Marine Oil and Gas Exploration in China

Yongsheng Ma

Marine Oil and GasExploration in China

123B&R Book Program

Yongsheng MaSinopecBeijing, China

ISBN 978-3-662-61145-6 ISBN 978-3-662-61147-0 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61147-0

Jointly published with Geological Publishing HouseThe print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the print bookfrom: Geological Publishing House.Map Approval Document No. GS(2019)5278ISBN of the Chinese edition: 978-7-116-11967-3

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Preface

As the manuscript of Marine Oil and Gas Exploration in China draws to a close, I think it isnecessary to explain the original intent of this book. In general, I want to introduce thetheoretical exploration and practices of Chinese geologists in the field of marine strata to thepeers around the world interested in China oil and gas industry.

The geological conditions associated with oil and gas exploration are unique and complexin China’s marine strata. Several generations of geologists and engineering experts haveworked and explored tirelessly to solve key problems and made a series of innovativeadvances and breakthroughs, developing new theories and technologies for marine strata oiland gas exploration. The new understanding of “Multiple Hydrocarbon Generation” providesan excellent answer for the key question of whether deeply buried ancient marine source rockswith high thermal evolution can effectively supply hydrocarbons. The establishment of theconcept and the evaluation system on “Effective Hydrocarbon Preservation Unit” provides aneffective method for selecting favorable exploration targets in southern China which wasintensely deformed by multi-episode tectonic movements. The “Three-Element ControllingReservoir, Structure-Lithology Composite Controlled Accumulation” and “Three-StepMethod of the Facies Controlled Reservoir” theories have successfully solved problems onthe formation mechanism of high-quality reservoirs, exploration prospects, and target pre-diction in deep and ultra-deep marine strata. Faced with the problems of high hydrogen sulfide,carbon dioxide, and other acidic and toxic gas content in marine gas fields, a series oftechniques have been developed including corrosion and leakage prevention, safe and efficientdrilling and completion, and new testing technology.

Over the past two decades, the Chinese explorationists have been constantly innovating,exploring, and making a successive series of important discoveries and breakthroughs in thefield of marine strata that was not discovered during a long time. For example, the Tahe,Lunnan, Hadexun, Shunbei oilfields, and the Tazhong I condensate gas field in the Tarimbasin; the Puguang, Yuanba, Anyue gas fields, and Fuling shale gas field in the Sichuan basin;The Jingbian and Shenmu gas fields in the Ordos basin; the Renqiu oilfield in the Bohai baybasin and so on. These major oil and gas discoveries supported the development of China oiland gas industry. The theories and technologies mentioned above have been tested and furtherimproved in large-scale exploration practices. These achievements have also received exten-sive attention from international peers who wish to gain a more thorough understandingof these theoretical and technological advances and the discovery processes of oil and gasfields.

Our successes have been achieved by standing on the shoulders of our predecessors andcontinuing to solve problems through mutual learning. We learned the basic theories andmethods of marine hydrocarbon exploration from our peers around the world, and were deeplyinspired by comparing and analyzing some of the world’s largest hydrocarbon discoveries.Faced with the complex geological conditions in China, we also understand that we cannotsimply apply ready-made theories and experience. On the road of marine strata oil and gasexploration, the exploration and practices utilized by previous generations were not alwayssuccessful, and the process of exploration is full of the joys of success and lessons of failure.

v

These experiences acquired by effort and wisdom are precious, and they are of great signif-icance and reference value to our peers today and in the future. Therefore, I think it isnecessary to introduce this book to you, and I hope that these living cases can inspire others.

My idea was encouraged and supported by many organizations and institutes. Majorcontributors include teams of faculty and students from Peking University, China University ofGeosciences, Chengdu University of Technology, and other universities; teams from oilcompanies such as PetroChina and Sinopec; and peers from the National Geological Survey.The academician Yunhua Deng and his team shared with us the important achievements ofCNOOC marine strata oil and gas exploration in the form of special manuscripts, whichfurther enriched our content systematically.

For a long time, many teams were committed to China’s marine strata oil and gas explo-ration, and each has made an important contribution. Due to the long time span involved, it isdifficult to cover all the achievements in one or several books. I was hesitant about how towrite this book, because I knew how hard it would be. Thanks to the support from manyinstitutes, my writing team and I had the confidence to complete this book. Special thanks toacademicians Guangding Liu, Pengda Zhao, Jinxing Dai, Hongfu Yin, Chengzao Jia, andXuanxue Mo in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Mr. Shuling Mu and others for theirencouragement. I would like to thank the exploration and science & technology administrativedepartments from PetroChina, Sinopec, and CNOOC for their support. In the first part of thisbook, we summarized the main advances in the theory and technology of marine strata oil andgas exploration. These understandings were mainly derived from the practice in the field ofmarine strata oil and gas exploration on both onshore and offshore in China. Part II focuses onanalyzing some important oil and gas field discoveries including the background, process, andspecific practice, which are presented in the form of case studies. These sections are completedby the main participants of each oil and gas field discovery. Due to limitation of space, specificinformation may not be detailed enough. However, the content is relatively objective, accurate,and vivid, and I believe readers will enjoy it.

China’s marine strata oil and gas exploration has just been unfolding and has broad pro-spects. Our research is still in progress, and there are still many unknowns for us to explore.We expect more people with vision to offer their wisdom and contribute new and greater oiland gas discoveries to the world.

Finally, I would like to thank all the members of the writing team for their efforts and hardwork. Special thanks to the key translation project of “B&R Book Program” for providingfunding. I would also like to thank Geological Publishing House, especially Mr. Yajun Liu,Sinopec Exploration and Production Research Institute, Houston Research and DevelopmentCenter, and other experts for their guidance and help.

Heyuan, Beijing Yongsheng MaNovember 2019

vi Preface

Contents

Part I Introduction and Overview of Major Basins and Marine Stratain China

1 Regional Tectonic Setting and Prototype Basin Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.1 Tectonic Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1.1 Chinese Plate Tectonic Division and its Characteristics . . . . . . . . 31.1.2 China’s Main Craton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.1.3 China’s Main Orogenic Belt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1.2 Outline of Regional Tectonic Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121.2.1 Structural Cycles in Mainland China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131.2.2 China’s Tectonic Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.3 Formation and Evolution of China’s Major Marine Prototype Basins . . . . 161.3.1 Tectonic Evolution of the Sichuan Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161.3.2 Formation and Evolution of the Ordos Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221.3.3 Formation and Evolution of the Tarim Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2 Characteristics and Evolution of Lithofacies Paleogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.1 Particularity and Regularity of Marine Strata Development in China . . . . . 37

2.1.1 Marine Stratigraphic Division and Correlation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372.1.2 Particularity and Regularity of Marine Strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

2.2 Lithofacies Paleogeographic Characteristics and Evolution Rulesof Marine Strata in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.2.1 Lithofacies Paleogeographic Characteristics of Marine

Strata in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.2.2 Marine Stratigraphic Carbonate Sedimentary Model

in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

3 Major Source Rocks and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613.2 Major Marine Source Rock and Its Distribution in the Yangtze

Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613.2.1 Doushantuo Formation Source Rocks of the Upper Sinian . . . . . . 613.2.2 Dengying Formation Source Rocks of the Upper Sinian . . . . . . . . 623.2.3 Lower Cambrian Source Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623.2.4 Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653.2.5 Middle Permian Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683.2.6 Upper Permian Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

3.3 Major Marine Source Rock and Their Distribution in North China . . . . . . 723.3.1 Mid-Neoproterozoic Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723.3.2 Lower Paleozoic Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733.3.3 Carboniferous–Permian Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

vii

3.4 Major Marine Source Rock and Its Distribution in the Tarim Basin . . . . . 763.4.1 Cambrian Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763.4.2 Ordovician Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773.4.3 Carboniferous Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783.4.4 Permian Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

4 Reservoir Type and Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

4.1.1 Research Progress with Respect to Marine Strata Reservoirsin China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

4.1.2 Types and Genesis of Marine Facies Reservoirs in China . . . . . . 844.2 Characteristics and Distribution of Marine Carbonate Reservoirs

in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904.2.1 Reservoir Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904.2.2 Meso-Neoproterozoic Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934.2.3 Lower Paleozoic Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974.2.4 Upper Paleozoic Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074.2.5 Mesozoic Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104.2.6 Cenozoic Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

4.3 Marine Clastic Reservoirs in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.3.1 The Silurian in the Tarim Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.3.2 The Triassic–Jurassic in the Qiangtang Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1174.3.3 The Cretaceous-Eocene in the East China Sea Shelf Basin . . . . . . 1184.3.4 The Cretaceous—Eocene in the South China Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

4.4 Marine Shale Reservoirs in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1194.4.1 Precambrian Shale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1204.4.2 Ordovician–Silurian Shale Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

5 Regional Cap Rock and Hydrocarbon Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

5.1.1 Cap Rock Lithology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295.1.2 Cap Rock Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325.1.3 Fault Sealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.1.4 Cap Rock Hydrogeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335.1.5 Evaluation System for the Preservation Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . 135

5.2 Marine Hydrocarbon Preservation Conditions in Yangtze Area . . . . . . . . . 1355.2.1 Cap Rock Type and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1355.2.2 Influence of Tectonic Activities on Cap Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415.2.3 Marine Hydrocarbon Preservation Units in South China . . . . . . . . 1435.2.4 Evaluation of the Preservation Conditions of Marine

Deposits in the Mesozoic and Paleozoic Region (Basin)in South China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

5.3 Preservation Conditions of Marine Hydrocarbons in North China . . . . . . . 1475.3.1 Cap Rock Type and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475.3.2 Reconstruction of the Paleozoic by the Differential Overlapping

of Mesozoic and Neozoic Basins in North China . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1485.3.3 Marine Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Preservation in North

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

viii Contents

5.4 Hydrocarbon Preservation Conditions of Marine Strata in the TarimBasin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505.4.1 Cap Rock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505.4.2 Relationship Between the Tectonic Movement and Hydrocarbon

Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1535.4.3 Hydrocarbon Accumulation and Preservation of Marine

Strata in the Tarim Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

6 Reservoir Type and Spatial Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596.1 The Particularity of Oil and Gas Accumulation in Marine Strata

in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596.1.1 Development of Marine Strata in China is Characterized

by Small Plates, Strong Activity, and Many Tectonic Cycles . . . . 1596.1.2 Marine Strata in China are Characterized by an Old Age,

Deep Burial, and High Degree of Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596.1.3 Multi-supply Hydrocarbon Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1606.1.4 Three-Element Controlling Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1646.1.5 Effective Preservation and Compound Accumulation . . . . . . . . . . 169

6.2 Oil and Gas Enrichment and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1706.2.1 The Tectonic Evolution Controls the Development of the

Prototype Basin and Its Superimposed Structure and alsoControls the Distribution of the Reservoir–Cap Combination . . . . 170

6.2.2 The Tectonic Basin Evolution Controls the Subsidence, Burial,Hydrocarbon Formation and Accumulation, and HydrocarbonAccumulation Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

6.2.3 Structural Paleo-Uplift Controls the Oil and Gas MigrationDirection and Enrichment Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

6.2.4 The Basic Pattern of Oil and Gas Loss and Preservation isControlled by Late Tectonic Movement and TectonicDeformation and the Relatively Stable Preservation UnitControls the Final Positioning of Marine Oil and Gas . . . . . . . . . 181

6.3 New Understanding of the Hydrocarbon Accumulation Theory . . . . . . . . . 1836.3.1 Oil and Gas Geological Theory of Ultra-Deep Fracture-Cavity

Marine Carbonate Rocks in the Tarim Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1836.3.2 New Understanding of the Oil and Gas Theory of Marine

Deep Carbonate Rocks in the Sichuan Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1956.3.3 Main Factors Controlling the Silurian Marine Shale Gas

Accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2046.3.4 New Understanding of the Oil and Gas Geological Theory

of Marine Carbonate Rocks in the Ordos Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2056.3.5 Progress with Respect to the Accumulation Theory

of the Carbonate Paleo-Buried Hill in the Bohai Bay Basin . . . . . 209References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Part II Exploration Case Studies

7 Progress and Theory of Marine Strata Oil and Gas Exploration in theSichuan Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2177.1 Geographical Location and Regional Geology of the Sichuan Basin . . . . . 217

7.1.1 Geographical Location of the Sichuan Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2177.1.2 Regional Tectonics–Sedimentary Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Contents ix

7.2 Oil and Gas Discovery Process and Exploration Resultsin Sichuan Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2217.2.1 Oil and Gas Discovery Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2217.2.2 Major Oil and Gas Discoveries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

8 Wubaiti Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2298.1 Basic Geological Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

8.1.1 Structure and Trap Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2298.1.2 Carboniferous Division and Its Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

8.2 Basic Characteristics of the Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2318.2.1 Main Reservoir Space Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2318.2.2 Relationship Between the Porosity and Water Saturation . . . . . . . 232

8.3 Main Factors Controlling the Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2328.4 Analysis of Gas Source Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2348.5 History of Gas Migration and Accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2358.6 Main Controlling Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

9 Puguang Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2399.1 Location and Geological Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

9.1.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2399.1.2 Geological Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

9.2 Gas Field Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2419.3 Characteristics of the Puguang Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

9.3.1 Structural Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2429.3.2 Gas Field Fluid Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

9.4 Main Gas Layer Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2449.4.1 Stratigraphic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2449.4.2 Sequences and Sedimentary Facies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2469.4.3 Diagenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2539.4.4 Reservoir Physical Characteristics and Main Controlling

Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2569.5 Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

9.5.1 Burial and Hydrocarbon Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2599.5.2 Accumulation Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2609.5.3 Recovery of the Accumulation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2619.5.4 Main Factors Controlling the Oil and Gas Accumulation . . . . . . . 261

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

10 Yuanba Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26510.1 Geographical Location and Regional Geological Background . . . . . . . . . . 265

10.1.1 Geographical Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26510.1.2 Stratigraphic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26510.1.3 Tectonic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

10.2 Gas Field Discovery History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26710.3 Gas Field Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

10.3.1 Lithologic Reef–Shoal Gas Reservoir of the ChangxingFormation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

10.3.2 Oolitic Shoal Lithologic Gas Reservoir of the FeixianguanFormation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

10.3.3 Natural Gas Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

x Contents

10.4 Main Gas Layer Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27010.4.1 Stratigraphic Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27010.4.2 Sequence and Sedimentary Facies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27110.4.3 Diagenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27410.4.4 Reservoir Properties Characteristics and Main Controlling

Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27610.5 Dynamic Analysis of the Accumulation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

10.5.1 Accumulation Time and Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28110.5.2 Recovery of the Accumulation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

11 Pengzhou Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28511.1 Geographical Location and Regional Geological Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285

11.1.1 Geographical Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28511.1.2 Regional Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28511.1.3 Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28711.1.4 Structural Evolution History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

11.2 Exploration and Discovery Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29011.3 Geologic Characteristics of the Pengzhou Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

11.3.1 Structural Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29011.3.2 Trap Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29211.3.3 Gas Reservoir Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

11.4 Geological Characteristics of the Main Oil and Gas Intervals . . . . . . . . . . 29311.4.1 Stratigraphic Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29311.4.2 Stratigraphic Sequence and Facies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29311.4.3 Reservoir Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29611.4.4 Reservoir Formation Mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

11.5 Main Control Factors and Enrichment Rules of the Accumulation . . . . . . . 30311.5.1 Gas Source Comparison of the Leikoupo Gas Reservoir

in the Sichuan Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30311.5.2 The Main Controlling Factors of the Leikoupo Formation

in Pengzhou Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

12 An’yue Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30712.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30712.2 Stratigraphical Characteristics of the Sinian–Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

12.2.1 Division and Comparison of the Lithologic Sectionsof the Dengying Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

12.2.2 Maidiping Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30912.2.3 Longwangmiao Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

12.3 Sinian–Cambrian Lithofacies Paleogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30912.3.1 Characteristics of the Lithofacies Paleogeography

of the Sinian Dengying Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31212.3.2 Characteristics of the Lithofacies Paleogeography

of the Cambrian Longwangmiao Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31312.4 Structural Characteristics and Evolution of the Paleo-Uplift Area

in Central Sichuan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31712.4.1 Features of Paleo-Uplift in Central Sichuan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31712.4.2 Formation and Evolution of the Paleo-Uplift in Central

Sichuan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

Contents xi

12.5 Discovery of the Giant An’yue Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32312.5.1 Discovery of the Weiyuan Gas Field (1940–1964) . . . . . . . . . . . . 32412.5.2 Difficult Exploration Stage (1964–2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32412.5.3 Risky Exploration Stage (2006–2011) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32412.5.4 Overall Evaluation Stage (2012 to Present) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

12.6 Geological Characteristics of the An’yue Giant Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32712.6.1 Reservoir Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32712.6.2 Reservoir Type of the An’yue Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33012.6.3 Gas Reservoir Fluid Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

12.7 Main Factors Controlling the Formation of the An’yue Gas Field . . . . . . . 33312.7.1 Rich Source Rocks in the Paleo-Rift Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33412.7.2 Development of High-Quality Reservoirs in the Paleo-Mound

and -Shoal Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33512.7.3 The Paleo-Uplift is Advantageous for Hydrocarbon

Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33612.7.4 The Paleo-Trap is Beneficial to the Early Accumulation

of Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

13 Progress and Theory of Marine Strata Oil and Gas Exploration in theOrdos Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34113.1 Location and Regional Geological Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

13.1.1 Geographical Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34113.1.2 Regional Geological Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34113.1.3 Characteristics of the Marine Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

13.2 Petroleum Exploration and Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34613.2.1 Petroleum Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34613.2.2 Petroleum Exploration in the Ordos Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

14 Jingbian Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35314.1 Overview of the Jingbian Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35314.2 Exploration and Development History of the Jingbian Gas Field . . . . . . . . 353

14.2.1 Exploration History of the Jingbian Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35314.2.2 Geological Characteristics and Development

of the Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35514.3 Geological Characteristics of Weathering Crust Gas Reservoirs

in the Jingbian Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35614.3.1 Stratum Development Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35614.3.2 Lithofacies Palaeogeography and Favorable Sedimentary

Facies Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35814.3.3 Reservoir Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36014.3.4 Main Controlling Factors of the Reservoir Development . . . . . . . 36314.3.5 Analysis of the Gas Accumulation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

15 Daniudi Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37315.1 Geographic Location and Regional Geological Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37315.2 Exploration of the Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37315.3 Geological Characteristics of the Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

15.3.1 Trap Characteristics in the Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37415.3.2 Fluid Characteristics of the Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37515.3.3 Production and Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

xii Contents

15.4 Characteristics of the Main Gas Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37615.4.1 Strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37615.4.2 Sedimentary Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37715.4.3 Three-Stage Karst Development Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37915.4.4 Physical Features and Controlling Factors of the Reservoir . . . . . 38315.4.5 Geophysical Technology and Methods Used to Verify

Petroleum Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38615.4.6 Analysis of the Gas Reservoir Accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

16 Shenmu Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39116.1 Location and Regional Geological Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

16.1.1 Geological Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39116.1.2 Regional Geological Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

16.2 Exploration History of the Shenmu Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39416.2.1 Early Exploration Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39416.2.2 Discovery of the Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39516.2.3 Large-Scale Exploration of the Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

16.3 Characteristics of the Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39616.3.1 Trap Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39616.3.2 Temperature and Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39616.3.3 Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39716.3.4 Reserves and Production Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39716.3.5 Development Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

16.4 Characteristics of the Main Gas-Bearing Strata in the ShenmuGas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39816.4.1 Stratigraphic Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39816.4.2 Sedimentary Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39916.4.3 Diagenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39916.4.4 Main Factors Controlling the High-Quality Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . 402

16.5 Formation of the Shenmu Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40316.5.1 Analysis of the Basic Geological Conditions During

the Reservoir Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40316.6 Technology for the Seismic Prediction of the Reservoir Distribution

of Favorable Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40616.6.1 Geophysical Basis of the Seismic Prediction of Sandstone

in the Taiyuan Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40716.6.2 Large-Section Waveform Analysis of the Forward

Geological Model of the Wave Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40716.6.3 Sandstone Distribution Prediction by Seismic Inversion . . . . . . . . 40816.6.4 Seismic Attribution Prediction of the Sandbody Thickness

and Gas-Bearing Prediction Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

17 Progress and Theory of Marine Strata Oil and Gas Exploration in theTarim Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41317.1 Regional Geographical Location and Geological Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . 41317.2 History of Oil and Gas Exploration in Marine Strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413

17.2.1 Breakthrough in Large Structures (1984–1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41317.2.2 Exploration of Deep Marine Clastic Rocks (1990–1996) . . . . . . . 41617.2.3 Increased Production and Reserve in Ultra-Deep

Fracture-Cavity Marine Carbonate (1996 to Present) . . . . . . . . . . 417

Contents xiii

17.3 Oil and Gas Characteristics of Fracture-Cavity Reservoirsin Marine Carbonate Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41917.3.1 Tectonic Characteristics of the Tazhong–Tabei

Platform Uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41917.3.2 Main Layers and Sedimentary Characteristics of Oil

and Gas Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42017.3.3 Karst Reservoir Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42217.3.4 Regional Cap Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42217.3.5 Characteristics of Quasi-layered Fracture-Cavity Reservoirs

in Marine Carbonate Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42417.4 Exploration Achievements and Exploration Prospects for Marine

Oil and Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42417.4.1 Exploration Achievements for the Carboniferous Donghe

Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42417.4.2 Giant Oil–Gas Area in the Tazhong–Tabei Intra-Platform

Uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42417.4.3 Exploration Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

18 Tahe Oilfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42918.1 Regional Geological Location and Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

18.1.1 Regional Geological Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42918.1.2 Regional Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

18.2 Oilfield Discovery History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43018.2.1 Stage I: Significant Hydrocarbon Exploration Breakthrough

(1996–1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43118.2.2 Stage II: Exploration Evaluation, Rapidly Proved

and Production Increment (1998–2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43218.2.3 Stage III: Peripheral Expansion, Overall Control,

and Scale Development of the Tahe Oilfield (2006–2010) . . . . . . 43218.3 Oilfield Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

18.3.1 Trap Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43218.3.2 Reservoir Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43418.3.3 Oilfield Development Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

18.4 Pay Interval Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43618.4.1 Pay Interval Distribution and Lithology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43618.4.2 Reservoir Characteristics and Main Controlling Factors . . . . . . . . 43618.4.3 Geophysical Prediction Techniques for Carbonate Oil–Gas

Layers (Reservoirs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44418.5 Analysis of the Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

18.5.1 Formation Period of the Ordovician Carbonate KarstReservoir During the Early Hercynian Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

18.5.2 Establishment and Local Destruction of the ClosedReservoir Formation System at the End of the LateHercynian Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

18.5.3 Reconstruction of the Indosinian–Early HimalayanRegional Closed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

18.5.4 Regional Closed System and Ordovician ReservoirCompletion of the Tahe Oilfield in the Late Himalayan . . . . . . . . 449

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

xiv Contents

19 Tazhong I Condensate Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45119.1 Regional Geographical Location and Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45119.2 Exploration and Development History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

19.2.1 2D Seismic Exploration Proved 8220 Km2 Giant BuriedHill in the Desert Area and Realizing the Strategic Breakthroughof Carbonate Rocks in the Tazhong Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

19.2.2 Local Structure Exploration: Multiple Oil Shows WereFound Within The 200 km East–West Range of the NorthernTazhong Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

19.2.3 Based on the Ideas of the Lunnan Karst Explorationand Deepen the Understanding of the Reef Beach Bodyand Interlayer Karst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

19.3 Geological Characteristics of Gas Condensate Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45619.3.1 Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45619.3.2 Ordovician Strata Distribution and Sedimentary Reservoir

Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46019.3.3 Diagenesis Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46219.3.4 Tectonic Evolution Characteristics of the Paleo-Uplift . . . . . . . . . 462

19.4 Exploration and Development Enlightenment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46619.4.1 Breakthrough in the Understanding of Quasi-Stratified

Oil and Gas Reservoirs, Guiding the Discovery of LargeOil and Gas Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

19.4.2 Reef–Shoal Karst and Interlayer Karst Fissure CavitiesAre Primary Drilling Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

19.4.3 Improving the Quality of 3D Seismic Data Is the EternalTheme of Fracture-Cavity Marine Carbonate Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . 467

19.4.4 The Fine Description and Target Techniquefor the Fracture-Cavity Are the Keys to Improvethe Drilling Success Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

19.4.5 Perseverance and Indomitable Spirit Are the Keysto the Success of Large Oil and Gas Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

20 Hadexun Oilfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46920.1 Regional Geographic Location and Geological Background . . . . . . . . . . . 46920.2 Exploration and Development History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

20.2.1 Drilling the Low-Relief Anticline and Discovering a ThinSandstone Reservoir in the Middle Mudstone Member . . . . . . . . . 469

20.2.2 Drilling Stratigraphic Traps to Achieve a Breakthroughin the Donghe Sandstone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

20.2.3 Integration of Progressive Exploration and DevelopmentMassively Improving Reserves and Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

20.2.4 Optimization and Adjustment of Development to Maintainthe Stable Production in the Million-Ton Oilfield . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

20.3 Reservoir Geologic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47120.3.1 Sequence Stratigraphic Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47120.3.2 Sedimentary Facies Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47420.3.3 Characteristics of the Sandstone Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47720.3.4 Characteristics of the Trap (Structure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

20.4 Reservoir Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48220.4.1 Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48220.4.2 Reservoir Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48220.4.3 Accumulation Period and Main Controlling Factors . . . . . . . . . . . 483

Contents xv

20.5 Enlightenment of the Exploration and Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48520.5.1 Progressive Exploration and Development Is the Guarantee

for the Successful Exploration and Development of Ultra-Deepand Complex Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

20.5.2 Deep and Thin Marine Clastic Rock Reservoir Has BeenDeveloped Efficiently by Horizontal Well Technology . . . . . . . . . 487

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

21 Bohai Bay Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48921.1 Progress of the Petroleum Exploration in the Bohai Bay Basin . . . . . . . . . 489

21.1.1 Geographical Location and Regional Geological Conditions . . . . . 48921.1.2 Oil and Gas Discovery Process and Exploration Results . . . . . . . 494

21.2 Renqiu Oilfield (Buried Hills of the Wumishan Formationin the Jixian System) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49721.2.1 Oilfield Location and Regional Geological Background . . . . . . . . 49721.2.2 History of the Discovery of Oil and Gas Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49921.2.3 Characteristics of Oil and Gas Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50021.2.4 Characteristics of the Main Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50421.2.5 Analysis of the Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process . . . . . . . . . . 506

21.3 Niudong Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50821.3.1 Geographical Location and Regional Geological Background . . . . 50821.3.2 History of the Discovery of Oil and Gas Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51021.3.3 Characteristics of the Niudong Buried Hill Oil and Gas

Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51121.3.4 Characteristics of the Main Oil and Gas Reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . . 51221.3.5 Analysis of the Hydrocarbon Accumulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

22 Resource Potential and Exploration Progress of Shale Gas in MarineStrata in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51722.1 Characteristics of Marine Shale in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

22.1.1 Lower Cambrian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51822.1.2 Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

22.2 Resource Condition of Marine Shale Gas in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52722.3 Exploration and Exploitation Status of Marine Shale Gas in China . . . . . . 52822.4 Evaluation Method for the Selected Marine Shale Gas Area

and Favorable Areas in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52922.4.1 Evaluation of the Selected Marine Shale Gas Area . . . . . . . . . . . 52922.4.2 Distribution of Favorable Marine Shale Gas in China . . . . . . . . . 532

22.5 Exploration Prospects of Marine Shale Gas in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53322.5.1 Exploration Development Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53322.5.2 Exploration Breakthrough and Preparation Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535

23 Fuling Shale Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53723.1 Geographical Location and Regional Geological Background . . . . . . . . . . 537

23.1.1 Geographical Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53723.1.2 Regional Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53723.1.3 Tectonic–Sedimentary Evolution History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53723.1.4 Regional Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

23.2 Exploration History of the Fuling Shale Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54123.3 Basic Geological Characteristics of the Fuling Shale Gas Field . . . . . . . . . 545

23.3.1 Structural Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54523.3.2 Organic Geochemical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

xvi Contents

23.3.3 Reservoir Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54923.3.4 Shale Mineral Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555

23.4 Analysis of the Main Factors Controlling the Enrichmentand High Production in the Fuling Shale Gas Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55923.4.1 Main Factors Affecting the Shale Gas Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . 55923.4.2 Main Factors Controlling the High Production Shale Gas . . . . . . . 56323.4.3 Main Factors Controlling the Accumulation and Productivity

of Shale Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569

Contents xvii

Contributors

Original Chinese Manuscript:

Yongsheng Ma China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Beijing, China (contributor toPreface; major contributor to Chaps. 6, 9 and 22)

Dengfa He China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China (contributor to Chap. 1)

Hongde Chen Chengdu University of Techonology, Chengdu, China (major contributor toChap. 2)

Dongzhou Qiu (deceased) Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chengdu,China (major contributor to Chap. 2)

Liang Yue Chengdu University of Techonology, Chengdu, China (contributor to Chap. 2)

Wen Zhou Chengdu University of Techonology, Chengdu, China (major contributor toChaps. 3 and 8)

Yicai Chen Chengdu University of Techonology, Chengdu, China (major contributor toChap. 3)

Min Guo Chengdu University of Techonology, Chengdu, China (contributor to Chaps. 3and 8)

Bo Liu Peking University, Beijing, China (major contributor to Chap. 4)

Xuefeng Zhang Peking University, Beijing, China (major contributor to Chap. 4)

Kaibo Shi Peking University, Beijing, China (contributor to Chap. 4)

Zhanghua Lou Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (major contributor to Chap. 5)

Aimin Jin Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (contributor to Chap. 5)

Xunyu Cai Sinopec Oilfield Exploration and Development Division, Beijing, China (majorcontributor to Chaps. 6 and 22)

Peirong Zhao Sinopec Oilfield Exploration and Development Division, Beijing, China (majorcontributor to Chaps. 6 and 22)

Tonglou Guo Sinopec Exploration Company, Chengdu, China (major contributor to Chaps. 7,9, 10 and 23)

Ping Zeng Sinopec Exploration Company, Chengdu, China (major contributor to Chaps. 7and 23)

Jinbao Duan Sinopec Exploration Company, Chengdu, China (contributor to Chaps. 9 and 10)

Keming Yang Sinopec Southwest Oil & Gas Company, Chengdu, China (major contributor toChap. 11)

xix

Hongquan Zhu Sinopec Southwest Oil & Gas Company, Chengdu, China (major contributorto Chap. 11)

Guomin Xu Sinopec Southwest Oil & Gas Company, Chengdu, China (contributor toChap. 11)

Xiaobo Song Sinopec Southwest Oil & Gas Company, Chengdu, China (contributor toChap. 11)

Jinhu Du PetroChina Exploration & Production Company, Beijing, China (major contributorto Chap. 12)

Zecheng Wang Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina,Beijing, China (major contributor to Chap. 12)

Hua Yang PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, China (major contributor toChaps. 13, 14 and 16)

Hongping Bao Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChinaChangqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an, China (major contributor to Chaps. 13, 14 and 16)

Shumin Hao Sinopec North China Oil & Gas Company, Zhengzhou, China (major con-tributor to Chap. 15)

Sihong Liu Sinopec North China Oil & Gas Company, Zhengzhou, China (major contributorto Chap. 15)

Wei Zhang Sinopec North China Oil & Gas Company, Zhengzhou, China (contributor toChap. 15)

Zhaoming Wang PetroChina Tarim Oilfield, Korla, China (major contributor to Chaps. 17,19 and 20)

Wenqing Pan Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Tarim Oilfield,Korla, China (major contributor to Chaps. 17, 19 and 20)

Lijuan Zhang Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Tarim Oilfield,Korla, China (major contributor to Chaps. 17, 19 and 20)

Guizhang Lian Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Tarim Oil-field, Korla, China (contributor to Chaps. 17, 19 and 20)

Bing Jing Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Tarim Oilfield,Korla, China (contributor to Chaps. 17, 19 and 20)

Hongfeng Yu Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Tarim Oilfield,Korla, China (contributor to Chaps. 17, 19 and 20)

Fuyuan Zhao Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Tarim Oilfield,Korla, China (contributor to Chaps. 17, 19 and 20)

Yanlong Xu Research Institute of Exploration and Development, PetroChina Tarim Oilfield,Korla, China (contributor to Chaps. 17, 19 and 20)

Lixin Qi Sinopec Northwest Oil & Gas Company, Urumqi, China (major contributor toChap. 18)

Renlian Yu Sinopec Northwest Oil & Gas Company, Urumqi, China (major contributor toChap. 18)

Huashan Jiang Sinopec Northwest Oil & Gas Company, Urumqi, China (contributor toChap. 18)

Xianzheng Zhao PetroChina Dagang Oilfield, Tianjin, China (major contributor to Chap. 20)

xx Contributors

Quan Wang PetroChina Dagang Oilfield, Tianjin, China (major contributor to Chap. 20)

Lixin Fu PetroChina Dagang Oilfield, Tianjin, China (major contributor to Chap. 20)

Fengming Jin PetroChina Dagang Oilfield, Tianjin, China (contributor to Chap. 20)

Chunyuan Han PetroChina Dagang Oilfield, Tianjin, China (contributor to Chap. 20)

Mingshun Zhou PetroChina Dagang Oilfield, Tianjin, China (contributor to Chap. 20)

Lanzhu Cao PetroChina Dagang Oilfield, Tianjin, China (contributor to Chap. 20)

Chinese Manuscript Compilation:

Yongsheng Ma China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Beijing, China

Xunyu Cai Sinopec Oilfield Exploration and Development Division, Beijing, China

Haiqin Tian Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China

Peirong Zhao Sinopec Oilfield Exploration and Development Division, Beijing, China

Manuscript Translation & Revision from Chinese to English

Herong Zheng Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the first translation revision of Chaps. 1–3)

Yitian Xiao Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing, China(contributor to the first translation revision of Chaps. 4–6)

Zhongmin Zhang Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the translation of Preface, Chaps. 13, 15 and 22; contributor to the firsttranslation revision of Chaps. 7–12; contributor to the third translation revision of Chaps. 2, 10and 20)

Taizhong Duan Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the first translation revision of Chaps. 13–15)

Demin Zhang Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the translation of Chaps. 3, 6, 8, 9, 12 and 18; contributor to the firsttranslation revision of Chaps. 16–18; contributor to the third translation revision of Chaps. 1, 6,11, 16 and 17)

Ming Li Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing, China(contributor to the translation of Chaps. 1, 2, 5, 21 and 23; contributor to the first translationrevision of Chaps. 19–21; contributor to the third translation revision of Chaps. 13–15, 18–20)

Yixuan Zhu Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the translation of Preface; contributor to the first translation revision ofChaps. 22 and 23; contributor to the third translation revision of Chaps. 3, 5, 9, 21 and 22)

Wei Yao Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing, China(contributor to the third translation revision of Chaps. 7, 8 and 12)

Rui Xu Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing, China(contributor to the translation of Chaps. 4, 17 and 20)

Mingchuan Wang Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute,Beijing, China (contributor to the translation of Chaps. 3, 11 and 16)

Contributors xxi

Chaonian Si Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the translation of Chap. 14; contributor to the third translation revision ofChap. 19)

Fengguang Jiang Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the translation of Chap. 10; contributor to the third translation revision ofChap. 19)

Binbin Teng Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the translation of Chaps. 5 and 18)

Xiujuan Du Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing, China(contributor to the translation of Chaps. 3 and 7)

Meng Xiao Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing, China(contributor to the third translation revision of Chaps. 20 and 21)

Rongtao Guo Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the third translation revision of Chap. 4)

Ting Lu Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing, China(contributor to the third translation revision of Chap. 22)

Yue Gong Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing, China(contributor to the third translation revision of Chap. 19)

Weihong Shen Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (major contributor to the text composition)

Zeyang Peng Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China (contributor to the third translation revision of Chap. 23)

Samruddhi Gandhi Editage by Cactus Communications, Houston, USA (contributor to thesecond translation revision of Chaps. 7–12)

Vivian Antao Editage by Cactus Communications, Houston, USA (contributor to the secondtranslation revision of Chaps. 1–6)

Lino Cardoz Editage by Cactus Communications, Houston, USA (contributor to the secondtranslation revision of Chaps. 13–18)

Sylvia-Monique Thomas Editage by Cactus Communications, Houston, USA (contributor tothe second translation revision of Chaps. 19–23)

Chinese Figure Compilation:

Guangxiang Liu Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China

Zhongbao Liu Sinopec Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing,China

Executive Editor:

Yajun Liu Geological Publishing House, Beijing, China

xxii Contributors