andlength of borer tunnels taken at harvest time. USMARC,USM, Kabacan, Cotabato.
14
3 Yield of green corn (kg/ha) from the two inner rows per plotassessed at 65 to 70 days after planting. USMARC, USM,
Kabacan, Cotabato.
16
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix Title Pages
A Application of thesis defenseexamination 21
B Analysis ofvariance on corn boreregg masscount taken at45 DAP. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM, Kabacan,Cotabato.
22
C Analysis of variance on the number of damaged tasselstaken at harvest time. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato
22
D Analysis of variance on the number of damaged tassels
taken at harvest time. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato.
23
E Analysis ofvariance on theyield of green corn without husktaken at harvest time. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM,Kabacan, Cotabato
23
F Analysis ofvariance on yield of green corn with husk takenat harvest time. Dept. of Entomology, CA, USM, Kabacan,Cotabato
24
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ABSTRACT
DE TOM
AS, JAHREL D. 2012. The effect of Ipomoea triloba on Ostriniafurnacalis Guenee. BSA Thesis. College of Agriculture, University ofSouthern Mindanao, Kabacan, Cotabato. 36 p.
Adviser: DR. CONCEPCION R. BRAVO
Seven treatments were used in this study: T1 - corn alone, T2 - corn
plants with two inner border rows entwined with a single I. triloba, T3 - corn
plants with two outer border rowsentwined with a singleI. triloba, T4- I. triloba
entwined on five wooden poles between the two second rows, T5 - I. triloba
entwined on five wooden poles oneevery five hills on the two outer rows per plot,
T6 - I. triloba allowed to crawl between the two second rows ofeach side of the
plot, and T7 - I. triloba allowed to crawl in between the two outer rows ofeach
side of the plot.
The number ofcorn boreregg mass wassignificantlylower on plots with I.
triloba than in corn alone at 45 DAP but not at 55 DAP. Highlysignificant effect
was obtained on the number of borerexit holes and number of damaged tassels,
and in yield of green corn ear,significantly produced yield than corn alone. In this
study, it shows that Ipomoea triloba hassignificant effects in the population of
Ostinia furnacalis Guenee, thus help to sustain a higheryield at harvest.