March Mock Revision Sheets

Core

B1 Cheat Sheet Classification (How Scientists put animals into groups)

The order of Classification is: Kingdom, Phylum, Class,

Order, Family, Genus and Species (Remember –

K.P.Crisps.Offer.Fairly.Good.Snacks

There are five kingdoms of organisms: Animalia, Plantae,

Fungi, Protoctista and Prokaryotae (be careful with

spelling)

Viruses – There is no kingdom for viruses as scientists do

not think of them as being alive; they are not living until

they are in a host cell. The virus doesn’t show all the life

process such as growth or feeding.

Species

Definition: When to organisms can interbreed to produce FERTILE offspring.

Two organisms with similar characteristics can reproduce but do not belong to the

same species – these are called HYBRIDS

E.g. donkey + zebra = Zedonk

Lion + tiger = Liger

Most hybrids are infertile e.g. zedonk however ligers are fertile and can reproduce to

form liligers

HYBRIDS DO NOT BELONG TO ANY SPECIES

Vertebrates (Chordata) and Invertebrates (non chordata)

(back bone and no back bone)

Animal Kingdom contain five sections;

M.R F.A.B – Mammals, Reptiles, Fish, Amphibians and Birds

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Oxygen Absorption methods

Lungs – Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and adult amphibians

Gills – Fish

Moist skin – young amphibians

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Reproduction

Viviparous (internal fertilisation/live birth) – mammals

Oviparous – (external fertilisation/lay eggs) – Reptiles, Fish,

Amphibians, Birds

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Thermoregulation (how they regulate heat)

Homeotherm (warm blooded) – mammals and birds

Poikilotherm (cold blooded) – reptiles, fish, amphibians

Naming Species

An organism has two Latin words

E.g. Erithacus rubecula

The first name is the GENUS - Erithacus

The second name is the SPECIES - rubecula

The system is agreed by scientists all over the word to allow them to communicate

clearly, whatever their language

Variation – Differences in characteristics

All organisms are adapted to their surroundings e.g. a

dessert fox does not look the same as an artic fox.

Genetic variation – variation caused by information inside cells (genes)

Environmental variation – differences in characteristics caused b the environment

Discontinuous variation – e.g. rolling your tongue, blood group and gender (you can only ever

be one) caused by genetic variation

Continuous variation – e.g. height, weight (you can change) caused by genetic and

environmental variation

This graph shows continuous variation – the shape of the graph (bell shape) is called normal

distribution curve.

It shows that most individuals measure within the middle part of the range in variation and

there are fewer individuals within the measurements at the extremes of the range.

Evolution

Organisms generally produce far more offspring than the

environment can support. Most will die before adulthood

because there are not enough resources for all of them (e.g. food

and space)

Organisms have different characteristics and they are in

competition for resources.

The organisms that have the best suited characteristics for

the environment will survive ‘survival of the fittest’

The organisms that survive pass on their genes to their

offspring.

The organisms that didn’t survive will eventually become

extinct

Genes

DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell.

Lots of DNA makes up a chromosome

There are 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes in the human body

Chromosomes are divided up into genes

Genes carry instructions for out characteristics e.g. eye colour

Alleles are alternate forms of a gene e.g. blue or brown eyes

Phenotype – Physical appearance e..g brown eyes or tall

Genotype – Genetic makeup e.g. BB or Bb

Homozygous dominant – BB, TT, RR

Homozygous recessive – bb, tt, rr

Heterozygous – Bb, Tt, Rr

Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth

Topic 1

The Earth is thought to be about 4.5 billion years old

Titan

Had volcanoes

98% nitrogen atmosphere

Some scientists believe our

atmosphere was like Titan

Had volcanoes

Mainly carbon dioxide

atmosphere

Some scientists believe our

atmosphere was more like mars and

venus

Mars and

Venus

Examiners Tip

It is difficult to be certain how the planet has changed

Be clear about this when writing

about theories and express alternative points of view

The two ways carbon dioxide was removed from the

atmosphere was by dissolving in the oceans and through

photosynthesis The amount of oxygen in the

atmosphere increased because photosynthesising organisms

evolved, these release oxygen into the atmosphere and

remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Over time

more and more photosynthesising organisms evolved so more oxygen was

put into the atmosphere.

Atmosphere today

Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth

Topic 2

Types of rock

Igneous

Metamorphic Sedimentary

Rocks deep inside the earth

May become hot enough to partially melt

Molten rock is called magma

May erupt onto the surface as lava

Contain crystals – size of crystal depends on rate at which it has cooled

granite

Action of heat and pressure changes the

rock forming new crystals

Grains held tightly together

Marble

Rocks broken down by physical processes

Erosion happens when the rock is transported

Layers and layers of sediment build up along with the hard parts of

dead organisms

limestone Fossils may be

found in sedimentary rock

Cement is made in a kiln

Limestone

Making buildings Crushed to make a firm

base for railway lines and roads

Raw material for cement, concrete and glass

Cement is made by heating limestone with powdered clay

Concrete is made by mixing

cement with sand, gravel and water

Quarrying limestone

Limestone is removed from the ground in a quarry.

Explosives break the limestone into pieces- these are cut or crushed and transported to customers.

Thermal decomposition of limestone

Limestone undergoes thermal decomposition when heated. The same happens to other carbonates. For example, consider copper carbonate

In any reaction the total mass of products is the same as the total mass

of the reactants

Chemical Reactions

• Balanced equations show what happens to the atoms in a chemical reaction.

• There needs to be equal numbers of each atom type on either side of the arrow!

• The symbols (s) etc are state symbols showing the state that the chemical is in

Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth

Topic 3

Antacids neutralise excess stomach acid. Antacids contain bases- these are substances

that react with acids. The neutralisation reaction between an acid

and a base produces water and a salt: Acid + base → salt + water

Corrosive Toxic

Flammable Harmful or

irritant

Types of antacid

Electrolysis can be used to break down an acid into its elements

Green toxic gas

recognisable smell To treat our water supply

(kills microbes)

To manufacture bleach/other cleaning products

Manufacture plastics such as

poly(chloroethene),

also called PVC

It reacts with coloured substances to make them colourless (e.g. in paper making).

Uses of chlorine

Bleach is harmful to living things.

45 million tonnes of chlorine are

produced from seawater

each year. Sometimes

this can leak from a

factory or tanker if there has been an

accident.

Since chlorine is toxic, a leak near a town could kill thousands.

To test for oxygen: place a glowing splint in the mouth of the test tube. If the splint relights, you have oxygen!

To test for hydrogen: place a lit splint in the mouth of the test tube. If the test tube contains hydrogen (mixed with air) you will hear an explosion that sounds like a 'squeaky pop'.

Chlorine “bleaches” damp indicator paper. It is also a toxic gas so don’t breathe it!

This leads to problems when it comes to large-scale

manufacture of chlorine gas.

Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth

Topic 4

Reactivity of metals

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Properties of metals

Shape memory alloys (e.g. Stent to keep a

blocked blood vessel

open)

Stainless steel is an alloy that contains other metals such as Nickel and Chromium.

Stainless steel has the strength of steel combined with the corrosion resistance of

nickel and the shininess of chromium

Gold!

Jewellery made from pure gold is very soft. Gold jewellery is usually made from alloys, in which gold is mixed with

other metals

Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth

Topic 5 Part 1

Fuels

Wood Oil Gas

Coal

These fuels are called “fossil fuels” and are described as being “non-renewable

Crude oil is a mixture of HYDROCARBONS (compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen). Some examples:

Longer chains mean…

Less ability to flow

Less flammable

Less volatile

Higher boiling point

Incre

asin

g le

ngth

Distillation

This apparatus can be used to separate water and ink because they have different boiling

points

Fractions with low boiling points condense at the top

Fractions with high boiling points condense at the bottom

Burning a Fuel – Complete combustion

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

Burning a Fuel –Incomplete combustion

Test for carbon dioxide

Rainwater is naturally acidic This is because carbon dioxide and other gases in the air dissolved in it Acid rain has a pH lower than 5.2

Causes of acid Rain

Solutions to acid rain •Using low sulphur fuels •Removing acidic gases from factory fuel emissions

Year 10 C1 – Chemistry and our Earth

Topic 5 Part 2

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils like oil

seed rape or soya beans

Ethanol is made from wheat, sugar cane or sugar beet.

It can be made from fermenting sugar with yeast

The ethanol can be mixed with petrol for

use in car engines. This reduces the demand for petrol

Biodiesel can be used in diesel engine cars. These

cars often use a mixture of diesel and biodiesel fuel

beans

Advantages Disadvantages

Hydrogen is non-polluting.

Costly to convert to liquid

Hydrogen has the highest energy content

Hydrogen is very reactive so difficult to store

Hydrogen is a renewable fuel source

Fossil Fuels May be Needed to Produce Hydrogen

Reduce dependency on foreign oil.

Hydrogen as a fuel

KEY WORDS: light slows point updated direction length X glass two infra increase focuses incidence refraction reflects refraction fatter eyepiece slows focal lens

P1 REVISION – Space

Observing the universe

We observe space in a number of ways. We can observe space with our eyes. However we can not see

distance/faint objects well. Telescopes collect l _____ and

magnify images well. The invention of photography

help scientists to keep a permanent u______ record of

their observations.

We can use different waves to explore space. Examples of these waves are ___-rays and i___-red.

The geocentric model was proposed by P______. It suggested that the e_____ was at the centre of the solar system and that the earth was stationary. Ptolemy thought that Mars moved forwards and then backwards, he suggested the planet moved in a circle upon its orbit around earth. This idea was known as r________ m________.

Reflection

The law of reflection states that the angle of I_________ equals to angle of r____________.

GEOCENTRIC

.

Converging lens Converging or convex lenses are f______ in the middle and are curved on the sides. Converging lens refract light to one point called the f________ p________. This is where an image will form. When measuring the focal l _________ you measure from the image to the lens.

.

Copernicus suggest that the s____ was at the centre of the solar system and that earth and the planets orbited this. Copernicus suggested that planets orbit the sun in c_______ orbits. Copernicus also notices that planets further away from the sun moved much more s___________. Galileo discovered that Jupiter had m_____ with orbited Jupiter (this disproved the Geocentric model)

HELOCENTRIC

Refraction

When light enters a denser material it s______ down and changes d________. This light will bend towards to normal. As light leaves this denser material (e.g. g_____) its speed will i_______ and it will change direction again. The angle of i________ is larger than the angle of r ______ in the diagram across from this box.

Telescopes Refracting telescopes have t____ converging lenses. One is called the objective lens (this f__________ incoming light) and one magnifies the image. These telescopes are typically very large . They are not considered to be as good as reflecting telescopes as they lose light. Reflecting telescopes possess a primary mirror which r______ light onto the small flat mirror. The light is then sent into the e_____ l ______ which magnifies the image.

P1 REVISION - Waves

Wave speed Waves travel at different

speeds. A wave speed can be calculated by using the

following these equations.

Speed (m/s) = distance

(m) ÷ t______ (s)

Speed (m/s) = frequency (Hz) x wavelength (m)

Waves can transfer e _______ . They do not transfer m__________ in the direction that they are travelling. The upper most part of a wave is known as the p______ and the lowest point is called the t___________. The a ________ is the maximum displacement of a wave measured in m_______. The frequency is the number of w________ passing by a set point every second.

Waves

.

Wave types There are two types of wave, these are transverse and l____________ waves.

Transverse: Particles move from up

and down at 900 to the wave direction. Longitudinal: The vibrations are along the direction in which the ____ travels.

.

Seismic waves Seismic waves are produced by earthquakes. There are 2 types of seismic waves . Primary (or P) waves are l_________ waves. ________ waves are transverse waves. Seismometers can be used to detect these waves. Infrared and ultraviolet William H_______ discovered i_____ red waves. He used t__________ in order to measure the temperature of different colours of the visible spectrum (red, orange, yellow, g_____, b_____ indigo, violet.) He placed a thermometer beyond red and realised that this was the hottest part. He called this Invisible wave infrared. Ultraviolet was discovered by Johann R_________. He used silver c________ which turns black when exposed to sunlight. He placed some of this chemical beyond violet and found that It broken down quickest here. He called this n_______ wave Ultra v________.

.

KEY WORDS: time peak longitudinal Ritter longitudinal meters Herschel chloride wave waves infra new energy peak green violet matter wavelength thermometers trough amplitude blue amplitude S transverse wave

P1 REVISION – The electromagnetic spectrum

Properties of the EM waves They are all transverse waves. They can travel through a v_________. They all

travel at the same s_____. They transfer energy. They can be reflected, refracted and diffracted (spreading of a wave through a gap.)

Further uses of electromagnetic

Ultraviolet can be produced by special UV lamps with mercury inside them. A florescent lamp contains mercury vapour. The mercury emits UV when a current is passed through it. f_______ bank notes can be identified using UV as genuine notes have special florescent markings. Bottle water can be disinfected by exposure to intense u_____________. X-rays are produced when fast moving electrons hit a metal. X rays are absorbed by more dense materials. X-rays can be used to: identify dangerous objects at an airport, check for b______ bones at hospital and even identify cracks along a p______ wing. Gamma rays can be used to s_________ food items. This irradiation kills microbes and increase foods shelf life. Metal instruments in hospitals can also be sterilised in this way. Patients can be injected with special chemical tracers which release g____ rays. These tracers help to identify the presence of cancerous c ________. Intense gamma rays can even be used to d ______ cancers cells.

.

Microwaves Microwaves are used to h______ our food. They are absorbed by water an fatty molecules in the food. Microwaves are also used for communicating with m_______ p__________. These microwaves are of a lower f_________ and have less energy. Radiowaves Medium frequency radio waves can be reflected off the Ionosphere and can therefore travel long distance around the world. Higher f______ radio waves can travel in straight lines over long distances. Infrared waves Infrared waves are given out by most objects (above -273oc

.) Police and rescuers can uses thes e waves to find and track p________. Remote controls also use these waves as do Security systems and o_________fibres. Visible light This is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can s______.

.

.

Waves at this end have a low frequency and little energy.

Waves at this end have a high frequency and lots of energy.

Ionisation Most atoms contain a stable nucleus made of p_______ and n_______. Electrons orbit the nucleus. Radioactive material contain nuclei that is unstable. The nuclei split up and emit either a particle or a burst of electromagnetic radiation in the form of alpha, b________ and g_________. All three of these forms of radiation are ionisers. Ionisation is the process of removing electrons from atoms, creating positive ions. Alpha is the most ionising whilst gamma is the l_________ ionising. KEY WORDS: vacuum gamma frequency gamma speed cells people least forged destroy optical ultraviolet heat see broken mobile protons plane phones neutrons sterilise frequency beta