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In this talk Marco discussed on newsworthiness, the overlapping between traditional and new media, and the feedback of social media users to media outlets that is reshaping the public opinion. Recently, a rise of new media has changed the ways we read the news. The very nature of a news ecosystem experiences deep transformation due to a constant interaction between the newsmakers and readers. A borderline between traditional and new media slowly disappears and users’ feedback starts to play a major role in the editorial politics.
Citation preview
THE SOCIAL MAKING OF NEWS The propagation of news on Twitter and Facebook
M. T. Bastos New Economic School &
Higher School of Economics
October 2013, Russia
1 newsmaking
Newsworthiness
The key factors governing the newsworthiness of
information were originally defined by Otto Groth
(1928) and included seven newspaper
qualifications.
Galtung and Ruge (1965) further explored the
topic and elaborated thirteen categories. This
seminal research was reviewed by Tunstall (1971)
who revealed the data ignored day-to-day
coverage of lesser, domestic and mundane news.
Newsworthiness
This later literature has established that
newsworthiness in printing press is increasingly
emphasizing entertainment (Franklin, 1997).
Harcup and ONeill (2001) offered a revised
version of Galtung and Ruges set of factors that
includes Entertainment. Since then, news editors
increased the coverage of sports, entertainment,
news about celebrities and advice columns.
Social Making of News
The transition from the print press to online news
websites represented a qualitative leap that
changed readership due to decisions relating to the
platform design, section assignment, and website
layout.
These technical modifications exert a major
influence on reading habits and change the way
news is consumed.
Social Making of News
News ecosystem are shaped by the collaboration
between readers and writers and the lack of
distinctions among tweets, blog posts, newspaper
stories, magazine articles or books (Franklin, 1997).
The line between old media and new media has
been blurred beyond recognition and the very
nature of news values is evolving. Social media
feedback is impacting the editorial decisions that
define the newsmaking process.
Social Making of News
Literature on online news established that news
websites have failed to explore interactive features
and relied on content from the parent publication.
Newsmaking decisions were still driven by print
newsrooms.
Social Making of News
Literature on online news claimed that online
journalism failed to explore interactive features and
relied on content from the parent publication.
Newsmaking decisions were still driven by print
newsrooms.
Is newsmaking in social media also driven by
print newsroom?
Social Making of News
We contrasted the differences in topics
emphasized by newspapers editors and social
media users to examine the problem.
We mined two weeks of news articles published by
The New York Times and The Guardian and
tracked the items on Twitter, Facebook, Google+,
Delicious, Pinterest, and StumbleUpon.
Social Making of News
Items about arts, technology, and opinion pieces
prevail on social media. Niche social networks
present a greater volume of articles about science,
technology, fashion, and lifestyle.
Overall, social media users favor opinion pieces,
but also national, local and world news. This is at
odds with the decisions of news editors to
emphasize sports, economy, entertainment, and
celebrity news.
Social Making of News
Twitter is the only social network to have presented
a statistically significant correlation with
newspapers.
We found that the distribution of news items per
section on Twitter is significantly correlated with that
of The Guardian and The New York Times (r=.88
and r=.68, respectively, p
Social Making of News Time-series of published and tweeted articles of The Guardian and The New York Times
2 public-interest
Public-Interest
How do newspapers compare to social media in the
ratio of news items per news section published and
shared? Which sections receive more coverage
and are mostly shared by social media users?
How much overlap there is between the editorial
choices of newspapers and social media feedback
in terms of shared, tweeted, pinned and clicked
news articles?
Public-Interest
Twitter Facebook
Links Retweets Links Likes Shares Comments
NY Times 4,264 167,189 4750 634,633 2,115,513 418,532
Guardian 5,050 254,506 4501 245,890 856,149 186,452
Newspaper StumbleUpon Pinterest Delicious Google+
Items Word count Hits Hits Hits Hits
NY Times 11,607 5,641,129 150,466 3,561 1,216 5,626
Guardian 5,222 3,567,860 398,401 4,390 1,738 11,532
Public-Interest
Facebook emphasizes news about arts and opinion, which account for one-third of shared NY Times articles. Twitter replicates the diversity of topics covered by the papers shortly after the outlets.
Twitter presents a higher percentage of items about economy, technology, and national news. One quarter of all messages from Twitter public stream with links to NY Times articles are dedicated to national news (as opposed to 9% on Facebook).
Public-Interest Shared items per news sections on Twitter and Facebook
Public-Interest
Social media users favor a subset of content that is
at odds with the decisions of newspapers editors
regarding which topic to emphasize.
Only a quarter of articles about sports published
by the Times ever showed up on Twitter or
Facebook; only about half of sport-related items
published by The Guardian appeared on Twitter,
and only one-third on Facebook.
Public-Interest Shares, retweets, and news articles per section (bars of the same color sum up to 100%)
Public-Interest
Editors of the NY Times publish world news
articles (20%) more often than users of Facebook
(10%) or Twitter (10%).
Only 12% of the content published by The
Guardian is dedicated to world news, but these
few links are responsible for 16% of Twitter stream
and 19% of Facebook stream.
Public-Interest Distribution of articles by soft, general, and hard news on outlets, Twitter and Facebook
Public-Interest
Social media users favor hard news over soft and general news in a higher ratio than newspaper editors. The emphasis placed by newspapers on economics and sport-related items is in sharp contrast with the feedback from social media users.
There are also remarkable differences on the number of news items about arts, science, technology, and opinion pieces, which are on average more frequent on social networking sites than on newspapers.
Public-Interest Articles per section on the NY Times and the Guardian compared to hits on social media
Public-Interest
Pinterest presents considerable traffic to news
articles, generating half of Google+ hits and on
average one hit per article published by the
Guardian.
Most social networks are dedicated to niche
sections. Pinterest is mostly dedicated to fashion,
arts, entertainment, and lifestyle. StumbleUpon and
Delicious are dedicated to tourism, science, and arts.
Public-Interest
Google+ focuses on word news, technology, science,
and opinion pieces, while Facebook presents a
higher volume of items dedicated to arts,
environment, opinion pieces, and world news.
Twitter is centered on hard news stories, often
streaming more hard news stories than the news
outlet that provides the content and other social
networking sites. Twitter emphasizes arts, education,
environment, opinion, politics, and technology.
Public-Interest
Twitter is centered on hard news stories and
significantly correlated with news outlets.
Based on that, we investigated the diffusion of
news articles on Twitter across 40 newspapers in
5 countries.
3 twittersphere
Tweeting News Articles
On October 28 2010, Twitter co-founder Biz Stone
announced the companys ambition to create a
Twitter News Service for news organizations.
Tweeting News Articles
On October 28 2010, Twitter co-founder Biz Stone
announced the companys ambition to create a
Twitter News Service for news organizations.
The announcement emphasized Twitters news and
information-network strategy and followed attempts
to build system that could harness the platforms
potential for real-time news propagation.
Tweeting News Articles
On October 28 2010, Twitter co-founder Biz Stone
announced the companys ambition to create a
Twitter News Service for news organizations.
The announcement emphasized Twitters news and
information-network strategy and followed attempts
to build system that could harness the platforms
potential for real-time news propagation.
As of May 6 2013, Twitter hired a head of news to
run its news operation. Twitter is fast becoming the
basic tool and source of news for global media.
Tweeting News Articles Spain
Title Website Headquarters Circulation
El Pas elpais.es Madrid 432,204
El Mundo del Siglo XXI elmundo.es Madrid 330,634
ABC abc.es Madrid 240,225
La Vanguardia lavanguardia.es Barcelona 202,161
El Peridico de Catalunya elperiodico.com Barcelona 167,804
La Razn larazon.es Madrid 142,838
El Correo elcorreo.com Bilbao 119,601
La Voz de Galicia lavozdegalicia.com Arteixo 103,112
Germ
any
Die Zeit zeit.de Hamburg 653,533 Sddeutsche Zeitung sueddeutsche.de Munich 559,287
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung faz.net Frankfurt 477,407
Die Welt welt.de Berlin 350,240
Frankfurter Rundschau fr-online.de Frankfurt 203,917
Der Tagesspiegel tagesspiegel.de Berlin 184,830
Financial Times Deutschland ftd.de Hamburg 129,601
die Tageszeitung taz.de Berlin 80,262
Bra
zil
Folha de S.Paulo folha.uol.com.br So Paulo 286,398
O Estado de S.Paulo estadao.com.br So Paulo 263,046
O Globo oglobo.globo.com Rio de Janeiro 256,259
Zero Hora zerohora.clicrbs.com.br Porto Alegre 188,561
Estado de Minas em.com.br Belo Horizonte 79,823
Valor Econmico valor.com.br So Paulo 60,005
Correio Braziliense correiobraziliense.com.br Braslia 56,321
Jornal do Commercio ne10.uol.com.br Recife 41,830
UK
The Sunday Times thesundaytimes.co.uk London 967,990
The Daily Telegraph telegraph.co.uk London 634,113
Daily Express express.co.uk London 625,952
The Times thetimes.co.uk London 400,120
Financial Times ft.com London 337,700
Evening Standard standard.co.uk London 263,095
The Guardian guardian.co.uk London 209,354
The Independent independent.co.uk London 83,619
US
The Wall Street Journal wsj.com New York 2,118,315
USA Today usatoday.com McLean 1,817,446
The New York Times nytimes.com New York 1,586,757
Los Angeles Times latimes.com Los Angeles 605,243
New York Post nypost.com New York 555,327
Daily News nydailynews.com New York 530,924
The Washington Post washingtonpost.com Washington 507,615
Chicago Sun-Times suntimes.com Chicago 422,335
Tweeting News Articles
Sections United States United Kingdom Spain Brazil Germany
Arts Arts Arts Cultura Ilustrada Feuilleton
Cars Motor Motoring Motor Veculos Auto
Classified Classified Classified Clasificados Classificados Anzeige
Crime Investigations UK crime Justicia Policia Gewalt
Economy Business Economy Economa Dinheiro Wirtschaft
Education Education Education Educacion Educao Studium
Entertainment Entertainment Features Entretenimiento Acontece Panorama
Environment Environment Sustainable Medioambiente Meio-ambiente Umwelt
Fashion Fashion Beauty Smoda Moda Mode
Health Health Health Salud Sade Gesundheit
Jobs Jobs Jobs Empleo Emprego Beruf
Lifestyle Style Lifeandstyle Estilo Estilo Lebensart
Local news Metro London Ciudades Cotidiano Gesellschaft
National Country Society Nacional Brasil Deutschland
Opinion Editorials Comment Opinin Opinio Kolumnen
Politics Washington Westminster Poltica Poder Politik
Science Science Science Ciencia Cincia Wissen
Sports Sports Sports Deportes Esporte Sport
Technology Technology Technology Tecnologa Informtica Digital
Tourism Tourism Travel Elviajero Viagem Reisen
Weather Weather Weather El Tiempo Tempo Wetter
World World International Internacional Mundo Welt
Tweets, Mentions, and Retweets
Tweets Retweets Mentions
El Pas
NY Times
WSJ
LA Times
Guardian
TelegraphEstadoEl
MundoABC
Washington Post
USA Today
Folha
Independent
Globo
FT
Vanguardia
Periodico
El Pas
NY Times
WSJ
Guardian
El Mundo
EstadoWashington
PostABC
Telegraph
Globo
Vanguardia
LA Times
Independent
USA Today
FTPeriodicoNY Daily News
Folha
ABC
Folha
NY Times
El Pas
Guardian
TelegraphWSJ
El Mundo
Washington Post
La Razn
Globo
Estado
Independent
LA Times
USA Today
NY Daily News
Vanguardia
FT
Tweets, Mentions, and Retweets
Time series
Time series
Time series
Time series
4 readership
Top users
US UK SP BR GE Total
Links to
articles
994,417 537,606 792,952 394,533 123,191 2,8M
0.5% top
users
8% 8% 9% 17% 9% 9%
5% top users 47% 46% 46% 62% 61% 50%
10% top users 56% 55% 57% 69% 70% 59%
30% top users 73% 72% 75% 83% 84% 75%
50% top users 81% 80% 84% 89% 90% 83%
Readership
Unique users that posted links to more than one newspaper of the same country (left) and to newspapers of another country (right)
Country Cross-readership inside the
country
Readership across different
countries
Users Overlapping
Users
Percent Users Overlapping
Users
Percent
United States 400K 81,638 19% 400K 53,568 13%
United
Kingdom
250K 43,701 17% 250K 52,233 20%
Spain 370K 104,199 28% 370K 21,353 6%
Brazil 110K 22,217 20% 110K 4,257 4%
Germany 32K 11,394 35% 32K 4,167 13%
Readership in the US
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
01 Oct 02 Oct 03 Oct 04 Oct 05 Oct 06 Oct 07 Oct 08 Oct 09 Oct 10 Oct 11 Oct 12 Oct 13 Oct 14 Oct
Washington Post
USA Today
Sun Times
New York Times
New York Post
New York DailyNews
Wall StreetJournal
Los Angeles Times
Readership in the UK
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
01 Oct 02 Oct 03 Oct 04 Oct 05 Oct 06 Oct 07 Oct 08 Oct 09 Oct 10 Oct 11 Oct 12 Oct 13 Oct 14 Oct
Daily Express
The Times
The SundayTimes
Telegraph
EveningStandard
Independent
Guardian
Financial Times
Readership in Spain
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
01 Oct 02 Oct 03 Oct 04 Oct 05 Oct 06 Oct 07 Oct 08 Oct 09 Oct 10 Oct 11 Oct 12 Oct 13 Oct 14 Oct
ABC
La Voz de Galicia
La Vanguardia
La Razon
El Periodico
El Pais
El Mundo
El Correo
Readership in Brazil
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
01 Oct 02 Oct 03 Oct 04 Oct 05 Oct 06 Oct 07 Oct 08 Oct 09 Oct 10 Oct 11 Oct 12 Oct 13 Oct 14 Oct
Estado de S.Paulo
Estado de Minas
Correio Braziliense
Folha de S.Paulo
Jornal do Commercio
O Globo
Valor Econmico
Zero Hora
Readership in Germany
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
01 Oct 02 Oct 03 Oct 04 Oct 05 Oct 06 Oct 07 Oct 08 Oct 09 Oct 10 Oct 11 Oct 12 Oct 13 Oct 14 Oct
Frankfurter Allgemeine
Frankfurter Rundschau
Die Zeit
Financial Times
Sddeutschen Zeitung
Tagesspiegel
Tageszeitung
Die Welt
Twitter Clients
Twitter Clients
Twitter Clients BR
Automatic Feeds
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Singletons Feeds
Linear Regression
Multiple R 0,78
R Square 0,61
Adjusted R Sq. 0,60
Standard Error 0,062
Observations 40
5 circulation
Circulation US
26%
22%
19%
7% 7% 7% 6%
5%
20%
12%
26%
17%
4%
6%
13%
3%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Wall StreetJournal
USA Today New YorkTimes
Los AngelesTimes
New YorkPost
Daily News WashingtonPost
ChicagoSun-Times
Circulation Tweets
Circulation UK
27%
18% 18%
11%
10%
7%
6%
2%
0%
27%
2% 1%
16%
3%
31%
19%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
SundayTimes
DailyTelegraph
DailyExpress
The Times FinancialTimes
EveningStandard
Guardian TheIndependent
Circulation Tweets
Circulation Spain
25%
19%
14%
12%
10%
8%
7% 6%
38%
18% 18%
11%
5%
3% 3%
5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
El Pas El Mundo ABC LaVanguardia
El Peridico La Razn El Correo La Voz
Circulation Tweets
Circulation Brazil
23%
21% 21%
15%
6%
5% 5% 3%
28%
37%
23%
4%
2% 1%
2%
4%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Folha deS.Paulo
Estado deS.Paulo
O Globo Zero Hora Estado deMinas
ValorEconmico
CorreioBraziliense
Jornal doCommercio
Circulation Tweets
Circulation Germany
25%
21%
18%
13%
8% 7%
5%
3%
16%
20%
13%
28%
3%
5%
6%
9%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Die Zeit SddeutscheZeitung
FrankfurterAllgemeine
Die Welt FrankfurterRundschau
DerTagesspiegel
FinancialTimes
DieTageszeitung
Circulation Tweets
Twitter News Service Circulation
US UK SP BR GE
WSJ -6% Sunday Times -27% El Pas 13% Folha 5% Die Zeit -9%
USA Today -11% Daily Telegraph 9% El Mundo -1% Estado 15% Sddeutsche -1%
NY Times 6% Daily Express -16% ABC 4% O Globo 2% FAZ -5%
LA Times 10% The Times -10% Vanguardia -1% Zero Hora -11% Die Welt 15%
NY Post -3% Financial Times 6% El Peridico -4% E. de Minas -5% Rundschau -5%
Daily News -1% Evening
Standard
-4% La Razn -5% Valor -4% Tagesspiegel -2%
W. Post 7% Guardian 25% El Correo -4% C. Braziliense -3% Financial
Times
1%
Sun-Times -2% Independent 17% La Voz -1% J. Commercio 1% Tageszeitung 6%
6 news sections
News Sections
The organization of news according to news sections is
a legacy from print media that both classified
information according to topics and ensured that a
diverse selection of content was covered.
Topics of news coverage depended on editorial
decisions made by newspapers and newspersons that
are now affected by audience agency in social media.
News sections
News sections (raw)
News sections
Countrywise distribution of news articles per newspaper section (normalized data)
Bastos M T , and Zago G SAGE Open
2013;3:2158244013502496
Copyright by a Creative Commons Attribution License, unless otherwise noted.
Broadsheet and tabloid
Tabloid newspapers tend to emphasize topics such as
sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and
TV.
Broadsheet and tabloid
Tabloid newspapers tend to emphasize topics such as
sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and
TV.
Broadsheet newspapers are usually reserved for news
outlets with an arguably higher standard of journalism.
Broadsheet and tabloid
Tabloid newspapers tend to emphasize topics such as
sensational crime stories, astrology, celebrity gossip and
TV.
Broadsheet newspapers are usually reserved for news
outlets with an arguably higher standard of journalism.
Tabloid size is used in the UK by a wide-range of local
newspapers and have no relationship with news
decisions.
Hard and soft news
Hard news topics include politics, economics, and
world news, but can also encompass aspects of
law, science, and technology.
Soft news topics include the arts, entertainment,
sports, lifestyle, and celebrities.
7 content
Twitter US Facebook
Twitter US Facebook
Twitter US Facebook
Twitter UK Facebook
Twitter SP Facebook
Twitter BR Facebook
Twitter GE Facebook
Twitter Facebook
Top topics on Twitter
Top topics on Twitter
Top topics on Facebook
Top topics on Facebook
7 discussion
Nations
National differences are reflected by the
particular journalistic cultures and the audience
interests.
What national newspapers editors deem to be of
public interest vary across countries, and so does
the interest of the national publics relative to
audience feedback.
Readership
The transition from online to social networking news alters the reading experience because audiences can now access, share, and recommend the content to large communities of users.
As social networks become more widely used, there is likely to be a shift in the paradigm of newsworthiness towards hard news and away from the context of print media and the editorial emphasis on infotainment news.
Social Media
Common to social networks is the prevalence of
items about arts, technology, and opinion pieces.
Social media users behave differently than the
traditional readership of online newspapers, and
social networks not usually associated with news (i.e.
Pinterest and StumbleUpon) play an important role
in distributing information about niche topics to
communities of interest.
Newspapers
The proportion of articles per section on social media is at odds with the allocated space for news articles on the online version of the newspaper.
The large volume of news articles about sports and economic published by newspapers fails to actively engage the social media audience. Economy is a domain of news outlets, with nearly all social media platforms streaming fewer articles on economy in comparison to the press coverage.
Newsrooms
Newsrooms need to strike a balance between
news that editors understand to be important and
news that answers the wishes of their increasingly
interactive and demanding readers.
The challenge facing news organizations is to
integrate the ecosystem of networked journalism
with a diverse and engaging set of news articles.
Sources
What Sticks With Whom? Twitter Follower-Followee Networks and News Classification. AAI ICWSM Technical Report, 2012.
Tweeting News Articles: Readership and News Sections in Europe and the Americas. SAGE Open 3(3), 2013.
Visibility of News Items on Twitter and Facebook: Comparative Analysis of the Most Replicated News in Europe and the Americas. Brazilian Journalism Research 9 (1E), 2013.
Public Opinion Revisited: The propagation of opinions in digital networks. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 2 (3), 2012.
QUESTIONS?
THE SOCIAL MAKING OF NEWS The propagation of news on Twitter and Facebook
Marco Toledo Bastos
NSF Postdoctoral fellow
HASTAC - Duke University
marco.toledobastos.com
M. T. Bastos New Economic School &
Higher School of Economics
October 2013, Russia