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Marine Ecosystem Service Cards V1.0
EC Collaborative Project (large scale integrating project) - Grant Agreement 244273
January 2014
Options for Delivering Ecosystem-BasedMarine Management
ODEMM Partners
Recommended Citation: Baulcomb, C.A., A. Böhnke-Henrichs, L. White, H. Bloomfield, R. Koss, S. Hussain, R. de Groot, and L.A. Robinsion. 2014. Marine Ecosystem Service Cards. EC FP7 project (244273) ‘Options for Delivering Ecosystem-based Marine Management’. University of Liverpool. ISBN: 978-0-906370-83-4. Available at: http://www.odemm.com.
This work was supported by the European Commission’s 7th framework project ‘Options for Delivering Ecosystem-Based Marine Management’ (ODEMM, Theme ENV.2009.2.2.1.1)
Options for Delivering Marine Ecosystem Based Management (ODEMM) Marine Ecosystem Service Cards V1.0 Corinne Baulcomb(1), Anne Böhnke-Henrichs(2), Lydia White(3), Helen Bloomfield(3), Rebecca Koss(3), Salman Hussain(1), Rudolf de Groot(2), and Leonie Robinson(3)
(1) Land Economy, Environment & Society Research Group, SRUC, Edinburgh UK. (2) Environmental Systems Analysis, Wageningen UR, Netherlands. (3) School of Environmental Science, University of Liverpool, UK.
Background Thank you for downloading a copy of the ODEMM Marine Ecosystem Service Cards! These cards contain specific definitions, examples, and pictorial representations for the 21 marine ecosystem services included in the ecosystem service typology developed in the ODEMM project (see below).
Boehnke-Henrichs, A., C. Baulcomb, R. Koss, S. Hussain, and R. S. de Groot. 2013. Typology and Indicators of Ecosystem Services for Marine Spatial Planning and Management. Journal of Environmental Management 130: 135-145
This publication has further detail on the typology, including on the rationale behind the typology and comparisons with other marine-specific typologies. If you cannot access it, and would like a copy, please send an email request for the paper to the lead author, Anne Böhnke-Henrichs: [email protected]. These cards have been created to help individuals and groups become familiar with the ODEMM marine ecosystem service typology, and are available free of charge. It is our hope that these cards will make marine ecosystem services more accessible, that they will contribute to a greater understanding of marine ecosystem services, and that they will facilitate future marine ecosystem service assessments.
Introduction Before you take a look at these cards, please have a read through the following information providing a little bit of introductory information about each of the services included in the typology. This information does not include the formal definitions of each of the services – these definitions are found on the cards themselves and in the paper cited above – but should provide a starting point for understanding these services.1
1. Sea food This service is, as the name suggests, all about the food we get from the sea. It includes all wild organisms (flora and fauna) that are harvested from the sea that humans consume directly as food (and not for medicinal purposes, for example). Similarly, wild organisms harvested from the sea that get turned into fish meal fall within the remit of the raw materials service.
1 Note that for the duration of this introduction, no distinction will be made between the words ‘marine’ and ‘coastal.’
2. Sea water This service relates to the provision of sea water of a certain quality for use in human industrial and economic pursuits. How that quality is measured depends on the use to which it is put.
3. Raw materials This service focuses on those materials that are of biological origin that humans extract from the sea and use in industrial contexts. This includes fishmeal for livestock and aquaculture feed, but excludes both genes from marine organisms that are extracted and utilised and any produce of marine origin that is used medicinally.
4. Genetic resources This service focuses solely on the genes that are extracted from wild marine organisms and used by human society.
5. Medicinal resources This service focuses solely on the medicinal (including, but not limited to, pharmaceutical) substances that humans extract from wild marine organisms.
6. Ornamental resources This service focuses on any material collected from marine environments that is used decoratively, or in crafts, or in hobby pursuits.
7. Air Purification This service focuses on the removal from the atmosphere of substances that are anthropogenic pollutants. It does not include any subsequent bioremediation of these pollutants.
8. Climate Regulation This service focuses on the net sequestration of carbon dioxide (and other greenhouse gases) in the marine environment.
9. Disturbance Prevention and Moderation This service focuses on the dissipation of storm (or periodic event) energy by marine environments.
10. Regulation of Water Flows This service focuses on the maintenance of localised current structures by marine ecosystems.2
11. Waste Treatment This service focuses on the bioremediation of pollutants that have entered marine environments by marine ecosystems.
2 Disclaimer: The image on this card is purely hypothetical, but was inspired by the visualisations of the outputs by coastal current models, such as the vector current diagram showing the mean surface currents for the calendar year 2005 created by the Ocean Modeling Group at the School of Marine Sciences (University of Maine) for the Gulf of Maine Census of Marine Life. It is important to note that while images such as this one served as inspiration for the visualization of this service, a) that such current models are not modeling marine ecosystem service delivery, and b) that the visualizations of these models inevitably require the use of algorithms to average spatially and temporally complex data so that it can be displayed clearly. Users of these cards should take away from the card for this service the idea that there are localised current structures in coastal areas, and that these current structures can be affected by marine ecosystems, and by the biotic parts of marine ecosystems in particular.
12. Coastal Erosion Prevention This service focuses on the role that marine ecosystems play in controlling the rate of net sedimentation in coastal environments on a day-to-day basis.
13. Biological Control This service focuses on the resilience within marine ecosystems, and their ability to overcome shocks that have been experienced.
14. Lifecycle Maintenance This service focuses on the role that marine ecosystems play in the provision of habitat for the juvenile life stages of species that have commercial or non-market value elsewhere as adults.
15. Gene Pool Protection The service focuses on the role that marine ecosystems play in maintaining genetic diversity within and across marine populations.
16. Recreation and Leisure This service focuses on the contribution that marine ecosystems make to any recreational or leisure activity undertaken by humans
17. Aesthetic Information This service focuses on the aesthetic inputs (or the aesthetic dimensions) of marine ecosystems (i.e. the touch, sound, appearance, taste, etc.). It also includes the role that marine ecosystems play in informal spiritual experiences.
18. Inspiration for Culture, Art & Design This service focuses on any elements of art or design that have been inspired by marine ecosystems.
19. Spiritual Experience This service focuses on the contribution that marine ecosystems make to formal, organized religious activities.
20. Information for Cognitive Development This service focuses on the role that marine ecosystems play in both formal and informal education, including research.
21. Cultural Heritage & Identity This service focuses on the contribution that the marine ecosystems make to cultural heritage, cultural identity (past and present), and ones ‘sense of place.’
Acknowledgements The ODEMM team would like to thank the participants in the ODEMM road show events who provided valuable feedback on early draft versions of these cards. The ODEMM team also extends its sincere gratitude and thanks to Jón Baldur Hlidberg,[1] who created the images shown on these cards, and whose original artwork is featured heavily throughout the set. The ODEMM team would also like to thank everyone else who donated the use of their images in these cards.
[1] Fauna.is - http://www.fauna.is/defaulte.asp
Use If you end up using these cards, please reference them as follows: Baulcomb, C., A. Böhnke-Henrichs, L. White, H. Bloomfield, R. Koss, S. Hussain, R. de Groot, and L. Robinsion. 2014. Marine Ecosystem Service Cards. EC FP7 project (244273) ‘Options for Delivering Ecosystem-based Marine Management’. University of Liverpool. ISBN: 978-0-906370-83-4. Available at: http://www.odemm.com. Please note that the cards are the intellectual property of the ODEMM project, and hence are subject to copyright by ODEMM. They may not be used for commercial purposes, and may not be altered in any way. Additionally, none of the images found on the cards may be altered, removed from the cards, or re-used in any new application at any time without the express written consent of the ODEMM project.
Printing Instructions Note that these cards should be printed double-sided, with the ODEMM logo on one side and the ES Card detail on the other. This is reflected in the construction of the file containing the cards.
Contact Information If you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to get in touch with us!
Main Contacts Anne Böhnke-Henrichs: [email protected]. Corinne Baulcomb: [email protected] Dolf de Groot: [email protected] Salman Hussain: [email protected] Leonie Robinson: [email protected] Rebecca Koss: [email protected]
PROVISIONING SERVICE
SEAFOOD
Examples Fish, Shellfish, Seaweed
All available marine fauna and flora extracted from
coastal/marine environments for the specific purpose of human
consumption as food
PROVISIONING SERVICE
SEA WATER
Examples Seawater used in shipping,
Industrial cooling, Desalinization
Marine water in oceans, seas and inland seas that is extracted
for use in human industry and economic activity
PROVISIONING SERVICE
RAW MATERIALS
Examples Algae (non-food),
Sand of biogenic origin
The extraction of any biogenic material from coastal/marine
environments
PROVISIONING SERVICE
GENETIC RESOURCES
Examples Use of marine flora/fauna-derived genetic material to improve crop
resistance
The provision/extraction of genetic material from marine flora and fauna for use in non-marine, non-medicinal contexts
PROVISIONING SERVICE
MEDICINAL RESOURCES
Examples Marine-derived pharmaceuticals; Marine/coastal derived salt-water
used for health purposes
Any material that is extracted from the coastal/marine
environment for its ability to provide medicinal benefits
PROVISIONING SERVICE
ORNAMENTAL RESOURCES
Examples Shells, Aquarium fish,
Pearls, Coral
Any material extracted for use in decoration, fashion, handicrafts,
souvenirs, etc.
REGULATING SERVICE
AIR PURIFICATION
Examples The removal from the air of pollutants like fine dust and
particular matter, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, etc.
The removal from the air of
anthropogenic pollutants by a coastal/marine ecosystem
REGULATING SERVICE
CLIMATE REGULATION
Examples Production, consumption and use by marine organisms of
gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapour, nitrous oxides,
methane and dimethyl sulphide
The contribution of biotic elements of coastal/marine
ecosystems to the maintenance of a favourable climate
REGULATING SERVICE
DISTURBANCE PREVENTION AND MODERATION
Examples The reduction in the intensity or and/or
damage caused by environmental disturbances resulting directly from
marine ecosystem structures like salt marshes, sea grass beds and mangroves
The contribution of marine ecosystem structures to the
dampening of the intensity of environmental disturbances
REGULATING SERVICE
REGULATION OF WATER FLOWS
Examples Effect of macro-algae on localized current intensity; Maintenance of deep channels used for shipping
by coastal currents
The contribution of marine/coastal ecosystems to the maintenance of localized
coastal current structures
REGULATING SERVICE
WASTE TREATMENT
Examples Breakdown of chemical
pollutants by marine microorganisms; filtering of coastal water by shell fish
The bioremediation of
anthropogenic pollutants by coastal/marine ecosystems
REGULATING SERVICE
COASTAL EROSION PROTECTION
Examples Maintenance of coastal dunes by coastal vegetation; reduction in
scouring potential that results for near-shore macro-algal forests
The contribution of
coastal/marine ecosystems to Coastal Erosion Prevention
REGULATING SERVICE
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Examples Role that top predators play in
limiting populations of opportunistic species like
jellyfish and squid
Contribution of marine/coastal ecosystems to the maintenance of natural healthy population
dynamics to support ecosystem resilience by maintaining food
web structure and flows
HABITAT
LIFECYCLE MAINTENANCE
Examples Reproductive habitat of
species that attain commercial or non-market value elsewhere
The contribution of a particular habitat to migratory species’
populations through the provision of essential habitat for
reproduction and juvenile maturation
HABITAT
GENE POOL PROTECTION
Examples Inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity that is supported by
marine ecosystems that enhances adaptability of species to environmental changes
The contribution of marine habitats to the maintenance of
viable gene pools through natural selection/evolutionary
processes
CULTURAL & AMENITY
RECREATION AND LEISURE
Examples Bird/whale watching,
Beachcombing, Sailing, Recreational fishing,
SCUBA diving etc.
The provision of opportunities for Recreation and Leisure that depend on a particular state of
marine/coastal ecosystems
CULTURAL & AMENITY
AESTHETIC INFORMATION
Examples Particular aesthetic dimensions of a
sea-scape or a beach-scape that emotionally resonate with individual
observers
The contribution marine/coastal ecosystems make to the existence of a surface or subsurface sea-scapes
CULTURAL & AMENITY
INSPIRATION FOR CULTURE, ART AND DESIGN
Examples Use of marine landscape as a motif in paintings; Use of marine features (e.g waves) in jewellery; Inspiration for films (e.g. Jaws, Finding Nemo)
The contribution marine/coastal ecosystems make to
environmental features that inspire elements of culture, art,
and/or design
CULTURAL & AMENITY
SPIRITUAL EXPERIENCE
Examples Several Greek and Roman gods were
connected to the sea; the fish is a prominent Christian symbol; marine organisms play an important role in
various indigenous communities’ religion
The contribution marine/coastal
ecosystems make to formal religious experiences
CULTURAL & AMENITY
INFORMATION FOR COGNITATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Examples Environmental education of children
& adults; development of surfaces to reduce marine biofouling based on examples in marine environments
The contribution marine/coastal ecosystems make to education,
research, etc.
CULTURAL & AMENITY
CULTURAL HERITAGE AND IDENTITY
Examples Animals of specific cultural
relevance; cultural ‘functions’ of the sea in daily community life
The contribution marine/coastal
ecosystems make to cultural traditions and folklore
ODEMM is funded by the EC under FP7
ISBN Number: 978-0-906370-83-4
