Marwari Grammar [Eng] Asopa 1950

Asopa, R.K. 1950. Marwari Vyakaran. Jaipur: Popular Prakashan

MARWARI GRAMMAR 1. To make somebody understand, everything which we speak out by mouth is called the tongue means language.2. In ‘Marwar’ the tongue which used is called “Marwari”.

Note: There is a little difference in tongue, in different provinces so here when we say it Marwari language, Understand it as the tongue of the capital.3. Language is of two types: (1) Pure (right) (2) Impure (wrong).4. From which we know how to speak and write correct Marwari language, is

Marwari Grammar.Note:1 To know grammar in every language is very important, the reason is, without

knowing grammar one cannot speak and write correctly.Note:2 Language formed by sentences, sentences formed by words and words are

formed by letters. There are three main subjects in grammar. Which are related with letters, words and sentences.

5. In Marwari Grammar there are three main subjects:1. Character/ letter Ideas2. Word Ideas3. Sentence Ideas6. In Character/ letter Idea the shape (turn) of alphabetic characters, pronunciation

and manner of combining is given. 7. In word idea word distinction and inflect is described. 8. In sentence idea the way of making sentences by words is prescribed.

Character / letter Ideas

9. The letters which are written in Marwar, known as Marwari characters.10. Letter is the name of the part of the word which can not be divided. 11. There are 52 letters in Marwari language. These are of two types:

1. Vowels2. ConsonantsNote: In Marwari Vowels are called as ‘BILTI’ and Consonants are called as ‘KAKKO’.

Vowels 13

अ आ इ ई उ ऊ [ ऋ ऋ ल लध‍� ] ए ऐ ओ औ अ� अ:

A AA I EE U RI REE LREE E AI O AU AN AH

Consonants 36

क ख (ष) ग घ ड

K KH G GH NG

च छ ज झ ञCH CHH J JH N

ट ठ ड ढ णT TH D DH An

त थ द ध नT TH D DH N

प फ ब भ मP PH B BH M

य र ल वY R L V

श ष स स हSH SH S H H

ड ळ व

12 The letters which are spoken itself without any other letter’s help, called Vowels and gives help to speak consonant.

as - “ ”अ (A)

The pronunciation of this letter is itself and to speak this no other letters help is required. Just like this know other vowels.

13. Consonants are the letters which only can speak with the help of vowel. as - “ ” क (K)

In the pronunciation of this consonant one have to use “ ” अ (A) or one have to speak any other vowel, without this help the pronunciation of “K” (“ ”क ) is not possible.Whether put vowel before or after ‘ ’ क (K). “ ”अक here ‘ ’ अ vowel is putted before ‘ ’ क consonant for the pronunciation of ‘ ’क . “ ”क here ‘ ’ अ vowel is coming after ‘ ’ कfor the pronunciation of ‘ ’क . It means that without the use of vowel, consonant can’t be pronounced.

14. It is called ‘hal’ if there is no vowel in consonants like ‘K’ (क) etc. as K, CH, P etc.

To recognise ‘hal’, the sign ’ ‘ 6 marked down.15. A dot on the vowel is called ‘ Anuswar’. as kans (क� स), hans (ह�स) etc.16. A half dot like the moon on the vowel is called ‘Anunasik’ (Nasal).

as ह78स, ब78स, ध78स etc.17. The two dots in front of the vowel is called ‘Visarg’.

as परा7य: etc

Vowel formulation

18. There are five basic vowels. as अ, इ, उ, ऋ, ल.19. Four joint-letters are made by the formation of vowels.

as ए, ऐ, ओ, औNote: These four joint-letters are called Diphthong. Because these are made by two joint letters.

as - अ + इ =ए. अ + ए = ऐ. अ + उ = ओ. अ + ओ =औ.20. In addition to these nine there are five vowels more

आ. ई. ऊ. ऋ. ल.Note 1 These five are homogeneous to all basic vowels means these are cognate and pronunciation of these five is a bit long from basic vowels so that these are called prolonged(long) vowels.Note 2 All the sixteen vowels are - basic vowels- 5- अ. इ. उ. ऋ. ल , Joint vowels- 4- ए. ऐ. ओ. औ, homogeneous 5- आ. ई. ऊ. ऋ. ल , Anuswar- 1, Visarg- 2.

21. There are three types of vowels- 1 Hraswa (short), 2 Deergha (long) 3 Plut22. In the pronunciation when it takes the time of about a eye blink, it called as Hraswa (short) vowel. as अ. इ. उ. ऋ. ल23. In the pronunciation when it takes the time of about two eye blinks, it called as Deergha (long) vowel. as आ. ई. ऊ. ऋ. ल. ए. ऐ.ओ. औ. अ�. अ:24. In the pronunciation when it takes the time of about three eye blinks, it called as Plutvowel. as अ 3. इ 3. उ 3. ऋ 3. ल3. ए 3. ऐ 3. ओ 3. औ 3 25. Generally Plut vowel is used for calling. As अ र: 3. गव7ळिळ य7 3 ग7य चर7 (O 3. shepherd 3 graze cows). To recognise Plut vowel there is a tradition to put digit '3' before it. अ र: 3. गव7ळिळ य7 3 ग7य चर7 here before र: and य7 digit of 3 is there, so the inner ‘ ’ए in र: and the inner ‘ ’ आ in य7 is known as Plut.26. There are two more types of vowels, 1. Nasal 2. Non-nasal.27. The vowels which pronounced by mouth and nose both are called Nasal. as अ8, इ8 etc.28. The vowels which pronounced only by mouth are called Non-nasa. as अ, इ etc. 29. There are three more types of vowels. 1. Lower throat (अन<द7तत) 2. Upper throat (उद7तत) 3. स‍�वरिरत30. The vowels which are pronounced from the lower throat is called Anudaat(अन<द7त‍�त). as - ब7रA( म7�य नहB) ख7तC (वहD) Here the pronunciation of "आ" is from the lower throat so that in both places/words "आ" it is Anudaat(अन<द7त‍�त).31. The vowels which are pronounced from the upper throat is called Udaat (उद7तत). Its sign ( __ ) is always put under the vowel. as ब7रA (number 12) ख7तC (in a hurry). Here the pronunciation of "आ" is from the upper throat so that in both places/words "आ"

is Udaat(अन<द7त‍�त). अन<द7तत उद7ततHeight कद when कद All स7रC Support स7रC

जिजलल: Flash जिजलल:God of Muslims पDर Father’s house पDर Borrower ध<र disrespect ध<र Famous गG�द knead the flour गG�द Take ल:व Specific organism ल:वClow quality मCळH Five-color yarn मCळHDig खCदC Bull खCदC

32. The vowel which is made by the formulation of Anudaat and Udaat and pronounced with

tone from the throat is called Swarit. Its sign (٧) is always put under the vowel. as

Anudaat Udaat Swarit

All स7रC Support स7रC स7रC ٧ {(Future and the question)(The third part of Paisa)}प7ई of thorn प7ई प7ई ٧ “(Past verb)}धCई ( दजJर वस‍�त<)} धCई धCई ٧ “Dig ( विवधिध विMय7) Bull खCदC खCदN ٧ “ “

33. There are two more types of Ekar (एक7र) and Dokar (दCक7र) besides other vowels. 1. Expressed व‍�यकत 2. latent अव‍�यकत34. Of which the pronunciation is clear is called expressedNote- In Sanskrit the pronunciation of "ऐ, औ" is expressed.

as - मAन7क। ऐश‍�वयJ, grandson , amusement.Here the pronunciation of "ऐ, औ" is clear so that "ऐ, औ" both are expressed.

35. Of which the pronunciation is not clear is called Latent. Note- In Marwari the pronunciation of "ऐ, औ" is often latent. as Demerit ऐब (ओगण), Buffalo भSस, कA र , last year पNर (गतवषJ), back मNर (पDठ), here "ऐ, औ" both are latent.

Examples for practiceAnudaat latent Udaat latent

Dirt मAल [गलDच] easy सAल [स<गम]Riot फA ल [द�गC] Palace मAल [र7ज7रC]Demerit ऐब [ओगण] canal नAर [न7ळC]

गAर [विनद7�] chance लA [अवसर]Buffalo भSस [पश<] तA [ प<ड]

सSणC [समजद7र] कA ल< [थ:पड7]Meena मSणC [a cast] गAणC [ Ornaments]

पNर [Last year] सAर [City] मNर [Back] मNर [ सCन7रD]

Note: When Akaar (alphabetical) (अक7र) used without adding in any consonant than it is called vowel, and used in that same method in which the vowels are written.as अ. इ. etc.

36. When Akaar (alphabetical) (अक7र) vowels added in consonants than their format changed न: म7तरा7 कवण मV आवA हA.

Format of ‘Matra’ as- ‘Matra’ (Barakhadi)

अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ऋ

7 ि D < G X

क क7 कY कY क< कG क क

ल ल6 ए ऐ ओ औ अ� अ:

: A C N � :

क: कA कC कN क� क:

Consonant formulation 37. There are seven categories of consonants. 1. Kawarg (कवगJ) 2. Chwarg (चवगJ) 3. Tawarg (टवगJ) 4. Tawarg (तवगJ) 5. Pawarg (पवगJ) 6. (अ�त:स‍�थ) 7. (ऊष‍�म) The matra of consonant is half. In Marwari ड, ळ, व, ढ, ध, ऐ these five consonants are more, of which the pronunciation is shown different.

खCडC [Grain storage space] खCडC [Lame]. म7ल [money] म7ळ [rope to pull up water from traditional well]

व7र [turn] ब7र [ main gate] व7र [to chase the theif]The pronunciation of “ढ" and "ध" is stupendous than "ढ" and "ध" because at the time of pronouncing "ढ" one have to move the tongue little bit upper, inner side from the pronunciation place of "ढ" as ढ- ढ:ढ(lower cast), ढ7�ढC (animal), ढ�ढ ढ- ढHल( looseness), ढCल (drum)To pronounce “ध" one have to move the tongue little bit upper, inner side from the pronunciation place of "ध"as-ध- ध8णD (owner), ध�धC(business), ध7धल. ध- धन(money), ध7न( grain)

क ख ग घ ड कवगJ

च छ ज झ ञ चवगJ

ट ठ ड ढ ण ड टवगJ

त थ द ध न तवगJ

प फ ब भ म पवगJ

य र ल व थ ळ अ�त:स‍�थ

श ष स ह स ऊष‍�म

United Consonant

38. The combination of two initial consonants is called conjugation.

as व‍�य7व (marriage), स‍�तराD (woman) etc. Here व‍�य7व is the conjugation of both consonants व6 + य6 . Here स‍�तराD is the conjugation of all three consonants स6 + त6+र.Note: In writing form often consonants of conjugation looks different. But कष. तरा. ज6 in these joint letters the form of those consonants does not seen so many people teach in alphabets क6 + ष = कष, त6 +र=तरा, ज6+ञ= जञ.39. In conjugation the letter which comes before in speaking is first and written half. The letter which comes after is written after. as रस‍�सD, सत‍य, धनय etc.40. But these ङ, छ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, these six consonants are written in full in before conjugation. as अङ6क< र, ऊछव7स, गटटीH, बठठर, गडडीD, ढढढा7 etc.41. Joint ‘ ’ र is written in before consonants upper side and known as ‘Ref’. as धमJ, कमJ etc.42. But if ‘ ’ र comes before the consonant then it written in the legs. as पराज7, धिमतरा etc.

The pronunciation places of letters

अ, आ,क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, ह, विवसगJ Throat (क� ठ)

इ, ई, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, य, श, Palate (त7ळवC)

उ, ऊ, प, फ, ब, भ, म Lips (हCठ)

ऋ, ऋ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, र, ष, ड, Head (मस‍�तक)

ल, ल, त, थ, द, ध, न, ल, स, ळ Teeth (द7�त)

ङ, ञ, ण, न, म, Anuswar nasal Nose (न7क)

ए, ऐ. Throat-palate (क� ठत7ल<)

ओ, औ. Throat-lips ( क� ठ हCठ)

व, व. Teeth-lips ( द7�त हCठ)

43. The letter which pronounced by throat is ‘Kanthya’, pronounced by Palate is ‘ Talavya’, pronounced by lips is ‘Oasshth’, pronounced by the upper palate is ‘Moordhanya’, pronounced by teeth is ‘Dantya’ and pronounced by nose is called ‘Nasal’ (Anunasik).

Word discussion 44. The sound which heard is ‘Word’.45. The types of word are 1. Phonetic 2. Descriptive.46. The sound of Drum, Nagara is called Phonetic.47. Pronounced from mouth are called Descriptive.48. Descriptive words are of two types, 1 Without meaning 2. Signifying.49. Word which is having no meaning is called without meaning (Apshabd). as चG� (chun), च7� (chan) etc.50. Word which is having some meaning is called signifying. as Ram, Jodhpur etc.51. There are three types of signifying words: 1. Noun 2. Verb 3 Indeclinable.52. The name of a thing is called ‘Noun’. as Cow, Jodhpur etc. Cow is the name of a four leg animal, Jodhpur is the name of a city.53. In which ‘do’, ‘be’ works are found is called ‘Verb’. as Learning, playing etc. 54. In which gender, number, factor is not found is called indeclinable. Note: Means the nature is not changed by gender etc or any other reason is indeclinable. as quick, or, when etc.

Noun Formulation 55. There are three types of first noun. 1. Rudh 2. Compound 3. Yogrudh.

56. Not a single section (part) is not meaningful is called Rudh noun. as Cow (ग7य), Buffalo (भSस) Here in ग7य first section is ‘ ’ ग7 and second section is ‘ ’ य but these both separately are not meaningful so this noun is Rudh. In this way understand all the rudh nouns.

57. Which made by two words or by term and suffix is called compound noun. as जDवध7रD, जCधपर, क7लजञ7न, बCलणव7ळC, क7रक etc. In जDवध7रDword there is the addition of ‘ ’ जDव and ‘ ’ध7रD . By which the word जDवध7रD is compound. In same way जCधप<र, is the addition of two words ‘ ’ जCध and ‘ ’प<र . In क7लजञ7न here is the addition of two words ‘ ’ क7ल and ‘ ’जञ7न . In बCलणव7ळC here first ‘ ’ बCलण and then suffix ‘ ’ व7ळN is added so that this word is compound. In क7रक the addition of "क7र" and "अक" is there. 58. Yogrudh noun is that which is made by the addition of two words but shows only Connotations not the conjunction meaning. as अ�गरखD, प�कज, विगरध7रD etc. अ�गरखD word is made by two words ‘ ’ अ�ग and ‘ ’ रखD but showing only the connotations and not

the conjunction meaning so here अ�गरखD is Yogrudh noun.59. There are more five types of noun 1. Common noun (ज7वितव7चक) 2. Proper noun (व‍�यकतिकतव7चक) 3. Attributive noun (ग<णव7चक) 4. Abstract noun (भ7वव7चक) 5. Pronoun (सवJन7म)।60. Which shows about a class is called Common noun. as आदमD (man), ग7य (cow), र�ख (tree) etc.61. Which shows the name of only one thing is called Proper noun. as र7म (Ram), जCधप<र (Jodhpur), भCमस:न (Bhomsen (a name) etc. 62. Which shows about the quality is known as Attributive noun or adjective. as क7ळC(black), ल�बC(long), चCखC (good) etc. 63. By which the nature of term prescribed or shows the sense of business is called as Abstract noun. as धिमठ7स (sweetness), धDरज (patience), समज (sense) etc.64. The word which came in exchange of noun is called Pronoun. as तG� (you), ह� (I), वC( He) etc. The purpose of this is not using the noun many times.

Adjective65. Adjective is of two types 1. Quality explanatory 2. Quantity explanatory.66. By which one can recognise about less, much, good, bad is known as Quality explanatory adjective. as थCडC(less) , घणC (much), ऊजळC (bright), मAलC (dirty) etc.

67. Quantity explanatory shows the count.

68. There are two types of quantity explanatory 1. Differential Quantity explanatory 2. General Quantity explanatory. 69. Differential Quantity explanatory is that which refers to the number assigned. as पAलC (first), दजC (second), तDजC(third), चCथC(forth), प7�चवj (fifth) etc.

70. General Quantity explanatory is that which shows the count in a general way. as एक(one), दCय(two), तDन(three), च‍�य7र(four), प7�च(five).

Abstract 71. Abstract is of three types.

1. Nature explanatory2. Behavior explanatory3. Work explanatory

72. Which refers about the nature of the substance is Nature explanatory. as खट7ई (sourness), पDळ7स (yellowish), च<तर7ई (cleverness) etc.73. Which refers the Behavior is Behavior explanatory. as भय (fear), धDरज(Patience), ल7ज (shyness), भGख (appetite), वितरस (thirst) etc. 74. Which shows the work of the verb is called work explanatory. as विवच7र (Thought), लAणदAण (Trading), घट7व(Shortage), धिमल7प (Get together) etc.

Pronoun

75. Pronoun is of eight types:1. Personal/Masculine descriptive2. Definite 3. Indefinite 4. Interrogative pronoun/ Question descriptive5. Relative/ Ablative descriptive6. Respect explanatory7. Quantitive 8. Distributive pronoun/ Genre descriptive

76. Masculine descriptive pronoun is of three types:1. First person 2. Second person 3. Third person

77. The speaker is first person. as म‍�हS, ह�, म‍�ह: (I).78. The person who is hearing is second person.

as तG�, थA (You).79. The person/persons for whom the converse is the third person. as वC, वA (He, they).80. By saying something decision is called definite pronoun. as ओ, वC(this, that).Note: For nearby ओ (this) and for distance वC (that) is used. 81. By saying something no decision is called indefinite pronoun. as कCई (someone).82. Which shows the question is interrogative pronoun. as क< ण(who), क7�ई (what), विकसC(which).83. Which shows the mutual relation with sentence is Relative pronoun. as जC (That), सC (so that).84. Which shows respect is called Respect explanatory. as आप (you), र7ज.85. By which we know about the quantity means idea is called Quantitive. as विकततC(How),इततC(This much), उततC(that much), विकततCक(how much) , विकततCसCक(how much).86. By which we know about the formation/quality is called Distributive pronoun/ Genre descriptive. as कA डC , विकसC, ऐडC, इसC, जAडC, जिजसC, कA डCक, कA डCसCक. (how is, That type).87. Gender, number, factor are there in noun.

Gender88. In Marwari language there are two genders.

1. Masculine2. Feminine

89. Men cognitive noun is masculine. as घCडC (horse), आदमD (man), भ7कर (mountain), भ7रC (bundle, भ8वरC (bumble-bee).90. Women cognitive noun is feminine. as घCडD (mare), हतणD (female elephant), ल<ग7ई (lady), भBत (wall), भ:ट (gift), भG�डण (criticism).91. It is not difficult to know the gender of the words which are in pair. as घCडC (horse), घCडD(mare), ह7तD(elephant), हतणD (female elephant), मदJ (man), ल<ग7ई

(woman).92. But that words which are not paired are identify like this: most of takarant and ikarant words are feminine. as व7त (story), र7त (night), भBत (wall), गरणD, मCरD, मCळH etc. 93. Many feminine words are different from masculine words. as Masculine feminine

Camel(ऊ� ठ) Female camel(स7�ड)Bull (स7�ड/बळद) cow(ग7य)

कतिसकरC Hawk (ब7ज)King (र7ज7) queen (र7�णD)भ7ई(brother) sister(बAन)मCर(peacock) ढ:लडD [मCरनD]सGर भG�डण . इत‍य7दिदFather(विपत7) Mother(म7त7)Male (प<रष) Female(स‍�तराD)

94. Many creature signifying paired words only pronounced in feminine. as cuckoo(कCयल) spider(मकडD)starling(मAन7) bat(चमच:ड)Louse (जG�) लटduck (बतक) ईलDEagle (चDल) स<ळस<ळHsquirrel(टHलCडD) nit(लDख)

95. Many creature signifying paired words only pronounced in masculine as moth(पत�विगयC) crane स7रसपपAयC mosquito म7छरआविगयC क� सळ7पममCकतिलयC ख7परिरयC

96. Many words used in both masculine and feminine, as parents(म7ईत) children(ट7बर)

Number97. In Marwari language there are two types of numbers: 1. Singular 2. Plural98. Singular number shows a thing. as water-pot (घडN), horse (घCडN) etc.99. Plural number shows many things. as water-pots (घड7), horses (घCड7) etc.100. After noun joining word ‘people’(using s or es) is shows many. as Kings (र7ज7लCग), saints(स�तलCग), moneylenders(मह7जनलCग)।

Case101. Which shows the relation of word with verb is called case. as Ram is giving book. here Ram's relation with action ‘giving’ and book’s relation with action ‘given’ is shown so Ram and Book is their case noun.102. Case is of eight types:

1. Nominative case (कतत7J)2.Vocative case(कमJ)

3. Accusative case (करण)

4.Instrumental case(सम‍�पराद7न)

5.Dative case (अप7द7न)

6.Ablative case (सम‍�बन�ध)

7.Genitive case (अधिधकरण)

8.Locative case (सम‍�बCधन)

103. The signs of case is called modulation, as

1. Nominative case (कतत7J) “

2.Vocative case(कमJ) नS3. Accusative case (करण) सG�. ऊ� . 4.Instrumental case(सम‍�पराद7न) {नA. व7स‍�त:. रAव7स‍�त:. १ रAत7�ई१}5.Dative case (अप7द7न)सG. ऊ� .6.Ablative case (सम‍�बन�ध)र7. १ रD. रA. रC.7.Genitive case (अधिधकरण) मV8.Locative case (सम‍�बCधन) ह:, अर:, र:.

104. Working object is called Nominative case (कतत7J). as Horse is running.Horse is doing the work of running so here horse is nominative case.105. Nominative case is of two types:

1. Head2. Secondary

106. The gender, number which is according to verb is called Head case. as Horse is kicking. ‘Kicking’ is verb, masculine singular and ‘horse’ is nominative case masculine singular so here ‘horse’ is head case. 107.Where the gender, number are not according to nominative case is Secondary. as The book is being written by Ram. “Being written” is verb, feminine and singular and ”Ram” is nominative case, masculine singular, not according to verb so that “Ram” is secondary case. 108.Thing done is work ; means in which the resultant of transitive verb remains. as Horse is jumping dung. “dung” is jumped so it is Vocative case here. 109. The source to done a action is Accusative case. as Rider is hitting the horse with a whip. In hitting the source is “whip” so whip is Accusative case. 110. To whom, someone gives a thing or for someone a work is done that is Instrumental case. as The book gave to Ram, this book is for Ram, write this book for Ram. Here giving, for and writing is for Ram, so that Ram is Instrumental .111. By which an object is separated or fear, fall down or by which someone bring a thing is Apadan. as Rider is falling down from horse. Son is fearing from father. Student is learning from teacher, servant is taking salary from proprietor.Rider is separated from horse so the horse is apadan. The son is fearing from father so father is apadan. Student is learning by teacher so teacher is apadan. Servant is taking salary from the proprietor so proprietor is apadan.

112. Which shows the relation is Ablative case. Note- Ablative case is of many types: birth related Ablative case, Sense of self ownership Ablative case, work-reason Ablative case, body part sense of Ablative case etc. Son of Ram, servant of king, pot of clay, hand of Ram.son is who born and Ram is the parent. The son of Ram is here birth related Ablative case. Servant is self and the king is the owner so that the servant of the king is here sense of self ownership Ablative case. The pot is the work and clay is the reason so that here pot of clay is work-reason Ablative case. Hand is the part and Ram is the man so that hand of Ram is here body part sense of Ablative case. 113. In the basis of something remains is Adhi Accusative case. as Ink is in the ink pot.Ink is remaining because of the basis of ink pot so that ink pot is 114. Address by calling someone is vocative case. as Oh, Ram !, You fool !By calling Ram making him in front so that here Ram is vocative case.

Accidence Masculine

115. Singular, masculine halant (half) word it remains as it is. In the end of the word “aan” is used in plural. But in Nominate and Object optionally “aan” is used.

Halant masculine word “farm” (ख:त)

case Singular Plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) farm (ख:त) farm (ख:त), farms (ख:त7�)Vocative case (कमJ) ख:त, To farm (ख:तनA) ख:त, To farms (ख:त7�नA) Accusative case (करण) From farm (ख:तसG�, ख:तऊ� ) From farm(ख:त7सG�, ख:त7ऊ� )Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For the farm ( ख:तरA व7स‍�तA, नS) For the farm( ख:त7�रA व7स‍�तA, नS)Dative case अप7द7न From farm (ख:तसG�, ख:तऊ� ) From the farms(ख:त7सG�, ख:त7ऊ� )Ablative case सम‍�बन�ध Of the farm (ख:तर7, रD, रA, रC) Of the farms(ख:त7�र7, रD, रA, रC)Genitive case अधिधकरण In farm (ख:तमV) In the farms ( ख:त7� मV)Locative case स�बCधन Oh farm ! ( ह: ख:त) Oh farms ( ह: ख:त7�)

Examples of casesNotes 1 : Nominative case-- This is my farm, These are my farms, My farms done help.Vocative case-- he went to his farm, What do you do with farm? You cultivate in your farm.What do you do with farms?Karan-- Farms make us respectful. Farms makes big. Instrumental -- craving for farms, Apadan-- come from farm, brought wood from farms, Ablative case-- grain of farm, the cucumber of this farm is sweet, Make the boundary of farms.Genitive -- He is standing in the farm. Cows are there in those farms. Vocative case--Farm! you make me troubled. Notes 2: Somewhere in second line “ ” नA sign not used, and somewhere used in option.as Ram is eating food. Ram is writing letter. Here “ ” नA sign not used. You saw Kite? You saw the Kite? Here “ ” नA is used optionally.

116. In halant masculine word House (घर) etc, there is some difference so it is describing--case Singular Plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) House(घर) House, Houses(घर, घर7�)Vocative case (कमJ) House, to House(घर, घर:, घर7�, घरनS)Houses, to Houses (घर, घर7�नS) Accusative case (करण) From house (घरसG�, ऊ� ) From houses (घर7�सG�, ऊ� )Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For the house( घर रA व7स‍�तA, नS) For the Houses( घर7�रA व7स‍�तA, नS)Dative case (अप7द7न) From the house(घरसG�, ऊ� ) From the houses (घर7�सG�, ऊ� )Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of house (घरर7, रD, र:, रC) Of the houses(घर7�र7, रD, रA, रCGenitive case (अधिधकरण) in the house (घरमV, घर:) in the houses (घर7�मV)Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh house ! ( ह: घर!) Oh houses ! ( ह: घर7�)

Important examples of casesNote : Nominative case-- This is my house. These are my houses. Many houses rejected my invitation. Vocative case-- Are you destroying my house? Go house. Go to houses. Go and watch the house? You all check your houses? Why we check our houses? Genitive case-- He is in house. What is in house? No money in houses. 117. The masculine aakarant word is remaining as it is in singular form but in plural form “ ” व7� is used before “ ”आ . But in nominative case and Vocative case “ ” व7� is used optionally.

Aakarant masculine (र7ज7) King word case Singular Plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) King (र7ज7) King, Kings (र7ज7)Vocative case (कमJ) To King ( र7ज7 नA) To kings ( र7ज7व7� नA) Accusative case (करण) From King ( र7ज7 सG�) From Kings ( र7ज7व7� सG�)Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For King ( र7ज7 रA व7स‍�तA) For Kings ( र7ज7व7� रA व7स‍�तA)Dative case (अप7द7न) From King ( र7ज7 सG�) From Kings ( र7ज7व7� सG�)Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of King (र7ज7र7, रD, रA, रN) Of Kings (र7ज7व7�र7, रD, रA, रN)Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In King ( र7ज7 मV) In Kings ( र7ज7व7� मV)Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh King! ( ह: र7ज7) Oh Kings! ( ह: र7ज7व7�)

118. Evarnant masculine word remains as it is in singular form, in Plural form it changed into Deergha (long) so after chnging it in hraswa “ ” य7� added in last. But in nominative case and in Vocative case “ ” य7� used optionally. as--

Ikarant masculine Saint (म<विन) wordcase Singular Plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) Saint (म<विन) Saints (म<विनय7�)Vocative case (कमJ) To saint ( म<विन नA) To saints ( म<विनय7� नS) Accusative case (करण) From saint ( म<विन सG�) From saints ( म<विनय7� सG�)Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For saint ( म<विन रA व7स‍�तA) For saints ( म<विनय7� रA व7स‍�तA)Dative case (अप7द7न) From saint ( म<विन सG�) From saints ( म<विनय7� सG�)

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of saint (म<विनर7, रD, रA, रN) Of saints (म<विनय7�र7, रD, रA, रN)Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In saint ( म<विन मV) In saints ( म<विनय7� मV)Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh saint! ( ह: म<विन) Oh saints! ( ह: म<विनय7�)

Iikarant masculine Oilman (त:लD) wordcase Singular Plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) Oilman (त:लD) Oilmen (त:लDय7�)

Vocative case (कमJ) To oilman(त:लD, त:लD नS) To oilmen(त:लD, त:लDय7� नS) Accusative case (करण) From oilman (त:लDसG�) From oilmen(त:लDय7�सG�)Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For oilman( त:लD रA व7स‍�तA) For oilmen( त:लDय7� रA व7स‍�तA)Dative case (अप7द7न) From oilman(त:लDसG�) From oilmen(त:लDय7�सG�)Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of oilman(त:लDर7, रD, र:, रC ) Of oilmen(त:लDय7�र7, रD, रA, रC)Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In oilman(त:लDमV) In oilmen( त:लDय7� मV)Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh oilman !( ह: त:लD) Oh oilmen !( ह: त:लDय7�)

119. Uvarnant masculine words remains same in singular, in plural it changed into deergha so after doing hraswa “ ” व7� added in last. But in nominative case and in Vocative case ‘ ’ य7� used optionally. as--

Ukarant masculine Hermit (स7ध<) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) Hermit Hermits

Vocative case (कमJ) To hermit To hermits Accusative case (करण) From hermit From hermitsInstrumental case(स�पराद7न) For hermit For hermits Dative case (अप7द7न) From hermit From hermits Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of hermit Of hermits Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In hermit In hermits Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh hermit! Oh hermits!

Ukarant masculine Clerk (ब7बG) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) Clerk Clerks

Vocative case (कमJ) To Clerk To Clerks

Accusative case (करण) From Clerk From Clerks

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Clerk For Clerks

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Clerk From Clerks

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Clerk Of Clerks

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Clerk In Clerks

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh Clerk! Oh Clerks!120. Ekarant masculine words remains same in singular, in plurals ‘ ’आ� is added. But in nominative case and in Vocative case ‘ ’ आ� used optionally. as--

Ekarant masculine Dave (दव:) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) Dave Daves

Vocative case (कमJ) To Dave To Daves

Accusative case (करण) From Dave From Daves

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Dave For Daves

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Dave From Daves

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Dave Of Daves

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Dave In Daves

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh Dave! Oh Daves!

121. In Okarant masculine word remains same in nominative case of singular term but in nominative case of plural and in Vocative cases, singular term etc it changed into ‘ ’औ , ‘ ’ आ and ‘ ’ए and in plural it changed into ‘ ’ ओ , ‘ ’आ . As--

Aukarant masculine Horse (घCडN) Wordcase Singular Plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) Horse Horses

Vocative case (कमJ) To Horse To Horses

Accusative case (करण) From Horse From Horses

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Horse For Horses

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Horse From Horses

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Horse Of Horses

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Horse In Horses

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh Horse! Oh Horses!Feminine

122. Halant feminine word remains same in singular form but in plural sense ‘ ’ आ is added in the end. as--

Halant feminine Kite (चDल) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) Kite Kites

Vocative case (कमJ) To kite To Kites

Accusative case (करण) From kite From Kites

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For kite For Kites

Dative case (अप7द7न) From kite From Kites

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of kite Of Kites

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In kite In Kites

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh kite! Oh kites!

123. Aakarant feminine word remains same in singular form but in plural ‘ ’ व7� is added. as-


Nominative case (कतत7J) Mother Mothers

Vocative case (कमJ) To mother To Mothers

Accusative case (करण) From Mother From Mothers

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Mother For Mothers

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Mother From Mothers

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Mother Of Mothers

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Mother In Mothers

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh Mother! Oh Mothers!

124. Evarnant feminine singular word remains same. In plural if it is deergha than after changing it hraswa ‘ ’ य7� is added in it. as-

Ikarant feminine Statue (मGरतितp) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) Statue Statues

Vocative case (कमJ) To Statue To Statues

Accusative case (करण) From Statue From Statues

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Statue For Statues

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Statue From Statues

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Statue Of Statues

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Statue In Statues

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh Statue! Oh Statues!

Iikarant feminine Mare (घCडD) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) Mare Mares

Vocative case (कमJ) To Mare To Mares

Accusative case (करण) From Mare From Mares

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Mare For Mares

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Mare From Mares

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Mare Of Mares

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Mare In Mares

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh Mare! Oh Mares!

125. Uvarnant feminine word remains same in singular. In plural if it is deetgha than after changing it hraswa ‘ ’ य7� is added before the word. as-

Ukarant feminine Tobacco (तम7ख<) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) Tobacco Tobaccos

Vocative case (कमJ) To Tobacco To Tobaccos

Accusative case (करण) From Tobacco From Tobaccos

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Tobacco For Tobaccos

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Tobacco From Tobaccos

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Tobacco Of Tobaccos

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Tobacco In Tobaccos

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh Tobacco! Oh Tobaccos!

Deergha Uukarant feminine Daughter in law (बह) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) daughter in law daughter in laws

Vocative case (कमJ) To daughter in law To daughter in laws

Accusative case (करण) From daughter in law From daughter in laws

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For daughter in law For daughter in laws Dative case (अप7द7न) From daughter in law From daughter in laws

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of daughter in law Of daughter in laws

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In daughter in law In daughter in laws

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh daughter in law! Oh daughter in laws!

126. . Ekarant feminine words remains same in singular, in plurals ‘ ’आ� is added. as-Ekarant feminine Ash (ख:) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) Ash Ashes

Vocative case (कमJ) To Ash To Ashes

Accusative case (करण) From Ash From Ashes

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Ash For Ashes

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Ash From Ashes

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Ash Of Ashes

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Ash In Ashes

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh Ash! Oh Ashes!

127. Okarant feminine word remains same in singular form. In Plural “ ” व7� is added in word. as-Okarant feminine (गC) word


Nominative case (कतत7J)

Vocative case (कमJ) To Desert Monitor To Desert Monitors Accusative case (करण) From Desert Monitor From Desert MonitorsInstrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Desert Monitor For Desert MonitorsDative case (अप7द7न) From Desert Monitor From Desert MonitorsAblative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Desert Monitor Of Desert MonitorsGenitive case (अधिधकरण) In Desert Monitor In Desert MonitorsLocative case (स�बCधन) Oh Desert Monitor! Oh Desert Monitors!

128. Aukarant feminine word remains same in singular form. In plural “ ” व7� is added in word. as- Aukarant feminine Cow (गN) word


Nominative case (कतत7J) cow cows

Vocative case (कमJ) To cow To cows

Accusative case (करण) From cow From cows

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For cow For cows

Dative case (अप7द7न) From cow From cows Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of cow Of cows

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In cow In cows

Locative case (स�बCधन) Oh cow! Oh cows!

Pronoun words

First person ‘I’ word


Nominative case (कतत7J) I we

Vocative case (कमJ) To me To us

Accusative case (करण) From me From us

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For me For us Dative case (अप7द7न) From me From usAblative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of my Of us Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In me In us

Second person ‘You’ word


Nominative case (कतत7J) You your

Vocative case (कमJ) To You To your Accusative case (करण) From You From yourInstrumental case(स�पराद7न) For You For your Dative case (अप7द7न) From You From yourAblative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of You Of your Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In You In your

Third person ‘He’ word


Nominative case (कतत7J) he they

Vocative case (कमJ) To him To them Accusative case (करण) From him From themInstrumental case(स�पराद7न) For his For them Dative case (अप7द7न) From his From them Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of his Of them Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In his In them

Uncertainty descriptive ‘Someone’ word


Nominative case (कतत7J) someone

Vocative case (कमJ) To someone

Accusative case (करण) From someone

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For someone

Dative case (अप7द7न) From someone

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of someone

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In someone

Definite descriptive ‘This’ word


Nominative case (कतत7J) This Them

Vocative case (कमJ) To this To them Accusative case (करण) From this From themInstrumental case(स�पराद7न) For this For themDative case (अप7द7न) From this From them Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of this Of them

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In this In them

Interrogative descriptive ‘who’ word


Nominative case (कतत7J) who whom, whose

Vocative case (कमJ) To whom To whom Accusative case (करण) From who From whomInstrumental case(स�पराद7न) For whom For whomDative case (अप7द7न) From who From whom Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of whom Of whom Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In whom In whom

Relative/Ablative descriptive ‘that’ word


Nominative case (कतत7J) that them

Vocative case (कमJ) To that To them

Accusative case (करण) From that From them

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For that For them

Dative case (अप7द7न) From that From them

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of that Of them

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In that In them

Relative/Ablative descriptive ‘that’ word


Nominative case (कतत7J) that them

Vocative case (कमJ) To that To them

Accusative case (करण) From that From them

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For that For them

Dative case (अप7द7न) From that From them

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of that Of them

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In that In them

Respect cognitive ‘you’ word singular

case Singular

Nominative case (कतत7J) you

Vocative case (कमJ) To you

Accusative case (करण) From you

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For you

Dative case (अप7द7न) From you

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of you

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In you

Respect cognitive ‘Raj’ (The ruler, king) word

case Singular

Nominative case (कतत7J) Raj

Vocative case (कमJ) To Raj

Accusative case (करण) From Raj

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Raj

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Raj

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Raj

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Raj

129. Jee, jee sa, sa or saab suffixes are used before noun descriptive words and these words are only found in plural forms, as -

case plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) archimandrite (मह�तजD)Vocative case (कमJ) To archimandrite (मह�तजD) Accusative case (करण) From archimandrite (मह�तजD)Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For archimandrite (मह�तजD)Dative case (अप7द7न) From archimandrite (मह�तजD)Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of archimandrite (मह�तजD)Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In archimandrite (मह�तजD)

Respect cognitive ‘Rao ji sa’ word

case Plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) Rao ji sa

Vocative case (कमJ) To Rao ji sa

Accusative case (करण) From Rao ji sa

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Rao ji sa

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Rao ji sa

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Rao ji sa

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Rao ji sa

Respect cognitive ‘Thakur sa’ word

case Plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) Thakur sa

Vocative case (कमJ) ToThakur sa

Accusative case (करण) From Thakur sa

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Thakur sa

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Thakur sa

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Thakur sa

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Thakur sa

Respect cognitive ‘Seth sahab’ (merchant, money lender) word

case Plural

Nominative case (कतत7J) Sethsaab

Vocative case (कमJ) To Sethsaab

Accusative case (करण) From Sethsaab

Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For Sethsaab

Dative case (अप7द7न) From Sethsaab

Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of Sethsaab

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In Sethsaab

130. For respect plural is used, as -Gave to merchant, Thakur came, merchant went, Maharaj came.

Number descriptive word131. The forms of word ‘one’ is only in singular, as-

case Singular

Nominative case (कतत7J) one

Vocative case (कमJ) To one Accusative case (करण) From one Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For one Dative case (अप7द7न) From one Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of one Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In one

132. The forms of general numerical words two, three four etc are only in plural. as-

case Singular

Nominative case (कतत7J) two

Vocative case (कमJ) To both

Accusative case (करण) From both Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For bothDative case (अप7द7न) From both Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of bothGenitive case (अधिधकरण) In both

Word ‘Three’

case Singular

Nominative case (कतत7J) Three

Vocative case (कमJ) To three Accusative case (करण) From three Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For threeDative case (अप7द7न) From three Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of threeGenitive case (अधिधकरण) In three

133. The forms of discriminatory numerical words first, second , third are only found in singular, as-

case Singular

Nominative case (कतत7J) First

Vocative case (कमJ) To first Accusative case (करण) From first Instrumental case(स�पराद7न) For firstDative case (अप7द7न) From first Ablative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of firstGenitive case (अधिधकरण) In first

Word ‘Second’

case Singular

Nominative case (कतत7J) Second

Vocative case (कमJ) To second Accusative case (करण) From secondInstrumental case(स�पराद7न) For secondDative case (अप7द7न) From secondAblative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of second

Genitive case (अधिधकरण) In second

134. Third, forth, sixth and ninth these words are aukarant . All remaining words are with anuswar, as- fifth, eighth, seventh, tenth, hundredth etc.

Word ‘Fifth’

case Singular

Nominative case (कतत7J) Fifth

Vocative case (कमJ) To fifth Accusative case (करण) From fifthInstrumental case(स�पराद7न) For fifthDative case (अप7द7न) From fifthAblative case(सम‍�बन�ध) Of fifthGenitive case (अधिधकरण) In fifth

Verb (action)

135. When doing like works are shown, is called verb.136. Verb(action) is derivative.

as - ‘Do’ is a verb. In this ‘Do’ is fraction and ‘ing’ is the sign of verb.137. With the meaning of verb every work is detected.

as- doing, taking, giving etc.138. Verb is of two types- (1) Transitive (2) Intransitive.139. In which the object is there with verb is called transitive verb.

as - Ram is giving the book.Here book is object so ‘giving’ is transitive verb.140. Where no object is with the verb is called intransitive verb.

as- Ram sits. Here no object is used so ‘sits’ is intransitive verb.141. There are two elements(parts) in transitive and intransitive verb. First work and second result.142. Work means the efforts of organs like hand, leg, eye etc.

as- Ram is making rice. Here for cooking stove starting, using utensil, to clean rice etc all are works. Work always remains in doer/ performer.143. Result means completion of work.

as- Ram is making rice. Here the cooking of rice is result. because of doer Ram’s all works the work of cooking is completed.144. In transitive verb the result remains in the object and in intransitive verb the result remains

in the doer.To recognise transitive and intransitive verb this is the second way. 145. Where the work remains in the doer and result in object is called transitive verb.

as- Ram is writing the book.Here to take the pen in hand, move the hand as the shape of word, these all are work. The shape of letters made is the result. So in the writing verb movement of hand is work and the writer Ram is the doer and writing form result and the book in which writing is going on is in object ‘writing’ is transitive verb.146. Where the work and result both remains in doer that is intransitive.

as- Ram is sitting. Here for sitting folding the legs etc movements is work. To sit is result.. In the verb sitting folding legs is work and sitting result form. These both are in the sitting doer (Ram), so that this verb ‘sitting’ is intransitive.147. Transitive verb is of two types-- 1. Active voice 2. Passive

148. In verb when the gender, number, person all are according to the doer is called Active voice.

as- Ram used to write books.Here the gender, number and person of verb is according to doer Ram in ‘used to write’, because Ram is masculine, singular, third person and ‘used to write’ is masculine, singular, third person verb, so ‘used to write’ is active voice.149. In verb when the gender, number, person all are according to the object is called passive voice.

as-Books are being written by Ram.Here the gender, number and person of verb is according to object Books, because books are feminine, plural, third person and ‘being written’ is, feminine, plural and third person verb, so ‘being written’ is according to the object ( passive voice).150. Where the doer came in the form of Accusativeis passive voice. Means ‘from’(सG�) sign is used with doer and object came in the form of doer.

as- Grass is being eaten by horse.Here horse is doer and grass is object.151. Intransitive verb is of two types-- 1 Passive voice 2 Quote voice.152. Passive voice is same in both transitive and intransitive verb.

as- Ram is sitting.Here the gender, number and person of verb all are according to ‘Ram’. 153. In quote voice verb, quote is main so this verb is not according to doer and object but always comes independently in third person singular and in the form of doer, Accusative(करण).

as- Horse is sitting, Mare is sitting.

Transitive verb Intransitive verb

Passive voice-Horse is eating grass. Passive voice-Horse is sitting.

Active voice- Grass is being eaten by horse. Quote voice- Horse is being sitting.

155. Gender, number, person, tense are found in verb.

Note- Gender, number, person are same in verb and noun. In verb the tense is important so it is showing.

TENSE 156. The time spends in doing work is called tense. The second name of tense is lakaar.157. These are 12--

as- 1. Simple past

2. Immediate past

3. Past perfect

4. Questionable past

5. Conditional continuous

6. Past Imperfect

7. Simple present

8. Incomplete present

9. Suspected present

10. Future

11. Method

12. Possibility

158. Except lakaar, the anterior part of the action is different.159. Main tenses are three- Past, present and future.160. The done things are past.

as- Ram wrote a book.Here Ram wrote the book so past tense is showing here.161. Which is going on is present tense.

as- Ram is writing a book.Here Ram is writing a book now, so present tense is showing here.162. Which will happen is future tense.

as- Ram will write a book.Here Ram will write a book, so future tense is showing here.163. There are 6 parts of Past tense- 1. Simple past 2. Immediate past 3. Past perfect 4.Questionable past 5. Conditional continuous 6. Incomplete164. In a past tense when it is not sure that the work is done before some time ago or the work is done long time ago, is called Simple past tense.

as- I wrote.165. In the Past tense when it shows that the work has done just now is called Immediate past.

as- I write, I just write.166. In the past this thing that the work done very earlier is called Past perfect.

as- I done.167. In the past tense when it is showing some suspicion is called Questionable past.

as- I have written. 168. In the past when work and reason both are of past is called Conditional continuous.

as- If I studied, I would be happy, If you worked, all family members would be happy.169. In the past when work remain incomplete is called incomplete past.

as- I was doing, You were doing.170. There are three types of Present tense- 1. Simple present 2. Present imperfect

3. Questionable present.171. The work which is going on now is simple present.

as- Sitting, sleeping, writing, reading.172. The work is started but not completed is called present imperfect.

as- I am writing, she is writing, I am sitting. 173. When there is some suspicion in starting of a work, is called questionable present.

as- He would write, She would write.174. The work which will start now is Future tense.

as- I will write, She will write.175. In which order or respect shown with encouragement is method.

as- you do, you give (respect).176. In which the desire shown for work is called possibility.

as- I write, she write.177. After doing a work, second work done, doing or want to done, there the first action is called anterior action.

as- He went after sleeping, he is reading after writing, he is laughing with talking, he will eat food and go to bed.178. To done a action when other action done is called practicable action, at the time action.

179. By abolition ‘ ’ ओ of action (verb ) , added before the word as suffix to, for made the at the time action.

as- He is going to see.

Here, ‘going’ is second action done for the cause for the action of ‘seeing’ so that ‘to see’ is at the time action. Anterior action At the time actiondo, after doing to do, for doinggo, after going to go, for goingsit, after sitting to sit, for sitting tie, after tying to tying, for tying write, after writing to write, for writingApparel, to apparel, for appareling

180. These under mention suffixes are added according to gender, number and person in the twelve lakaars and in anterior action-181. Simple past, Immediate past, Past perfect, Questionable past in these all lakaars are in active voice but the verb is according to verb of transitive.

Mares eaten grass. Mares just eaten grass.Mares were eaten grass. Mares would be eaten grass.

Here the verbs eaten etc are according to masculine grass object. Horse kicked Horse kicked just now.Horse kicked Horse would be kicked.

Here the verbs kicked etc are according to feminine kick object. 182. Exception-In words when helping verbs came in the end in intransitive verb that is joint and according to Ram was sitting Ram could take medicine Ram took medicineRam would bring medicineRam went to home.

1.Simple past Numbers

Masculine FeminineSingular Plural Singular Plural

First person यC य7 ई ईSecond person यC य7 ई ईThird person यC य7 ई ई

First person इयC इय7 ई ईSecond person इयC इय7 ई ईThird person इयC इय7 ई ई

2.Immediate transitive past Numbers


First person यC हA य7 हA ई हA ई हA यCइज हA य7इज हA ईज हA ईज हASecond person यC हA य7 हA ई हA ई हA यCइज हA य7इज हA ईज हA ईज हAThird person यC हA य7 हA ई हA ई हA यCइज हA य7इज हA ईज हA ईज हA

First person इयC हA इय7 हA ई हA ई हA इयCईज हA इय7ईज हA ईज हA ईज हA

Second person इयC हA इय7 हA ई हA ई हA इयCईज हA इय7ईज हA ईज हA ईज हA

Third person इयC हA इय7 हA ई हA ई हA इयCईज हA इय7ईज हA ईज हA ईज हA 3. Past perfect

Numbers Masculine FeminineSingular Plural Singular Plural

First person यCहC य7ह7 ईहD ईहDSecond person यCहC य7ह7 ईहD ईहDThird person यCहC य7ह7 ईहD ईहD

First person इयCहC इय7ह7 ईहD ईहDSecond person इयCहC इय7ह7 ईहD ईहDThird person इयCहC इय7ह7 ईहD ईहD

4. Questionable pastNumbers


First person यC हवAल7 य7 हवAल7 ई हवAल7 ई हवAल7Second person यC हवAल7 य7 हवAल7 ई हवAल7 ई हवAल7Third person यC हवAल7 य7 हवAल7 ई हवAल7 ई हवAल7

First person इयC हवAल7 इय7 हवAल7 ई हवAल7 ई हवAल7Second person इयCहC इय7 हवAल7 ई हवAल7 ई हवAल7Third person इयC हवAल7 इय7 हवAल7 ई हवAल7 ई हवAल7

5.Conditional continuousNumbers

Masculine Feminine

Singular Plural Singular Plural First person वतC वत7 वतD वतDSecond person वतC वत7 वतD वतDThird person वतC वत7 वतD वतD

First person तC त7 तD तDSecond person तC त7 तD तDThird person तC त7 तD तD

6. Past ImperfectNumbers


First person वतCहC वत7ह7 वतDहD वतDहDSecond person वतCहC वत7ह7 वतDहD वतDहDThird person वतCहC वत7ह7 वतDहD वतDहD

First person तCहC त7ह7 तDहD तDहDSecond person तCहC त7ह7 तDहD तDहDThird person तCहC त7ह7 तDहD तDहD

7. Simple presentNumbers


First person ऊ� ह� व7�ह7� ऊ� ह� व7�ह7� Second person वAहA वCहC वAहA वCहCThird person वAहA वAहA वAहA वAहA

First person ऊ� ह आ�ह7� ऊ� ह� आ�ह7�Second person ऐहA ओहC ऐहA ओहCThird person ऐहA ऐहA ऐहA ऐहA



First person वतC हवAल7 वत7 हवAल7 वतD हवAल7 वतD हवAल7

Second person वतC हवAल7 वत7 हवAल7 वतD हवAल7 वतD हवAल7Third person वतC हवAल7 वत7 हवAल7 वतD हवAल7 वतD हवAल7

First person तCहऊ� ल7 त7ह�व7ल7 तDहऊ� ल7 तDह�व7ल7Second person तCहवAल7 त7हवCल7 तDहवAल7 तDहवCल7Third person तCहवAल7 त7हवAल7 तDहवAल7 तDहवAल7

9. Future Numbers


First person ऊ� ल7 ऊ� व7ल7� व7� ऊ� ल7 ऊ� व7ल7� व7�Second person वAल7 ई वCल7 वC वAल7 ई वCल7 वCThird person वAल7 ई वAल7 ई वAल7 ई वAल7 ई

First person ऊ� ल7 उ� आ�ल7 आ ऊल7 ऊ� आ�ल7 आ�Second person ऐल7 ई ओल7 ओ ऐल7 ई ओल7 ओThird person ऐल7 ई ऐल7 ई ऐल7 ई ऐल7 ई

10. Method Numbers


First person Second person व वC व वThird person

First person Second person ओ ओThird person

13. Immediate intransitive past


First person यCह� य7ह7� ईह� ईह7�

Second person यCहA य7हC ईहA ईहC

Third person यCहA य7हA ईहA ईहA

First person ओह� आह7� ईह� ईह7�ईयCह� इय7ह7�

Second person ओहA आहC ईहA ईहCइयCहA इय7हC

Third person ओहA आहA ई हA ई हAइयjहA इय7हA

14. Intransitive questionable past


First person यCहऊ� ल7 य7 ह�व7ल7 ईहऊ� ल7 ई हव7�ल7

Second person यC हवAल7 य7 हवCल7 ई हवAल7 ईहवCल7Third person यC हवAल7 य7 हवAल7 ई हवAल7 ई हवAल7

First person आहऊ� ल7 आहव7�ल7 ईहऊ� ल7 ईहव7�ल7 इयC हऊ� ल7 इय7 हव7�ल7

Second person आहवAल7 आहवCल7 ईहवAल7 ई हवCल7इयCहवAल7 इयC हवCल7

Third person ओहवAल7 आ हवAल7 ईहवAल7 ई हवAल7 इयC हवAल7 इय7 हवAल7

12. Possibility


First person ऊ� व7� ऊ� व7�Second person वA वC वA वC

Third person वA वA वA वA

First person ऊ� आ� ऊ8 आ�Second person ऐ ओ ऐ ओThird person ऐ ऐ ऐ ऐ

12. Anterior action

यनA, यर, कर

नA, र.

15. Intransitive Simple past


First person ओ आ ई ईइयC इय7

Second person ओ आ ई ईइयC इय7

Third person ओ आ ई ईइयC इय7

16. Intransitive past perfect


First person ओहC आह7 ईहD ईहDइयCहC इय7ह7

Second person ओहC आह7 ईहD ईहDइयCहC इय7ह7

Third person ओहC आह7 ईहD ईहDइयCहC इय7ह7

183. Simple past, Immediate past, past perfect, questionable past all the four lakaars there are two forms in that of doer, second is used in transitive as-I wrote a letter You wrote a letterHe wrote a letter Horse kickedHermits are doing meditation They wrote a letterHorses eaten grass

184. Simple past, Immediate past, past perfect, questionable past all the four lakaars there are

two forms in that of doer, first form is used in intrasitive as-

Horse went horse wentI went he wentyou went they cameNote: The doer of verb in some transitive and intransitive “I, me, he, they” used usually but the correct way is the described way.

The method of forming the lakaars

185. To make the forms of verb extinction vakaar from vakarrant. In Marwari language there is no Vowel but after extinction of vakaar stem coverts into Vowel.as- In “ ” समझ7वणN when we do extinction of vakaar, it remains “ ” समज7 and stem converted into Vowel.

1. Simple past186.Before the stem according to the number one map after adding suffix these simple past characters made, as-

Vowel transitive (व7) “Sow” stem Masculine Singular PluralFirst person I, I sow I, I sowSecond person You, you sow You, you sowThird person They, they sow They, they sow

1. According to rule 178 in simple past etc four lakaars the forms of stems are according to object. So that for the first example singular and plural both shown, so for next understand in same way.

Feminine Singular PluralI sow I sowyou sow you sowshe sow he sow

Consonent transitive stem (कतिलख)“Write”

Masculine Singular PluralFirst person I wrote I wrote

Second person you wrote you wroteThird person He wrote he wrote

Feminine Singular PluralI wrote I wroteyou wrote you wroteshe wrote he wrote

2.Immediate past187.Before the stem according to the number two map after adding suffix these immediate past verb is made, as-

Vowel transitive (व7) “Sow” stem

Masculine Singular Plural

I sow I sowyou sow you sow

He sow he sow

Feminine Singular PluralI sow I sowyou sow you sowshe sow he sow

Note: The forms of immediate past used in present in several stems like sit, sleep, stand, read etc.as - I am sitting, you are standing etc.

Consonant transitive stem (कतिलख)“Write”

Masculine Singular Plural I wrote I wrote

you wrote you wroteHe wrote he wrote


3. Past perfect188. Before the stem according to the number three map after adding suffix these past perfect verb is made, as-



I sow I sowyou sow you sow

He sow he sow

Feminine

Singular PluralI sowed I sowedyou sowed you sowedshe sowed he sowed

Consonant transitive stem (कतिलख)“WriteMasculine

Singular Plural I wrote I wrote

you wrote you wroteHe wrote he wrote


4. Questionable past189.Before the stem according to the number four map after adding suffix these questionable past verb is made, as-



I have sowed I have sowedyou have sowed you have sowed

He have sowed he have sowed

Feminine

Singular Plural I have sowed I have sowedyou have sowed you have sowed

she have sowed he have sowed


Singular Plural I have written I have written

you have written you have writtenHe have written he have written

Feminine Singular PluralI have written I have writtenyou have written you have writtenshe have written he have written

5.Conditional continuous190. Before the stem according to the number five map after adding suffix these conditional continuous verb is made, as-

Vowel transitive (व7) “Sow” stemMasculine

Singular Plural I sow we sow

you sow you sow He sow they sow

Feminine

Singular PluralI sow we sow

you sow you sowshe sow they sow


Singular Plural I write we write

you write you writeHe write they write

Feminine Singular PluralI write we writeyou write you writeshe write they write

1. In respect the forms in feminine are same as in masculine and only in plural. -- Mother said we will come, you also come.

6. Past Imperfect

191. Before the stem according to the number six map after adding suffix these past imperfect verb is made, as-


Singular Plural I used to sow we used to sow

you used to sow you used to sow He used to sow they used to sow

Feminine

Singular PluralI used to sow we used to sowyou used to sow you used to sowshe used to sow they used to sow


Singular Plural I used to write we used to write

you used to write you used to write

He used to write they used to writeFeminine

Singular PluralI used to write we used to writeyou used to write you used to writeshe used to write they used to write

7. Simple present 8. Incomplete present 192.. Before the stem according to the number seven map after adding suffix these simple present and incomplete present both verbs are made, as-


Singular Plural I am sowing we are sowing

you are sowing you are sowing He is sowing they are sow

Feminine

Singular PluralI am sowing we are sowingyou are sowing you are sowing

she is sowing they are sow


Singular Plural I am writing we are writing

you are writing you are writingHe is writing they are writing

Feminine Singular PluralI am writing we are writing you are writing you are writingshe is writing they are writing

193. The forms of simple present and incomplete present are usually same. But in sit, sleep, stand etc stems the forms are different, as--

Simple present Incomplete present

sitting going to sitstanding going to standsleeping going to sleep

1. see page 63. Third person as- Go and see, he is sowing. First person as- Yes, I will be sowing. You would be sowing so that not come.


194. Before the stem according to the number eight map after adding suffix these suspected present verbs are made, as-


Singular Plural I would be sow we would be sow

you would be sow you would be sow He would be sow they would be sow

Feminine

Singular PluralI would be sow we would be sowyou would be sow you would be sow

she would be sow they would be sow


I would be writing we would be writingyou would be writing you would be writing

He would be writing they would be writing

Feminine Singular PluralI would be writing we would be writingyou would be writing you would be writing

she would be writing they would be writing

10.Future

195. Before the stem according to the number nine map after adding suffix these future verb is made, as- 1. In future verb pronounce vowel ending with vowel in the other forms of stem. In the other forms of singular in future verb by adding ‘ ’ स before suffix and by order ‘ ’ व to ‘ ’ स in plural , future verb has been made. as- I will do, we will do, you will do, he will do, they will do.


Singular Plural I will sow we will sow

you will sow you will sow He will sow they will sow

Feminine

Singular PluralI will sow we will sowyou will sow you will sow

she will sow they will sow


I will write we will writeyou will write you will write

He will write they will write

Feminine Singular PluralI will write we will writeyou will write you will write

she will write they will write

11.Method196. Method way comes only in second person forms. Before the stem according to the number ten map after adding suffix these method verbs are made, as-

Vowel transitive ‘Sow’ stem and ‘Go’ stem

Masculine

singular PluralSecond person you sow you sow

you go you go Feminine

You sow you sowyou go you go

Consonant transitive ‘Write’ stem

Masculinesingular Pluralyou write you write

FeminineYou write you write

11.Possibility197. Before the stem according to the number eleven map after adding suffix possibility verbs are made, as-


Singular Plural I sow we sow

you sow you sow He sow they sow

Feminine

Singular PluralI sow we sowyou sow you sowshe sow they sow


Singular Plural I write we write

you write you writeHe write they write

Feminine Singular Plural

I write we writeyou write you writeshe write they write

Anterior verb198. Before the stem according to the number twelve map after adding suffix possibility verbs are made, as-

Vowel ending ‘sow’ stemafter sow, after sow, after sowConsonant ‘write’ stemafter writing, after writing, after writing

199. Usually the forms of intransitive stem are according to transitive. There is a little difference which is shown further.

Vowel intransitive ‘sleep’ stem

1. Simple pastmasculine

Singular PluralI slept We sleptyou slept you sleptHe slept They slept

FeminineI slept We sleptyou slept you sleptShe slept They slept

2.Immediate past 200. Before the stem according to the number thirteen map after adding suffix immediate past verbs are made, as-

MasculineSingular PluralI am slept We are sleptyou are slept you are sleptHe is slept They are slept

FeminineI am slept We are sleptyou are slept you are sleptShe is slept They are slept

201. In simple present, the forms of this stem are same.

3. Past perfect

MasculineSingular PluralI was slept We were sleptyou were slept you were sleptHe was slept They were slept

FeminineI was slept We were sleptyou were slept you were sleptShe was slept They were slept

4. Questionable past 202. Before the stem according to the number fourteen map after adding suffix questionable past verb made, as-

MasculineSingular PluralI would be slept We would be sleptyou would be slept you would be sleptHe would be slept They would be slept

FeminineI would be slept We would be sleptyou would be slept you would be sleptShe would be slept They would be slept

5.Conditional continuous

masculineSingular PluralI sleep We sleepyou sleep you sleepHe sleep They sleep

FeminineI sleep We sleepyou sleep you sleepShe sleep They sleep

6. Incomplete past

MasculineSingular PluralI was sleeping We were sleeping you were sleeping you were sleepingHe was sleeping They were sleeping

FeminineI was sleeping We were sleeping you were sleeping you were sleepingShe was sleeping They were sleeping

7.Simple present

MasculineSingular PluralI am sleeping We are sleeping you are sleeping you are sleepingHe is sleeping They are sleeping

FeminineI am sleeping We are sleeping you are sleeping you are sleepingShe is sleeping They are sleeping

8. Incomplete present

MasculineSingular PluralI am sleeping We are sleeping you are sleeping you are sleepingHe is sleeping They are sleeping

FeminineI am sleeping We are sleeping you are sleeping you are sleepingShe is sleeping They are sleeping

9. Questionable present

MasculineSingular Plural

I would be sleeping We would be sleepingyou would be sleeping you would be sleepingHe would be sleeping They would be sleeping

FeminineI would be sleeping We would be sleepingyou would be sleeping you would be sleepingShe would be sleeping They would be sleeping

10.Futuremasculine

Singular PluralI will sleep We will sleepyou will sleep you will sleepHe will sleep They will sleep

FeminineI will sleep We will sleepyou will sleep you will sleepShe will sleep They will sleep

11. Methodmasculine

you sleep you sleepFeminine

you sleep you sleep

12. Possibility

masculineSingular PluralI sleep We sleepyou sleep you sleepHe sleep They sleep

FeminineI sleep We sleepyou sleep you sleepShe sleep They sleep

Anterior verbSleep, sleep, sleep

Vowel ending ‘Sit’ Stem

1. Simple past203. Before consonant transitive stem according to the number fifteen map after adding suffix Simple past verb made, as-

masculine singular pluralI sat we satyou sat you sathe sat they sat

FeminineI sat we satyou sat you satshe sat they sat

2.Immediate past

masculine singular pluralI am sitting we are sittingyou are sitting you are sittinghe is sitting they are sitting

FeminineI am sitting we are sittingyou are sitting you are sittingshe is sitting they are sitting

In simple present the forms of this stem are same.

3. Past perfect

MasculineSingular PluralI was sat We were satyou were sat you were satHe was sat They were sat

FeminineI was sat We were sat

you were sat you were satshe was sat They were sat

4. Questionable past

MasculineSingular PluralI would be sat We would be satyou would be sat you would be satHe would be sat They would be sat

FeminineI would be sat We would be satyou would be sat you would be satshe would be sat They would be sat


masculineSingular PluralI sat We satyou sat you satHe sat They sat

FeminineI sat We satyou sat you satShe sat They sat

6. Incomplete past

MasculineSingular PluralI was sat We were satyou were sat you were satHe was sat They were sat

FeminineI was sat We were satyou were sat you were satShe was sat They were sat

7. Simple present

204. The stem forms of simple present are as same as immediate past. See immediate past.

8. Incomplete presentMasculine

Singular PluralI am sitting We are sittingyou are sitting you are sittingHe is sitting They are sitting

FeminineI am sitting We are sittingyou are sitting you are sittingshe is sitting They are sitting


MasculineSingular PluralI would be sitting We would be sittingyou would be sitting you would be sittingHe would be sitting They would be sitting

FeminineI would be sitting We would be sittingyou would be sitting you would be sittingShe would be sitting They would be sitting

10. Future

MasculineSingular PluralI will sit We will sleepyou will sit you will sleepHe will sit They will sleep

FeminineI will sit We will sleepyou will sit you will sleepshe will sit They will sleep

11. Method

Masculine

you sit you sitFeminine

you sit you sit

12. Possibility Masculine

Singular PluralI sit We sityou sit you sitHe sit They sit

Feminine I sit We sit

you sit you sitshe sit They sit

Anterior verbsit, sit, sit

205. In the forms of 'be' verb there are lots of differences so that it is used in different ways. As--

1.Simple pastMasculine

singular PluralFirst I had been you had been Second you had been you had beenThird he had been they had been

FeminineI had been you had been you had been you had beenshe had been they had been

2.Immediate past

masculine singular pluralI have been you have beenyou have been you have been he have been they have been

Feminine

singular pluralI have been you have beenyou have been you have been she have been they have been

3. Past perfect

MasculineSingular PluralI was been We were beenyou were been you were beenHe was been They were been

Feminine

I was been We were beenyou were been you were beenshe was been They were been

4. Questionable pastMasculine

Singular PluralI would be We would be you would be you would be He would be They would be

FeminineI would be We would be you would be you would be she would be They would be

5.Conditional continuousmasculine

Singular PluralI had been We had beenyou had been you had beenHe had been They had been

FeminineI had been you had been you had been you had beenshe had been they had been

8. Incomplete pastmasculine

Singular PluralI would be We would be you would be you would be He would be They would be

FeminineI would be We would be you would be you would be she would be They would be

7. Simple present

Masculine - feminine I am we areyou are you arehe, she is they are

8. Incomplete presentMasculine - feminine

1 I am being we are being 2 you are being you are being 3 he, she being they are being


MasculineSingular Plural

1 I would be We would be would be would be

2 I would be You would be would be would be

3 He would be They would be would be would be

Feminine

Singular Plural

1 I would be We would be would be would be

2 I would be You would be would be would be

3 She would be They would be would be would be

10. Future

Masculine-FeminineSingular PluralI will be We will beyou will be you will beHe, she will be They will be

11. Method

Masculine-Feminine 1. You, I , was You be

12. Possibility

masculine-feminine

I may be We may beyou may be you may beHe, she may be They may be

Anterior verbBe been being

Above mentioned all the examples are of active voice. Now the examples of passive voice are showing--206. Passive voice is the same transitive verb and not intransitive because intransitive stem has no object and in transitive object is main. Object came because of the forms of doer. Doer remains hidden or came with the signs of karan. As- The book is being written. Being written. The book is being written by Ram. Being written. 207. Passive voice verb is going forward from simple past verb is made by adding the forms of

this verb and made differently. So see in the forms. As-

1. Simple Past


I has been seen We has been seenhas been seen has been seen

You has been seen You has been seenhas been seen has been seen

He has been seen They has been seenhas been seen has been seen

FeminineSingular Plural



She has been seen They has been seenhas been seen has been seen

2.Immediate pastMasculine

Singular Plural



He has been seen They has been seenhas been seen has been seen


I has been seen We has been seen

has been seen has been seen


She has been seen They has been seenhas been seen has been seen

3.Past PerfectMasculine

Singular Plural

I had been seen We had been seenhad been seen had been seen

You had been seen You had been seenhad been seen had been seen

He had been seen They had been seenhad been seen had been seen


I had been seen We had been seenhad been seen had been seen

You had been seen You had been seenhad been seen had been seen

She had been seen They had been seenhad been seen had been seen

4. Questionable pastMasculine

Singular PluralI would be seen We would be seen

would be seen would be seen

You would be seen You would be seenwould be seen would be seen

He would be seen They would be seenwould be seen would be seen


I would be seen We would be seenwould be seen would be seen


She would be seen They would be seenwould be seen would be seen



I seen We seenseen seen

You seen You seenseen seen

He seen They seenseen seen


I seen We seenseen seen

You seen You seenseen seen

She seen They seenseen seen

6. Incomplete pastMasculine

Singular PluralI was seen We were seen

was seen were seen

You were seen You were seenwere seen were seen

He was seen They were seenwas seen were seen


I was seen We were seenwas seen were seen

You were seen You were seenwere seen were seen

she was seen They were seenwas seen were seen

7. Simple present 8. Incomplete present

Singular PluralI am being seen We are being seen

am being seen are being seen

You are being seen You are being seenare being seen are being seen

He is being seen They are being seenis being seen are being seen


I am being seen We are being seenam being seen are being seen

You are being seen You are being seenare being seen are being seen

she is being seen They are being seenis being seen are being seen





He would be seen They would be seenwould be seen would be seen




She would be seen They would be seenwould be seen would be seen

10. Future


I will be seen We will be seenwill be seen will be seen

You will be seen You will be seenwill be seen will be seen

He will be seen They will be seenwill be seen will be seen


I will be seen We will be seenwill be seen will be seen

You will be seen You will be seenwill be seen will be seen

She will be seen They will be seenwill be seen will be seen

11. Method

MasculineYou arise You arise

arise ariseFeminine

You arise You arisearise arise

12. Possibility


I may be seen We may be seenmay be seen may be seen

You may be seen You may be seenmay be seen may be seen

He may be seen They may be seenmay be seen may be seen


I may be seen We may be seenmay be seen may be seen

You may be seen You may be seenmay be seen may be seen

She may be seen They may be seenmay be seen may be seen

Anterior verb

Masculine

after seen after seen after seenFeminine

after seen after seen after seen

11. Method verb

208. The forms of verbs shown above, except these, there are more four types of method type. 1. Respect method 2. Indirect method 3. Blessing method 4. Prayer method.

1. Respect method

Masculine and feminine

Second person Dictation, Get, going, coming etc.

2. Indirect method


Second person Singular Write, do, give, take, go.

Plural Write, do, give, take, go etc.

2. Blessing method


Second person Singular Long lived, etc.Plural Long lived, etc.

1. Respect method

Second person Please write etc.

209. The forms of stems in simple past, immediate past, Past perfect and questionable past are not made by simple method. See these forms in the map.

Causative and factitive210. The two forms of verb transitive and intransitive are shown. Except these two more types of verb are there- 1. Causative and 2. Factitive.211. In causative verb inspiration is found.As- Ram is inspiring Shyam to write a letter.Note- Here Shyam is writing letter for which Ram is inspiring, that you write a letter, so this verb is causative.212. In this verb the first doer means which is inspired is the applicable doer. and the second which is inspiring is known as sponsor doer. ‘to’ is putted for sign of Accusative of applicable doer and the sponsor doer is came in as doer.Note- Causative verb is made by the basis of the sentence is first sentence, and the sentence made is the second.First sentence - “Shyam is writing a letter”. Second sentence- “ Ram is inspiring Shyam to write a letter.” Here the doer of first sentence “Shyam” is applicable doer and the inspiring doer is “Ram” and he is here in the form of sponsor doer.213. From intransitive to transitive and causative and transitive to causative verb is made by method.214. In the end of many intransitive stems by added the “ ” आव suffix transitive and by adding “ ” व7व the causative verb is made and the vowel which is deergha is changed into hraswa as-- Intransitive Transitive Causative

Climb Climb Inspire to climb

Press Press Inspire to pressFly Fly Inspire to flySit Sit Inspire to sitIncrease Increase Inspire to increaseDecrease Decrease Inspire to decreaseDie Die Inspire to diePlay Play Inspire to playShine Shine Inspire to shineMelt Melt Inspire to meltWander Wander Inspire to wanderSlither Slither Inspire to slitherHang Hang Inspire to hangWalk Walk Inspire to walkGetup Getup Inspire to getupStand Stand Inspire to standRotate Rotate Inspire to rotateWake up Wake up Inspire to wake upSleep Sleep Inspire to sleepTurn Turn Inspire to turn

215. Many intransitive stems etc are made causative after adding suffixes ‘ ’ आव and ‘ ’ व7व and doing the vowel deergha, as--Intransitive Transitive CausativeDie Kill killed/ inspire to kill Cut Cut Inspire to cutlost lost Inspire to lostAdherence Adherence Inspire to adherenceFound Found Inspire to foundFell Fell Inspire to fell

216. Many intransitive stems etc after doing in ‘Ikaar’ and ‘Ukaar’ and after adding suffixes ‘ ’ आव and ‘ ’ व7व changed into causative, as--Intransitive Transitive CausativeEncircle Encircle Inspire to encircleTwist Twist Inspire to twistOpen Open Inspire to openTurn Turn Inspire to turnAdd Add Inspire to add

217. Some of the transitive and causative verbs are against rule, as--

Intransitive Transitive CausativeRiven Riven Inspire to rivenRelease Leave Inspire to releaseBreak to break Inspire to breakExplode Explode Inspire to explodeGet wet Get wet Inspire to wetSell Sell Inspire to sellto be scattered to be scattered Inspire to scatterStay Stay Inspire to stay

218. In those words which changed from intransitive to transitive and transitive to factitive by adding “ ” आव suffix, in causative “ ” आव suffix is not added.219. Some intransitive stems not changed into causative.

as- Come, sleep, can etc.220. In transitive stem by adding “ ” आव and “ ” व7व suffix causative verb is made and if the first vowel is deergha it is changed into hraswa.

Transitive Causative Do Inspire to do Write Inspire to writePaint Inspire to paintSnatch Inspire to snatchFill Inspire to fillBreak Inspire to breakAsk Inspire to askWipe ` ` Inspire to wipeWelter Inspire to welter

221. Many Causative verbs are against rules and many are having single forms. as-

Transitive Causative Take Inspire to takeGive Inspire to giveStitch Inspire to stitchEat Inspire to eatDrink Inspire to drink

Factitive 222. The verb which is having two actions is called factitive verb.Note- But factitive verb is counted in causative verb. There is a little difference between causative and factitive verb and that is in causative verb applicable doer came with the

‘to’ sign in form of Accusative but in factitive verb applicable doer came with the ‘to’ sign in form of action, so because of two actions this verb is factitive.as- Guru is teaching vedas to the disciple. Note- Here applicable doer came in the form of action so in this sentence one action is disciple and the second is Vedas. Here the major action is Vedas and the minor action is disciple.223. Action is of two types-- 1. Major 2. Minor224. By the own verb of doer which thought closed is major action.Note- Often this action is non living being in factitive verb.as- Mechanic is starting a clock, Tailor is sewing cloth.225. Different from this is minor action.Note- Often this action is living being in factitive verb. as- Ram is teaching Vedas to Shyam.226. In many transitive stems by adding “ ” आव suffix factitive and by adding “ ” व7व suffix causative is made. And the order to stem is by collapse ( changing of word formation).

Transitive Factitive CausativeKnow Tell Inspire to tellSee See Inspire to seeLearn Learn Inspire to learnDrink Imbue Inspire to drink Go Take Eat Feed Inspire to feed

Study Teach Inspire to teachRead Read Inspire to read

Dependent verb

227. Can and has been verbs are not independent, these are dependent. Note- So that these verbs not come singly, always comes with another verbs. as- can do, has been drink. Joint verb

228. One verb made by addition of two verbs is called joint verb.as- See and come, Start speak, Cut and throw, has been seen, can write, kill and sit, take, give, eat and go, start walking, to sleep, speaking continue etc

Kridant 229. The suffix from verb or from stem is called Krit suffix. The words which are made by adding Krit suffix are called Kridant.

230. Words are of three types- 1. Action module 2. Substantive 3. Adjective.

1. Action module 231. Which gives the work of verb is action module.as- Should do etc.232. By adding Should, should have suffixes before verb in adequate manner the action module words are made. And in feminine “ ” ई is ordered to “ ”ओ . as-

Masculine Feminine Should do Should doShould be done Should be done Should be done Should be done

2. Substantive233. The main noun is substantive. There are two types of Kradant. 1. Business cognitive descriptive 2. Accusative descriptive234. Business cognitive expression descriptive words made by under mentioned method. s235. Many of expression descriptive words are itself stem forms.

as- Thought, Call etc.236. Many of expression descriptive words are itself verb forms.

as- Singing, Sleeping etc.237. Final letters “स, ट, ण, ” न etc of many stems turned into expression descriptive by order.as- स- Explain, tell etc.

ट- Shout, Anxiety etc. ण- Transactions etc. न- anthem, mine, drink etc.

238. In many verbs after omission expression descriptive is made.as- Sewing, death etc.239. In many stems by adding “आव, आप, आळ, व7द, आई, व7ई, ई, आवट, ” ओ etc suffixes expression descriptive made and the stem command a particle. as-

आव- चड7व (Increase), घट7व (decrease) etc.आप- धिमल7प (Reconcilement) etc.आळ- उछ7ळ (Boom) etc.व7द- बकव7द (Nonsense) etc.आई- ठग7ई, धर7ई, म�म7ई, सिसpव7ई, त<ल7ई, दिदख7ई etc.व7ई- स<णव7ई, त<लव7ई, धरव7ई, दिदखल7ई etc. ई - मरD, ह�सD, ठ7रD etc.आवट- बण7वट, सज7वट, जम7वट etc.ओ- झ7�कC etc.

240. Many expression descriptive words are against rules.as- र�गत (Tone), विपस‍�त7वC (Remorse), भ7गड , उगत, कA ण7वट, कव7वत (Saying), मNत

(Death), रCज (Daily), बAठक (Meeting), रAणगत etc.

Accusative Descriptive 241. By the element by which the doer works is called Accusative descriptive.

as- च7लणD, ढकणD etc.242. By adding the suffixes like णD, णN, ळC, ण, ई, औ, ळH etc before the stem, Accusative descriptive words are made. And the stem command a particle. as-

णD- च7लणD, ढकणD, औरणD, कतरणD etc.णC- ओरणC, ढकणC etc.ळC- छ7जळC, ख<द7ळC etc.ण- ल:खण, छtण, व:लण etc.ई- च<स‍�कY, ट7�कY, अ�गरखD, पगरखD, सम7सD, क< रछH etc.ओ- छ7जC, हDमC, क< स‍�सC, चBविपयC etc.ळH- छजळH etc.

243. Many Accusative descriptive words are against rules.as- छ7ज etc.

Adjective244. The Kridant adjective is of three types- 1. Active voice 2. Passive voice 3. Verb indicator.245. By which we know about the doer is active voice.

as- करणव7ळC (doer), गवAयC (singer), जविडयC, ल:खक (Writer), प<ज7रD etc.246. . By adding the suffixes like “व7ळC, ऐयC, इयC, क, रD, ” आक etc before the stem, active voice made. And the stem ordered by collapse (change of word formation). as-

as- व7ळC- करणव7ळC, धरणव7ळC, च7लणव7ळC etc.ऐयC- गवAयC, चवAयC etc.इयC- जविडयC, कतिलखिखयC etc.

क - ल:खक, प7ठक etc.रD- पGज7रD, ळिभख7रD etc.आक- रम7क, दNड7क, क< द7क etc.

247. By which we know about the work is passive voice. As-द:खिखयCडC, द:खिखयCडD (seen) etc.

248. By adding the suffixes like “ इयCडC, ” इयC हवC etc before the stem, Passive voice made. And the stem ordered by collapse (change of word formation). as-

As- द:खिखयCडC, द:खिखयCहवC, द:खिखयCडC, द:खD हई, कYयCडC, कYयC हवC, कYयCडD, कYवD हई, कYहई, र�विगयCडC, सजिजयCडC etc. 249. By which we know about the present verb is called verb indicator.

As- द:खतCथकC, द:खतC, द:खवितथकY, द:खतD etc.

250. By adding “ ” थकC suffix before conditional continues, verb indicator is made and only works in conditional continues in verb indicator.

As- द:खतC थकC, द:खतC etc.251. Many words are prove by collapse (change of word formation) and in them understand stem and suffix according to the word.

As- लCठC, कपडC, गऊ� , दHयC, लकडC, व7ड, क7�टC, घCडC, ऊ� ठ, बळद, न7ळ, गरदन, आ�ख etc.

तजिvत (Nominal)252. The suffix which is from the word is called nominal.

The suffix तजिvत came in the end is called tadhitant.253. These words are of two types- 1. Substantive 2. Adjective

1. Substantive254. Nominal substantive is having four types- 1. Offspring descriptive 2. Active descriptive

3. Expression descriptive 4. Diminutiveness descriptive.

1. Offspring descriptive 255. By which son or progeny is meant is called Offspring descriptive.

As- र7मCतBy saying “ ” र7मCत is mean son of Ram or of his progeny. 256. By adding suffixes like “ओत, वत, ” आ�णD etc before the name descriptive words offspring descriptive made.

As- र7मCत, जसव�तसिसpहCत, च7�प7वत, ऊद7वत, चत7�णD etc.

2. Active descriptive 257. By adding suffixes like “ब7लC, इयC, ई, द7र, आर, आरC, गर, व7�न, एतD, व7ई, वट, यC, व7र, ” ओ etc before noun active descriptive made. As-

व7ळN- भ7रDव7ळC, प7�णDव7ळN etc.

इयC- आडवितयN, क7�सदिटयN etc.

ई - त:लD, लखD, सCनD, करCडD, घ7�चD, विवस7यतD etc.

द7र- जमDद7र, दक7नद7र, रसCईद7र, चCपद7र, छडDद7र, डCडDद7र etc.

आर- स<न7र, लव7र etc.

आरC- ठठ7रC, लख7रC etc.

गर- सCद7गर, क7रDगर etc.

व7�न- ब7गव7�न, ग7मDव7�न etc.

एतD- ग7�व:तD etc.

व7ई- धडव7ई etc.

वट- कतिसल7वट etc.

यC- लCयC etc.

व7र- उम:दव7र etc.

ओ- ढGबC etc.

Expression Descriptive 258. Expression descriptive words are made by adding the suffixes “त‍�व, त7, पणC, पC, आई, ई, स,

ट, ” य7प etc before noun. As-

त‍�व- ग<णत‍�व, बरा7ह‍�मणत‍�व etc.

त7- ग<णत7, बरा7ह‍�मणत7 etc.

पणC- ग<णDपणC, बरा7ह‍�मणपणC etc.

पC- भ<ड7पC etc.

आई- चत<र7ई, प�विडत7ई etc.

ई- लम‍�ब7ई, चNड7ई etc.

स- पDल7स, खट7स etc.

ट- कतिचरपर7ट, चरपर7ट, घरCट etc.

य7प- धळिणय7प etc.

Diminutiveness Descriptive259. By which diminutiveness found is called diminutiveness descriptive.As- छबCकतिलयC etc.

260. Diminutiveness descriptive words are made by adding the suffixes “इयC, ई, ओकतिलयC, कCकतिलयC, लC, डकC, डD, ” णC etc before noun. As-

इयC- कळस- कळकतिसयC, क7मळ- क7मळिळयC, धिमनकC- धिमनविकयC etc.

ई- ड7लC- ड7लD, लCटC- लCटH, क< रछC- क< रछH, कम7व- कम7ई etc.

ओकतिलयC- छ7ब- छबCकतिलयC etc.

कCकतिलयC- घर- घरकCकतिलयC etc.

लC - ग7डC- ग7डGलC, कड7व- कड7यलC etc.

डकC- ग7�व- ग7�वडकC etc.

डD- र7ब- र7बडD, घ7ट- घ7टडD etc.

णD - ढCकतिलयC- ढCलणD etc261. Many words are against rules.

As- म7रग- ड7�डD, विगदरC- ग7दH, घCडC- ट7रडC etc.

2. Adjective262. Adjective is made by adding the suffixes “ओ, ई, इयC, लC, ईलC, आळC, लG, ळ, व7न�, व�त, व7ळC, म7न�,

” रD etc before noun. As-

ओ- ठ�ड- ठ�डC, मAल- मAलC, भGक- भGकC, वितस- वितसC, गज- ग�जC etc.

ई- धन- धनD, दख- दखD, रCग- रCगD, भ7र- भ7रD, सGत- सGतD, ग<ण- ग<णD etc.

इयC- खटपट- खटपदिटयC, सGतक- सGतविकयC etc.

लC- रCग- रCगलC, च7�य- च7�यलC etc.

ईलC- र�ग- रगDलC, रCग- रCगDलC etc.

आळC- नखरC- नखर7ळN etc.

ळG- झगडC- झगड7ळG , दय7- दय7ळG etc.

ळ- दय7, दय7ळ, क प7- क प7ळ etc.

व7न6- धन- धनव7न6, ब<जिv- ब<जिvव7न6 etc.

व�त- धन- धनव�त, क< ल- क< लव�त etc.

व7ळC- धन- धनव7ळN ग<ण- ग<णव7ळC etc.

म7न6 - ब<जिv- ब<जिvम7न etc.

रD- सCनC- सCन:रD, रपC- रप:रD etc.

Feminine suffixes263. Feminine descriptive noun is made by adding the suffixes “ ई, णD, अण, य7�णC, ” आ�णD before masculine descriptive words. As-

ई- बरा7ह‍�मण- बरा7ह‍�मणD, घCडC- घCडD etc.

णD- ज7ट- ज7टणD etc.

अण- त:लD- त:लण, त�बCळH- त�बCळण etc.

य7णD- भ7टH- भदिटय7णD etc.

आ�णD- र7जपGत- र7जपGत7णD etc.

Interjection264. In which there is no gender, number or case is called interjection.265. This is of five types- 1. Adverb 2. Connection indicative 3. Prefix 4. Conjunction 5. Exclamatory.

1. Adverb266. By which we know the important time, important place, important expression and important method is called adverb.267. Adverb is of nine types- 1. Time descriptive 2. Place descriptive 3. Expression descriptive 4. Method descriptive 5. Quantitative 6. Negative 7. Determinative 8. Indeterminative 9. Joint.

1. Time descriptive Now Today Two days before Ever Sometimes Sometime

yesterday/ two days after yesterday

Then Tomorrow Morning Again When Which timeWhen Day before Dawn At last Then That time

yesterday/ day after tomorrow

Then Morning Always Again Immediately Now and again

That time Now Later/ after

2. Place descriptiveHere There That side Day Near Far NearThere There Which side Beyond Near NearWhere This side Where Everywhere Near Far

3. Expression descriptiveSometimes Quickly Reality without asking uselessSuddenly ok True Immediately TrulyMeans Though Meaningless Mutually Meaningless Suddenly However Each another False Meaningless

Only Regularly Early Very NonsenseYes Than But Self Control/ SupportKnow Agree But Fast Delay

4. Method descriptive like, like this, As, How, Like that, Like this, As, And, Etc.

5. Quantitative Over, Most, Excessive, More, Less, Some, Little, a little bit, How much, How much, Once, Twice, Usually, Frequently, Mostly etc.

6. Negative No, no, That’s enough, Let it be etc.

7. DeterminativeNow, Whenever, When, Here, Here, There, Like this, in this way, Like this, In that way, Right now, At that time, same time, Undoubtedly, Sure, Of course, Hardly, In reality etc.

8. In-determinativeSooner or later, somewhere, Here there etc.

9. JointSometimes again and again WheneverWherever Whenever WhereverSomewhere Till now Wherever Sometimes

Somewhere Upto what Whenever268. Sometimes attributive noun changed into adverb.As- Ride horse slowly, put the plants straight, He is walking good, He is walking straight.

269. By adding “ with, ly, to” the noun changed into adjective.As- My son, do the work intellectually, Go to the king courteously, The king who intellectually works, empires gaily.

270. In many adverbs inflect added like noun.As- This is today’s work or yesterday’s, The land is good here, Go home straight from there.

2.Relation indicatory271. Which shows the relation with other word or sentence is relation indicatory.As- Chopdar is escorting the King.272. Relation indicatory is of two types- 1. Without inflect and 2.With inflect.

Without Inflect With inflectwithout before with underwith after with equivalentwith back in equalsimple up out lefttill down subject rightafter near instead between

except without Further

3.Prefix273. If following interjection words are addition of verb than it is called prefix in Sanskrit or in language.As- stroke , exchange etc.

परा अन< दस6 विन स< परिरपर7 अव दर6 अधिध उद6 उपअप विनस6 विव अविप अळिभसम6 विनर6 आङ6 अवित परावित

274. Prefix is added before the stem and the meaning of stem is changed after adding this.

As- The meaning of “ ” ह7र is to lose and in this after adding prefix the meaning changes like this-

आह7र (Food), पराह7र (stroke), स�ह7र (slaughter), परिरह7र (avoidance), विवह7र (pastime).

4. Conjunction275. The word which comes between two terms or two sentences is called conjunction.276. Conjunction is of two types- 1. Coordinative 2. Subordinating.277. Which connect term and sentence is called coordinative.As- Ram and Laxman went.278. Which divides term and sentence is called subordinating.As- The cow is fat, but gives milk a little.

Coordinative SubordinatingAnd more enough butand as or or,orso if what thatif if but otherwisethen that butagain if but

5.Exclamatory279. The word by which one know about the feelings and state of mind is called exclamatory.As- Oh! it is so irritating. Wow! God’s grace.280. It is of three types- 1. Suffering cognitive 2. Wonder cognitive 3. Shame and dishonor cognitive.

Suffering cognitive- अहहह, आयर:, आह, ओयर:, ह7य, ह7यह7य, तरा7यतरा7य, ओ, ऐ अर: etc.Wonder cognitive - व7व7, धनयधनय, जयजय etc.

Shame and dishonor cognitive- छHछH, धिधक, छH:, हS etc.

Compound281. The words with inflect are called term.282. Addition of two terms etc is called compound.283. In compound the inflect is done in the last term, in other terms there is the omission of inflectAs- र7जव7डD

Note- Here “ ” र7ज रD व7डD is the distribution so the last term first inflect is remaining and in other the sixth inflect is omitted.

284. Compounds are of six types- 1. Descriptive compounds 2. Determinative compounds 3. Exocentric/ Possessive 4.Dvigu 5. Copulative/ Co-ordinative 6. Avyayībhāva.

1. Descriptive compounds285. In which adjective and substantive are monopolized is called descriptive compound.

As- परम7त‍�म7 (God),मह7र7ज(King)

After the distribution of परम7त‍�म7, परम means supreme and आत‍�म7 means soul. So it means the supreme soul. Here the adjective is supreme and the substantive is soul and the monopolization of these two means gender, number and inflect is one so it is descriptive compound. In this

same way understand मह7र7ज.

2. Determinative compound 286. When in the previous term without the first inflect there is any other inflect and the other term is major is called determinative compound.

As- विपरायव7दH (good speaker), शरण7गत (Refugee), विहम7लय (Himalaya), जCधप<र (Jodhpur), प<रषCत‍�तम (Purushottam) etc.

The distribution of विपरायव7दH is विपराय परावितव7दH means The man who says good words. Here the

second inflect in the first term विपराय and other is main, so that this विपरायव7दH compound is

determinative. Just like this शरण7गत, the distribution is शरण: आगत। विहम7लय, and the distribution

is विहम रC आलय, जCधप<र, the distribution is जCध7 जD रC प<र, प<रषCत‍�तम, the distribution is प<रषj म: उत‍�तम।

3. Exocentric/ Possessive compound 287. Exocentric/ Possessive compound is that in which the other material is major.

As- चत<भ<Jज, पDत7�बर etc.

चत<भ<Jज, the distribution is चत<र हA भ<ज7 जिजणरA वC (that which is having four hands), the meaning of

चत<र is four and भ<ज7 means hand, here neither चत<र is major nor भ<ज7 is major, but because of

these two terms the other material विवष‍�ण< (Vishnu, the Hindu God) is major means चत<भ<Jज word is

saying about Vishnu, so that this compound is Exocentric/ Possessive. The distribution of पDत7�बर is पDत हA अम‍�बर जिजणरA वC, पDत means yellow, the meaning of अ�बर is cloth, so the meaning of

पDत7�बर is Vishnu which is in yellow clothes.

4. Dvigu compound288. his is the compound in which the first term is numerical. This compound came frequently in to collect many things and make one.

As- वितराफल7, वितरालCकY, प�चप7तरा, प�चरत‍�न, नवरत‍�न etc.

The distribution of वितराफल7 is तDन फळ7� रN समGह (the group of three fruits), here the first term वितरा is

numerical and group is the meaning, so that this compound is Dvigu. The distribution of वितरालCकYis तDन लCक7� रN समGह (the group of three worlds). The distribution of प�चरत‍�न is प7�च रत‍�न7 रN समGह( the

group of five gems). Understand नवरत‍�न just like these.

5. Copulative/ Co-ordinative

289. In this compound two begining terms are added with ‘and ‘ word and after that ‘and ‘ is omitted. As- Ramlaxman, motherfather, daynight etc.The distribution of Ramlaxman is Ram and Laxman. Here with Ram, Laxman is added by the word ‘and’ after this there is omission of the ‘and’ so this is Copulative/ Co-ordinative compound here. The distribution of motherfather is mother and father, the distribution of daynight is day and night.

6. Avyayībhāva

290. In this compound the first term is avyay. This compound is adverbial.

As- यथ7शक‍ति{�त,(as power/ as far as possible), विनभJय(fearless), परावितदिदन(daily), अन<रप (compatible).

The distribution of यथ7शक‍ति{�त is without contravention of the power. The meaning of यथ7शक‍ति{�त is

according to power. Here the first term यथ7 is avyay so that this is avyayībhāva compound.

The distribution of विनभJय is भय रC अभ7व and the distribution of परावितदिदन is दिदन- दिदन परावित which

means daily. The distribution of अन<रप is रप रA यCगय।

Sentence consideration/ sentence ideas291. Sentence idea is that in which the way of making sentences with words. The group of the terms is sentence, in which in the end after remaining the verb the meaning is done. In the sentence it is not necessary that it is having a second case but doer and verb is most important.As- Ram is alive.292. Sentences are of three types- 1. Subject oriented 2. Object oriented 3. Expression oriented.293. In the sentence when subject is major, is called subject oriented.As- Ram is eating food.Here subject Ram is major, because the gender, number are according to the subject of verb.But say and come, bring, can and mistake except these verbs all other transitive stems are used according to object in subject oriented sentences of simple past, past perfect, immediate past and questionable past. As- Beaten the boy by cane.294. In the sentence when work/ object is major is called object oriented.As- Food is eaten.Here object food is major because the gender, number of verb are according to object.295. In object oriented sentence subject comes and also not comes.If subject came than in the form of karan with (from) sign.As- Food is eaten by Ram.296. In the sentence when the verb is major than it is called expression oriented.As- How he/she remains silent. Here remains verb is major, so this sentence is expression oriented sentence.297. In expression oriented sentence the verb is masculine, third person, singular, because the meaning of stem is expression, that is masculine and singular, and because it is not second or first person so it is third person. The object comes in karan form as “From” sign in expression oriented sentences.As- How he/ she remains silent.

298. In the sentence there are two elements are necessary. Motive and predicate.299. About which something is said is motive and which is saying is predicate.As- Ram is doing. Horse is running.Here in the first sentence Ram and in the second sentence Horse is motive because about Ram and horse it is said. And in the first sentence “doing” and in the second sentence “running” are predicate. These both are verbs. Because after doing object of Ram and Horse is there ordination.This means that when in sentence there are only doer and verb than the object is motive and the verb is predicate.300. But when motive and predicate increased by using adjective than with adjective the object is motive and with adjective verb is predicate.As- Kamet horse (a breed of horse) is running good.Here Kamet horse is motive and running good is predicate.301. If the adjective of object used after object and before verb than the object is motive and with the adjective of object verb is predicate.As- The water of Rai ka bagh is sweet.Here water is motive and sweet is the adjective of motive. So object water is motive and sweet water is group predicate, because the motive of water is sweet. This is rule. 302. If one verb is having two subjects or two objects and they are not substantive adjectives together than first noun is motive and with second noun the verb is predicate.As-Wood turned into manure after hollow.Here wood and manure both are subjects. From these first is wood is motive and the second is manure is with turned is verb predicate.Made that prince, the king. Here prince and king both are objects. From these first prince is motive and second with king, made is verb predicate.

Term Plan303.The normal process to add the term in sentence is in the start the subject and in the end the object and if other cases wanted than put between these both. But use locative case first from all.As- Child is writing a letter with pen. You put down Ram from the table and give him his book. Maharaj stay in home, I have some work.304. If it is necessary to put any case, adjective or avyay except subject and verb, than the term which is associated with, put that with that particularly.As-For a generous man money is like a pebble. An uncouth person is like a hard working bull of rupees one lakh twenty five thousand.305. Adjective comes before substantive and adverb comes before verb. As- There are very few intelligent men. Govind is doing studying good.306. Put anterior verb before from that verb by which the sentence completes. As- Children are studying with concentration. Horse is jumping dung.307. In poem these prescribed rules are not compulsory, As-

Sortha ज: व‍�हA विहयC ह7थ, कG स�गD क: त7 धिमलC।

चनण भ<ज�ग7 स7थ, क7ळC न ल7ग: विकसविनय7 ।1।308. About which the question is, put interrogative pronoun

near by that.And if it is fully a question or if the whole sentence is a question than put it first.As- Which is this book? Is he is the same? Whom you saw?In the first sentence “which” term is interrogative. In the second sentence “Is he is the same” this whole sentence is interrogative. 309. In the sentence when no interrogative words are there, the idea to know about that is according to the pronunciation or expression of the speaker.As- You came? then he arrived?310. If many subjects of one verbs are there, and their gender is not same than the verb is according to plural and the last subject. As- Horses, bulls and the goats were graze.311. Between many in-different genders, subjects and verbs if group words comes than the verb is not according to the last subject but it is masculine.As- Men, women, king, queen all went out.312. In the sentence many subjects are there but by conjunction it know as singular, then verb is singular and if it know as plural then verb is plural.As- Godown, stable and office are but ok. Here by the conjunction but singular is shown.Ram and Shyam came.Here by the conjunction and plural is shown.313. For obey, in the verb plural sense is uses.As- Maharaj came. Panditji came.314. When in the sentence there are many subjects and in between them when denominator term comes then the verb changed into singular.As- Today, brother or me will go.315. If a verb is having many subjects of first person, second person and third person then the verb is first person.As- Brother, you and me will go.316. If a verb is having many subjects of second person and third person then the verb is second person.As- He and you go.

Substantive adjectives

317. In the sentence the major noun is called the substantive and which shows the quality of that noun is called adjective.As- Ram is learned.Here Ram is the major noun or substantive so Ram is substantive and learned is showing the quality of Ram so learned is the adjective.318. Sometimes single adjective came without the major noun or substantive. inference there the major substantive means understand the major substantive directly.As- Rich is happy.Here rich adjective’s substantive is man so the substantive came without man but man’s inference is done.

319. When adjective came with substantive no inflect is added in the adjective. But where adjective came without major substantive, there inflect is added with adjective.As- Rich persons are happy, Riches are happy. 320. Okarant substantive adjective came along then in all masculine terms except the singular

of subject “ ” ओ to “ ” आ and in feminine of subject’s singular “ ” ओ to “ ” ई happens. And in

masculine adjective of second form of subject is ordered “ ” ओ to “ ”ए .As- The black horse is going like air. Ride the black horse. The yellow mare is very naughty. Ride the yellow mare. The black horse kicked.

321. Adjective descriptive “ ” ओ word comes with substantive where except the first form of

singular of the subject in all of the rest in singular “ ” ओ is ordered “ ”इण .

And in plural “ ”इण7� , “ ” य7� , “ ” ऐ is ordered. In subject plural “ ” ऐ is ordered.As- This horse is going. Let this horse go. Let these horses go. These horses are going.322. In sentence making it is important to care about attachment, competence, aspirations.Because without these sentence can’t be make.323. The nearness of the terms is attachment. If one can make sentences without attachment, like in morning pronounced “Ram” and, in evening pronounced “is going” can make a sentence, which is not possible.324. The appropriate knowledge of meaning by the togetherness of descent of the terms is competence. Without competence if sentences are made then “watering plants with fire” this sentence should be made, which is not possible.325. A term desire with the other term is aspiration. Without aspiration if sentences are made then “horse” term should be a sentence, but it is not a sentence. By adding “is going” etc verbs made a sentence.

Term making Before making term first of all recognise these five words and the types i.e. noun, pronoun, adjective, verb and descent and after that do the proper term making of noun etc.

Noun- 1. Noun 2. Types 3. Gender 4. Number 5. Case 6. If subject or object then of which verb.Pronoun- 1.Pronoun 2.Types 3.Gender 4.Number 5.Person 6.Case 7.If subject or object then of which verb 8.Whose representative.Adjective- 1.Adjective 2.Types 3.There is some substantive of it.Verb- 1.Verb 2.Types 3.Gender 4.Number 5.Person 6.Tense 7.Which verb 8.Whose verb 9.Who is the object.Avyay- 1.Avyay 2.Types 3.Discernment.

ExampleSortha

पर कर म:र पराम7�ण, आप रAवA रज कण जिजस7। व:ह प<रष धिधन ज7ण, इण जगम7�ह: र7जिजय7 । ।

पर- 1.Noun 2.Attributive 3.Masculine 4.Singular 5. Object-case the substantive of this is man inference.

कर- 1.Verb 2.Active voice 3.Masculine 4.Plural 5. Third person 6. Possibility 7.Transitive 8.Infrerenced subject 9.Object “on”.

म:र- 1. Noun 2. Vandyke 3. masculine 4.Singular 5. Relation indicatory “evidence”.

पराम7ण- 1.Adjective 2. Attributive 3.”on” is the substantive.

आप- 1. Pronoun 2. respect cognitive 3. Masculine 4. Plural 5.Adjective 6. The substantive of this

रवA- 1. Verb 2.Active voice 3.Masculine 4.Plural 5.Third person 6.Possibility 7.Intransitive 8.

Subject “self”/ “you”. (आप)

रजकण- 1.Noun 2. Nominal 3. Masculine 4.Singular 5.Relation 6.Relation showing “like” 7.Determinative compound

जिजस7- 1.Pronoun 2.Type cognitive 3.Adjective 4.Substantive “you” (आप)

व:ह- 1.Pronoun 2.Relation cognitive 3.Masculine 4. Singular 5.Object 6.Adjective 7.Substantive

“person” (प<रष)

प<रष- 1.Noun 2.Nominal 3.Masculine 4.Plural 5.Object 6. Know of this verb

धिधन- 1.Adjective 2.Attributive 3.Substantive “Person”(प<रष)

ज7�ण- 1.Verb 2.Active voice 3.Masculine 4.Singular 5.Second person 6. Method verb 7.Transitive

8. The subject is “you” 9.Object “person”(प<रष)

इण- 1.Pronoun 2.Definite 3.Adjective 4. Substantive is “world” (जग)

जगम7�ह:- 1.Noun 2.Nominal 3.Masculine 4.Singular 5.Genitive.

र7जिजय7-1.Noun 2. Vandyke 3.Masculine 4.Singular 5. Object is saying of this verb.It is an end of marwari grammar written by Pandit Ramkarn Sharma S/o Dadheech Aasopa pandit Baldev.

The End.

Documents

Marwari Grammar [Eng] Asopa 1950