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Masculine Nouns, Adjectives, and Demonstratives. Czech 403. Mužský rod. What are the most important parameters? Hard vs. soft Animate vs. inanimate Virile vs. non-virile. Hard stems can end in: b, d, f, g, h, ch, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, z Hard –a: student a Hard –ě: na papíř e - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Masculine Nouns, Adjectives, and Demonstratives
Czech 403
Mužský rod
• What are the most important parameters?
– Hard vs. soft
– Animate vs. inanimate
– Virile vs. non-virile
Tvrdé a měkké vzory
• Hard stems can end in: – b, d, f, g, h, ch, k, l, m,
n, p, r, s, t, v, z
• Hard –a: studenta• Hard –ě: na papíře• Hard –o: hrdino• Hard –u: ke stolu• Hard –y: stoly
• Soft stems can end in:– b, c, č, ď, j, l, m, ň, p, ř,
s, š, ť, v, z, ž
• Soft –ě: malíře• Soft –i: v koši• Soft –ě: soudce• Soft –i: ke koši• Soft –ě: koše
Životné a neživotné vzory
• Životné:– DLsg
• -ovi
– Gsg• -a
– Asg• -a (= Gsg)
– Npl• -i
– NB!: d>ď, t>ť, n>ň, r>ř, k>c, h/g>z, ch>š, sk>šť, ck>čť
• Neživotné:– DLsg
• -u, -ě
– Gsg• -u, -a
– Asg• -Ø (= Nsg)
– Npl • -y
Virile vs. non-virile
• Virile:– –a/-ě– Hard: turista, hrdina
• Sg: like fem –a, except DLsg –ovi
• Pl: like masc anim, but Npl –é, -ové
– Soft: soudce, zachránce• Like hard, except Npl -i
• Non-virile:– -Ø
Two rules of thumb…
• Gpl is always – –ů
• Dpl is always – -ům