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qarTuli ena daliteratura
gamomcemloba `meridiani~
Tbilisi 2012
maswavleblis wigni
10
naTela maRlakeliZe, nana kucia
© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012
© n. maRlakeliZe, n. kucia
uak
qarTuli ena da literatura
X klasi
maswavleblis wigni
naTela maRlakeliZe, nana kuciaavtorebi:
nino Toduaredaqtori
daviT kutubiZedizaineri
ISBN
gamomcemloba `meridiani~,
Tbilisi, al. yazbegis gamz., #47. ( 39-15-22
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
N. Maglakelidze, N. Jashi, N. Todua`Georgian language and literature~, the book of the teacher 10, in Georgian `Meridiani~ Publishing, Tbilisi _ 2012
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Sinaarsi:
meToduri miTiTebani maswavlebelTaTvis1. iakob curtaveli, „SuSanikis wameba~ _ litaraturuli komentarebi2. ioane sabanisZe, „abos wameba~:
a) literaturuli komentarebib) meToduri komentarebi (sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi)
3. „vefxistyaosani~ _ meToduri komentarebi4. sulxan-saba orbeliani _ literaturuli komentarebi
meToduri miTiTebani maswavlebelTaTvis:
saswavlo kompleqti Sedgeba ori komponentisagan: a) `qarTuli ena da literatura~, moswavlis wigni, X klasi da b) `maswavleblis wigni~.
a) ̀ moswavlis wigni~ _ qarTuli ena da literatura, X klasi Sedgenilia ganaxlebuli erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT da cdilobs daicvas is moTxovnebi, rac gaTvaliswinebulia qarTuli enisa da literaturis sagnobrivi standartis mixedviT. sakiTxavi masalis ZiriTad nawils (60%) warmoadgens erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT gaTvaliswinebuli savaldebulo literatura:
1. iakob xucesi _ `SuSanikis wameba~.2. iovane sabanisZe _ `abos wameba~.3. giorgi merCule _ `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ _ 12 epizodi:
1. grigolis cxovreba sasuliero moRvaweobis dawyebamde; 2. zenonis epizodi; 3. grigoli da gabriel dafanCuli; 4. grigo lisa da aSot kurapalatis pirveli Sexvedra; 5. saba iSxnelisa da bagrat kurapalatis dialogi; 6. grigoli dasavleT saqarTveloSi; 7. grigolis Sexvedra dedas-Tan; 8. javaxeTis saeklesio kreba; 9. efrem mawyverelis Rvawli; 10. romanuli epizodebi (aSoti, adarnerse); 11. cqiris epizodi; 12. grigolis aRsasruli.
4. SoTa rusTaveli _ `vefxistyaosani~ _ „dasawyisidan~ „tarielis TaTbiris~ CaTvliT; „dasas-ruli~.
5. sulxan-saba orbeliani: „wigni sibrZne sicruisa~: leonis Tavgadasavali; igav-arakebi: „mefe xorasanisa~, „Zunwi didvaWari’’, `ugunuri mcuravi~, `samni brmani~, `mefunduke da didvaWari`;
6. daviT guramiSvili _ ̀ daviTiani~ _ ,qarTlis Wiri~ (istoriuli narativi); ̀ kacisa da sawuTros ciloba`; „vai, ra kargi saCino~, „saxiT sityva-Sueniero~, „sawuTro soflis samduravi~.
teqstebi ZiriTadad amoRebulia `qarTuli mwerlobis~ I - VII tomebidan (Tb. `nakaduli~, 1987, 1989 ww.), `vefxistyaosani~ ki mihyveba n. naTaZiseul saskolo gamocemas. komentarebic Sesabam-isad am wignebis mixedviT gakeTda, Tumca am mizniT aseve farTod gamoviyeneT sulxan-saba orbe-lianis `qarTuli leqsikoni~ da i. abulaZis `Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni~. masala dalagebulia garkveuli qronologiiT, rac uzrunvelyofs qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb sistemuri codnis miwodebas.
`vefxistyaosnis~ gacnobisas mivmarTeT Semdeg meTods: saxelmZRvaneloSi Setanilia mxolod sami nawyveti (prologi, epilogi da `locva avTandilisa~), danarCen Tavebs moswavle ecnoba n. na TaZis saskolo gamocemaSi, Tumca yvela nawilTan dakavSirebiT saxelmZRvaneloSia mocemuli garkveuli davalebebi da miTiTebebi.
sakiTxavi masalis nawili (40%) SerCeulia Cven mier. vecadeT, rom igi Tematurad da Janro-brivad dagvekavSirebina savaldebulo teqstebTan. es aris:
1. ana kalandaZe _ `rai ginebs~.2. SoTa niSnianiZe _ `abo anu ferflis legenda~.3. dali idliani _ `javaxeTs midis xanZTeli~.4. daviT winaswarmetyveli _ `fsalmunni~ (50-e fsalmuni).5. ioane minCxi _ `sagalobeli~.6. dante aligieri _ `RvTaebrivi komedia~ (nawyveti).7. ezope _ igavebi; `mze da qarboria~, `patruqi,~ `lomi da taxi~, `bayayebi~, `mtredi~.8. fransua viioni _ `didi anderZi~ (nawyveti).9. sulxan-saba orbeliani: `nalbandi mgeli,~ `mefe da mxatvari~, `Zunwi da oqro~.
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sakiTxavi masalis damuSaveba gaTvaliswinebulia interaqtiuri meTodebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac xels Seuwyobs, erTi mxriT, kiTxvis strategiebis dauflebas, meore mxriT ki _ moswavleTa SemoqmedebiT aqtivizacias. am mizniT meTodur aparatSi teqstis kiTxva-damuSavebasTan dakav-Sirebuli kiTxvebi dalagebulia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: gavigoT (eqsplicituri _ faqtobriv ma-salaze orientirebuli), gaviazroT, SevafasoT (implicituri _ analizze, Sefasebasa da sinTezze orientirebuli).
literaturul teqstebTan mWidro kavSirSia metyvelebis stilis sakiTxebic, rac gulisxmobs rogorc mwerlis enobriv TaviseburebebSi garkvevas (es teqstis marTebulad aRqmis erT-erTi aucilebeli komponentia), aseve saTanado sametyvelo unar-Cvevebis dauflebas. saxelmZRvaneloSi am mizniTac aris mocemuli davalebebi da garkveuli rekomendaciebi. sagangebo yuradReba eqceva aseve funqcionaluri stilis sakiTxebis gacnobasa da am kuTxiT sxvadasxva saxis teqstebis Ziri-Tad TaviseburebebSi garkvevas.
wignSi calke rubrikis saxiT vTavazobT moswavleebs amonaridebs cnobili kritikosebis naaz-revidan (`Tvalsazrisi~), rac maT, Cveni azriT, gauadvilebs ama Tu im teqstis gaazrebas, ganuviTa-rebs kritikul azrovnebas da daexmareba sakuTari poziciis CamoyalibebaSi.
b) `maswavleblis wigni~ warmoadgens erTgvar gzamkvlevs maswavleblisaTvis. `maswavleblis wignSi~ warmodgenili masala pirobiTad or nawilad SeiZleba gavyoT:
1. `literaturuli komentarebi~ (avtori nana kucia), romelic warmoadgens damxmare sainfor-macio masalas pedagogisaTvis; Cveni azriT, igi mas gamoadgeba literaturuli masalis gaazrebasa da damuSavebaSi. SevniSnavT, rom es `literaturuli komentarebi~ mxolod maswavleblisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. pedagogis gadasawyvetia, ra saxiT, ra moculobiT gamoiyenebs mas gakveTilze;
2. `meToduri komentarebi~ (avtori naTela maRlakeliZe), romelic pedagogs daexmareba gakveTilebis dagegmvasa da saswavlo aqtivobebis gansazRvraSi. aq mocemulia mxolod ramdenime sanimuSo gakveTilis scenari. scenarebSi CavrTeT is uaxlesi meTodebi, romelTa didi nawili axla ikidebs fexs da SesaZloa, am kuTxiT saintereso aRmoCndes maswavleblisaTvis. scenarebis bolos miTiTebuli `mosalodneli Sedegebi~, rac saTanado kodiT aris aRniSnuli. ra Tqma unda, aq war-modgenili `scenarebi~ mxolod saorientacioa da ara savaldebulo. pedagogs SeuZlia Secvalos Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr meTodi, saaTebisa da saorientacio drois ganawileba, aqtivobebi...
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1. `SuSanikis wameba~ literaturuli komentarebi
teqstis Sesaxeb
(475-483 ww. Seqmnili teqstis Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi xelnaweri meaTe saukunisaa, daculi parxlis mravalTavSi (da ara avtografi avtorisa).
teqstis mimarT mecnieruli interesi pirvelad anton kaTalikoss gamouCenia, Seutania hagio-grafiul krebulSi `martirika~ (wamebani).
nawarmoebi pirvelad daibeWda peterburgSi, 1882 wels, mixeil sabininis mier Sedgenil kre-bulSi `saqarTvelos samoTxe~.
monografiuli gamokvleviTurT teqsti dabeWda ilia abulaZem 1938 wels (8 xelnaweris gaT-valiswinebiT).
1963 wels gamoica teqsti yvela (TerTmeti) xelnaweris gaTvaliswinebiT (`Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi~, t. I)).
laTinurad Targmna p. peetersma (1935), rusulad _ korneli kekeliZem (1956), frangulad _ s. wulaZem, inglisurad _ e. fulerma, germanulad _ n. amaSukelma...
1978 wels qarTvelma sazogadoebriobam farTod aRniSna `SuSanikis wamebis~ 1500 wlisTavi. iuneskos gadawyvetilebiT, 1979-1983 w.w aRiniSna `SuSanikis wamebis~ 1500 wlisTavi msoflio masStabiT (qse, t. V, Tb., 1980, gv. 40).
komentarebi: a) saxeli SuSaniki (susana) niSnavs `SroSans~. wmida SuSaniki TeTri SroSania, tanjva-wamebis
sisxls rom SeuRebavs furclebi~ (arqimandriti rafaeli, xati `saqarTvelos eklesiis dideba~, Jurn. `jvari vazisa~, #3, 1992 gv. 59).
b) wminda mowameni, uvercxloni kozmani da damiane arabebi (+287 an 303) qalaqebsa da soflebSi mimodiodnen, saxarebas qadagebdnen da qristes ZaliT sneulebs kurnavdnen. gaweuli samsaxurisT-vis isini aranair sazRaurs ar iTxovdnen. kilikiaSi warmarTebma mkurnalni Seipyres da mmarTvel lisiusTan miiyvanes. usjulom qristianuli sarwmunoebis uaryofa moiTxova maTgan, razec mart-vilebma mtkice uari ganacxades. lisiusis brZanebiT, wmindanebi sastikad gvemes da zRvaSi Cayares, magram angelozma isini morevidan napirze gamoiyvana. maSin warmarTebma uflis rCeulebs Tavi mohkveTes. wmida mkurnalebTan erTad ewamnen maTi Zmebic: leonti, anTimozi da evtropi (wmida kozma da damiane arabebi unda ganvasxvavoT maTi Tanamosaxele wmidanebisagan, romlebic 1 ivliss da 1 noembers ixseniebian).
g) atroSani (zoroastrizmi, cecxlTayvanismcemloba, mogvoba...) (qse, t. IV, Tb., 1979, gv. 537-538)
zoroastrizmi _ Zvelad da adreul Sua saukuneebSi iranSi, Sua aziaSi, avRaneTSi, azerbaijansa da axlo da Sua aRmosavleTis mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli religia. amJamad indoeTSi farsebis religiaa, iranSi _ gebrebisa. saxeli ewoda winaswarmetyvel zoroastris (zaraTuStra, zaratu-stra) mixedviT. zoroastrizmis wminda kanonia avesta. am religiis mixedviT, uzenaesi RvTa ebaa ahuramazda, ris gamo zoroastrizms mazdeanobasac uwodeben. zoroastrizmi dualisturi reli-giaa, erTmaneTs upirispirebs or sawyiss _ sikeTesa da borotebas, romelTa mudmivi Widili gamar-jvebisaTvis msoflio ganviTarebis procesis Sinaarss gansazRvravs.
ahuramazdas _ sikeTisa da sinaTlis meufes _ upirispirdeba ahrimani _ borotebisa da wyvdia-dis meufe, masTan erTad arian boroti sulebi _ devebic (romelTa kultic dakavSirebuli iyo Zv. ariuli religiis qurumobasTan da gvarovnul-tomobriv warCinebul fenasTan). zoroastrizmis wminda gamovlinebaa cecxli _ gansaxiereba RvTaebrivi samarTlianobisa.
zoroastrizmis Tanaxmad, adamianis daniSnulebaa, arCevani gaakeTos zemoaRniSnul or sawyiss Soris. TiToeul individuums SeuZlia monawileoba miiRos borotebis daTrgunvasa da sikeTis meufebis damyarebaSi. am miznis misaRwevad adamianisaTvis savaldebulo ar aris locvebisa da re-ligiuri wesebis dacva, sakmarisia, cxovrobdes ise, rogorc amas zoroastruli religia awesebs. borotebis daZlevis ZiriTadi saSualebebia _ `keTili azri~, `keTili sityva~, `keTili saqme~. zo-roastrizmisaTvis ucxo iyo asketizmi.
zoroastrizmi, rogorc saxelmwifo religia, sabolood Camoyalibda sasanianebis dros. arab-Ta dapyrobebis Semdeg erTxans kidev TamaSobda mniSvnelovan rols iransa da mezobel qveynebSi. am dros Seiqmna zoroastruli literaturis mravali Zegli saSual sparsul enaze, vrceli encik-
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lopedia _ denkarti (IXs.). islamis gavrcelebasTan erTad zoroastrizmis mimdevarTa erTi nawili (farsebi) indoeTSi gadasaxlda (frai r., iranis memkvidreoba, m., 1972 (rus. enaze)).
zoroastrizmis da zoroastruli kultebis istoria saqarTveloSi 3 periodad SeiZleba daiyos: 1. aqemeniduri xanidan sasanianTa gamefebamde (Zv. w. VI-ax. w. III s.s.), rodesac zoroastriz-
mi saqarTveloSi vrceldeboda upiratesad iranTan mSvidobiani urTierTobis gziT. am uZvelesi periodis iranul-zoroastruli mZlavri gavlenis kvali dRemde SemorCa qarTul enaSi (taZari, kerpi, zvaraki, eSma, jojoxeTi, marTali, warmarTi, bagini, droSa, anderZi, dasturi da sxv.). zoroastrizmi gansakuTrebiT fexmokidebuli Cans qarTlis samefos mmarTvel zedafenaSi, risi maCvenebelicaa maT Soris gavrcelebuli iranul-zoroastruli Teosofiuri saxelebi (farnavazi, farnajomi, artavazi, arSaki, bagrati, bakuri, bartomi, mirdati, adarnase, azorki da sxv.). erTx-ans, rodesac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ cnobiT, qarTlis samefo taxtze arSakianebis dinastiis erT-erTi Sto damkvidrda, zoroastrizmis romeliRac saxeoba, SesaZlebelia, samefo kultis donem-dec ki amaRlda. amis sabuTi unda iyos dedoflis mindorze (qarelis r-ni) aRmoCenili Zv. w. II-I ss. sataZro kompleqsi, r-ic ueWvelad ukavSirdeba cecxlTayvaniscemas.
zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Zv. qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis umaRlesi RvTaebis, armazis saxelic aqemenduri xanis ahuramazdas ukavSirdeba.
2. sasanianTa dinastiis mefobis xanaSi (III_VII s.s.), irani ZaliT cdilobda aRm. saqarTveloSi iranis saxelmwifo religiis damkvidrebas. am dros zoroastrizmi saqarTveloSi qristianobis uZlieresi konkurenti iyo. qarTveloba cvalebadi warmatebiT, magram ganuwyvetliv ibrZoda zo-roastrizmis danergvis winaaRmdeg. am brZolis kvali kargad Cans imdroindel qarTul wyaroebSi (SuSanikis da evstaTi mcxeTelis `martvilobebi~; leonti mrovelis, juanSeris cnobebi da sxv.). brZolis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da zogan sofladac arsebobda zoroastrizmis mim-devari mosaxleoba. mematianis cnobiT, jer kidev vaxtang gorgaslis dros niqozSi iyo `sagzebeli cecxlisa~ (cecxlis taZari).
3. sasanianTa imperiis dacemis Semdgomi xana, roca zoroastrizmi TviT iranSic devnil re-ligiad iqca. VIII_IX s.s.-Si saqarTveloSi xdeba zoroastruli kultebis erTgvari gamococxleba, rac SeimCneva nivTieri kulturis ZeglebSi (gveldesis sakurTxeveli, broweulis yvavilis Taviani sakinZebi da sxv.). es movlena SeiZleba aixsnas, rogorc reaqcia arabTa mZlavrobaze da Sedegi iranidan ltolvil cecxlTayvanismcemelTa Semoxizvnisa saqarTveloSi. TbilisSi zoroastrizmis mimdevarTa, albaT, sparsulenovani Temi, rogorc Cans, saxlobda mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmav-lobaSi. amis ueWveli sabuTia TbilisSi, feTxainze dRemde SemorCenili cecxlis taZris _ `aTeS-gas~ (ix. aTaSgahi) naSTebi (andronikaSvili m., narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli enobrivi urTierTobi-dan, I, Tb., 1966).
`SuSanikis wamebis~ personaJebi
`tarigi igi qristeisi~ _ SuSaniki
SuSanik dedofali, moRvawe mexuTe saukunisa, qarTuli eklesiis wmindani, iyo asuli `vardan-isi, somexTa spaipetisai, mamisagan saxeliT vardan da siyvaruliT saxeli misi SuSanik, moSiSi RmrTisai... siyrmiTgan TvisiT.~
dedofali qmris `ukeTurebas~ `maradis~ grZnobda, ufals evedreboda varsqenis sulier xsnas.sparseTidan dabrunebuli meuRlis despans, romelmac varsqenis mokiTxva gadasca, SuSanikma
winaswarmetyveliviT uTxra: `ukeTu suliTa cxovel ars igi, cocxalmca xarT igica da Senca. ukeTu suliTa momkvdar xarT, mokiTxvai igi Seni Sendave moiqecin.~
rodesac qmris mier WeSmariti RmrTis uaryofa Seityo, damwuxrebulma dedofalma miwas axala Tavi, `cremliTa mwariTa ityoda: sawyalobel iqmna ubadruki varsqen, rameTu uvar-yo WeSmariti RmerTi da aRiara atroSani da SeerTo igi uRmrToTa.~
`uRmrToTa SerTvas~ rom gadarCenoda, dedofalma datova `taZari~ (sasaxle), eklesias Seex-izna sami ZiTa da asuliTurT; sakurTxevelTan waradgina Svilebi da ufals Seevedra: `Senni moce-mulni arian da Sen daicven eseni, ganaTlebulni wmidisagan embazisa.~
mwuxris locviT ganZlierebuli dedofali eklesiis maxlobel saxlakSi ganmartovda, `miey-rdna yuresa erTsa da mwariTa cremliTa tiroda.~
manugeSeblad SuSaniks sasaxleSi saswrafod dabrunebuli sulieri moZRvari, iakobi moevlina. maTs saubarSi naTlad warmoCndeba, rom dedofali mzadaa, aRiRos Tavisi jvari, iyos mxne, moT-mine, sulgrZeli.
xucesi daarwmuna sulierma Svilma: ̀ didsa Rvawlsa ganmzadebul var,~ magram erTgvar sayvedu-rad (Tu Civilad) gaiJRera sityvebma: `Cemda martoisa arian Wirni ese.~
dedofalma icoda, rom oden sarwmunoebis dacva Tu ganaZlierebda, SeanarCunebinebda simS-vides da sulierad ixsnida. daarwmuna moZRvari, rom arafriT eziareboda varsqenis codvian
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saqmeT: `umjobeis ars Cemda xelTa misTagan sikvdili, vidre Cemi da misi Sekrebai da warwymedai sulisa Cemisai.~
sacTuneblad, gadasabireblad misul sparss ganzraxvas miuxvda dedofali da `moizRuda Tavi misi mtkiced.~
ganawyenebul qmars, romelmac `xatis damamxoblad~ uxmo SuSaniks, dedofalma SeuTvala: `vi-Tarca Sen Semoqmedi Seni uvar hyav, egreca me Sen Seuracx gyav da, Tu mravali tanjvai moawio Cem zeda, me ara veziaro saqmeTa SenTa.~
qmrisa da mamamTilis SuSanikiseul daxasiaTebaSi naTlad warmoCndeba, rom `dedaTa bunebai iwro~ sulac ar aris, rogorc es `vinme sparss~ egona.
`TreviT miTrevis~ muqaramac ver SeaZrwuna dedofali. senakSi wveuli mazli da rZali varsqe-nis Tanamzraxvelebad aRiqva, episkopossac usayvedura, RvTismgmobis morCilebas rad mirCevo.
erTad gatarebuli bavSvoba moagona mazlma.Tumc `dai var da erTad ganzrdilni~, amieridan Cven Soris `mosisxleobaa~ da Tqven, yvelani,
`Tanamdeb~ (varsqenis codvis moziareni) xarTo, miugo SuSanikma.TxovniT Seurvebulma dedofalma `Tanawaritana evangele Tvisi... wmidani igi wignni mowam-
eTani~ da sasaxleSi (`taZarSi~) dabrunda. galiakSi (did darbazSi) ki ara, mcire senakSi ganmar-tovda, xelapyrobilma SehRaRada ufals: `arca mRdelTagani vin ipova mowyale, arca erisa kaci vin gamoCnda... yovelTa me sikvdild mimiTvales mtersa RmrTisasa varsqens.~
purisWamisas dedofalma, romelsac mravalni `dReni uzmasa gardaevlnes, ...gemoY araraisai ixila.~ rZals, romelmac Rvino miaZala, risxviT uTxra: `odes yofil ars aqamomde, Tumca mamaTa da dedaTa erTad eWama puri?!~
Wiqas xeli aukra, saxeSi Sealewa rZals. `Rvinoi daiTxia.~ganrisxebulma varsqenma iwyo `ujero~ gineba, fexiT Sesdga dedofals, astami Caartya, Tvali
`daubuSta~, mjiRiT scemda, `TmiTa mimoiTrevda, viTarca mxeci mZvinvareY yioda da izaxda, vi-Tarca cofi.~ `viTarca kravi mgelsa,~ Zlivs gamostaca jojikma Zmas rZali.
`viTarca mkudari idva SuSanik qveyanasa zeda.~ varsqeni uginebda `Tesl-toms~ da `saxlis maoxreblad~ uxmobda, borkilebi daadebina cocxal-mkvdrisaTvis, senakSi gadaayvanina, mcveli miuCina, raTa vervis exila nagvemi.
rodesac, gamTeniisas, dedoflis mdgomareoba ikiTxa, moaxsena mcvelma, `ver gansarinebel arso.~ meuRlis `didZalma simsivnem~ gaakvirva pitiaxSi, brZana, nuravis SeuSvebdnen SuSanikTan `da TviT nadirobad warvida.~
sulier SvilTan idumal misulma iakobma ixila `xati misi dabZaruli da gansivebuli~. dedo-falma daamSvida moZRvari: `nu stir CemTvis, rameTu dasabam sixarulisa iqmna Cemda Ramei ese... sisxli ese ganmwmedeli ars codvaTa CemTa.~
`ybaSemusrvilma~, kbilebCamsxvreulma SuSanikma RvinoSi dambali puris ̀ gemoi ixila~ _ ̀ Rvawl-sa Sesuli~ mowame aziara xucesma.
samkaulnic warugzavna dedofalma ubadruk meuRles, romelmac Zvirfaseulobis `aRxilvac~(gadaTvla) ikadra. `amas cxorebasa arRarad mexmarebiso~, uTxra iakobs SuSanikma.
didmarxvisas eklesiis maxlobel senakSi ganmartovda dedofali, mcire ̀ sarkumelic~ ki ̀ dayo~. `iyo igi bnelsa mas Sina marxviT da locviT da tiriliT.~
honebTan brZolidan dabrunebulma varsqenma, romlis `gulsac eSmaki Txrida~, eklesiidan saxlamdis ekalze mkvdariviT aTria dedofali. `adgild-adgild qve ZeZvi daefina~. dedoflis `kubastni~ (leCaq-samosi) da `xorcni wulil-wulilad (wvril-wvrilad) daebZarnes ZeZvsa mas.~
sasaxlesTan miTreuls, dascinoda SuSaniks varsqeni: `ara gergo Sen eklesiai Seni da arca zurgni ege Senni qristianeni da ufali igi maTi.~
samasjer hkres kverTxi, vaeba da kvnesa ver daacdenines. esRa uTxra `urCulosa~ varsqens: `ubadoo, Sen-Ra Tavi Tvisi ara Seiwyale da gansdeg RmrTisagan, Sen memca Semiwyalea?!~
dedoflis `CCvilTa xorcTa~ dadenili `didZali sisxli~ rom ixila, brZana pitiaxSma, jaWvi daedoT qedze SuSanikisTvis.
Tavad amxedrebuls, varsqens `mohyvanda wmidai SuSanik uxamuri da Tmagardatevebuli, vi-Tarca erTi vinme SeuracxTagani.~
wmindani amSvidebda TanamgrZnobelT: `nu stirT, Zmano Cemno da dano Cemno da Svilno Cemno, aramed locvasa momixseneT,... rameTu arRara mixiloT cocxali gamosruli cixiT.~
satusaRos bnel senakSi Cagdebuli wmindanis qedze dadebuli jaWvi `urCulom~ Tavisi beWdiT dabeWda, `ganisveneo~, dascina cols.
mesame kviriakesRa moikiTxa da, roca uTxres, momakvdaviao, arad Caagdo, `daamSvida~ mcveli: `nurarai gglian, ute, mokudes.~
nawamebi dedofali, romlis satusaRoSi xilvac `WurWeris~ (qrTamis) aRTqmiT moaxerxa xuces-ma, iakobma aRiqva, rogorc `tarigi qristeisi, viTarca sZali, Semkuli sakrvelTa maTgan.~
qedze dadebuli jaWvi jojikis TxovniT axsnes dedofals, borkilTa axsna Tavad ar ineba.SuSanikma `eqvsi weli cixesa Sina aRasrula da wesierebiTa saRmrToiTa hyvaoda: marxviTa,
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maradis mRviZarebiTa, zedgomiTa, TayvaniscemiTa uwyinod da kiTxviTa wignTaiTa mouwyineblad. ganabrwyina da ganaSvena yoveli igi cixe sulieriTa miT qnariTa.
ganiTqva yovelsa qarTlsa saqmei misi.~wmindanis locva SeeweodaT dedofalTan TxovniT misulT _ uSviloT Svili eZleodaT, sneulT
_ kurneba, brmaT _ mxedveloba.rwmeniT ganamrTela SuSanikma sneuli mogvi dedakaci.dedofalma `nacvalad WiWnauxtisa saqmisa didiTa gulsmodginebiTa xelTa aRixvna daviTni
da mciredTa dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavlna... galobasa Seswirvida crem-liT~.
SvilTa gamazdeanebam SeaZrwuna, Tavsa `qve damarT scemda~, Semdeg madli Seswira ufals: `gmadlob Sen, ufalo RmerTo Cemo, rameTu iyvnesve ara Cemni, aramed Senni mocemulni iyvnes... iyavn nebai Seni, ufalo, da me damicev saqmeTagan mterisaTa.~
rjulSecvlil SvilTa `saxelica sZagda smenad.~erTxel kidev scada pitiaxSma dedoflis gadabireba, sasaxleSi dabruneba ubrZana, Tu ara,
Cords an karad wargcem karauliTo, daemuqra.ubedurebas ganveridebi da keTils Seveyrebio, miugo SuSanikma. vinme mTavars ar ecoloso,
Sefiqrianda varsqeni da metad aRar SeuTvlia msgavsi ram.Semdeg ZuZumte miugzavna, Sin dabrunebas ubrZanebda. ukve mkvdari varo, auwya SuSanikma moci-
quls, da, Tu varsqens micvalebulTa aRdgineba xelewifeba, jer urds dakrZaluli deda aRadgi-noso.
rodesac dedoflis sityvebi gadasces, varsqens moagonda Tavisi muqara (`oTxTa gamogiRon~).dedofali uflis saxeliT amxilebda urjulos. `(RmerTman) ganumzadnis sityvani pirsa ka-
cisasa, rameTu ityvis TviT ufali: me miugo sityuai Tquen wil.~sapyrobileSi yofnis meeqvse weliwads dasneulebul dedofals amaod emudareboda moZRvari,
metismetad nu daTrgunav xorcs `ficxlad marxviTa, maradis zedgomiTa,~ veRar gauZlebo, magram SuSanikma `ara sca xorcTa misTa gansvenebai... dadna, viTarca avli.~
eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi, didmarxvisas, ormocdaaT dRes arc dajdeboda, arc eZina, arc saz-rdels iRebda, mxolod kviriakes eziareboda qristes xorcsa da sisxls _ mcireoden pursa da Rvinos, da mxlis wvens Tu igemebda aRdgomamdis.
sasTumlad alizi edo, kacTa TvalTaTvis xaleniT dafaruli. qveSagebad girjaki (ZonZebi) hqonda, muxlmosayrelad da salocavad _ kiliki. exveoda `grwyili da tili mougonebeli.~
eqvs weliwads sapyrobileSi adidebda RmerTs dedofali. meSvide weliwads dasneulebuls `dausivdes ferxni... Txramli aRmosdioda~ da matli exveoda wylulebze.
atirebuli moZRvari daamSvida SuSanikma: `muni igi matli udideis ars da ara mokvdebis... vi-dre ukvdavTa maT matlTa SeWmasa umjobes iyavn amaT mokudavTa SeWmai aqave, amas cxorebasa.~
uTxra moZRvarma, ZaZas ar kmarob sagvemad, matlTa gamo mxiarul xaro. sTxova dedofalma, nurvis etyoda xucesi, rom SuSaniks `Sinagan ZaZai emosa, ... xolo garegan, kacTa Tvalsa, antioq-iisa palekarti.~
momakvdav dedofals Sendoba sTxova jojikis ojaxma, ̀ viTarca kacTa sawuTroisaTa da sofli-smoyvareTa.~
dedoflis sityva, jojikisa da misi meuRlisaTvis Tqmuli, rwmeniTa da tkiviliTaa savse: `yovelTa warsavalsa mas gzasa meca warval... ganvisajneT me da varsqen pitiaxSi mun, sada igi ara ars TvalRebai winaSe msajulisa mis msajulTaisa da meufisa mis meufeTaisa, sada ara ars rCevai mamakacisai da dedakacisai, sada me da man swori sityvai vTqvaT winaSe uflisa Cvenisa iesu qris-teisa. miagos mas ufalman, viTar man uJamod nayofni Cemni moisTvlna da sanTeli Cemi daSrita da yvavili Cemi daaWno, Svenierebai sikeTisa CemisaY daabnela da didebai Cemi daamdabla da RmerTman sajos mis Soris da Cem Soris... wyalobasa moveli iesu qristeis mier uflisa Cemisa.~
fsalmunis sityvebiT damoZRvra Sendobis saTxovnelad misulni dedofalma: `ese yoveli cxo-rebai, viTarca yvavili velTai, warmaval ars da daudgromel, da vin sTesa _ moimko, da vin ganabnia glaxakisaTvis _ Seikriba. da romelman wariwymidos Tavi Tvisi, man poos igi, romelman adida igi.~
uflis gziT svlas urCevda dedofali wveulT.stumrobdnen sapyrobileSi ganmamtkicebelni da manugeSebelni: Tavi igi episkoposTai samo-
eli, iovane episkoposi, aznaurni did-didni da zepurni dedani, aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani.~
borkilis nawilT iTxovdnen `sacod da nakurTxevad~. Tavmdablad ambobda dedofali, `rai var, araRirsi eseo,~ Tumc uwyoda, rom, miwier satan-
jvelTa sanacvlod, caTa Sina miegeboda maradisi pativi.gardacvalebis dRes Tavisi sulieri moZRvari, iakobi, afoc episkoposs Seavedra da iTxova, iq
daekrZalaT, saidanac `pirvelad gamoiTries.~Tavi `venaxis meaTerTmete moqmedad~ moixsenia wmindanma, mSvidad warmoTqva: `kurTxeul ars
ufali RmerTi Cemi, rameTu mSvidobiT mas zeda davwev da daviZine.~
9
(Sdr. asmeore fsalmuni: `kaci _ viTarca Tivai arian dReni misni, viTarca yuavili velisai egre aRyuavdes~ (fsalmunni, Tb., 2001, gv. 144)).
mRvdlebma miwovani matlisa da Txramlisagan ganbanes `gvami damaSvrali da daWmuli matlTa~. wmida `sudarSi~ Seagragnina iovane episkoposma cxedari.
afoc da iovane episkoposebma, `dauRlvili~ xarebiviT, fsalmunTa galobiT, anTebuli ker-ovnebiT, sakmevlis kmeviT gamoasvenes wmindanis cxedari da dakrZales `ganmzadebulsa mas adg-ilsa.~
Rame ganaTies, fsalmunebs angelosebiviT galobdnen, adidebdnen qristes, romelic gana-Zlierebs erTgulT.
wameba SuSanikisa daiwyo rva ianvars, oTxSabaTs;meored gvemes aRvsebis zatiks (aRdgomis uqmes), orSabaTs;mesamed _ vardobisTvis (maisis) cxramets.aResrula dedofali Cvidmet `okdonbersa~, wminda mowameebis _ kozmanisa da damianes moxse-
niebis dRes, xuTSabaTs. dawesda dRe SuSanikis mosaxseneblad, `sadideblad da saqeblad RmrTisa, mamisa da Zisa da sulisa wmidisa.~(`qarTvel wmindanTa cxovrebaSi~ (Tb., 2000, gv. 237) miTiTebulia, rom SuSanik dedoflis xsenebis dRea 28 agvisto (10 seqtemberi)).
dedofali teqstSi iwodeba RmrTis tarigad (iakobi hyveba: `vixile tarigi igi qristeisi Sve-nierad, viTarca sZali, Semkuli sakrvelTa maTgan~), varsqeni _ RmrTis mtrad (SuSaniki wuxs: `arca mR(v)delTagani vin ipova mowyale, arca erisa kaci vin gamoCnda Soris ersa amasa, aramed yovelTa me sikvdild mimiTvales mtersa RmrTisasa varsqens~).
`RmrTisa mteri~ _ varsqeni
varsqeni `SuSanikis wamebis~ personaJia. swored masTan mimarTebiT iyenebs avtori _ iakob xucesi _ usazarles epiTets _ `RmrTis mteri~ (Sefaseba SuSanikiseulia).
`RmrTis mtrad~ varsqeni erTbaSad ar qceula. `pirvel (Tavidan) igica iyo qristiane, naSobi mamisa da dedisa qristianeTai.~
`araTu pativisa moRebisaTvis~ (maS, risTvis?!) eaxla pitiaxSi, Zei arSuSaisi, sparsTa xelm-wifes, uaryo WeSmariti RmerTi, Tayvani sca cecxls. cols iTxovda mefisagan da aRuTqvamda, rom `bunebiT~ meuRlesa da Svilebsac iranelTa sjulze moaqcevda (aRTqmas SuSanikTan SeuTanxmeblad debda varsqeni).
qmris `ukeTurebas~ SuSaniki `maradis~ grZnobda, ufals evedreboda, exsna ugunuri, ganwiru-li, ubadruki, samgzis sawyalobeli. varsqenis beds vin ar wuxda, vin ar dastiroda mas, `romelsa arca Wiri exilva, arca SiSi, arca maxvili, arca pyrobilebai qristeisTvis~, magram mainc ganSore-boda ufals (Sdr. ioane oqropirTan: `ara erT ars Tvinier Wirisa raisme da gansacdelisa gancemai sityvisai mis, da kvalad iwroebisa da Wirisa gansacdelTaisa ver Tavs-debai~ (ioane oqropiri, Targmanebai maTes saxarebisai, w. 2, Tb., 1996, 327)).
gaxarebulma sparsT xelmwifem `brZana colad misa asuli mefisai.~sparseTidan wamosuli varsqeni `sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, qveyanasa hereTisasa~ rom mouaxlov-
da, ganizraxa, Sikriki warmoegzavna, raTa aznaurni, Zeni da msaxurni daxvedrodnen _ `viTarca erTguli soflad Sevides.~
SuSanikma igrZno, rom varsqeni `sulierad momkudar iyo~, magram, rodesac `damtkicebulad~ uTxra despanma, `davarda igi qveyanasa zeda da Tavsa damarT scemda da cremliTa mwariTa ityoda: sawyalobel iqmna ubadruki varsqen, rameTu uvar-yo WeSmariti RmerTi da aRiara atroSani da SeerTo igi uRmrToTa.~
sami dRis Semdeg sasaxleSi mosul varsqens `vinme sparsma~ auwya dedoflis eklesiis maxlobel senakSi gadasvla. pitiaxSma RvTismsaxurT uxmo, sixaruliT miegeba da uTxra: `aw nuras meridebiT me da nucaRa gZag~(varsqeni grZnobs, rom `aw~ _ rjulSecvlili, gadagvarebuli _ saZulvelia, magram ixtibars ar itexs). (es despanis warmogzavnis erTgvari gagrZelebaa _ Sikrikic xom imitom warmogzavna, `viTarca erTguli soflad Sevides~ _ erTgulebis mtkiceba imas sWirdeba, vinc erT-guli aRar aris...).
RvTisa da eris moRalate mourideblad amxiles RvTismsaxurebma: `warswymide Tavi Seni da Cuenca wargvwymiden~. maTac iseve ebralebodaT gzasacdenili, rogorc SuSaniks, romelmac `sawya-lobeli~ uwoda ubadruk qmars.
RvTismsaxurTa mxilebas wauyrua varsqenma, Sedaveba arCia, ubrZana moZRvarT, SuSanikisaTvis gadaecaT qmris sityvebi: `Sen xati Cemi daamxu, da sagebelsa Cemsa nacari gardaasx da Seni adgili dagitevebies da sxuad warsrul xar.~
dedoflis SemonaTvali srulyofilad warmoaCens varsqenis pirovnebas. qmrisa da mamamTilis Sedarebisas SuSaniki gamokveTs pitiaxSis yofis tragizms: `ara Tu memca aRmemarTa xati igi? da memca davamxu!... mamaman Senman aRhmarTna samartvileni da eklesiani aRaSenna da Sen mamisa Senisa
10
saqmeni ganhryvnen da sxuad gardaaqcien keTilni misni. mamaman Senman wmidani Semoixvna saxid Tvisa, xolo Sen devni Semoixven. man RmerTi caTai da qveyanisai aRiara da hrwmena, xolo Sen RmerTi WeS-mariti uvar hyav da cecxlsa Tayvanis ec da, viTarca Sen Semoqmedi Seni uvar hyav, egreca me Sen Seuracx gyav. da Tu mravali tanjvai moawio Cem zeda, me ara veziaro saqmeTa SenTa.~
SuSanikis sityvebidan Cans, rom dedofali ganasxvavebs mamamTilis _ arSuSas gamazdeanebas varsqenis gamazdeanebisagan. pirvelma daTmobiT qarTli mowyvedisagan ixsna, meore ki arvis ui-Zulebia _ `arca Wiri exilva, arca SiSi, arca maxvili, arca pyrobilebaY qristeisTvis~).
ganrisxebulma pitiaxSma Zma da rZali miugzavna ganmartoebul dedofals da, sasaxleSi arda-brunebis SemTxvevaSi, `TreviT miTreviT~ daemuqra.
curtaveli naTlad warmogviCens pitiaxSis pirovnul rRvevas: Tuki Tavidan varsqeni cdi-lobs, `viTarca erTguli soflad Sevides,~ daTafluli esaubros RvTismsaxurT, nu SemiZulebTo, Seemudaros, TandaTan, rjulSecvlils, nebisyofaca da simSvidec Ralatobs, mrisxanebs, ujero sityvebiT emuqreba cols (`TreviTa mogiTrio~).
muqaris gamo rodi brundeba `taZrad~ dedofali, romelmac `Tanawaritanna evangele Tvisi da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani.~
purisWamisas warmoaCens varsqeni Tavis mglur bunebas. ganrisxebul dedofals, romelic Rvin-ian Wiqas Seamsxvrevs saxeSi rZals, sastikad gauswordeba _ ujerod agina, fexiT Sesdga, astami Caartya TavSi, Tvali `daubuSta,~ mjiRiT scemda, `TmiTa mimoiTrevda, viTarca mxeci mZvinvarei yioda da izaxda, viTarca cofi.~
TiTqos winaswar gznebda dedofali mosaxdens, mcire senakSi ganmartoebuli rom loculobda purisWamamdis oriod dRiT adre da tkiviliT wamoscda: `ufalo RmerTo, arca mR(v)delTagani vin ipova mowyale, arca erisa kaci vin gamoCnda Soris ersa amasa, aramed yovelTa me sikvdild mimiT-vales mtersa RmrTisasa varsqens.~
`viTarca kravi mgelsa~, Zlivs gamostaca varsqens SuSaniki jojikma, Tavadac igvema.`viTarca mkudari idva wmidai SuSanik qveyanasa zeda~. varsqeni uginebda `Tesl-toms~ da `sax-
lis maoxreblad~ uxmobda.mxolod gamTeniisas moikiTxa borkildadebuli dedofali, `wylulebisa misgan viTar arso~.
miuges, `ver gansarinebelo.~ SuSanikis `didZalma simsivnem~ ganacvifra pitiaxSi, brZana, nuravis SeuSvebdnen qalTan da `TviT nadirobad warvida~.
curtavelis fraza uaRresad tevadia da lakonuri. mwerali mkiTxvels miandobs, Tavad gadawyvitos, ra aris es `nadirobad~ wasvla _ sruli gulgriloba da cinizmi, Tu sakuTari Tavisa-gan gaqcevis mcdeloba, codvis gacnobiereba?!
`nadirobidan~ dabrunebuli pitiaxSi xucess daavalebs, SuSaniks samkaulebi gamoarTvas. gan-sakuTrebiT sazaria varsqenis saqcieli, rodesac igi Zvirfaseulobas `aRixilavs,~ povebs yovels `gebulad~ da ityvis: `mermeca ipoos vinme, romelman ese Seimkos.~
aRvsebis orSabaTs honebTan brZolidan dabrunebuli pitiaxSis guls `eSmaki Txrida~. ekl-esiaSi misulma afocs ubrZana, `gamomec coli Cemi, rad ganmaSorebo.~
erTma mRvdelTaganma usayvedura episkoposTan kadnieri saubrisa da dedofalze mrisxanebi-saTvis, magram pitiaxSma `uxeTqna kverTxiTa... zurgsa.~ veraferi hkadra RvTismsaxurma.
eklesiidan saxlamdis ekalze mkvdariviT aTria varsqenma SuSaniki.`adgild-adgild qve ZeZvi daefina~. dedoflis `kubastni~ da `xorcni wvlil-wvlilad dae-
bZarnes ZeZvsa mas~.varsqenis sulieri sibrmave gansakuTrebuli simZafriT warmoCndeba SuSanikisaTvis Tqmul si-
tyvebSi: `ara gergo Sen eklesiaY Seni da arca zurgni ege Senni qristianeni da ufali igi maTi~.pitiaxSis brZanebiT, samasjer dahkres dedofals kverTxi, kvnesa ver daacdenines. esRa uTxra
`urCulosa~ meuRles: `ubadoo, Sen-Ra Tavi Tvisi ara Seiwyale da gansdeg RmrTisagan, Sen memca Semiwyalea?!~
verc dedoflis `CCvilTa xorcTa~ dadenilma `didZalma~ sisxlma moalbo varsqeni, brZana, qedze jaWvi daedoT SuSanikisaTvis.
dedoflis gamxnevebis mosurne erT mRvdelTagans varsqenis danaxvisas sityva pirze SeaSra (`mtkiced deg~-is nacvlad, oden `mtki~... warmoTqva), sirbiliT gaecala pitiaxSs.
Tavad amxedrebuls, varsqens `mohyvanda wmidai SuSanik uxamuri da Tmagardatevebuli, vi-Tarca erTi vinme SeuracxTagani~. vervin gabeda Tavsaburavis
miwodeba, radgan pitiaxSi iqve mimodioda `mxedr~ da uSverad igineboda.amxedrebulmave dafanta SuSanikis nugeSismcemelni.cixis xids rom miuaxlovdnen, varsqenma dascina dedofals, aqedan veRar gamoxval, `oTxTa
gamogiRono.~SuSaniki varsqenma CrdiloeTis mxares mdebare bnel senakSi Seagdebina da dedoflis qedze
dadebuli jaWvi sakuTari beWdiT `dahbeWda~ `urCulom.~uTxra SuSanikma: `mxiarul var, raiTa aqa vitanjo da mun ganvisveno~.`he, he, ganisueneo~, dascina meuRlem. mcvelT ubrZana, siymiliT (SimSiliT) moeklaT qali. Tu
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vinme brZanebas gardavidoda, Sedegze varsqeni aRar agebda pasuxs (`ubralo var~).mesame kviriakes moikiTxa `sawyalobeli~. roca auwyes, gadarCenaze metad, sikvdilia sagonebe-
lio, `daamSvida~ mcveli: `nurarai gglian, ute, mokudes~.Cords mimaval varsqens SuSanikisTvis qedze dadebuli borkilis axsnis ufleba gamosTxova
jojikma.dedofals udidesi tkivili miayena gagebam imisa, rom varsqenma mogvobaze moaqcia (gaamaz-
deana) Svilebic.rjulgamocvlil SvilTa `saxelica sZagda smenad~ SuSaniks. satusaRoSi myofs, Cords an karad karauliT (saxedriT) wargzavniT daemuqra varsqen pitiaxSi
SuSaniks, magram, rodesac dedofalma SemouTvala, am ubedurebas, iqneb, ganverido da keTils Seveyaroo, Sefiqrianda, vinme mTavars ar ecoloso. metad aRar SeuTvlia msgavsi ram.
Semdeg ZuZumte miugzavna, Sin dabrunebas ubrZanebda. ukve mkvdari varo, auwya dedofalma mo-ciquls da, Tu varsqens micvalebulTa aRdgineba xelewifeba, jer urds dakrZaluli deda aRadgi-nos, mxolod TreviT Tu ganmiTrevso.
roca dedoflis sityvebi auwyes, varsqens moagonda Tavisi muqara (`oTxTa gamogiRon~).amis Semdeg varsqeni nawarmoebSi aRar Cans, mxolod momakvdavi dedofali moixseniebs, imqveyn-
iuri samsjavros moimede: `ganvisajneT me da varsqen pitiaxSi mun, sada igi ara ars TvalRebai winaSe msajulisa mis msajulTaisa da meufisa mis meufeTaisa, sada ara ars rCevai mamakacisa da dedakacisai, sada me da man swori sityvai vTqvaT winaSe uflisa Cvenisa iesu qristeisa. miagos mas ufalman, viTar man uJamod nayofni Cemni moisTvlna da sanTeli Cemi daSrita da yvavili Cemi daaWno, Suenierebai sikeTisa Cemisai daabnela da didebai Cemi daamdabla da RmerTman sajos mis Soris da Cem Soris...~
RmerTma `saja~ _ matli SuSanikis sxeuls exveoda, varsqenisas _ suls... `muni igi matli ud-ideis ars da ara mokvdebis~...
`SuSanikis wamebis~ istoriuli foni
`SuSanikis wameba~ mexuTe saukunis meore naxevarSi (476-483 w.w.) daiwera. iakob xucesi aRwers Tavis epoqas, Tanamedrove saqarTvelos, konkretulad, qarTls, `qveyanasa mas hereTisasa.~
Txzulebis moqmedeba iSleba `dabasa, romelsa saxeli hrqvian curtav~ (curtavi mdebareobda daaxloebiT rusTavsa da bolniss Soris, mdinareebis _ qciisa da maSaveris SesarTavTan).
curtavi qarTlis pitiaxSTa rezidencia iyo.pitiaxSi, saxelmwifos didmoxele, ZalauflebiT mxolod xelmwifes Camouvardeboda.mexuTe saukuneSi sparseTi (irani) intensiurad eswrafvis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gaba-
tonebas, risTvisac, upirvelesad, qristianobis aRmofxvrasa da mazdeanobis gavrcelebas isaxavs miznad. eZebs sparseTi `qvegamxedvarT~ (moRalateT), romelTa ZalisxmeviTac cixes iolad gatexs Signidan.
swored amgvari `qvegamxedvari~ aRmoCndeba hereTis (qarTlis) pitiaxSi, arSuSas Ze _ varsqeni.qarTlis gamazdeanebis politikas irani adrec axorcielebda. jer kidev Sahma iezdigerd meo-
rem ixmo TavisTan `karad~ (sparseTis sataxto qalaqi _ qtesifoni ixsenieba `karad~) amierkavkasiis xelisufalni: qarTlidan arSuSa (varsqenis mama), somxeTidan _ vardan spaipeti (SuSanikis mama), albaneTidan _ mTavari, romlis saxelic matianes ar Semounaxavs. iranis xelmwifem maTgan gamaz-deaneba moiTxova. mTavarni iZulebulni gaxdnen, damorCilebodnen brZanebas, raTa kavkasia iranis samxedro eqspansiisagan exsnaT. 451 w. somxebi ajanydnen. avarairis brZolaSi moklul iqna vardan mamikoniani. SuSaniki, mamis sikvdilis Semdeg, arSuSa pitiaxSis karze izrdeboda, hereTSi. ami-tomac eubneba igi jojiks: `uwyi, viTarmed dai var da erTad ganzrdilni...~
zemoTqmulis Sesaxeb ̀ qarTlis cxovreba~ mogviTxrobs. ̀ SuSanikis wamebaSi~ amis Sesaxeb arafe-ria miniSnebuli, magram varsqenisa da arSuSas SuSanikiseuli Sefasebidan naTlad Cans, rom dedo-fali ar kicxavs mamamTils, romelmac mazdeanoba, albaT, mxolod nominalurad miiRo, guliT ki WeSmarit qristianad darCa, varsqens ki ̀ arca Wiri exilva, arca SiSi, arca maxvili, arca pyrobile-bai qristeisTvis.~ miT ufro sazaria da miutevebeli misi gamazdeaneba! (`mamaman Senman aRhmarTna samartvileni da eklesiani aRaSenna, da Sen mamisa Senisa saqmeni ganhryvnen da sxvad gardaaqcien keTilni misni. mamaman Senman wmidani Semoixvna saxid Tvisad, xolo Sen devni Semoixven (devni _ at-roSanis RvTaebani), man RmerTi caTai da qveyanisai aRiara da hrwmena, xolo Sen RmerTi WeSmariti uvarhyav da cecxlsa Tayvanis ec~).
or religias Soris konfliqti qarTuli ojaxis fonze iSleba.erT ojaxSi meuRleTagan erTi (SuSaniki) aris `tarigi RmrTisa,~ meore (varsqeni) _ `RmrTisa
mteri.~ qali sarwmunoebisa da erovnuli meobis `dammarxvelad~ gvevlineba, mamakaci _ warmavali, miwieri ̀ pativisa moRebisaTvis~ ucxo samefo karze mowowialed, rjulisa da mamulis gamyidvelad.
`SuSanikis wamebis~ teqstSi moxseniebuli mefe sparseTisa, romlis saxelic ar konkretdeba,
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aris perozi. moqmedeba xdeba misi gamefebis `mervesa welsa~ (468 w.).teqstSi, aseve, ar konkretdeba saxeli saqarTvelos mefisa _ vaxtang gorgasali. ratom ar Caeria mefe konfliqtSi, ratom ar daicva dedofali? `SuSanikis wameba~ amis Sesaxeb
dums, magram `qarTlis cxovrebidan~ irkveva, rom vaxtangi am dros ar imyofeba saqarTveloSi (Cans, swored amiT isargebla varsqenma da Tavisi uflebebis ganusazRvreli gafarToeba moiwadina sparseTis SahTan damoyvrebiTa da Sahisave mxardaWeriT).
pirveli, rac vaxtangma saqarTveloSi dabrunebisTanave moimoqmeda, iyo is, rom moakvlevina qvegamxedvari da aso-asod akuwuli cxedari varsqenisa mtkvris WalebSi mimoafantvina, rogorc gafrTxileba, rom igive eloda rjulisa da mamulis yvela moRalates. es 484w. moxda.
`SuSanikis wameba~ dawerilia 476-483 ww.`SuSanikis wamebis~ daTariReba xdeba Semdeg monacemebze dayrdnobiT: dedofali gardaicvala
475w. 17 oqtombers. qveda TariRad Txzulebis Seqmnisa aRebulia 476 w.; varsqeni vaxtangma moakv-levina 484w. es faqti araa aRnusxuli teqstSi. `martviloba~ 483 welze gvian rom daweriliyo, es aucileblad warmoCndeboda nawarmoebSi, Tundac rogorc samarTliani sasjeli, moRalatisaTvis ganCinebuli. e. i., teqsti dawerilia SuSanikis sikvdilidan varsqenis mkvlelobamdis.
teqstidan Cans, rom varsqeni, Sahs daqvemdebarebuli, iZulebulia, sparseTis interesebis da-sacavad ibrZolos. amadac eomeba honebs _ CrdiloeT kaspiispireTSi damkvidrebul, iranisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil toms; xelewifeba colis Cords (darubands) wargzavna.
varsqenis dedis, anuSvaram arwrunis, dakrZalvis adgils _ urds _ samwuxarod, dRes mkvlevar-ni ver akonkreteben (am alags SuSaniki moixseniebs _ Tu pitiaxSs mkvdarTa aRdgineba xelewifeba, jer urds dakrZaluli deda aRadginoso).
`SuSanikis wameba~ naTlad warmoaCens iranis eqspansiur miznebs saqarTveloSi. samwuxaroa, rom es, aSkara Tu faruli, eqspansia Tavad qarTvelTa xelSewyobiT xorcieldeba.
`martviloba~ Zvirfasi istoriul-literaturuli wyaroa qveynis Sidapolitikuri viTarebis Sesaswavladac. V saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis aRm. saqarTvelo _ `sofeli qarTlisaY ~ politiku-rad absoluturad Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifoa, Camoyalibebulive saero da sasuliero xelisu-flebiT. qveynis saTaveSi dgas mefe (igi teqstSi ar Cans, magram aq `SuSanikis wamebas~ `qarTlis cxovreba~ eSveleba), saxelmwifoSi arsebobs pitiaxSis instituti (zogi mosazrebiT, es igiv mefis-nacvlis `saxeloa~, zogiTac _ sparsuli politikis Sedegi _ ucxo `srsvili~ qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos sxeulze).
pitiaxSi pativdebuli personaa _ sazRvars miaxloebisas mas unda miegebon `aznaurni da misni Zeni da msaxurni misni.~
ierarqia saero xelisuflebisa mkacradaa gansazRvruli _ qveyanaSi arseboben `aznaurni did-didni (Tavadni) da zepurni dedani (didgvarovani qalbatonebi, banovanni), aznaurni (sakuTriv) da uaznoni~ (glexebi);
mkacradaa gansazRvruli sasuliero xelisuflebis ierarqiac: arsebobs mTavarepiskoposi (`Tavi igi episkoposTaY _ samoel~), episkoposni (afoc, iovane...), mRvdlebi (iakob xucesi; vinme xucesi, romelsac varsqenma `uxeTqna kverTxiTa zurgsa dedoflis gamosarClebisaTvis...), dia-konni (diakoni, romelmac `vanad~ wasul afocsa da iakobs varsqenis dabruneba auwya; diakoni, romelsac, varsqenis danaxvisas, SuSanikis gansamxneveblad warmosaTqmeli sityva pirze SeaSra).
rogorc sasuliero, aseve saero xelisufalT moixseniebs SuSaniki Tavis tkivilian amonakv-nesSi: `ufalo RmerTo, arca mRdelTagani vin ipova mowyale, arca erisa kaci vin gamoCnda Soris ersa amisa, aramed yovelTa me sikvdild mimiTvales mtersa RmrTisasa varsqens.~
es wamieri drtvinvaa _ sicocxlis miwuruls dedofali `madlsa miscemda misa mimarT mowleo-bisaTvis (TanagrZnobisa da nugeSisaTvis) episkopossa misisa saxlisasa afocs.~
afoci, rodesac Seityobs varsqenis gamazdeanebas, iakobTan erTad wmida kacis vanad myofi, mwuxarebiT aRsavse, tiris _ `Cven aRvivseniT mwuxarebiTa da didiTa tiriliTa vtirodeT gam-warebulni codvaTa CvenTa warmoCinebisaTvis~ _ sasuliero xelisufalni sakuTar danaSaulad, Tavisi codvebis dasturad aRiqvamen varsqenis dacemas.
satusaRoSi myof dedofals, varsqenisagan idumal, sazrdeliT moikiTxavdnen samoeli da iovane, `farulad iRvwides da nugeSinis scemdes~.
upirvelesi mozare, Wirisufali da TanamgrZnobeli dedoflisa misi sulieri moZRvari iyo. mxolod iakobma icoda, rom SuSaniks antioqiis palekartqveS, ZaZa emosa, sasTumal alizs (gamoum-wvar agurs) `kacTa TvalTaTvis~ xaleni faravda.
sasuliero pirebma gaapatiosnes da dakrZales wmindani.`sofeli qarTlisai~ sicocxleSive Tayvans scemda dedofals _ gamZvinvarebuli varsqenis
Tvalwin cremloobs `amboxi~ xalxisa, satusaRoSi myofs ki codvaTa Sesandobad akiTxavs da momak-vdavis borkilT `sacod da nakurTxevad~ iTxovs. Sendobis mTxovnelTa Sorisaa jojikis ojaxic (`kacni sawuTroi sani da soflismoyvareni,~ rogorc Tavad moixsenies Tavi).
teqsti adasturebs qarTuli kulturis maRal dones V saukuneSi. `SuSanikis wameba~ uTiTebs, rom suliT gansaZliereblad sasaxleSi dabrunebulma dedofalma `Tanawaritanna evangele Tvisi
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da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~, satusaRoSi myofma ki `gulsmodginebiTa xelTa aRixvna daviTni da mcired dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavlna.~
zemoTqmuli adasturebs, rom mexuTe saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis qarTulad ukve Targmnilia saxareba (evangele), daviTni (fsalmunni), martirologiuri literatura (wignni mowameTani).
Tavad dedofali wminda werilis zedmiwevniT mcodnea (rom araferi vTqvaT iakob xucesze). `suliTa cxovlad~ SuSaniks qristes sjulis dammarxvelni esaxeba, WeSmariti RmrTis uarmyofelni _ `suliTa momkvdarad~ (rogorc varsqenisagan warmogzavnil despanTan saubarSi warmoCndeba).
`siyrmiTgan TvisiT~ RvTismoSiS dedofals sjera, rom uflis winaSe yvelas piradi pasuxismge-bloba aqvs: `masmies me pavleis mociqulisagan (e. i., V s-Si Targmnilia `pavlenic~ _ pavle moci-qulis epistoleni): ara damonebul ars Zmai, gina dai, aramed ganeyenen.~
uflis sarwmunoebis dacvisaTvis dawyebuli wamebis Rames dedofali aRiqvams `dasabam(ad) sixarulisa...~ sisxls _ `codvaTa ganmwmedelad~... `arRarad exmareba~ (aRar sWirdeba) samkaulni.
`eqvsi weli cixesa mas Sina aRasrula da wesierebiTa saRmrToiTa yvaoda: marxviTa, maradis mRviZarebiTa, zedgomiTa, TayvaniscemiTa uwyinod da kiTxviTa wignTaiTa mouwyinebelad. ganabrwy-ina da ganaSuena yoveli igi cixe sulieriTa miT qnariTa.~
istoriuli viTarebis gasaTvaliswineblad sainteresoa `vinme sparsis~ yofna varsqenis karze. sagulisxmoa, rom igi gamudmebiT cdilobs (rasakvirvelia, `zakviT~), TiTqos, ganmuxtos situacia. sparseTidan Camosul pitiaxSs swored sparsi auwyebs dedoflis gandgomas: `me viTar micnobies, coli Seni gandgomil aris Sengan. da me getyvi Sen: nuras ficxelsa sityvasa etyvi mas, rameTu dedaTa bunebai iwro ars.~
SuSaniksac `TanaugrZnobs~: `eseviTari saxli mSvidobisai viTar sawyalobel iqmna da sixaruli mwuxarebad gardaiqca!~ (SuSaniki xvdeba `TanamgrZnobis~ mzakvrobas _ `moizRuda Tavi misi mt-kiced~).
purisWamis Semdeg `mcired damcxral~ pitiaxSs swored `vinme sparsi~ evedreba, borkilebi ax-snas gvemul dedofals.
sparsis Tavgamodeba misi gulCvilobiT ki ara, imiT aixsneba, rom mas ara surs gamazdeanebuli varsqenis diskreditacia qarTvelTa TvalSi (erTi mazdeanis (miT ufro, axalmoqceulis) uzneoba Cirqsa scxebs zogadad mazdeanobas, sparseTsac).
xucesi warmoaCens sazogadoebis erTgvar siWreles _ yvela ver bedavs, aSkarad TanaugrZnos dedofals da daupirispirdes varsqens. pitiaxSis nebas aRasruleben mcveli satusaRosi, senaka-pani... diakonsac sityva pirze aSreba mZvinvare varsqenis danaxvisas, Tumc `soflisa qarTlisais~ mosaxleobis udidesi nawili, `mRvdelTagannica~ da `erisa kacnic~ wmindanad sicocxleSive aRi-areben `RmrTis tarigs~, `mglad da cofad~ _ uflisa da mamulis moRalates.
`dedaTa bunebis iwroeba~ (qalis gonebaSezRuduloba) ki V saukunis qarTvelis azri ki ara, `vinme sparsis~ (zogadad, mazdeanobis) doqtrinaa.
qalis uflebriv SezRudulobaze arc cnobili fraza miuTiTebs: `odes yofil ars aqamomde, Tumca mamaTa da dedaTa erTad eWama puri?!~ stumarTa winaSe (ucxoTa winaSe) qali mudam diasaxli-sis, maspinZlis rols irCevs, es ucxoTa elementaruli pativiscemaa da ara qalis Rirsebis damci-reba. ojaxis wevrni ki, qalebica da mamakacebic, bunebrivia, erTad usxdnen sufras. zemoTqmuliT SuSanikma qaragmulad mianiSna qmars, sjulis gamocvlis Semdeg CemTvis ucxo xar, SenTan erTad purs ar gavtex, miT ufro, uflis sisxls _ Rvinos ver veziarebio.
qristianuli sarwmunoeba qals dakninebulad ar aRiqvams. Tu wuTisofelSi odnav mainc aris erTgvari ierarqia, miRmur samyaroSi es ierarqia qreba: `ganvisajneT me da varsqen pitiaxSi mun, sada igi ara ars TvalRebai winaSe msajulisa mis msajulTaisa da meufisa mis meufeTaisa, sada ara ars rCevai mamakacisa da dedakacisaY ~.
hagiografiuli Txzuleba, Janris kanonTa gaTvaliswinebiT, warmoaCens qveynis politikur md-gomareobas, martvilis usazmno tkivilebsa da wmindanamdis amaRlebulis sulier gancdebs.
Txroba mSrali da mwuTxe ki ar aris, uaRresad lakonuria da tevadi. bibliurad tevadia fraza.hagiografis mzeris miRma ar rCeba arc `yuresa erTsa miyrdnobili,~ mwared atirebuli dedo-
fali, romelsac guli swydeba, rom uJamod daSrites misi sanTeli, moisTvlnes misi nayofni, daaWnes misi yvavili, arc colis samkaulTa `aRmxilveli,~ Tu, qalis usazmno gvemis Semdeg, `nadi-robad warsruli~ pitiaxSi.
hagiografi mematianis sizustiT aRwers `wamebis~ fonsac _ TiTqos hereTis mwir garemos ki ara, jojoxeTis sazar landSafts aRwerdes:
`Jamsa zafxulisasa cecxlebr Semwveli igi mxurvalebai mzisai, qarni xorSakni da wyalni mavne-belni, romlisa mkvidrnica mis adgilisani _ savseni seniTa, wyliTa gansivebulni da ganyviTleb-ulni, dawertilni da damWnarni da damRierebulni, Caradovanni, pirmsivanni da dRemokled cxore-bulni. da moxucebuli aravin ars maT qveyanaTa...~
`SuSanikis wameba~ _ qarTuli literaturis Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli Zegli aTas xuTasi weliwadia, arwmunebs qarTvels, rom wmindanis saxeli oden uflisa da mamulis Tavganwiruli msax-urebiT `moiyideba~...
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`SuSanikis wameba~ SemorCenilia mxolod meTerTmete saukunis xelnaweris saxiT, amdenad, te-qstSi aRar Cans V saukunisaTvis bunebrivi `xanmetobis~ kvali.
arsebobs `wamebis~ 4 redaqcia: 2 qarTuli, 2 somxuri.Tavdapirvelia qarTuli vrceli redaqcia.qarTuli vrceli redaqcia _ somxuri vrceli redaqcia _ somxuri mokle redaqcia _ qarTuli
mokle redaqcia.somxur redaqciaSi daculi cnoba SuSanikis erT-erTi Svilis mtkvarSi daxrCobis Sesaxeb qar-
Tul variantSi dakargulia.
`SuSanikis wamebis~ mxatvruli mxare
iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wameba~ _ qarTuli mwerlobis Cvenamdis moRweuli pirveli Zegli _ mxatvruli sinatifiTa da daxvewilobiT badebs safuZvlian eWvs, rom igi ar SeiZleba iyos dasabami erovnuli literaturisa _ msgavsi mxatvruli srulyofilebisaTvis erTbaSad arc erT mwerlobas miuRwevia.
nawarmoebi iwyeba fraziT: `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa da sanat-relisa SuSanikisi~. odnav qvemoT vkiTxulobT: iyo `SuSanik moSiSi RmrTisa, viTarca igi vTquiT, siyrmiTgan TvisiT.~
Cans, arsebobda sxva Txzuleba (an amav Txzulebis aw dakarguli nawili), romelSic wmindanis siyrme iyo aRwerili.
`SuSanikis wamebis~ daweris droisaTvis rom sasuliero wignTa udidesi nawili ukve Targm-nili iyo, nawarmoebic adasturebs: sulierad gansaZliereblad sasaxleSi dabrunebulma dedo-falma `Tanawaritanna evangele Tvisi da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani,~ satusaRoSi myofma ki `gulsmodginebiTa xelTa aRixvna daviTni da mcired dReTa Semdgomad asergasisni igi fsalmunni daiswavla.~
zemoTqmuli adasturebs, rom me-5 saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis qarTulad ukve Targmnilia saxareba oTxTavi (evangele), daviTni (fsalmunni), martirologiuri literatura (wignni mowam-eTani); dedofali icnobs samociqulosac, kerZod, pavle mociqulis epistoleebs (`masmies me pav-leY s mociqulisagan: ara damonebul ars ZmaY , gina daY , aramed ganeyenen~).
Txzuleba hagiografiul Janrs ganekuTvneba. `hagiografia~ berZnulad wmindanis cxovrebis aRweras niSnavs. JanrSi gamoiyofa qveJanrebi:
a)martviloba _ teqsti, romelSic wmindanis cxovreba da misi mowamebrivi aRsasrulia aR-werili;
b) cxovreba _ teqsti, romelSic wmindanis cxovreba da misi bunebrivi aRsasrulia aRwerili.`SuSanikis wameba~ martvilobaa da aRwers dedoflis eqvswlian tanjvasa da meSvide weliwads
netarad aRsrulebas.Janris kanonTa Sesabamisad, Txzulebas, ubralod, unda aRewera wmindanis yofa da aRsasruli,
magram sityvis didostatis _ iakob xucesis madliT, nawarmoebi ar eteva Janris CarCoebSi da ubrwyinvales beletristul qmnilebad iqceva.
am prozaul Txzulebas maRali poezia msWvalavs, sityva, fraza lakonuria, magram _ bibliu-rad tevadi.
bibliuri momWirneobiT iyenebs sityvas xucesi da mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi samudamod aRibe-Wdeba tragikuli xatebani `qveyanasa zeda davardnili~, Tu `yuresa erTsa miyrdnobili~, mwared atirebuli dedoflisa, colis ̀ didZal simsivnes~ ganridebuli, ̀ nadirobad warsruli,~ samkaulTa aRmxilveli, SuSanikis manugeSebel xalxSi `mxedr~ Sevardnili varsqenisa, pitiaxSis SiSiT pirze sityvaSemSrali diakvnisa, sasaxleSi gveliviT Sesrialebuli `vinme sparsisa,~ `pirsa WiqaSelewili~ rZlisa, kverTxiT nacemi RmrTismsaxurisa...
TiTqos hereTis mzis mxurvalebas vgrZnobdeT: `Jamsa zafxulisasa cecxlebr Semwveli igi mxurvalebaY mzisaY , qarni xorSakni da wyalni mavnebelni, romlisa mkvidrnica mis adgilisani _ savseni seniTa, wyliTa gansivebulni da ganyviTlebulni, dawertilni da damWnarni da damRiere-bulni, Caradovanni, pirmsivanni da dRemokled cxorebulni da moxucebuli aravin ars maT qveya-naTa.~
TiTqos qarTlis (hereTis) mwir garemos ki ara, jojoxeTis sazar landSafts aRwerdes mwera-li-mematiane.
iakob curtaveli pitiaxSis karis mRvdeli, SuSanikis sulieri moZRvari iyo, sasuliero piri, saRmrTo werilis zedmiwevniT mcodne. aqedan _ bibliur pasaJTa siuxve `SuSanikis wamebaSi.~
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2. iovane sabanisZe, `habos wameba~
a. literaturuli komentarebi
arabTa gabatonebis Semdeg erovnuli sulis kvdomis tragedias, zneobis gaTelvasa da uzneo-bis galaRebas bibliuri winaswarmetyvelis simkacriTa da pirdapirobiT warmoaCens iovane saban-isZe: `Jamsa meSvidesa darsa zeda vdgaT... mravalni scTundebian da mravalTa acTuneben... sicocx-lisa amis moZRvrebasa ara Tavsidebden... WeSmaritebisagan sasmenelni gare miiqcinen da zRaprebsa mieqcen... varT yuresa amas qveynisasa... xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa Sjuldebul... madliTa naTlisRebisaiTa...
naSobni qristeaneTani gardagvlarZnes _ romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime SetyuviliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvarebiT... naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa, (damviwyebelni) Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa.~
iakob curtavelTan ar aris aseTi mZafri SegrZneba tragizmisa. saqarTvelos mteri mexuTe saukuneSi Zlevamosili, magram ukve ̀ daisisken miwurvili~ sasaniduri irani iyo. Tu zeobda varsqe-ni _ droebiT, samRvdeloni da saeroni, `aznaurni did-didni da zepurni dedani, aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani~ aSkarad TanaugrZnobdnen WeSmariti sarwmunoebisa da mamulisaTvis Tavganwirul dedofals.
523 w. iranelebma qarTlSi (aRm. saqarTveloSi) mefoba gaauqmes, tfilisSi Sahis nacvali, marz-pani dasves; VI aswleulSi, qarTlSi arabTa gabatonebis Semdeg, sparsi marzpani arabma amiram (xali-fas nacvalma) Secvala. erismTavris (erovnebiT qarTvelis) instituti nominaluri iyo.
xmoba daiwyo erovnulma fesvma, momravldnen damviwyebelni `Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa~. godebs sabanisZe _ mwerali-mematiane: `aRverieniT ersa ucxosa, SjuliTa gandgomilisa qristesa-gan, ... sarwmunoebisa Cvenisasa maginebelTa, romelTagan viswaveniT saqmeni maTni da vhmonebdiT gulisTqmasa gulTa CvenTasa mibaZvebiTa maTiTa, viTarca usasoni qristesagan da damviwyebelni saukunoisa cxorebisani.~
erovnuli tragediis gacnobiereba gaxda mizezi `habos wamebis~ Seqmnisa, rac, samoel qarTlis kaTalikosis brZanebiT, aRasrula iovane sabanisZem. uflis SewevniT ganZlierebuli iovane, hagio-grafTaTvis Cveuli TavmdablobiT, mogviTxrobs: `aRvwere uRirsisagan gonebisa Cemisa Semokre-buli martviloba WeSmariti da utyueli wmidisa mowamisai~.
sabanisZe mkiTxvels arwmunebs, rom `axovnad~ warmoCenili wmidanis Rvawlma rwmenaSeryeulni eklesiisaken Semoabruna. martvilTa maRali yofis gacnobierebiT, eklesiaSi SekrebiT, saRmrToze fiqriT Wabukni ganmtkicdnen, moxucni ganmxnevdnen, ganmxnevebulni gaZlierdnen.
Txzuleba 786-790 ww. daiwera (habo 786w. awames, samoeli ki, visi brZanebiTac Seiqmna martvi-lobis teqsti, qarTlis kaTalikosi iyo 790 w-mde).
miuxedavad mdgomareobis tragizmisa, avtori imedgadawuruli, sasowarkveTili rodia. imedi efemeruli ar aris _ sabanisZem icis, rom qristianobas umdidresi tradiciebi da xangrZlivi is-toria gaaCnia saqarTveloSi da qristes sjulis erTguleba miuCnevia xsnis erTaderT gzad.
swored sabanisZe gvawvdis cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom VIII s-is miwurulisaTvis qristianobas saqa-rTveloSi xuTaswlovani istoria aqvs: `varT yuresa amas qveyanisasa xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwin-aresRa Sjuldebul... madliTa naTlisRebisaiTa~.
sabanisZe qarTul eklesias bizantiuris gverdiT ayenebs: `ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoebai ese RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa... qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoebai da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa (wmidanTa samSoblod), romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cven Soris~.
habo, Cvidmet-Tvrameti wlis sarkinozi Wabuki, ̀ ucxo da sxviT mosrulia~. hagiografiuli Tx-zuleba sabanisZisa swored misi Rvawlis aRweras eZRvneba. habo, `ucxoi ucxoiTa SjuliTa movida da qristesa, RmerTsa Cvensa, Seemecna... gvirgvinosan yo eklesiai~, wamebulis gvirgvinma gananaTla.
mwerlis farTo erudiciis, maRali gemovnebisa da daxvewili mxatvruli ostatobis wyalo-biT, hagiografiuli Txzuleba veRar eteva Janris CarCoebSi da ucxotomelis qristesTvis wamebis faqtis mSral aRnusxvas ki ara, VIII saukunis miwurulis saqarTvelos mxatvrul matianes warmoad-gens.
Txzuleba siuJeturadac rTulia, poliJanruli (mravali Janris gamaerTianebeli):. Sesavali da I Tavi epistolesa da saRmrToTa saxelTa ganmartebas warmoadgens; sakuTriv habos Rvawli II-III T.T.-Sia aRwerili; meoTxe Tavi ki warmoadgens netarisadmi aRvlenil sagalobels, qarTuli himnografiis erT-
erT uZveles da umSvenieres nimuSs. amdenad, iovane sabanisZe ara mxolod sasuliero prozis (hagiografiis), sasuliero poeziis
(himnografiis) didostatadac gvevlineba.
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sabanisZis Txzulebis pirveli Tavi naTlad adasturebs saRmrTo werilis uRrmes wvdomas. `saRmrTo saxelni~ `wignTagan sawinaiswarmetyveloTa,~ samociqulodan, saxarebidan, wmida mamaTa qadagebebidan amoukrebia avtors da TiToeulis (kar, gza, tarig, mwyems, lod, margalit, maril, yvavil, angeloz, kac, RmerT, naTel, qveyana, marcval mdogvis, matl, mze simarTlis) bibliur ganmartebas iZleva. iqvea daskvnac: `ver SemZlebel varT Cven miwvdomad simdidresa mas saxelisa misisasa.~
`ioane sabanisZis Txzuleba yvela sxva qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglisagan gamoirCeva simbo-loTa sistemis SedarebiT srulad da Taviseburad gamoxatviT... esaa erTaderTi qarTuli mxat-vruli Zegli, romelSiac Camoyalibebulia simboloTa ganmartebani.
korneli kekeliZe fiqrobda, rom wyarod gamoyenebuli iyo fsevdo-dionise areopagelis Txzu-leba `saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis~.
ilia abulaZis azriT, ioane sabanisZis erT-erTi wyaro unda iyos epifane kviprelis `aRvsebi-saTvis~.
gamoyenebulia klimenti aleqsandrielis himnic qristesadmi.ioane sabanisZe warmogvidgeba mcire qarTuli ganmartebiTi leqsikonis pirvel Semdgenel-
ad. es faqtic imdroindeli Cveni filologiuri skolis naTeli dadasturebaa~ (revaz baramiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan, Tb., 1990, gv. 46-48).
Txzulebis meoTxe Tavi kompoziciurad agvirgvinebs nawarmoebs, ganazogadebs habos Rvawls, sagaloblad aRevlineba: `viTarca kravi umankoi, Seiwire Semwvari cecxliTa... qristeman ismaitel-Ta Soris, viTarca vardi ekalTagan, gamogarCia... Sen, veluri ege zeTisxili, mogiRo qristeman...~
nawarmoebis ZiriTad nawils II-IIIT.T. warmoadgens. masSi netaris gzaa aRwerili, imavdroulad, matianesac waagavs teqstis es monakveTi. mwerali-mematiane gvixatavs arabTa gavlenis qveS myof qarTls (aRm. saqarTvelos), bizantiis gavlenis qveS myof afxazeTs (das. saqarTvelos), xazareTs...
Tuki qarTlSi sarkinozTa `xarksa qveSe gvemulni... SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa,~ afxazeTi aris `qveyana savsei qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urw-munoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa.~
Txzulebis personaJebi garkveuli ideis personifikacias warmoadgenen:habo wmidanobis ideas ganasaxierebs, nerse _ dapyrobili qveynis gaTavisuflebisaTvis br-
Zolisa, arabi amira-msajuli _ dampyroblis gansxeulebaa (r. siraZe).nawarmoebi Tanamedrovis mieraa dawerili, amdenad, qveynis xsnisaTvis TavganwirviT mebrZoli
nerses saxes aSkarad ver warmoaCenda avtori, magram ikveTeba mZafri survili sabanisZisa, STamo-mavalT daanaxos mrisxane dampyrobelTan _ arabeTis xalifatTan dapirispirebuli eriskaci, misi `ganwirulis sulis-kveTeba.~ swored erismTavris ojaxSi eyreba safuZveli erovnul-gamaTavisu-flebel moZraobas, romelsac nerses karzeve aRzrdili grigol xanZTeli uTavkacebs IX saukuneSi, jvriT daiwyebs iavarqmnili mamulis aRorZinebas.
mxolod gakvriT ixseniebs sabanisZe im faqts, rom nerse baRdadis cixeSi `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa~ ijda _ mters ra gamoulevda qveynis gaTavisuflebisTvis mebrZols (mters _ Tanamemam-ules Tu ucxotomels)...
nerses ZalisxmeviT gardagularZnilTa samkvidroSi `gamoCnda axovnad wmidai ese mowamei~, `kravi umankoi, ... Semwvari cecxliTa.~
aSkaraa mizani sabanisZisa _ `Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa~ damviwyebelT ucxotomelis Tav-ganwirvis aRweriT erovnuli Tavmoyvareobis grZnoba gauRviZos. dawvrilebiT aRwers gzas, ro-melic menelsacxeble mahmadianma ganvlo qristian wmindanad amaRlebamdis. `wamisyofiTa qristes-mieriTa~ `ganaTlebuli~ sarkinozi kadnierad miaxlis ganrisxebul amiras: `dauteve me pirveli igi kacTa xelovnebiTa SeTxzuli Sjuli da zRaprobisa sibrZniTa RonisZiebuli rwmunebai da aw Seudeg me WeSmaritsa qristes mier momadlebulsa sarwmunoebasa samebisa wmidisasa _ mamisa da Zisa da sulisa wmidisasa~.
sabanisZe sagangebod gamokveTs azrs, rom qristianobis sinaTlesa da madls mxolod WeSmariti `qristeane~ Tu igznebs.
wamebulis wmida ferflis mtkvarSi Cayrac simboluria _ naSTi ar unda darCeniliyo wmidan-isa, rom sxva sarkinoznic ar `cTunebuliyvnen,~ qristianni ki – ar ganmtkicebuliyvnen. ufalma saswauli mouvlina mciredmorwmuneT _ caSi gabrwyinebuli varskvlaviTa da wylidan amomavali naTebiT miago pativi netars. `ukeTu xorcTa maT ganxrwnadTa esodeni pativi awve aCvena, ravden ufrois uxrwnelad aRdgomasa mas marTalTasa didebiTa da pativiTa gvirgvinosani ixilon Soris angelozTa~...
sabanisZe momxdaris amaRlebulobis warmoCenaze (da ara sakuTari sityvis garegnul sila-mazeze) zrunavda. habos martvilobisa da amaRlebis aRweriT mweralma erovnuli TviTSegnebis dangreuli taZris aRdgenisaken mouwoda gardagularZnil, gulisTqmas damonebul TanamemamuleT.
iseve, rogorc iakob xucesi, `habos wamebis~ avtoric, iovane sabanisZec, zedmiwevniT, Rrmad, safuZvlianad icnobs sasuliero wyaroebs. zogi mkvlevris mosazrebiT, mwerali sasuliero piria.
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Cveulebriv, hagiografebi sasuliero pirebi iyvnen, magram, korneli kekeliZis varaudiT (epis-toleebze dayrdnobiT), sabanisZe saero piri unda yofiliyo.
sabanisZe Tavis Txzulebas iakob curtavelisagan gansxvavebuli principiT agebs _ xucesTan gabmuli, uwyveti Txrobaa, `habos wameba~ poliJanrulia (mravali Janris momcveli), Tavebad dayo-fili.
Txzulebis dasawyisSi warmodgenilia samoel qarTlis kaTalikosis epistole iovanesadmi da sabanisZis pasuxi, rasac mosdevs nawarmoebis oTxi Tavis saTaurebi:
pirveli Tavi: `RmrTismsaxurTa da martvilTmoyvareTa krebulisaTvis Txrobai da moZRvrebai da axlisa amis mowamisai haboisa xsenebai~;
meore Tavi: `qarTlad Semoslvai da naTlisRebai netarisa haboisi~;mesame Tavi:`martvilobai wmidisa haboisi~;meoTxe Tavi: `qebai sanatrelisa wmidisa haboi~.
iovane sabanisZis pirovneba warmoCenilia samoel kaTalikosis epistoleSi (werilSi).`me, samoel qristes mier qarTlisa kaTalikozi, ufalsa iovanes sabanisZesa, sulierad Svilsa
wmidisa kaTolike (sayovelTao, yovlismomcveli) eklesiisasa da sayvarelsa Cvensa, locviT ufli-sa mier mogikiTxav,~ _ mimarTavs qarTuli eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli iovanes da moikiTxavs: `mSvi-dobai iyavn Sen zeda da yovelTa saxlisa Senisa krebulTa qristes mier~.
samoeli auwyebs sabanisZes, rom misTvis cnobilia am ukanasknelis RvTismoSiSeba da ganswav-luloba: `Cven TviT uwyiT wadierebai Seni RmrTismsaxurebisaTvis da RmrTivmimadlebuli Seni mecnierebai (codna) saRmrToTa wignTa da gulsmodgineba Seni keTilTa saqmeTa moRvawebisaTvis. Sen TviT uwyi sanatrelisa amis axlisa mowamisa haboisi, romeli dReTa amaT CvenTa imartvila me-oxad qristes mimarT Cvenda da yovlisa amis soflisa Cvenisa qarTlisaTvis.~
kaTalikosi iovanes moagonebs imxanad wamebuli habos Rvawls da ubrZanebs sabanisZes: `mne-bavs, raiTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca martvilobai, viTarca pirvelTa maT qristes mowameTai, da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa Sina mosaxsenebelad yovelTa, vin iyvnen Semdgomad Cvensa.~
epistole xsarTan mRvdlis xeliT aaxla samoelma iovanes.kaTalikosma daloca, jvari gadaswera, yovladwminda samebis, RvTismSoblis, wmida mociqulTa
da mowameTa Sewevna usurva sabanisZes da sTxova: `xel yav gamoTqmad sruliad WeSmaritad, viTar igi iyo da viTarca Sen TviT uwyi, da aRwere martvilobai wmidisa mowamisa haboisi da aRwerili Cven mogviZRvane, raiTa umetesad locva vyoT SenTvis. madli uflisa iyavn Sen zeda, amen!~
sapasuxo epistoleSi sabanisZe madls swiravs qristes, romelmac ar ugulebelyo misi simd-able da kaTalikosis arCevani masze SeaCera. icis, rom samoelis brZanebis aRsruleba saukuno didebas moupovebs: `sargebel da nayof sulisa da siqadul da sixarul xorcTa meqmnebis me sau-kunod mimarT da sofelsaca amas.~
kaTalikoss auwyebs iovane, rom epistoles didad Seufiqrianebia _ verc urCobas bedavs, verc Tanxmobis micemas: `mZime ars Cemda orkerZove: ukeTu urC veqmne brZanebasa Tqvensa, weril ars _ Svili urCi warsawymedelsa mieceso; da Tu viswrafo morCilebad, misTvisca ityvis _ udaressa Sensa nu gamoeZiebo da uZlieressa Sensa nu ganikiTxavo... SiSman da zrunvaman Semipyra me da SeS-foTna gonebai Cemi da daveci da movakldi mecnierebisagan.~
sabolood, morCileba arCia, locviTa da pirjvris gardasaxviT ganZlierebulma. solomonis sibrZnes erwmuna: `hbaZevd jinWvelsa, medgaro, da iqmen muSak msgavs misa, viTarca-igi man Tvissa udidessa marcvalsa mas ifqlisasa Sebma uyvis gulsmodgined, vidremdis aRiRis da wariRis saz-rdelad Tvisa.~
locviT ganZlierebuli, auwyebs samoels: `gulsmodgine viqmen uZlieresTa CemTa aRebad. da wadierebai gulisa Cemisai aRavso ufalman. da aRvwere uRirsisagan gonebisa Cemisa Semokrebuli martvilobai WeSmariti da utyueli.~
RmerTs evedreba sabanisZe, kaTalikosisa da mkiTxvelisaTvis ̀ saTno iyos~ misi uRirsi naRvawi.sabanisZe eriskacia, namdvili mamuliSvili, romelic bibliuri winaswarmetyveliviT mkacria
erovnuli tragediis mxilebisas: `momipyreniT saCinoni ege sasmenelni Tqvenni da ufroisRa sacnobelni ege yurni gulisa da
gonebisa Tqvenisani ganhmarteniT smenad da maspinZel eqmneniT sityuaTa amaT CemTa, rameTu qrist-esTvis arian da sanatrelTa misTa mowameTaTvis. SeiwynareT karavsa gvamisa Tqvenisasa da savane ganumzadeT, rameTu ufalsa hnebavs damkvidrebad asoTa Sina TqvenTa...
Jamsa meSvidesa darsa zeda vdgaT... mravalni scTebodian da mravalTa acTunebden... sicocx-lisa amis moZRvrebasa (qristianobas) ara Tavsidebden... WeSmaritebisagan sasmenelni gare miiqcinen da zRaprebsa mieqcen...
varT yuresa amas qveyanisasa... xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa Sjuldebul madliTa naTlis-RebisaiTa...
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naSobni qristeaneTani gardagvlarZnes _ romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime SetyuviliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvarebiT... naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa, (damviwyebelni) Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa.~
saRmrTo saxelebi da maTi ganmartebebi saxarebaSi, winaswarmetyvelTa wignebsa da mociqulTa qadagebebSi amoukrebia sabanisZes, Rrmad darwmunebuls imaSi, rom `ueWveli sarwmunoebai saunje did ars morwmuneTaTvis.~
sabanisZe amayobs, rom qristianuli mrwamsi mxolod bizantielT(`berZenT~) ki ara, qarTvelTac aqvT da rom saqarTvelo qarTvel da ucxo qveynebidan mosul wmindanTa samkvidroa: `ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa... qarTli-saca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoebai da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa.~
Txzulebis meoTxe Tavi qarTuli himnografiis (sasuliero poeziis) erT-erTi yvelaze ad-reuli nimuSia. amdenad, sabanisZe ara mxolod brwyinvale hagiografad, didebul himnografadac gvevlineba.
wmindanisadmi aRvlenil sagalobelSi sabanisZe mimarTavs abos: `aRverieniT ersa ucxosa, sju-liTa gandgomilsa qristesgan... viswaveniT saqmeni maTni... (viyvneniT) viTarca usasoni qristesgan da damviwyebelni saukunoisa cxorebisani. xolo aw Sen mier mogveaxla qriste da Cven gulisxma vyavT kvalad SiSi misi da siyvaruli misi... viTarca kravi umankoi Seiwire Semwvari cecxliTa...
qristeman ismaitelTa Soris, viTarca vardi ekalTagan, gamogarCia... Sen, veluri ege zeTisxi-li, mogiRo qristeman. axali ege qristes morwmune moZRvar Cvenda iqmen...~
`habos wamebis~ personaJebi
`kravi umankoi, Semwuari cecxliTa~ (habo)
`naSobni qristeaneTani gardagvlarZnes _ romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime SetyuviliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvarebiT... naklulevanebiTa da siglaxakiT Sekrulni... SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa, (damviwyebelni) Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa~...
swored aseT Jams gamoCnda `axovnad~ habo, arabi Wabuki, `ucxoi, ucxoiTa sjuliTa movida da qristesa, RmerTsa Cvensa Seemecna... gvirgvinosan yo eklesiai~, wamebulis gvirgvinma gananaTla.
habos Rvawlma gularZnilni da rwmenaSeryeulni eklesiisaken Semoabruna, amao gancxromisaT-vis zurgi aqcevina da RvTis sityvaze daafiqra. martvilTa Semwynarebelni Tavad RmerTs iwynare-ben.
martvilTa Rvawlis gacnobierebiT, eklesiaSi SekrebiT, saRmrToze fiqriT Wabukni ganmt-kicdebian, moxucni ganmxnevdebian, iwyeben svlas maradiuli uflisken, romelmac `kacsa dace-mulsa zecad aRuwoda...`qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoebai da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa.~
`ucxo~ habo baRdadis cixidan gaTavisuflebul nerse erisTavs Camohyva saqarTveloSi. ̀ ese na-Sobi iyo abrameani, ZeTagan ismaelisTa, tomisagan sarkinozTaisa... arca xarWisagan naSobi, aramed yovladve arabielTa Tesli, mamulad da dedulad... ese iyo yrma, Wabuk viTar aTrvametis wlis, gina uknineis _ aCvidmetis wlis... igi iyo xelovan, keTilad Semzavebel sulnelTa maT sacxebelTa. da swavlul iyo mwignobrebiTa sarkinozTaiTa.~
habos mSoblebi da da-Zmani baRdadSi cxovrobdnen.qarTlSi wamosvla menelsacxeble Wabukma gadawyvita `ara Tu TvisiT gonebiT, aramed wami-
syofiTa RmrTisamieriTa~, rogorc bibliuri abraami gaiyvana ufalma qaldevelTa qveynidan aRTqmuli miwis dasamkvidreblad. da haboc xom abraamis STamomavali iyo!
habo `warmovida aqa nerseis Tana mgzavr qristes siyvarulisaTvis.~qarTlSi Camosuli, nersesTan ̀ cxondeboda~ (cxovrobda). saTnoebiT Tavi Seayvara yvelas, qar-
Tuli `mwignobrebis~ (wera-kiTxvis) Seswavla ganizraxa, `iwyo swavlad wmidaTa saRmrToTa wignTa Zvelisa da axlisa SjulisaTa, rameTu ufali mecnier hyofda mas.~
wmida eklesiaSi ismenda saxarebas, sawinaswarmetyvelos. kiTxulobda, swavlobda, sirTule aRmosakiTxvelisa guls ki ar ucruebda, `mizez swavlisa~ eqmneboda.
`srul iqmna yovliTa moZRvrebiTa~. uaryo rjuli mahmadisi, Seiyvara qriste yovliTa guliTa, magram `ver ganicxadebda Tavsa Tvissa sruliad qristeaned, xolo (mxolod) farulad imarxavn da ilocavn qristes mimarT~. krZalul alags eZebda, raTa monaTluliyo _ qarTlis mpyrobeli sarki-nozebisa eSinoda.
rodesac nerses kvlav daemuqra baRdadis cixis tyveoba, erismTavarma, ovseTis karis (dari-alis) gavliT, samasi mxlebliTurT miaSura xazareTs. mxlebelTa Soris iyo haboc.
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Tvistomni rom Sors daigula, habom `iswrafa miaxlebad qristesa da naTel iRo saxeliTa mamisaiTa da ZisaiTa da sulisa wmidisaiTaOxeliTa patiosanTa mRdelTaiTa~. iwyo daubrkolebeli locva da marxva.
mcire xnis Semdeg nerse, mxleblebiTurT, gadavida afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi), sadac winaswarve gaexizna ojaxi, radgan `krZalul iyo qveyanai igi SiSisagan sarkinozTaisa~.
xazareTidan afxazeTisaken samTviani mgzavrobisas habo ganuwyvetliv loculobda, marxulob-da, galobda fsalmunebs.
rodesac afxazeTis mTavarma gaqristianebuli habos Sesaxeb Seityo, gaxarebulma, ixmo Wabuki, episkopossa da mRvdlebTan erTad akurTxa da anugeSa, ucxos mtkice rwmeniT gancvifrebulma.
afxazeTis mxilveli, RmerTs `hmadlobda habo, rameTu ixila man qveyanai igi savsei qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa.~ aq ixila arabma adgilobriv mkvidrTa `gardametebuli RmrTismoyvarebai, locvai daucadebeli~, Tavadac aRivso saRmrTo SuriT. rogorc mociquli ambobs, `keTil ars baZvai keTilisaTvis.~
Cvidmet ianvars, wmida mama antonis xsenebis dRes, `aRiRo Sromai ficxeli, dumiliTa da marx-viT moauZlurebda igi xorcTa maT siWabukisa TvisisaTa~ (ixsenebda uflis ormocdRian locvasa da marxvas udabnoSi).
sam Tves marxulobda da mdumarebda, mxolod kviriakes (kviradRes) miiRebda wmida saidumlos _ sisxlsa da xorcs qristesi (pursa da Rvinos). aRvsebis (aRdgomis) dResaswaulis SemdegRa `ganx-sna ena... da adidebda RmerTsa.~
qarTlis erismTavrad nerses diswulis, stefanozis, daniSvnis Semdeg gaxarebuli nerse tfiliss dabrunda.
gamomgzavrebamdis netari habo afxazeTis mTavarma ixmo, daariga, nu ganxval qarTls, bunebiT (dabadebiT) sarkinozs mahmadianni ar dagindoben, Zvel sarwmunoebaze mogaqceven, esoden Sromas warwymedo.
habom RvTismsaxur mefes miugo: `Semiwynara me qristeman da ganmaSora Cemgan bneli igi pirvelisa mis umecrebisa Cemisa da Rirs
myo me naTelsa mas missa, arasada uvar vyo me saxeli misi. daRaTu bevreuli oqroisa da vecxlisai momcen me, ... ver ganmaSoron me siyvarulsa uflisa Cemisasa... rai madli ars yofai Cemi aqa, sada ara ars SiSi, arca sikvdili qristesTvis... raisTvis davfaro WeSmariti ese naTeli, romliTa gan-manaTla me qristeman... ara meSinis me sikvdilisagan, rameTu me sasufevelsa veZieb qristesgan,~ anTebul sanTels arvin dgamso xvimirqveS.
habo nersesTan erTad Camovida tfiliss, `iqceoda igi gancxadebulad qristeaned~. arabTagan zogi sayvedurobda, zogi aginebda, zogi aSinebda, zogi sdevnida, zogic mSvidi sityviT upirebda gadabirebas.
ganmtkicebuli habo verafriT gadaibires, sam weliwads tfilissa da maxlobel soflebSi Ta-visuflad mimodioda, magram vera daakles ra, rameTu `arRa mowevnul iyo Jami misi.~
qristianni mfarvelobdnen, sazrdeliTa da samosiT uzrunvelyofdnen.habos wamebis Jams qarTlis erismTavari iyo stefanoz gurgenis Ze, kaTalikosi _ samoeli,
bizantiis imperatori _ konstantine leonis Ze, sarkinozTa xalifa _ mose amira mumni, mahdis Ze. dasabamiT gardasuliyo 6389 weli.
habo Seipyres, miiyvanes tfilisis amirasTan, romelmac ̀ qristes aRsarebisaTvis~ sapyrobileSi Caagdebina. ramdenime dRis Semdeg, stefanoz erismTavris TxovniT, Wabuki ganaTavisufles.
kvlav aRiZrnen `Semasmenelni~. tfilisSi axali amira Semosuliyo. swored masTan daabezRes habo da bunebiT sarkinozis samagaliTod dasja iTxoves, raTa sxvaTac ar miebaZaT gaqristianeb-uli arabisaTvis.
es qristianebma Seityves da gaafrTxiles Wabuki. habom keTilismsurvelT miugo: `me ara xolo tanjvad ganmzadebul var qristesTvis, aramed sikudidca.~ kvlavac `gancxadebulad~ iqceoda. arabebma Seipyres da amiras miuyvanes.
hkiTxa msajulma mizezi `mamuli Sjulis datevebisa da qristianeTa Tana SecTomisa~. uflis nebiT ganZlierebulma, habom miugo, rom RmerTma `gamoirCia~ naTesavTa Soris: `dauteve me pirve-li igi kacTa xelovnebiTa SeTxzuli Sjuli... da aw Seudeg me WeSmaritsa qristes mier momadle-bulsa sarwmunoebasa.~
msajulma `sicofisa ganzraxvis~ dateveba ubrZana da daarwmuna, Tu `naklulevanebisaTvis~ (siRaribis) gamo gaqristianebulxar, niWiTa (saCuqrebiT) da pativiT axlave uzrunvelgyofo.
netarma miugo: `oqroi da vecxli Seni Sen Tanave iyavn warsawymedelad Tavisa Senisa. me pativsa kacTagan ara veZieb, rameTu maqvs me niWi qristesmieri... pativi saukunoi caTa Sina.~
borkildadebuli habo sapyrobileSi Caagdes. igi madls swiravda RmerTs, rom misTvis gankiTx-vis Rirsad cno.
es moxda 27 dekembers, wmida stefanes moxseniebis dRes.sapyrobileSi myofi, habo marxulobda, loculobda, fsalmunebs galobda dRisiT da RamiT.
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`ganyidna yoveli, raica aqvnda~, mSier da naklulevan tusaRebs dauriga.crumoZRvarni sapyrobileSi akiTxavdnen, liqnis sityvebiT mis gadabirebas cdilobdnen. zogi
aSinebda kidec, qriste ver Segeweva, satanjveli SenTvis `awve~ gangvimzadebiao: `rai sargebel geyos Sen qriste igi Seni?~
netari aras miugebda, `uRarRilod~ (Seusvenebliv) loculobda, fsalmunebda.saubriT damaSvralT uTxra, rom amaod irjebodnen. sTxova, marto daetovebinaT, raTa uflis
mcnebebze fiqris saSualeba miscemoda.crumoZRvarni darcxvenilni gamovidnen senakidan.sapyrobileSi yofnis mecxre dRes habom TanapyrobilT gamoucxada: `xvale ganslvai ars Cemi
xorcTagan da mislvai uflisa Cemisa da RmrTisa iesu qristes Tana~. es Tavad RvTisagan euwya wmidans.
habom samoseli ganiZarcva, gaayidvina, rom, sanacvlod, kereonebi da sakmeveli eyidaT, misi sulis saoxad qalaqis eklesiebSi daerigebinaT; mRvdelT Seemudara, elocaT misTvis, raTa sau-flo gzaze ar dabrkolebuliyo, Rirsi gamxdariyo qristes mowamis saxelisa.
naTlisRebis wina Rames habo ganTiadamdis `SeuZrvelad~ idga sakanSi, sanam ori didi sanTeli `xelTa Sina~ ar daiwva. fsalmunebs galobda: `winaiswar vxedevd ufalsa, winaSe Cemsa ars maradis, rameTu marjvl Cemsa ars, raiTa ara SeviZra.~
gaTenda paraskevi, naTlisReba, eqvsi (cxrameti) ianvari.habo ambobda, rom am dRes ufali `STahxda~ mdinare iordaneSi, raTa naTeleRo. veSapi (eSmaki)
RmrTeebiT Semusra... `dRes gardamosvlai ars sulisa wmidisa yovelTa zeda wyalTa.~netari sulierad ganZlierda: `jer ars, raiTa ganviZarcvo SiSi xorcTa amaT CemTai, romelni
samosel arian sulisa~, CaveSva qalaqSi, rogorc zRvis siRrmeSi, `naTelviRo sisxliTa CemiTa da cecxliTa da suliTa~.
habos isic niSneulad eCvena, rom naTlisReba paraskevs daemTxva _ ufalma jvarcmisas swored am dRes daTrguna mteri (eSmaki)...
sikvdilis SiSi ver ganmaSorebso RmerTs, ambobda netari.piri daibana, zeTi icxo _ es `daflvis (dakrZalvis) nelsacxebeli~ iyo. icoda, rom amieridan
arasodes moswyurdeboda sxva ram sazrdeli: `daRaTu vidodi me Soris aCrdilTa sikvdilisaTa, ara SemeSinos me borotisagan, rameTu Sen, ufali Tana xar.~
rodesac amiras msaxurni habos wasayvanad movidnen, habom TanapyrobilT sTxova, locvisas moexseniebinaT.
xel-fexze borkildadebuli, qalaqSi mihyavdaT habo. qristianni mistirodnen. wmidani amSvi-debda TanamgrZnobelT: `nu stirT Cem zeda, aramed gixaroden, rameTu uflisa Cemisa mival.~
habo `viTarca vin mogzaur eqmnis mkvdarsa, egre xedvida Tvissa mas gvamsa~ _ eCveneboda, TiTqos Tavadve miasvenebda Tavis cxedars.
asmeTvramete fsalmuns galobda: ̀ netar arian ubiwoni gzasa, romelni vlenan rjulsa uflisa-sa~. jvarcmuli avazakis sityvebic gaixsena uflisadmi: `momixsene me, ufalo, odes moxvide suf-eviTa SeniTa.~
amiras samkvidrebelTan misulma, kadnierad gardasaxa jvari kars, pirjvari gadaiwera Ta-vadac. suliwmidiT aRvsebulma amiras kiTxvas, `ara dagitevebies sicofei da ugunurebai~, miugo, ugunuri rom vyofiliyav, ar gavqristiandebodio.
mag sityvaTa gamo sikvdili geliso, daemuqra msajuli. pasuxad miugo Wabukma: ̀ ukeTu movkvde, mrwams me, rameTu qristes Tana vcxonde, xolo Sen rasa ganagrZob?... viTarca kedelsa magas, romelsa miyrnobil xar, egre ara mesmian cudni ege sityuani Senni, rameTu gonebai Cemi qristes Tana ars zecas.~
msajulma hkiTxa, egodeni ra sitkboeba gaqvso qristesagan, sikvdilisTvisac rom ar gewyalvi-so Tavi.
habom upasuxa, irwmune, naTeliRe da gaigebo.ganrisxebulma amiram habosTvis Tavis mokveTa brZana. msaxurebma sasaxlis ezoSi gamoiyvanes
Wabuki, romelmac tansacmeli SemoiZarcva, pirjvari gadaiwera da madloba Seswira RmerTs, rom wamebis `Rirs yo~.
wmidanma `moudrika qedi Tvisi maxvilsa.~samjer mouqnies xmali, fiqrobdnen, SeeSindeba da uaryofs qristes sjulso, magram netari
`mxned miiTvalvida maxvilsa.~ mxnedve miabara suli ufals.moTminebiT sZlia urwmunoTa `siborgiles~. SuriT aRvsilni, amirasTan Sevidnen, habos gvami
gamoiTxoves, raTa daewvaT wmida nawilni da qristianni daeSinebinaT, daeTrgunaT (msajulT isic moaxsenes, rom wmida nawilT qristianni saswaulmoqmedad miiCneven da sneulTa gankurnebis Zalas miaweren).
amiras nebarTviT, msaxurebma cxedari gvalagSi (godorSi) Cades, sagodebelTan miitanes. SeSasa
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da Tivaze dadebul neSTs navTi gadaasxes da dawves, sadilegosTan axlos.qristianTagan arvis misces miaxloebis ufleba.wmidanis damwvari Zvlebi mtkiced gamokres cxvris tyavSi da mtkvarSi, xidqveS, Cayares. ne-
taris saflavad wylis siRrme iqca.qalaqis qristianulma mosaxleobam ganagdo `SiSi mZlavrTai~ da wamebis alagisaken daiZra _
cremliT, sanTel-sakmevliT. sneulni ikurnebodnen.ufalma pativi miago wmidans `sakvirveli saswauliT~: Ramis pirvel Jams (saaTze) caze gamobrwyinda moelvare varskvlavi, `viTarca lampari cecx-
lisai~, elvasaviT manaTobeli. mwirni, qristianni, arabni mzerdnen naTebas. msajulis msaxurT Suqi qristianTa sanTlebisa egonaT, magram, rodesac zeaRmavali mnaTobi ixiles, saRmrTo SiSiT SeZrwundnen.
meore Rames wyalma gamosca gansakvirvebeli naTeli, romelic verc mdinaris amRelvarebiT daSrites. klde gaanaTa siRrmidan amobrwyinebulma svetma.
yvelam irwmuna, rom habo uflis wmidani iyo. aRsrulda sityva Zisa: `Tu me vinme mmsaxurebdes, pativ sces mas mamaman Cemman, romel ars caTa Sina.~
Tu xrwnad xorcs esodeni pativi miego, raodeni miegeba wmidans mkvdreTiT aRdgomisas! `pa-tiosan ars winaSe uflisa sikvdili wmidaTa misTai.~
iovane sabanisZe qarTlis qristianTa meoxad uxmobs habos, meaTerTmete Jamis muSakad, moci-qul pavles amsgavsebs ( pavlemac uaryo `mamuli Sjuli~ da gaqristianda).
sabanisZis azriT, mas ar ZaluZs habos sakadrisi xotbis aRvlena da mxolod `msgavsad Zalisa Tvisisa~ ganadidebs. uflis marjvniv jvarcmul avazaks amsgavsebs, romelmac rwmeniT moipova sasufeveli, jvriT ganaRo kari samoTxisa da mcvelma qerubimma vera hkiTxa, vina xaro. uflis siyvaruliT dasTxia sisxli.
moavlina ufalma habo gardagularZnilTa gansaZliereblad da saxsnelad Jams, rodesac `aRv-erieniT ersa ucxosa, SjuliTa gandgomilsa qristesgan... viswaveniT saqmeni maTni... (viqceodiT), viTarca usasoni qristesgan da damviwyebelni saukunoisa cxorebisani, xolo aw Sen mier mogveaxla qriste da Cven gulisxma vyavT kvalad SiSi misi da siyvaruli misi... viTarca kravi umankoi, Seiwire Semwvari cecxliTa...
nefsiT (nebiT) simdable qristesTvis aRirCie, maxviliTa pyrobili igi Sjuli ganagde da WeS-mariti igi aRiare.~
ugunurma mawameblebma wamebiT ganadides da ganabrwyines habo, yvelasaTvis ucnobi didebiT warmoaCines.
habos damwvari xorcis surneleba sakmevlis surnels emsgavsa.miwa abelis, enuqis, abraamis, elias msgavsad, sakurTxevlad eqca.mdinaris siRrmis sibnele ufalma zeciuri naTeliT ganubrwyina. sabanisZe mimarTavs habos:
`qristeman ismaitelTa Soris, viTarca vardi ekalTagan, gamogarCia... Sen, veluri ege zeTisxili, mogiRo qristeman... axali ege qristes morwmune moZRvar Cvenda iqmen...~
Seryeulni ganmtkicdnen, ganmtkicebulni ganmxiaruldnen, swavlulni ufro gagulisxmierdnen.wmidans evedreba sabanisZe, meox eyos uflis winaSe morwmuneT, romelnic wyalobas iTxoven
samebisagan.
nerse erismTavari
qarTul matianeebSi minisluli nerse erisTavi iovane sabanisZis `habos wamebaSi~ warmoCndeba (misi saxeli, rogorc grigol xanZTelis aRmzrdelisa, ̀ grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSic~ gakrTeba).
`habos wamebis~ meore TavSi vkiTxulobT:qarTlis erismTavari nerse, Ze adarnese kurapalatisa, mowodebul iqmna (ixmes, daibares) ̀ qvey-
nad babilovnisa~ _ arabeTis xalifatis dedaqalaq baRdadSi xalifasTan _ amira mumni abdilasTan, romelmac erisTavi `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa~ sapyrobileSi Caagdo.
`dampyrobeli dapyrobil qveyanaSi spobs moazrovneebs, moralur pirovnebebs da amoativ-tivebs uRirsebs, salaxanebs. maTve SeaWmevinebs eris saukeTeso Svilebs. eri rCeba TavwakveTili, upatrono, aRar hyavs inteleqtualuri da moraluri elita, romelic zrdis ers da uZRveba mas~ (revaz baramiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan, Tb., 1990, gv. 56).
sami wlis Semdeg, uflis nebiT, amira mumni abdila gardaicvala, da, mis wil, misi Ze, mahdi, gamefda. mowyale RmerTma axal mbrZanebels nerses gaTavisufleba Caagona.
mahdim `gamoiyvana igi mwarisa misgan sapyrobilisa~ da erismTavradve daabruna samSobloSi.`nerseis Tana mgzavr qristes siyvarulisaTvis~ qarTlSi wamovida arabi menelsacxeble, Cvid-
met-Tvrameti wlis Wabuki, habo. tfilisSi nersesTanve `cxondeboda~ (cxovrobda).garkveuli drois Semdeg, xalifa (albaT, isev `borot kacTa SesmeniT~) kvlav ganurisxda er-
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ismTavars. ̀ da ivltoda igi (nerse), rameTu sastikad hbrZodes mas sarkinozTa eri~ (rasakvirvelia, erovnuli cnobierebis gamo).
`ufalman daicva igi xelTagan maTTa~. nersem uxifaTod ganvlo ovseTis kari (dariali) samasi mxlebliTurT, romelTa Soris sarkinozi Wabukic eria. nerse, `vltolvili qveyaniT TvisiT~, ga-davida xazareTSi(albaT, sarkinozTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi politikuri mokavSiris povnis imediT). ewvia samkvidros `ZeTa magogisTa, romel arian xazarni, kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mxecis buneba, sisxlis mWamel, romelTa Sjuli ara aqvs, garna RmerTi xolo Semoqmedi ician.~
xazarTa xakanma (mTavarma) nerse Seiwynara `ucxoebisaTvis da vltolvilebisaTvis,~ misca masa da mis mxleblebs sazrdeli da samoseli.
netari habo xazareTSi moinaTla da `Seeyo marxvasa da locvasa daubrkolebelad.~ mcire xnis Semdeg nersem xazarTa xakanisagan afxazeTs (dasavleT saqarTvelos) wasvlis ne-
barTva iTxova.afxazeTs erismTavars winaswar gaexizna deda, col-Svili, moyvasni, `rameTu krZalul iyo
qveyanai igi SiSisagan sarkinozTaisa~.xazarTa xakanma (romelsac sabanisZe `mefed~ moixseniebs) `ganuteva nerse mravliTa niWiTa.~nerses amala samTvian gzas daadga xazareTidan afxazeTisaken. afxazeTis mTavarma (leon II)
`Seiwynara nerse yovliT eriT misiTurT~.ixiles ra erTmaneTi, nerses ojaxis wevrebma madli Seswires RmerTs `cocxlebiT da mSvido-
biT Sekrebisa maTisaTvis.~afxazeTSi ixila habom `kacTa mis adgilisaTa gardametebuli RmrTismoyvarebai da locvai
yovlisa mis erisa daucadebeli~. Tavadac aRivso `saRmrTo SuriT.~uflis nebiT, mahdi amira mumnma qarTlis erismTavrad baRdadidan warmoavlina stefanozi,
gurgen erisTavis Ze, nerses diswuli, `nacvlad dedis Zmisa Tvisisa nerseisa.~`mxiarul iqmna nerse, rameTu uflebai igi saxlisa misisagan ara ganaSora ufalman~, iswrafa
qarTls dabruneba, amirasagan usafrTxoebis piroba iTxova, raTa `warmovides xsnilad yovliT eriT misiTurT.~
afxazeTis mTavari amaod emudareboda habos, darCeniliyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi, raTa `esodeni Sroma ar warewymida~.
habo gamovida `nerseis Tana qveynad qarTld~.nerse erisTavs ixseniebs giorgi merCule `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~, rogorc erT-erT
aRmzrdels grigolisa.merCule wers grigolis Sesaxeb: ̀ ese iyo Svili warCinebulTa didebulTa da marTlmorwmuneTa
mama-dedaTai da saxlsa Sina sameufosa didisa nerse erisTavisasa aRzrdil iyo xeliTa keTilad msaxurisa dedoflisa _ nerses colisaiTa, romelsaca eSvila, rameTu iyoca Zmiswuli misi~.
swored nerses karze miiRo xanZTelma ubrwyinvalesi ganaTleba: `mswrafl xolo daiswavla da-viTi da xmiTa saswavleli swavlai saeklesioi, samoZRuroY . qarTulsa enasa Sina yoveli daiswavla da mwignobrobaica iswava mravalTa enaTai da saRmrToni wignni zepiriT moiwvarTna... sibrZneca igi amis soflisa filosofosTai iswava keTilad...~
nerse ara mxolod Tavad iyo didebuli mamuliSvili, man sakuTar ojaxSi aRzarda `friadi qarTlis~ mesaZirkvle _ grigol xanZTeli.
`TvaldaTval unda daibrunos nerse erismTavarma qarTul istoriul galereaSi Tavisi ad-gili, uflisagan rom ganesazRvra, magram bedis ukuRmarTobam lamis daviwyebis mdinares gaatana~ (rostom CxeiZe, erovnuli sulis anabeWdebi, `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 15-22 seqtemberi, 1995, gv. 12).
arabi amira (msajuli)
qarTlis (aRm. saqarTvelos) faqtobrivi gamgebeli VIII s-is miwurulis saqarTveloSi aris ara-beTis xalifas nacvali _ amira (murvan yrus laSqrobis (735-736) Semdeg).
arsebobs erismTavris institutic. `habos wamebis~ teqstis mixedviT, erismTavari jer nersea, Ze adarnese kurapalatisa, Semdeg _ nersesave diswuli, stefanozi, Ze gurgen erisTavisa. (xarobs nerse: `uflebai igi saxlisa misisagan ara ganaSora ufalman~ _ es ufleba nominaluria _ sakmari-sia, erismTavarma erovnuli interesebis dacva ganizraxos (rac, bunebrivia, ewinaaRmdegeba arabTa interesebs), `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa~ baRdadis cixeSi ganaweseben, an aiZuleben, datovos qarTli...
mefoba jer kidev sparselebma gaauqmes qarTlSi VI saukuneSi, tfilisSi iranis Sahis nacvali _ marzpani dasves.
rodesac VII saukunidan sparselebs arabebi Seenacvlnen, marzpanis instituti amiras insti-tutma Secvala.
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iseve, rogorc marzpani sparseTis Sahis, amira _ arabeTis xalifas interesebis gamtarebeli iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (dasavleT saqarTveloze am dros bizantiis gavlena vrceldeba).
teqstSi aris terminologiuri aRreva: nacvlad ̀ abdila amira mumnisa~ da ̀ mahdi amira mumnisa~ unda iyos `abdila xalifa mumni~ da `mahdi xalifa mumni~ _ baRdadSi ijda arabeTis xalifa, da ara amira, romelic iyo xalifas nacvali xalifatis mier dapyrobil regionebSi.
Tuki dasavleT saqarTvelo (afxazeTi) aris `qveyana savsei qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa,~ qarTlSi sarkinozebi boginoben. tfilise-li arabni, romelnic gaqristianebamdis icnobdnen habos, mZvinvareben: `romelnime hyvedrides, romelnime aginebdes, romelnime aSinebdes, romelnime sdevnides, romelnime mSvidobisa sityviTa Seajerebdes.~
aRsaniSnavia, rom arabni gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT uswordebodnen rjulSecvlil Tanamememu-leebs, maSin, rodesac `bunebiT~ (dabadebidan) qristianebTan SedarebiT mSvidi urTierToba hqon-daT.
tfilisis amira uzenaesi msajulis rols asrulebda.(sainteresoa, rom konstruqciaSi `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa,~ romelic nerses miemarTeba,
sityva `Semasmenelni~ (iseve, rogorc abos dambezReblebTan mimarTebiT) ar akonkretebs damsmenTa erovnebas _ damsmeni SeiZleba yofiliyo rogorc nerses mamuliSvilobiT gaRizianebuli, habos gaqristianebiT Seuracxyofili mahmadiani arabi, aseve, sulgayiduli, moRalate qarTvelic).
arabi amira, romelmac ̀ qristes aRsarebisaTvis~ habo sapyrobileSi Caagdo, arcTu mkacri Cans, radgan Wabukis gaTavisuflebisaTvis stefanoz erismTavris Txovnam ikmara.
rogorc ki ̀ sxvai msajuli amirai~ Semovida tfilisSi, aRborgebuli ̀ Semasmenelni~ kvlav aRiZ-rnen. aq ukve konkretdeba, rom eseni arabebi arian. mkacria maTi ganaCeni, ufro ultimatums hgavs, amirasaTvis wayenebuls: `ars qalaqsa amas Sina Wabuki erTi, romeli iyo bunebiT sarkinoz da gan-zrdil da cxorebul SjuliTa miT, romeli momca Cven mahmed, mociqulman Cvenman. da aw dauteve-bies Sjuli ese Cveni da ityvis Tavsa Tvissa qristeanad da uSiSad vals qalaqsa Sina da mravalTa aswavebs CvenganTa qristeane yofad. aw brZane Sepyrobai misi da Seagde igi satanjvelsa da gvemasa, vidremdis ara aRiaros Sjuli mahmed mociqulisa Cvenisai. ukeTu ara, mokvedin igi, raiTa ara mobaZav iqmnen misa mravalni.~
msajulis msaxurebma Sepyrobili habo amiras mihgvares. hkiTxa sarkinozma: `xar Sen naTesa-viT da tomiT sarkinoz da dagitevebies mamuli Sjuli da qristianeTa Tana SecTomil xar? aw ganemzade da iloce SjuliTa miT, romelTa gangzardes mSobelTa SenTa!~
uflis nebiT ganZlierebulma Wabukma kadnierad miugo Tanamemamules: `var me bunebiT sarki-noz, Sobilve mas Sina mamulad da dedulad. ganswavlul viyav SjuliTa miT mahmedisiTa da vcx-ondebode mas Sina, vidre umecrebasa Sina viyav. xolo odes saTno iyo RmerTman, romelmac gamo-mirCia me ZmaTa da naTesavTa Soris CemTa da mixsna me iesu qristes mier, Zisa misisa da RmrTisa Cemisa, da gulisxma miyo me umjobesi igi keTili, maSin dauteve me pirveli igi kacTa xelovnebiTa SeTxzuli Sjuli da zRaprobisa sibrZniTa RonisZiebuli rwmunebai da aw Seudeg me WeSmaritsa qristes mier momadlebulsa sarwmunoebasa samebisa wmidisasa.~
msajulma, romlis winaSec kadnierad Seuracxyves mahmadis Sjuli, ubrZana habos: `dauteve si-cofisa ege ganzraxvai da, ukeTu naklulevanebisa SenisaTvis Sedgomil xar qristeanTa, me ufroY sRa niWi (saCuqari) da pativi awve migce Sen.~ netarma miugo: `oqroi da vecxli Seni Sen Tanave iyavn warsawymedelad Tavisa Senisa. me pativsa kacTagan ara veZieb, rameTu maqvs me niWi qristesmieri~.
`msajulisa da abos paeqroba qarTuli polemikuri prozis SesaniSnavi nimuSia. es mcire, ram-denimestriqoniani pasaJi Sekruli, dasrulebuli antikuri dialogebis msgavsia, TavisTavadi fa-seulobis mqone, CvenSi arsebuli oratoruli xelovnebis didi tradiciis naTlad damadasturebe-lia~ (revaz baramiZe, dakvirvebebi ioane sabanisZis prozaze, wignSi ̀ narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan~, Tb., 1990, gv. 41).
msajulis brZanebiT, rkinis borkildadebuli habo sapyrobileSi Caagdes. crumoZRvarni da Semasmenelni mis gadabirebas cdilobdnen `sityviTa liqnisaiTa~: `rai sargebel geyos Sen qriste igi Seni... cecxli da satanjveli awve gangvimzadebies SenTvis~...
pasuxad miiRes: `me ufalsa vesav. ganmeSoreniT me, ukeTurno...~gankiTxvisaTvis ramdenime dRis Semdeg kvlav msajulTan miyvanilma habom kadnierad gar-
dasaxa jvari amiras kars. suliwmindiT aRvsebuls hkiTxa amiram: `ara dagitevebies sicofei igi da ugunurebai Seni?~
umecari da ugunuri rom vyofiliyav, RmerTi gaqristianebis Rirss ar gamxdidao, miugo Wa-bukma. gakvirvebulma msajulma kvlav hkiTxa, nuTu ver grZnobda, rom amgvari kadnierebisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjidnen. pasuxad miiRo: `ukeTu movkvde, mrwams me, rameTu qristes Tana vcxonde. xolo Sen rasa ganagrZob?... viTarca kedelsa magas, romelsa miyrdnobil xar, egre ara mesmian cudni ege sityvani Senni, rameTu gonebai Cemi qristes Tana ars zecas.~
gancvifrebulma msajulma hkiTxa: `ra egodeni sitkboebai gaqvs qristes Senisagan, romliTa
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sikvdidca ara gewyalvis Tavi Seni?~pasuxi kvlav kadnieri iyo: `ukeTu gnebavs cnobad sitkboebai misi, Senca grwmenin qriste da
naTeliRe misa mimarT da maSinRa Rirs iqmne cnobad sitkboebisa misisa.~gamZvinvarebuli amiras brZanebiT, Tavi mohkveTes habos. netari `mxned miiTvalvida maxvilsa.~msajulma neba darTo SemasmenelT, romelTa siborgiles habom moTminebiT sZlo, gvami ce-
cxlSi daewvaT, raTa qristianebs jerovani pativiT ar daekrZalaT wmidani: ̀ davwvaT igi cecxliTa da ganvaqarvoT igi da aRvxocoT sacTuri qristeaneTai, raiTa ixilon yovelTa da SeeSinos da romelnime maTganni moiqcen Cvenda, da CvenganTa eSinodes da araRa Seudgen swavlasa qristeane-Tasa.~
magram saswaulma (moelvare varskvlavma da wylidan amomavalma naTebam) SeaZrwuna sarkinozni, `Seipyrna igini SiSman saRmrToman.~
sabanisZe sagalobels aRuvlens sarkinozTa zeobis Jams qristesTvis nebiT wamebul habos: `mefobisa ismaitelTa didebasa Sen nefsiT simdablei qristesTvis aRirCie da maxviliTa pyrobili igi Sjuli ganagde da WeSmariti aRiare... qristeman ismaitelTa Soris, viTarca vardi ekalTagan gamogarCia~.
sabanisZe zarebs arisxebs: `aRverieniT ersa ucxosa, SjuliTa gandgomilsa qristesgan, na-Tesavsa sawuTroisa amis moyvaresa,... sarwmunoebisa Cvenisa maginebelTa, romelTagan viswaveniT saqmeni maTni da vhmonebdiT gulisTqmasa gulTa CvenTasa mibaZvebiTa maTiTa, viTarca usasoni qristesgan da damviwyebelni saukunoisa cxorebisani...~
* * *arabTa religia i s l a m i a (mahmadianoba).sityva `islami~ arabulad `morCilebas~ niSnavs. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli religia msoflioSi warmoiSva VII saukunis I naxevarSi dasav-
leT arabeTSi, rasac Sedegad mohyva arabTa politikuri gaerTianeba da maTi samxedro-politi-kuri eqspansia arabeTis farglebs gareT, arabeTis saxelmwifos _ xalifatis Seqmna da dapyrobili qveynebis islamizacia.
islamis damaarseblad da mqadageblad iTvleba mahmadi (muhamedi), romlis saxelidan momdin-areobs termini `mahmadianoba~.
religiis ZiriTadi debulebebi Tavmoyrilia islamis wminda wignSi _ yuranSi.muslimanis mier rwmenis aRiareba (Sahada) gamoixateba formuliT: `ara ars RmerTi, garda ala-
hisa da mahmadia misi mociquli~. es formula ar aris yuranSi, magram igi muslimanTa TviTSegnebis safuZvelia.
garda mahmadisa, islami cnobs bibliur adams, noes, abraams, moses, ieso qristes (mociqulis rangSi), mariams.
mahmadi ukanaskneli winaswarmetyvelia, romlis Semdeg winaswarmetyveli aravin SeiZleba iyos.mahmadiani valdebulia, dReSi xuTjer ilocos (namazi). locvis dros mueZini acxadebs. locvi-
sas muslimani piriT mimarTuli unda iyos qalaq meqis qaabis taZrisaken (yibla). paraskevi musli-manTaTvis sazogadoebrivi RvTismsaxurebis dRea.
aucilebeli mowyaleba (zaqaTi) yuranis mieraa dadgenili.wminda qalaqis,meqis, molocva (haji) _ aucilebelia cxovrebaSi erTxel mainc maTTvis, visac
amis SesaZlebloba aqvs.morwmunisaTvis savaldebuloa agreTve brZola sarwmunoebisaTvis, saRvTo omi (jihadi anu
RazavaTi). igi xalifatis dapyrobiTi politikis iaraRi gaxda (qse, t. V, Tb., 1980, gv. 230).
VIII saukunis saqarTvelo iovane sabanisZis `habos wamebis~ mixedviT
samoel kaTalikosis brZanebiT aRwerili `habos wameba~ momaval TaobaTaTvis unda dadebu-liyo taZarSi.
`sruliad WeSmaritad gamoTqmul~ ̀ martvilobas~ qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSegneba unda gamo-eRviZebina, gardagularZnilT unda gaecnobierebinaT simaRle da sinaTle qristianuli mrwamsisa, sarwmunoebisa, romelsac Tavi Seswira agarianma.
saqarTvelos gausaZlis yofas bibliuri winaswarmetyvelis simkacriT, Seulamazeblad aRwers iovane sabanisZe: `Jamsa meSvidesa darsa zeda vdgaT... mravalni scTebodian da mravalTa acTuneb-den... sicocxlisa amis moZRvrebasa (qristianobas) ara Tavsidebdnen... WeSmaritebisagan sasmenelni gare miiqcinen da zRaprebsa mieqcen...
varT yuresa (kuTxeSi, ganapiras) amas queynisasa... xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa (ufro adre) Sjuldebul madliTa naTlisRebisaiTa...
naSobni qristeaneTani gardagvlarZnes (gadagvardnen) _ romelnime mZlavrebiT, romelnime SetyuviliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakvarebiT... naklulevanebiTa da
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siglaxakiTa Sekrulni... SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa, (dam-viwyebelni) Cveulebisaebr mamulisa slvisa~.
habos Rvawlma rwmenaSeryeuli qarTvelebi eklesiisaken Semoabruna, amao gancxromisaTvis zurgi aqcevina, RvTis sityvaze daafiqra.
martvilTa Rvawlis gacnobierebiT, eklesiaSi SekrebiT, saRmrToze fiqriT Wabukni ganmt-kicdebian, moxucni ganmxnevdebian, iwyeben svlas maradiuli uflisaken, romelmac `kacsa dace-mulsa zecad aRuwoda~.
sabanisZe xazgasmiT hyveba, rom `ara xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoebai RvTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cvenca, SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa...
qarTlisaca mkvidrTa aqvs sarwmunoeba da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa (wmidanTa samSoblod), romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa da romelTame ucxoTa~.
qarTlis (aRm. saqarTvelos) zogadi mdgomareobis warmoCenis Semdeg sabanisZe ufro dawvrile-biT aRwers, akonkretebs ambavs. `habos wameba~ VIIIs. saqarTvelos yofis mxatvrul-literaturuli matianea.
mwerali-mematiane mogviTxrobs, rom VIIIs-is miwuruls qarTlis erismTavari, nerse, Ze adarnese kurapalatisa, `SesmeniTa borotTa kacTaiTa~ sarkinozTa xalifam, abdila amira mumnma, mpyro-belma `babilovnis qveynisa~ (arabeTisa), baRdadis cixeSi Caagdo.
nerse tyveobidan mxolod sami wlis Semdeg gaaTavisufla gardacvlili abdila mumnis vaJma, mahdim, da kvlav erismTavrad warmogzavna qarTlSi. `warmovida aqa nerseis Tana mgzavr qristes siyvarulisaTvis.~
garkveuli drois Semdeg arabTa xalifa kvlav ganurisxda nerses (Cans, mamuliSvilma ̀ ar moiSa-la~ antiarabuli moRvaweoba. teqstSi amis Sesaxeb araferia Tqmuli, magram qveteqstia metyveli).
sarkinozebs ganerida erismTavari, datova qarTli, ganvlo kari `ovseTisa~(darialani) da xa-zareTs miaSura (albaT, arabTa winaaRmdeg `Zalis morTvis~ mizniTa da imediT).
sabanisZis Txzuleba mniSvnelovania ara mxolod sakuTriv qarTvelTa, mezobeli xalxebis is-toriuli yofis gaazrebis TvalsazrisiTac.
iovane ase axasiaTebs magogis ZeT (termini bibliuria) _ xazarebs: `arian xazarni kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mxecisbuneba, sisxlismWamel, romelTa Sjuli ara aqvs, garna RmerTi xolo (mxo-lod) Semoqmedi ician.~
miuxedavad am sazari daxasiaTebisa, teqstSi xazgasmulia xazarTa keTilganwyoba qarTvelTa mimarT _ xakanma (mTavarma) didi pativiT miiRo ltolvilni. Cans, xazarnic Tavis mokavSireebad miiCnevdnen qarTvelT da samxreT sazRvrebTan arabeTis xalifatis moaxloeba sulac ar siamovneb-daT.
mTavarma sazrdeliTa da samosiT uzrunvelyo nerse, samaskaciani amaliTurT.Cans, xazarTagan veraviTari qmediTi daxmareba ver miiRo, da nersem mTavars dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi _ afxazeTSi gadasvlis nebarTva sTxova.afxazeTs nerses winaswarve gaexizna ojaxi: deda, col-Svili, moyvareni, `rameTu krZalul
iyo qveyana igi SiSisagan sarkinozTaisa~ _ dasavleT saqarTveloze mahmadianuri arabeTis ki ara, qristianuli bizantiis (`ionTa mefis~) gavlena vrceldeboda. afxazeTis mTavarma (Semdeg _ mefe leon meorem) sakadrisi pativiT miiRo aRmosavlelqarTvelni.
sabanisZe iZleva afxazeTis vrcel daxasiaTebas, aRwers das. saqarTvelos geografiul saz-Rvrebs, kuTxis istoriul-kulturul yofas:
`netari habo ufroisRa hmadlobda RmerTsa, rameTu ixila man qveyanai igi savsei qristes sar-wmunoebiTa. aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa, rameTu sazRvar maTda ars zRvai igi pontoisai, samkvidrebeli yovladve qristeaneTai, misazRvradmde qaldiaisa, trapezun-tiai mun ars, sayofeli igi afsareaisai da nafsais navTsadguri. da ars qalaqebi igi da adgilebi sabrZanebelad qristesmsaxurisa ionTa mefisai (igulisxmeba konstantine leonis Ze), romeli mo-saydre ars didsa mas qalaqsa konstantinepolisasa.~
afxazeTis mTavari, episkoposni da mRvdelni gansakuTrebuli pativiT egebebian naTelRebul sarkinozs, emudarebian, nu `gardava~ qarTls, sadac safrTxe elis. habos pasuxSi naTlad war-moCndeba afxazeTis yofa: `ra madl ars yofai Cemi aqa, sada ara ars SiSi, arca sikvdili qristesT-vis?~
afxazeTi VIII saukunisa aris `qveyanai (saqarTvelos kuTxe) savse qristes sarwmunoebiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebis sazRvarTa maTTa. rameTu sazRvar maTda ars zRva igi pontoisai, samkvidrebeli yovladve qristeaneTai, misazRvradmde qaldiaisa, trapezuntia mun ars, sayofeli igi afsareaisi (Tanamedrove gonio) da nafsais navsadguri (nikofsia, Tanamedrove tu-afse). e. i., mocemulia das. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi: CrdiloeTiT _ nafsai-nikofsia (simon qanan-elis Tavdapirveli dakrZalvis alagi, saidanac mogvianebiT igi anakofiaSi (axal aTonSi) gadmoas-venes); centri _ sayofeli afsareaisi (gonio) _ saflavi mociqul mataTasi; ukiduresi samxreTiT _ trapizoni, saidanac kavkasiis gasaqristianeblad svla iwyo uflis upirvelesma mowafem, andria
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mociqulma.Tumc, teqstSi dakonkretebuli ar aris, rom geografiuli punqtebi swored simon qanaanelis,
mataTas, andria pirvelwodebulis RvawlTan mimarTebiTaa warmoCenili, magram es konteqstidanac Cans, rac mtkicdeba Txzulebis pirvel TavSi mocemuli fraziTac: `varT yuresa amas queyanisasa (bizantiis imperiis ganapiras) x u T a s i s wlisa JamTa da uwinaresRa (ufro adrec) Sjuldebul madliTa naTlisRebisaiTa.~
ukiduresi aRmosavleTi sazRvari afxazeTisa lixis mTaa. `ars qalaqebi igi da adgilebi sabrZaneblad qristesmsaxurisa ionTa mefisa (bizantiis im-
peratorisa), romeli mosaydre ars didsa mas qalaqsa konstantinopolisasa~ (Tumc es mdgomareoba didxans aRar gagrZeldeba _ `habos wamebaSi~ saxelis gareSe moxseniebuli mTavari afxazeTisa _ leon(II) `moirTavs Zals~ xazarTagan da bizantiis gavlenisagan gaaTavisuflebs afxazeTs, dasav-leTi saqarTvelos centrad quTaiss gamoacxadebs. erTi saukunis Semdeg ki, ukve demetre mefisa da grigol xanZTelis ZalisxmeviT, bizantiis gavlenisagan afxazeTis eklesiac gaTavisufldeba _ wirva-locvis enad iqceva qarTuli (aRm. saqarTvelos eklesiis ena IV saukunidanve qarTuli iyo).
swored afxazeTSi ixila habom ̀ gardametebuli RmrTismoyvarebai da locvai yovlisa mis erisa daucadebeli.~
teqstidanvea naTeli, rom qarTlis axal erismTavrad iniSneba nerses diswuli _ stefanozi, Ze gurgen erisTavisa; `uflebai igi saxlisa misisagan (nersesi) ara ganaSora ufalman.~ es ufleba mainc nominaluria _ umefo qarTlis faqtobrivi gamgebeli arabi amiraa _ xalifas nacvali...
b) meToduri komentarebi ( 6 sanimuSo gakveTilis scenari)
gakveTilebis masala: teqsti _ioane sabanisZis „abos wameba~, metyvelebis kultura _ funqcio-naluri stilis sakiTxebi, teqstis ageba miznis gaTvaliswinebiT; literaturis Teoria _ siuJeti da misi nawilebi: eqspozicia, kvanZi, kulminacia, kvanZis gaxsna (6 sT)
miznebi:
• diskusiis xelovnebis daufleba• zepiri teqstis ageba miznisa (da adresatis) gaTvaliswinebiT• TanaklaselTa zepiri moxsenebebis gaanalizeba da urTierTSefaseba • sakiTxav teqstSi mocemuli faqtobrivi, konceptualuri da qveteqsturi informaciis
moZieba da gansxvaveba• kiTxvis strategiebis daufleba• wakiTxulis mimarT sakuTari poziciis Camoyalibeba da dasabuTeba• miznis gaTvaliswinebiT werilobiTi teqstis ageba da stilis SerCeva• weris strategiebis daufleba naweris organizebisaTvis
I gakveTili
aqtivoba 1 (10-12 wT.). prezentacia/diskusia: moswavleebs wina gakveTilze davalebad miecaT, moeZiebinaT masala VII saukunis qarTlis istoriul-politikuri viTarebis Sesaxeb. am gakveTilze isini saubroben am sakiTxis irgvliv da akeTeben saTanado daskvnebs. saubars amyareben viazual-uri masaliT, romelic maT mopovebuli aqvT am periodis Sesaxeb. SeiZleba gamoviyenoT strategia `diskusia~.
meTodis aRwera: diskusia _ `VII saukunis qarTli~: maswavlebeli wina gakveTilze acnobs klass sadiskusio Temas. klasi iyofa jgufebad. TiToeul jgufSi erTiandebian sxvadasxva donisa da sxva dasxva monacemebis moswavleebi. TiToeuls gansazRvruli funqcia da roli ekisreba. es role-bi Semdeg icvleba da yvelas eZleva saSualeba, sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mosinjos Tavisi Zalebi. rolebi amjerad SeiZleba amgvarad ganawildes:
a) kiTxvebis damsmeli _ am moswavlis movaleobaa moamzados kiTxvebi, romelTa irgvliv gaimarTeba diskusia; (mag. ra viciT VII saukunis qarTlis Sesaxeb? ra teritoria eWira mas? vin iyo am dros qarTlis erisTavi? ra viciT istoriidan mis Sesaxeb? romeli politikuri Zalis xelSi iyo Tbilisi? romeli sarwmunoebis mimdevarni iyvnen qarTvelebi? arabebi? ra urTierToba iyo arabebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris?..)
b) mkvlevari _ misi movaleobaa moiZios ZiriTadi informacia sadiskusio sakiTxis Sesaxeb;c) citatebis Semkrebi _ am moswavlis movaleobaa, amokrifos Seswavlili teqstebidan (isto-
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riuli wyaroebidan) mniSvnelovani citatebi, romlebic diskusiaSi argumentebad SeiZleba gamodg-es da romlebsac is xmamaRla waikiTxavs;
d) ilustratori _ am moswavlis movaleobaa, daxatos (an moiZios) da warmoadginos ilustra-ciebi/videomasalebi sakiTxis irgvliv;
e) momxsenebeli _ misi movaleobaa, warudginos klass jgufis namuSevari.v) makontrolebeli _ misi movaleobaa daexmaros jgufs diskusiis sworad warmarTvaSi, Seaxse-
nos reglamenti da daicvas kamaTis eTika.
aqtivoba 2 (5 wT.): diskusiis Seajameba _ diskusias ajamebs maswavlebeli da acnobs klass Temas, romelzedac iqneba saubari momdevno gakveTilebis ganmavlobaSi: iovane sabanisZis „abos wameba~.
damatebiTi informacia maswavleblisaTvis: araboba saqarTveloSi _ arabTa feodaluri saxelmwifos (saxalifos) mier saqarTvelos dapy-
robis Sedegad damyarebuli reJimi, romelic met-naklebi siZlieriTa da moculobiT VII saukunis Suawlebidan XI saukunis Suawlebamde grZeldeboda.
araboba saqarTveloSi SeiZleba sam mTavar periodad daiyos:1. saqarTveloSi arabTa Semosvlidan Tbilisis saamiros daarsebamde (VII saukunis 50-iani wlebi
- VIII saukunis 30-iani wlebi). es iyo saxalifos mier saqarTveloSi gabatonebisaTvis brZolis xana;2. VIII saukunis 30-iani wlebidan IX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde (Tbilisis saamiros daarsebidan
saxalifosgan mis CamoSorebamde da damoukidebel samTavrod gadaqcevamde). es iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arabTa myari batonobis xana;
3. IX saukunis II naxevridan XI saukunis Suawlebamde (axlo da Sua aRmosavleTSi Turq-selCuke-bis gabatonebamde). am periodSi araboba saqarTveloSi, rogorc arabTa batonoba, faqtobrivad likvidirebuli iyo da igi mxolod gadmonaSTis — Tbilisis saamiros saxiT arsebobda.
pirvelad arabebi saqarTveloSi 642-643 SemoiWrnen, magram am laSqrobas araviTari poli-tikuri Sedegi ar mohyolia, arabebi iZulebuli gaxdnen ukan gabrunebuliyvnen. mxolod iranis (651) da somxeTis (652) dapyrobis Semdeg daiwyo arabebis sistematuri brZola saqarTveloSi gaba-tonebisaTvis. pirvelad arabebma qarTli daimorCiles 654-655 habib ibn maslamis Semosevis Sede-gad. arab-qarTvelTa urTierTobas gansazRvravda „dacvis sigeli~, romliTac qarTlis mosaxleo-ba arabebis sasargeblod xarks ixidida. amjerad arabTa batonoba qarTlSi mxolod or weliwads gagrZelda. qarTvelebma isargebles saxalifoSi taxtisaTvis atexili SinaomiT (651-661) da ara-bebs xarkis micema Seuwyvites. VII saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos arabebma kvlav aRadgines TavianTi batonoba qarTlSi. saqarTvelosaTvis brZolaSi arabebs bizantiis imperia ecileboda. 685 wels saxalifosa da bizantias Soris daido zavi, romlis ZaliTac kunZul kviprosidan, somxeTidan da iberiidan miRebuli xarki am or qveyanas Tanasworad unda gaeyo. magram qarTveli xalxi arc erT dampyrobels ar emorCileboda. 686 wels qarTlSi, somxeTsa da albaneTSi ajanyebam ifeTqa. qarT-lis erismTavarma nersem sastikad daamarcxa somxeTSi myofi arabTa sardali baraba. amave xanebSi arabebs amierkavkasiaSi batonobas ecileboda xazarTa saxelmwifoc. VII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi xaz-arebi amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen. arabebs maTTan mZime brZola mouxdaT. qarTvelebi cdilobdnen TavianT sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT xazar-arabTa metoqeoba, magram mizans ver miaRwies.
697 egrisis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) mmarTveli sergi barnukis Ze bizantielebis winaaRmdeg ajanyda da Tavisi samflobelo arabebs gadasca. arabebma daikaves egrisis dedaqalaqi cixegoji (axlandeli naqalaqevi) da ramdenime cixe kodoris xeobaSi, magram male datoves dasavleT saqarT-velo. VIII saukunis dasawyisSi arabebi damkvidrnen qarTlSi. 704-705 wlebSi maT aq sakuTari vercx-lis moneta moWres. VIII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi amierkavkasiaSi arabTa batonobis gansamtkiceblad xalifa hiSamma gamogzavna damsjeli jari jarah ibn abd al-lahis sardlobiT. amave mizniT 30-ian wlebSi gamogzavnes murvan ibn muhamadi (qarTuli wyaroebiT — murvan yru). 735-736 wlebSi murvanma aaoxra saqarTvelo. laSqrobis Semdeg arabebma qarTlSi TavianTi moxele (amira) daniSnes. misi re-zidencia TbilisSi iyo. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi stabiluri gaxda.
arabebma aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobas daakisres mZime gadasaxadebi xaraja da jizia. xalxs daekisra agreTve samxedro razmebisa da mravalricxovan moxeleTa Senaxva. mosaxleobas daades begrad gzebis, xidebis da sxva obieqtebis mSenebloba. arabTa batonobas mohyva mahmadi-anuri mosaxleobis gaCena saqarTveloSi. VIII saukunis II naxevridan arabebma daiwyes Careva dapyrob-ili qveynebis saSinao saqmeebSi. IX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTlis erismTavarTa xelisufleba gaauq-mes. arabTa batonobiT ukmayofilo iyo qarTuli sazogadoebis yvela fena. gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mwarmoebeli nawili, romelic ixdida xarks da asrulebda yovelgvar valdebulebas dampyrobelTa sasargeblod. arabTa batonoba SedarebiT mtkice iyo saqarTvelos centralur raionebSi, ganapira mxareebi ki male ganTavisuflden maTi batonobisagan.
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VIII-IX saukuneebis mijnaze saqarTveloSi warmoiSva ramdenime damoukidebeli feodaluri samefo da samTavro (dasavleT saqarTvelo, kaxeTi, hereTi, tao-klarjeTi). Tbilisis saamiros fargleSi darCa mxolod Sida da qvemo qarTlis teritoria. IX saukunidan daiwyo Tbilisis amirebis brZola saxalifos centraluri xelisiflebis winaaRmdeg. arabTa saxelmwifo dasustda da dai-Sala. IX saukunis II naxevarSi Tbilisis saamiro iqca adgilobrivi feodaluri samTavrod. saxali-fos cdas — daemorCilebina gamdgari amirebi da kvlav gabatonebuliyo saqarTveloSi — Sedegi ar mohyolia. 853 wels xalifa muTavaqilma amierkavkasiaSi gamogzavna didi jari buRa Turqis meTau-robiT. man aiRo Tbilisi, magram arabTa adrindeli batonobis aRdgena saqarTveloSi ver SeZlo.
914 wels xalifas brZanebiT abu al-kasim sajma scada somxeTisa da saqarTvelos dapyroba, ma-gram mizans ver miaRwia. es iyo ukanaskneli da uSedego cda arabTa batonobis aRdgenisa saqarT-veloSi.
araboba saqarTveloSi mZime movlena iyo qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi. damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda ideologiur brZolas. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia ioane sabanisZis patriotuli qadageba. abo Tbilelis mowameobis aRweriT man didi propaganda gas-wia qristianobisa da erovnuli TviTmyofobis SesanarCuneblad.
arabTa batonobam sagrZnoblad Seaferxa saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba. magram aRmavali feodaluri ganviTarebis gziT mimavali qveyana sabolood gamarjvebuli gamovi-da am mZime gansacdelidan.
(literatura: lorTqifaniZe m., qse, t. 1, gv. 525, Tb., 1975).
aqtivoba 3. klasSi teqstis kiTxva da komentireba (15 wT.): klasSi ikiTxeba teqstis ori monakve-Ti (samoelisa da ioanes werilebi), saxelmZRvanelos daxmarebiT aixsneba gaugebari sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, gakeTdeba komentarebi.
aqtivoba 4. wakiTxulis Sinaarsis gadmocema (5-7 wT.):teqstTan miaxloebiT gadmoicema wakiTxulis Sinaarsi, romelic daaxloebiT aseTi saxisa iqne-
ba:„samoel qarTlis kaTalikosma wmida eklesiis sulieri Svili, iovane sabanisZe, moikiTxa da
mSvidoba usurva:`me, samoel qristes mier qarTlisa kaTalikozi, ufalsa iovanes sabanisZesa, sulierad Svilsa
kaTolike (sayovelTao) eklesiisa da sayvarelsa Cvensa, locviT uflisa mier mogikiTxav. mSvidobai iyavn Sen zeda da yovelTa saxlisa Senisa krebulsa qristes mier!@~
kaTalikosma icoda sabanisZis ganswavlulobis, saRmrTo wignTa `mecnierebis~ (codnis) Sesaxeb: `uwyiT wadiereba Seni RmrTismsaxurebisaTvis da RmrTivmimadlebuli Seni mecnierebai saRmrToTa wignTai da gulsmodgineba Seni keTilTa saqmeTa moRvawebisaTvis.~ swored amitom ubrZana saban-isZes, aRewera martviloba ̀ axlisa mowamisa~ wmida haboisi, romelic ̀ yovlisa amis soflisa Cvenisa qarTlisaTvis~ ewama.
wigni momaval TaobaTaTvis daideboda taZarSi `mosaxsenebelad yovelTa, vin iyvnen Semdgo-mad.~
xsarTan mRvdlis xeliT gagzavnil werilSi kaTalikosi ubrZanebda iovanes: `xel yav gamoTq-mad sruliad WeSmaritad, viTar igi iyo da viTarca Sen TviT uwyi da aRwere martvilobai wmidisa mowamisa haboisi da aRwerili Cven mogviZRvane.~
sapasuxo werilSi sabanisZe madls swiravda ufals, rom kaTalikosma (`RmrTivpatiosanma mam-falma~*) habos Rvawlis aRmwerad swored igi irCia, magram arc Sefiqrianebas malavda, icoda, rom urCobisaTvis warsawymedeli eloda, saqmis Rirseulad veraRsrulebisac ekrZalvoda: `mZime ars Cemda orkerZove: ukeTu urC veqmne brZanebasa Tqvensa, weril ars _ Svili urCi warsawymedelsa mieceso; da Tu viswrafo morCilebad, misTvisca ityvis _ udaressa Sensa nu gamoeZiebo da uZlier-essa Sensa nu ganikiTxavo. amisTvis SiSman da zrunvaman Semipyra me da SeSfoTna gonebai Cemi da movakldi mecnierebisagan~ (*mamfali _ feodalur saqarTveloSi `patronis~ Sesatyvisi termini, miRebuli `mama~ da `ufal~ sityvebis SeerTebiT. farTod damkvidrda VIII saukunis meore naxevarSi. IX-X s.s. mas Caenacvla `patroni~ (qse, t. V, Tb., 1983, gv. 400)).
SiSiTa da zrunviT Sepyrobili, locviT ganZlierebuliyo, solomonis sibrZne moeSveliebina (`hbaZevd jinWvelsa, medgaro~ (zarmaco), romelic Tavisze mravalgzis mZime ifqlis (xorblis) mar-cvals miaTrevs) da, kaTalikosis brZanebisamebr, `gulsmodgine iqmna~, raTa aRewera `uRirsisagan gonebisa...Semokrebuli martviloba WeSmariti da utyueli.~
RmerTs evedreboda sabanisZe, kaTalikossa da mkiTxvelT moswonebodaT `uRirsi~ naRvawi.`
aqtivoba 5. wakiTxulis gaazreba (5-7 wT.): _ visi dakveTiT daiwera es nawarmoebi? vin aris pirveli werilis avtori? _ ras sTxovs igi ioane sabanisZes?
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_ riT asabuTebs igi Tavis Txovnas? _ vis sityvebs imowmebs ioane Tavis sapasuxo werilSi?_ ras vgebulobT teqstidan samoel qarTlis kaTalikosisa da ioane sabaniZis Sesaxeb? imdro-
indeli qarTlis Sesaxeb?_ rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad miukerZoebeli SeiZleba iyos dakveTiT dawerili nawarmoebis
avtori? ra gaZlevT amgvari fiqris safuZvels?
Sefaseba(2-3 wT.).
aqtivoba 6. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): werilobiT _ „samoel qarTlis kaTalikosisa da ioane sabanisZis momowera~.
II gakveTili
aqtivoba 1. saSinao davalebis Semowmeba (5-7 wT.) _ „samoel qarTlis kaTalikosisa da ioane saban-isZis momowera~.
aqtivoba 2. werilobTi teqstis Janrobriv Taviseburebaze dakvirveba _ metyvelebis kultura (5-7 wT.):
mimoweris es nimuSi epistolaruli Janris Canasaxad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mas aqvs oficial-ur-saqmiani teqstebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli rigi niSnebi da stilis TvalsazrisiT igi gansxvavdeba teqstis momdevno monakveTebisagan; amdenad, SesaZlebelia am monakveTis gacnobisas moswavleebi davakvirvoT Zveli qarTuli enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli funqcionaluri stilis (ofi-cialur- saqmiani) ZiriTad niSnebze, kerZod:
a) Temis konkretulobaze (pirvel werilSi zustad aris miTiTebuli werilis avtoris survili _ aRweros adresatma abos cxovreba da wameba, meore werilSi ki gamoxatulia Tanxmoba amgvari teqstis SeqmnisaTvis);
b) azris sizusteze (werilis avtorebi yovelgvari orazrovnebis gareSe zustad gamoxataven TavianT saTqmels);
g) lakonurobaze (werilis avtorebi eridebian zedmetsityvaobas);d) saqmiani werilisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garkveul standartulobaze (mimarTvis forma, weri-
lis dawyebisa da damTavrebisaTvis aucilebeli enobrivi kliSeebi...); e) informaciulobaze (orive werili Seicavs zust da naTel informacias).
aqtivoba 3. teqstis kiTxva da misi komentireba (18-20 wT.). klasSi ikiTxeba teqstis pirveli Tavi da Semdeg maswavleblis mier xdeba misi komentireba.
aqtivoba 4. wakiTxulis gaazreba (6-7 wT.):
_ vis mimarTavs teqstis dasawyisSi avtori da ras sTxovs maT?_ rogor gaiazrebT avtoriseul frazas: `patiosniTa sisxliTa misiTa syidul xarT~?_ pavle mociqulis romel mcnebas Seaxsenebs igi Tavis msmenelebs? rogor fiqrobT, ratom
iyenebs igi aq am citatas?_ avtori xSirad avlebs paralelebs bibliasTan, saxarebasTan. moZebneT es adgilebi teqstSi
da axseniT, ratom mimarTavs igi am xerxs._ moZebneT teqstSi is adgili, romliTac igi axasiaTebs imdroindel qarTls. ras vgebulobT
am monakveTidan?_ ra xerxebs mimarTavda dampyrobeli Tavisi religiis gasavrceleblad?_ rogor moixseniebs avtori mahmadis rjuls? ra damokidebulebas amJRavnebs igi am sarwmu-
noebis mimarT? riT aris gamowveuli misi amgvari damokidebuleba mahmadianobis mimarT?_ ra damokidebulebas amJRavnebs mwerali Tavisi mTavari gmiris mimarT? riT xsniT amas? _ ra mizani aqvs mwerals? sad, teqstis romel adgilas ikveTeba es yvelaze naTlad?_ teqstis mixedviT, rodis miiRes qarTvelebma qristianoba?_ Txrobisas avtori ar ikavebs Tavs gamoxatos Tavisi damokidebuleba teqstSi aRwerili ambis
mimarT. sad, teqstis romel monakveTebSi, Cans es? Tqveni azriT, ra aZlevs avtors amis safuZvels? ramdenad eTanxmebiT avtors momxdaris (aRwerilis) SefasebaSi?
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aqtivoba 5. mxatvruli analizi (5-7 wT.):
_ „maspinZel eqmneniT sityuaTa amaT CemTa~, _ romeli mxatvruli xerxia gamoyenebuli am fra-zaSi? ra mizniT iyenebs avtori aq am mxatvrul xerxs?
_ rogor moixseniebs avtori arabebs? ra epiTetebiT amkobs maT?_ rogor, ra mxatvruli xerxebis gamoyenebiT, warudgens mkiTxvels ioane sabanisZe Tavis
lite raturul personaJs?_ `SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa~, _ romeli mxatvruli
xerxiT gadmoscems mwerali qarTveli xalxis imdroindel mdgomareobas? _ rogor aRwers avtori teqstis dasawyisSi qarTlis socialur-politikur mdgomareobas?_ rogor aris daxatuli qarTvelTa sulieri da zneobrivi saxe? rogor fiqrobT, risTvis
gvamzadebs amiT avtori?_ daimaxsovreT: mxatvruli nawarmoebis im nawils, romelSic aRwerilia moqmedebis dawyebisas
arsebuli mdgomareoba, eqspozicia ewodeba._ teqstis romeli monakveTi SeiZleba CavTvaloT eqspoziciad? risTvis gvamzadebs eqspozi-
ciiT mwerali?aqve SeiZleba moswavleebs mivawodoT cneba „homiletika~ _ qadageba.
informacia maswavleblisaTvis:homilia/homiletika ̀ aRniSnavs moZRvreba-qadagebebs, romelTa morwmuneTa dasamoZRvrad war-
mosTqvamdnen sxvadasxva adgilas, ufro ki eklesiaSi, sxvadasxva pirni _ umetes wilad, rasak-virvelia, samRvdeloni. qadageba-miZRvrebas an TviT avtori werda xolme, anda warmoTqmis dros Caswerdnen mas maSindeli stenografebi, grigol RvTismetyvelis mowmobiT _ rogorc oficialu-rad, ise farulad. yovelive es xels uwyobda homiletikuri mwerlobis ganviTarebas, romelic pirdapir usazRvro okeanes warmoadgens~ (k.kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. I, gv. 551).
homiletika, qristianuli mwerlobis dargi, romelSic warmodgenilia Cawerili (stenografi-ulad) qadagebani, Sinaarsis mixedviT dayofili sxvadasxva dargebad: 1. sadResaswaulo qadagebani, 2. enkomiebi, 3. epitafiebi, 4. egzegetikur-moralisturi xasiTis qadagebani. qadagebani Tavmoy-rilia krebulSi, romelsac mravalTavi ewodeba, sxva saxelwodebiT am krebuls margarati anu margaliti ewodeba. qarTuli homiletikis brwyinvale Zeglia sulxan-saba orbelianis `swavlani~, romelSic Tavmoyrilia 46 qadageba mis mier warmoTqmuli daviTgarejSi. maRalmxatvruli sityvis (sxvadasxva stilistikuri xerxebiT mdidari) saSualebiT, sulxan-saba orbeliani amxels imdroin-del saqarTvelos socialur-poplitikur ukuRmarTobas da cdilobs damoZRvros msmenelni. (a. Wilaia, r. Wilaia).
„abos wamebis~ es monakveTi swored qadagebas eTmoba da amdenad, mkvlevrebi mas homiletikis Janrs akuTvneben.
aqtivoba 6. Sefaseba (2-3 wT.).
aqtivoba 7. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): teqstTan miaxloebiT gadmoscen wakiTxulis Sinaarsi; moiniSnon is adgilebi, romlebic maTTvis gaugebari darCa; gaecnon r. siraZis „Tvalsazriss~ da moemzadon klasSi am sakiTxze diskusiisaTvis.
III gakveTili
aqtivoba 1. teqstis Sinaarsis gadmocema da komentireba (10-12 wT.).moswavleebi maswavleblis miTiTebiT gadmoscmen wakiTxuli teqstis calkeuli epizodebis
Sinaarss da akeTeben saTanado komentars. aqve gaanalizdeba is monakveTebi, romlebic moswavleTa erTi nawilisaTvis gaugebari aRmoCnda. am mizniT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT wyvilebSi muSaoba: strate-gia `mze da mTvare~.
meTodis aRwera:a) wakiTxulis komentarisaTvis rveulis furceli iyofa or nawilad: `mze~ da `mTvare~ (aRin-
iSneba saTanado simboloebiT);b) moswavleebs vavalebT, rom kiTxvis procesSi maTTvis gasagebi da naTeli sakiTxebi `mzis~
qveS Caweron, xolo bundovani da gaugebari ki _ `mTvaris~ qveS;c) ganvsazRvravT dros;d) kiTxvis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebi dawyvildebian da erTmaneTs uziareben azrs,
31
uCveneben Canawerebs. TiToeuls vaZlevT instruqtaJs: gadaxedeT erTmaneTis Canawerebs da daex-mareT mewyviles bundovani adgilebis garkvevaSi;
e) azrTa gaziarebis Semdeg moswavleebs vTxovT, is bundovani sakiTxebi, romlebic mewyviles-Tan azris gaziarebis Semdeg maTTvis naTeli gaxda, gansxvavebuli feris kalmiT `mTvaris~ sveti-dan `mzis~ svetSi gadaitanon;
f) wyvilebSi davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg varkvevT, romeli sakiTxebi darCa gaugebari da Cvens Semdgom muSaobas swored amaze avagebT.
aqtivoba 2. `Tvalsazrisi~ (5-7 wT.): moswavleebi Sin gaecnen r. TvaraZis `Tvalsazriss~ da axla gamoTqvamen sakuTar mosazrebebs masSi gamoTqmuli debulebebis Sesaxeb:
a) `iovane sabanisZe... qarTvelTa uRirsobas xelaRebiT mxolod arabobas ki ar abralebs, ar-amed sakuTriv Cvensave Tanamdev Tvisebad Tvlis~;
b) `ubedurebis SegrZnebam SeiZleba goniereba Sematos ers da ufro ukeT gaaazrebinos Tavisi warsuli, awmyoc da momavalic~.
c) `Rirsebis SegrZneba ki ar warmoaCens naklovanebas, aramed naklovanebaTa SegrZneba warmoa-Cens Rirsebas~.
teqstidan (saqarTvelos istoriuli warsulidan) moxmobil magaliTebze dayrdnobiT moswav-leebi msjeloben `TvalsazrisSi~ gamoTqmul mosazrebebze, afiqsireben sakuTar pozicias saTa-nado argumentebis moSveliebiT. aqve eZlevaT cnebebi: `argumenti~, `qveargumenti~, ecnobian ar-gumentirebuli msjelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel enobriv saSualebebs/frazebs: „sailustraciod moviyvanT citatas/fragments nawarmoebdan~...; „amaze migviTiTebs Semdegi sityvebi~...; „rogorc cnobilia~; „sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom~...; „udavoa, rom~...; „mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom~...; „rogorc samecniero literaturaSia cnobili~...; „istoriuli monacemebis mixedviT~; „saisto-rio wyaroebis mixedviT~; „minda gagiziaroT Cemi damokidebuleba~; „darwmunebuli var, rom~..., „vfiqrob, rom~...; „statistikuri monacemebiT~, „sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Tanaxmad~ da a.S.
aqtivoba 3. teqstis momdevno nawilis kiTxva da komentireba (12 -15 wT.): teqstis nawili (meore Tavis 1-16 epizodi) ikiTxeba klasSi da xdeba misi komentireba maswavleblis mier.
aqtivoba 4. wakiTxulis gaazreba (10 wT.): _ ratom gaemgzavra nerse baRdadSi?_ viszea damokidebuli qarTlis erisTavis Tavisufleba da bed-iRbali? raze migviTiTebs es
faqti? _ vin aris abo? ras gvamcnobs mwerali misi vinaobis Sesaxeb? romel frazaSi amJRavnebs avtori
Tavis damokidebulebas personaJisadmi? misi mamapapiseuli sarwmunoebisadmi? _ abos mier samSoblosa da axloblebis datovebas ra Sefasebas aZlevs qristiani mwerali? riT
xsnis am faqts?_ rogor aRwers mwerali arabi Wabukis mier qristianuli moZRvrebis Seswavlis process? Tu
Cans aq misi damokidebuleba am movlenis mimarT? daasabuTeT._ arabi Wabukis romel Tvisebebze amaxvilebs mwerali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas?_ ra gaxda nerse erisTavis xazareTSi wasvlis mizezi? rogor aRwers mwerali xazarebs? rogor
fiqrobT, ra aris amis mizezi? _ ratom mihyveba mas am iZulebiT mogzaurobaSi arabi abo?_ rodis gaqristianda arabi Wabuki? ra faqtorebma Seuwyo xeli mis gaqristianebas? _ xazareTidan saiT miemarTeba ltolvili erisTavi? ra aris amis mizezi?_ xazareTidan afxazeTSi mimavalma nersem da misma Tanmxlebma pirebma „ganvles queyanaY igi
warmarTTaY~. Tqveni azriT, romeli qveynebi igulisxma mweralma „warmarTTa qveynebSi~?_ teqstis mixedviT, romeli sarwmunoebis mimdevarni arian afxazebi?_ rogor aRwers mwerali maSindeli afxazeTis sazRvrebs?_ ras uwodebs mwerali „saRmrTo Surs~? rodis gauCnda abos igi? ra iyo amis mizezi? ra dat-
virTva aqvs teqstSi am frazas?_ rogor cdilobda arabi Wabuki rwmenis ganmtkicebasa da sulis gaZlierebas? ra paralels
avlebs mwerali? ratom mimarTavs igi am xerxs? _ rodis moeRo bolo qarTlis erisTavis ltolvilobas?_ ras vgebulobT teqstidan imdroindeli qarTlis Sesaxeb? Seswavlili fragmentebis mixedviT
daaxasiaTeT qarTlis imdroindeli a) politikuri, b) socialuri, g) sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareoba._ ras vgebulobT teqstidan qarTlis mezobeli qveynebis Sesaxeb? _ romeli istoriuli personaJebi gvxvdeba teqstSi?_ gaixseneT hagiografiis raoba. Seswavlili epizodebis mixedviT SegviZlia Tu ara vTqvaT,
rom es teqsti hagiografiul Janrs ganekuTvneba?
32
_ ramdenad axerxebs mwerali, iyos miukerZoebeli faqtebis aRwerisas? xom ar aris igi ten-denciuri zogierTi faqtis gaSuqebisas? ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?..
aqtivoba 5. Sefaseba (2-3 wT.).
aqtivoba 6. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): waikiTxon teqstis meore Tavis momdevno epizodebi da-moukideblad da moemzadon klasSi misi komentirebisaTvis. gaecnon teqstis bolos mocemul „Tvalsazrisebs~, airCion erT-erTi da moemzadon klasSi diskusiisaTvis.
IV gakveTili
aqtivoba 1. sadiskusio klubi (7-10 wT.): moswavleebi Sin unda gascnobodnen amonaridebs („Tval-sazrisebs~) qarTuli literatuli kritikidan. klasi iyofa sam jgufad. TiToeuli jgufi irCevs TiTo Tvalsazriss da gamoxatavs Tavis pozicias masSi wamoWrili moralur-zneobrivi problema-tikis mimarT:
I jgufi: `dampyrobeli dapyrobil qveyanaSi spobs moazrovneebs, moralur pirovnebebs da amoativtivebs uRirsebs, salaxanebs. maTve SeaWmevinebs eris saukeTeso Svilebs. eri rCeba TavwakveTili, upatrono, aRar hyavs inteleqtualuri da moraluri elita, romelic zrdis ers da uZRveba mas~.
revaz baramiZe, `narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan.~
II jgufi: `abo gadis Tavisi qveynidan, uaryofs samSoblos da gahyveba ucxo kacs ucxo qveya-naSi. sxva SemTxvevaSi misi es saqcieli uTuod gaikicxeboda, magram misi gasvla abraamuli gasvla iyo. es ar yofila mxolod misi neba. is dahyva uzenaes nebas. igrZno, rom arsebobs iseTi ram, rac ufro Zvirfasia, vidre samSoblo da vidre, rogorc bolos aRmoCndeba, sicocxle. mas Caesma WeSmaritebis xma, WeSmaritebisTvis datova qveyana da bolomde Seasrula qristes mowodeba _ `romelsa uyvardes mamaY anu dedaY ufrois Cemsa, ara ars igi Cemda Rirs~. abom WeSmariteba _ ufro maRali Rirebuleba _ anacvala xorciel samSoblos... man uaryo `maxviliTa pyrobili igi Sjuli~ da aRiara `WeSmariti Sjuli~.
zurab kiknaZe, `mxedari meufisa zecisai~.
III jgufi: `ra iqneboda imaze bunebrivi, rom abo darCeniliyo samoTxisdar afxazeTSi? qris-tiani Tavisufal qristianul qveyanaSi? magram abo sxvagvarad fiqrobda. man Tavi qristes mxedrad aRzarda da im samTviani Rvawlis dagvirgvinebas gabeduli aRmsareblobis asparezze xedavda. ai, misi pasuxic: `da aw Sen nu damayeneb me, RmrTismsaxuro, rameTu raY madl ars yofaY Cemi aqa, sada ara ars SiSi, arca sikudili qristHsT¢s?~. da wavida qarTlSi abo, raTa gancxadebulad euwyebina agarianTaTvis Tavisi rwmena. imis winaswari molodiniT, rac qarTlSi eloda, datova afxazeTi. Segnebulad daadga abo mowameobis gzas: midis iq, sadac yvelaze ufro gabrwyindeba misiT qristes naTeli. midis, raTa gaiRos ukanaskneli sabuTi WeSmaritebis dasamowmeblad _ sakuTari sisxli~.
zurab kiknaZe, `mxedari meufisa zecisai~.
moswavleebi cdiloben `TvalsazrisebSi~ wamoWrili problemis mimarT daasabuTon Tavisi azri. argumentirebisaTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenon rogorc Seswavlili teqstebi, aseve informacia saqarTvelos istoriidan. moqmedebs principi: `yvelas azri sainteresoa~.
aqtivoba 2. diskusiis Sejameba (5 wT.):_Tqveni azriT, ratom upirispirebs mwerali erTmaneTs or cnebas: samSoblosa da WeSmarite-
bas? risi Cveneba surs amiT? _ abosTvis, rogorc WeSmariti qristianisaTvis, romeli cnebaa ufro Zvirfasi: samSoblo Tu
WeSmariteba?_ vin aris abo qristianebisaTvis? mahmadianebisaTvis?
aqtivoba 3. Sin wakiTxuli teqstis komentireba (10-12 wT.): moswavleebs Sin unda waekiTxaT meore Tavis me-17-me-20 epizodebi, axla klasSi xdeba maTi komentireba da gaSinaarseba:
_ ra rCeva misca afxazeTis mefem abos? ramdenad gamarTlebulad migaCniaT amgvari rCevis micema abosaTvis?
_ raze metyvelebs abos pasuxi? mis ra Tvisebas usvams mwerali xazs? _ abo saubrisas xSirad iynebs citatebs saxarebidan. raze migviTiTebs es faqti?
33
_ abos ra sulier mzaobaze migvaniSnebs misi pasuxi?_ ramdenad gamarTlebulad migaCniaT arsebul situaciaSi abos amgvari mzaoba?_ ra reaqcia aqvT arabebs gaqristianebuli TanamoZmis danaxvaze? ramdenad gamarTlebulad
migaCniaT maTi aseTi moqmedeba?_ `rameTu arRa mowevnul iyo Jami misi~, weria teqstSi. raze migvaniSnebs es fraza? ra molo-
dins uqmnis igi mkiTxvels?_ rogor fiqrobT, rogor ganviTardeba SemdegSi movlenebi? ra gaZlevT am fiqris safuZvels?
daasabuTeT Tqveni azri Seswavlili epizodebis mixedviT. _ Seswavlili fragmentebis mixedviT SeavseT Tqveni codna qarTlis imdroindeli a) politi-
kuri, b) socialuri, g) sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb...
aqtivoba 4. klasSi wakiTxulis komentireba ( 12-15 wT.): klasSi komentariT ikiTxeba mesame Tavis pirveli aTi epizodi.
aqtivoba 5. wakiTxulis gaazreba: (5-7 wT.)_ romel axal istoriul pirebs vxvdebiT am epizodSi? ra mizniT axsenebs maT mwerali? _ rogor aTariRebs igi abos wamebas? daTariRebis ra saxeebs mimarTavs igi? (1. dasabamiTgan,
2. qristeSobidan)._ rodis Seipyres abo pirvelad? visi wyalobiT ganTavisuflda igi amjerad cixidan? raze
metyvelebs es faqti?_ rogori damokidebuleba aqvs abos mimarT arabebs? qarTvel erisTavebs?_ ratom sTxoven arabebi axladdaniSnul amiras kvlav abos Sepyrobas? riTia maTi SiSi gan-
pirobebuli? rogor fiqrobT, aqvs Tu ara maTs am SiSs realuri safuZveli? ratom fiqrobT ase? _ abos ra Tvisebaze amaxvilebs mwerali yuradRebas? rogor fiqrobT, ratom mieltvis abo
Tavad mowamoebriv aRsasruls? risTvis dasWirda mwerals am faqtis xazgasma? hagiografiuli mwer lobisaTvis aucilebeli romeli momentebi ikveTeba am epizodSi?
_ ramdenad gamarTlebulad geCvenebaT arabTa amiras sayveduri abos mimarT?_ ras uwodebs abo „umecrebas~? _ romeli epiTetebiT moixseniebs mwerali arabTa sarwmunoebas? qristianobas?_ rodis Seipyres abo? ramdeni dRe gaatara man cixeSi? WeSmariti qristianisaTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli ra Tvisebebi gamoavlina man? _ zemoqmedebis ra saSualebebs mimarTavdnen arabebi yofili TanamoZmis mimarT?..
aqtivoba 6. teqstis mxatvrul mxareze dakvirveba (3-5 wT.):_ ra mizniT moemarTeba abo baRdadidan qarTlSi? ra uSlis xels misi miznis ganxorcielebas?
ra winaaRmdegobebi xvdeba qarTlSi Camosuls? rogor inaskveba erTmaneTSi abos mizani da es wi-naaRmdegobani? ra moqmedebas aZlevs igi Semdgom dasabams?
daimaxsovreT: nawarmoebSi mocemul iseT mdgomareobas, romelSiac Cndeba da erTmaneTSi inaskve-ba mizani da winaaRmdegobani, rac dasabams aZlevs moqmedebis Semdeg ganviTarebas, kvanZi ewodeba.
_ Tqveni azriT, sad, teqstis romel adgilas ikvreba es kvanZi? waikiTxeT saTanado adgili.
aqtivoba 7. Sefaseba (2-3 wT.).
aqtivoba 8. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): gaecnon mesame Tavis momdevno epizodebs da moemzadon klasSi maTi komentirebisaTvis.
V gakveTili
aqtivoba 1. Sin wakiTxuli teqstis komentireba (10-12 wT.): moswavleebs Sin damoukideblad unda waekiTxaT mesame Tavis me-11 _34-e epizodebi. axla klasSi xdeba Sin wakiTxulis komentireba. ko-mentirebisaTvis SeirCeva teqstis sakvanZo adgilebi.
_ rogor emzadeboda abo amqveynidan gasvlisaTvis? romeli epizodebi aRwers abos mowameo-briv cxovrebas?
_ rogor cdilobs abo dasZlios xorcieli SiSi? vis sityvebs imowmebs igi?_ riT xsnis arabi amira abos gaqristianebas? Tqveni azriT, ratom fiqrobs ase?_ abo awames paraskevs, 6 ianvars, naTlisRebis dRes. Tqveni azriT, ris Cveneba undodaT am
faqtiT arabebs qarTvelebisaTvis?_ ganmarteT, rogor gesmiT azri sityvebisa: `did ars Cemda dRei ese, rameTu vxedav ork-
erZove Zlevasa uflisa Cemisa iesu qristeissa, rameTu dResaswaulsa amas STaxda mdinaresa mas
34
iordanisasa ... naTlisRebad da siRrmesa mas Sina wyalTasa damalulisa mis veSapisa Tavebi ZaliTa RmrTeebisaiTa Semusra~.
_ rogor fiqrobT, rodis ganxorcielda saxarebiseuli sanTlis (`aravin aRanTis sanTeli~...) saxe-simbolos mxatvruli xorcSesxma?
_ teqstidan vigebT, rom abos wamebis Semdeg arabebi SiSma Seipyro, xolo qristianebi, piriqiT, ganmtkicdnen. Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba yovelive es?
aqtivoba 2. „Tvalsazrisi~ (5-7 wT.): moswavleebi ecnobian revaz siraZis „Tvalsaziss~:`araboba eris damTrgunveli Zalaa, CamxSobi yoveli sikeTisa. aqedan iwyeba umTavresi saTqme-
li: es damTrgunveli, sikeTis CamxSobi Zala erma unda gadaiqcios TviTSemecnebis impulsad, Za-lad TviTgacnobierebisa. ese igi, faqtobrivad, sikeTis CamxSobi Zala sikeTis gamRvivebel Zal-isxmevad unda gadaiqces. ukeTurobis sikeTed gadaqcevis magaliTia TviT abo, `vardi ekalTagan gamorCeuli~.
ayalibeben sakuTar xedvas masSi wamoWrili problemis mimarT:_ romel negatiur movlenaze saubrobs am TvalsazrisSi kritikosi? ras uwodebs igi „sikeTis
CamxSob Zalas~?_ ramdenad exmareba es negatiuri movlena ers, konkretul pirovnebas gamofxizldes da daupi-
rispirdes mas? _ rodis gadaiqca es konkretuli negatiuri movlena eris, pirovnebis cnobierebis gamosafxiz-
lebel, zneobis amamaRlebel Zalad? _ rogor ganxorcielda TvalsazrisSi gamoTqmuli Sexedulebis arsi abos magaliTze?_ risTvis dasWirda hagiograf mwerals abos, rogorc Tavad uwodebs `ekalTagan gamorCeuli
vardis~, wamebis aRwera? rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad SeZlo am wamebis aRweriT hagiografma mwe-ralma Tavisi Tanamedroveebis gamofxizleba da zneobrivi amaRleba?
_ gaixseneT, visi dakveTiT, ra mizniT Seiqmna es nawarmoebi da ecadeT, gaarkvioT, ramdenad axerxebs mwerali iyos miukerZoebeli faqtebis interpretaciisas?
_ Tqveni azriT, vin aris abo („vardi ekalTagan gamorCeuli~) samSoblos uarmyofeli Tu misT-vis WeSmariti gzis maCvenebeli? ra epiTetiT Seamkobdnen mas Tavisi TanamoZmeebi?..
aqtivoba 3. „magidis garSemo wera~ _ (12-15 wT.):
meTodis aRwera:a) moswavleebi dajgufdebian magidis garSemo. TiToeul jgufSi daaxloebiT 4-5 moswavlea.
vacnobT Temas: „abo _ samSoblos uarmyofeli Tu misTvis WeSmariti gzis maCvenebli~.b) vTxovT moamzadon furclebi, kalmebi da Seudgnen weras. winaswar ganvusazRvravT dros _
daaxloebiT 2-3 wuTs.g) rodesac dro amoiwureba, SevaCerebT moswavleebs, miuxedavad imisa, daasrules Tu ara naS-
romi. vTxovT, furceli marjvniv mjdoms gadascen, xolo axali furceli marcxniv mjdomisagan miiRon.
d) vTxovT, waikiTxon megobris namuSevari da daasrulon/gaagrZelon.e) ase grZeldeba manam, sanam jgufis yvela wevrs Tavisi naweri ar daubrundeba (SeiZleba fur-
celi 2 an 3 wreze davatrialoT).v) rodesac furceli wreze moZraobas daasrulebs, moswavleebs vTxovT jgufurad ganixilon
naweri da Seitanon koreqtivebi;z) jgufebs vTxovT warudginon Tavisi naSromi klass.
aqtivoba 4. teqstis mxatvruli analizi (5-7 wT.):
_ ra dialogi gaimarTa abosa da msajuls Soris meore Sexvedrisas?_ amiras xasiaTis ra Tvisebebi vlindeba mis kiTxvebSi? abos xasiaTis ra Tvisebebi vlindeba mis
pasuxebSi? (gaiTvaliswineT emociuri foni)._ abos naTqvamma romelma frazam ganarisxa amira yvelaze metad? ra gadawyvetileba miiRo man?daimaxsovreT: nawarmoebis im nawils, romelSic mdgomareoba yvelaze metad iZabeba da winaaRmde-
goba umaRles wertils aRwevs, kulminacia ewodeba._ moZebneT teqstSi is adgili, sadac moqmedeba kulminacias aRwevs._ ra Tviseba gamoavlina abom sikvdilis win?_ rogor dasajes abo?_ rogor moeqcnen abos gvams arabebi?_ ra sawauli mouvlina ufalma qristianebs da raSi gamoixata am saswaulis Zala?daimaxsovreT: im adgils mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, romelic gvixatavs winaaRmdegobis damTavrebas
35
da am damTavrebis Sedegad Seqmnil mdgomareobas, kvanZis gaxsna ewodeba._ waikiTxeT teqstidan is adgili, sadac kvanZis gaxsnaa mocemuli.
aqtivoba 5. Sefaseba (2-3 wT.).
aqtivoba 6. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): Sin damoukideblad waikiTxon teqstis meoTxe Tavi da moemzadon klasSi misi komentirebisaTvis; moiZion romelime nawarmoebi cnobili qarTveli mwer-lisa, romelmac es teqsti sabWoTa aRmSeneblobis (sabWoTa patriotizmis, komunisturi moralis...) Temaze Seqmna. imsjelon, ramdenad SeiZleba miviCnioT igi dakveTiT Seqmnilad (vin SeiZleboda yofiliyo damkveTi, ra daukveTa, ra mizniT daukveTa...).
VI gakveTili
aqtivoba 1. prezentacia (7-10 wT.): moswavleebs unda moeZiebinaT romelime nawarmoebi cnobili qarTveli mwerlisa, romelmac es teqsti sabWoTa aRmSeneblobis (sabWoTa patriotizmis, komunis-turi moralis...) Temaze Seqmna. acnoben klass TavianT mosazrebas, ratom miaCniaT igi SekveTiT dawerilad, ramdenad gamoxatavs igi damkveTis (amjerad sabWoTa xelisuflebis) azrs, saTando argumentebiT asabuTeben sakuTar Sexedulebebs. SeiZleba es prezentacia gadaizardos diskusiaSi, maswavlebelma unda izrunos, rom igi ar gascdes pezentaciis CarCoebs.
aqtivoba 2. Sin wakiTxuli teqstis komentireba (10-12 wT.):_ ras eZRvneba es monakveTi? _ ras Seagonebs mwerali mkiTxvels? risken mouwodebs mas?_ Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyareblad ra paralelebs avlebs bibliasTan? saxarebasTan? ratom
mimarTavs igi am paralelebs?_ romeli striqonebiT gamoxatavs avtori Tavis damokidebulebas momxdaris mimarT? _ raze migvaniSnebs misi sityvebi: `kualad meSinis me dadumebad~?_ waikiTxeT teqstidan is sityvebi, romliTac igi qebas asxams abos. ra mxatvrul xerxebs iy-
enebs mis Sesamkobad?_ rogor aRwers mwerali meSvide saukunis qarTls?_ ra miaCnia mas qristianobis mTavar safrTxed?_ rogor afasebs arabTa sarwmunoebas? ra epiTetebiT moixseniebs mas?_ ras Tvlis abos damsaxurebad?aq moswavleebi SeiZleba davakvirvoT am monakveTis (meoTxe Tavi) Janrul Taviseburebaze _ igi
himnografiis nimuSs warmoadgens, SeiZleba gavavlebinoT paralelebi wina klasebSi Seswavlil am Janris teqstebTan.
_ vin daukveTa iovane sabanisZes abos cxovrebisa da mowamebrivi aRsasrulis aRwera? visi, romeli sazogadoebis interesebi unda gaeTvaliswinebina mas? Tu Cans es teqstSi?
_ ramdenad sainteresod da gasagebad migaCniaT Tanamedrove qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis dRes es teqsti? ramdenad aqtualurad geCvenebaT igi dRes? daasabuTeT Tqveni azri.
aqtivoba 3. Sejameba: (7-10 wT.):
_ literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, iovane sabanisZes erTni er-iskacad, xolo meoreni sasuliero pirad miiCneven. teqstis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven romel azrs iziarebT? ratom? imsjeleT.
_ gaavleT teqstobrivi paralelebi iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wamebasa~ da iovane sabanisZis `abos wamebas~ Soris da aRniSneT, ra msgavseba-gansxvaveba SeniSneT? riT hgavs es ori nawarmoebi erTmaneTs? riT gansxvavdeba? ra saerTo aqvs am or personaJs? hagiografiuli Janris Tavisebure-bani rogor aris gadmocemuli TiToeul teqstSi?
aqtivoba 4. teqstis mxatvrul mxareze dakvirveba (7-10 wT.):
aq moswavleebs vakvirvebT „abos wamebis~ Janrul mravalferovnebaze: mas romelime erT qve-Janrs ver mivakuTvnebT, radgan Txzulebis pirveli Tavi („RmrTismsaxurTa da martvilTmoyu-areTa krebulisaTvis Txrobai da moZRurebai da axlisa amis mowamisa habois xsenebai~) homiletika, anu qadagebis Janria, meore da mesame nawilebi („qarTlad Semoslvai da naTlis-Rebai netarisa ha-boisi~, „martvilobai wmidisa haboisi~) _ hagiografiulia, meoTxe Tavi („qebai sanatrelisa wmidisa haboisi~) himnografiis, anu qebis, sagaloblis Janrs ganekuTvneba, xolo or werils, romlebic
36
wamZRvarebuli aqvs teqsts, mkvlevrebi qarTuli epistolaruli Janris Canasaxsac uwodeben. aseve yuradReba maxvildeba teqstis kompoziciur Taviseburebebze:_ ra realuri ambavi aqcia iovane sabanisZem mxatvrul nawarmoebad? Zalian mokled, ramdenime
winadadebiT gadmoeciT es ambavi Semdegi kiTxvebis mixedviT:_ sadauri iyo abo da rogor moxvda igi qarTlSi?_ rogor warimarTa abos cxovreba qarTlSi Camosvlis Semdeg?_ rogor moeqcnen arabebi gaqristianebul abos?_ gaixseneT: nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli ambis mSrali Txroba aris fabula. fabulis wyarod
xSirad iyeneben realobaSi momxdar ambavs an gadmocemas._ daakvirdiT: ramdeni Tavisagan Sedgeba abos wameba?_ raze mogviTxrobs I Tavi?_ ris Sesaxebaa saubari II TavSi da ramdenad bunebrivad, organulad, ukavSirdeba igi I Tavs?_ ras aRwers hagiografi III TavSi da ramdenad organulad ebmis is I da II Tavebs?_ romel Janrs ganekuTvneba Txzulebis IV Tavi? gansazRvreT ramdenad aucilebelia aq ga-
moTqmuli azrebi imis Sesacnobad, rac I-III TavebSi waikiTxeT?daimaxsovreT: nawarmoebis nawilebis SerCevasa da dalageba-dakavSirebas kompozicia ewodeba._ daakvirdiT: rogor aRwers iovane sabanisZe qarTlis mdgomareobas?_ sad da vin daibara nerse erisTavi da rogor moeqca mas xalifa?_ vin iyo abo da riT iyo ganpirobebuli misi qarTlSi wamosvla?_ rogor cxovrobda qarTlSi Camosuli abo da ra gadawyvetileba miiRo man?_ sad moinaTla abo?_ rogor moxvda abo afxazeTSi? ra mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiRo afxazeTSi myofma
abom? ra mizniT wavida igi qarTlSi?_ ra moiTxova Tbilisis amiram abosgan da rogor moeqca igi wmindans?_ aRwereT abos cxovreba sapyrobileSi._ ra mxatvruvrul saSualebebs iyenebs avtori personaJTa xasiaTis gasaxsnelad da mTavari
saTqmelis gadmosacemad?daimaxsovreT: Tanmimdevrulad da logikurad ganviTarebul ambavTa da movlenaTa urTierTSeka-
vSireba-ganviTarebas, romelSiac mJRavndeba moqmed pirTa xasiaTebi da urTierToba, ewodeba nawar-moebis siuJeti.
eqspozicia, kvanZi, kulminacia, kvanZis gaxsna siuJetis nawilebia.
aqtivoba 5. weris strategia 3, 2, 1. (5-7 wT.): 3 ram, rac am teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg damamaxsovrda; 2 ram, ramac damafiqra; 1 ram, ris Sesaxebac ufro metis gagebas visurvebdi. (es davaleba sruldeba individualurad).
aqtivoba 6. Sefaseba (2-3 wT.).
aqtivoba 7. saSinao davaleba (2-3 wT.): teqstis meoTxe TavTan mocemuli „Tvalsazrisebidan~ air-Cion erT-erT da moemzadon diskusiisaTvis; werilobiT aagon teqsti: „qarTli meSvide saukuneSi~. teqstis agebisas gaiTvaliswinon: visTvis, romeli sazogadoebisTvis, auditoriisTvis qmnian mas (am SemTxvevaSi TavianTi TanatolebisaTvis, TanaklaselebisaTvis), ra daniSnuleba aqvs am teqsts, ratom, ra mizniT qmnis avtori mas(am SemTxvevaSi mizania informaciis miwodeba). am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT SearCion stili.
Sedegebi:
X.1. moswavles SeuZlia monawileobis miReba saklaso da saskolo diskusiebSi.X.4. moswavles SeuZlia TanaklaselTa zepiri moxsenebebis gaanalizeba da Sefaseba. X.6. moswavles SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxis teqstebis gaanalizeba maTi organizebis TvalsazrisiT. X.7. moswavles SeuZlia ganasxvavos teqstSi faqtobrivi, konceptualuri da qveteqsturi infor-
macia. X.8. moswavles SeuZlia sxvadasxva Janris mxatvruli nawarmoebebis, publicisturi Txzulebebis
wakiTxva da maT mimarT sakuTari damokidebulebis gamoxatva. X.11. moswavles SeuZlia daweros Txzuleba sxvadasxva mizniT da sxvadasxva auditoriisaTvis.X.16. moswavles SeuZlia weris strategiebis gamoyeneba naweris organizebisaTvis.
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3. SoTa rusTaveli _ `vexistyaosani~
meToduri komentarebi
skolaSi poemis teqstze muSaobis ZiriTad formad specialistebi (g. nioraZe, `narkvevebi lit-eraturis swavlebis sakiTxebze~, 1960; m. TaboriZe, `vefxistyaosnis literaturul-esTetikuri an-alizi skolaSi~, Tb. 2000w; n. ruxaZe, `SoTa rusTaveli skolaSi~ Tb. 1992w; el. TaboriZe, `qarTuli literaturis swavlebis meTodikis saleqcio kursi~, Tb. 2009...) miiCneven komentirebul kiTxvas. teqsti, romlis komentirebasac vaxdenT, moswavleebs winaswar unda hqondeT wakiTxuli. gamoyofen komentirebuli kiTxvis or saxes: 1. klasSi wakiTxuli teqstis komentireba, 2. Sin wakiTxulis ko-mentireba. sasurvelia, maswavlebelma winaswar gansazRvros is adgilebi, romelTa komentirebac moxdeba klasSi. Cveulebriv, poemis teqstis komentireba amgvarad xdeba: poema iyofa nawyvetebad, romelTa dasawyis strofebs (da ara mTel Tavs) maswavlebeli kiTxulobs gamometyvelebiT da axdens wakiTxulis komentirebas (g. nioraZe, dasax. Sroma, gv. 83-84). nawyvetis umetes nawils mo-swavleebi damoukideblad waikiTxaven, magram aucilebelia Semdeg maTi komentireba (gamonaklisad SeiZleba miviCnioT zogierTi sakvanZo Tavi, romelic Tavisi sirTulisa da moculobis gamo Sei-Zleba mTlianad maswavlebelma waukiTxos klass gamometyvelebiT). mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba teqstis Sinaarsis gadmocemaze muSaoba. Sinaarsis Txroba sasurvelia xdebodes teqstTan miaxloe-biT. yuradReba eqceva personaJTa damaxasiaTebel adgilebs, mxatvruli gamosaxvis saSualebebs. saWiroa Tu ara yvela mxatvruli saxisa da saxe-simbolos axsna? albaT ara, ramdenadac yvela saxe verc gaSinaarsdeba da arc aris es aucilebeli, mTavaria moswavleebi davafiqroT mxatvruli xe-rxebis funqciaze nawarmoebSi, gavarkvioT, Tu maTi gamoyenebiT risi Tqma surs avtors.
wina wlebSi, rodesac qarTuli enisa da literaturis swavlebas gansazRvravda saswavlo programa, zustad iyo miTiTebuli am teqstis kiTxva-damuSavebisaTvis saaTebis raodenoba. igi meryeobda 40-50 sT-is farglebSi. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am periodSi poemis mTliani teqstis swavleba gansazRvruli iyo ZiriTadad IX klasSi. amJamad ki erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT poemis calkeuli epizodebi iswavleba saskolo ganaTlebis sxvadasxva safexurze: rogorc daw-yebiT, ise sabaziso da saSualo safexurebze. es maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs klasis saerTo donisa da SesaZleblobis safuZvelze Tavad gansazRvros am masalisaTvis gamoyofili saswavlo saaTebis raodenoba.
saorientaciod am teqstze muSaobisaTvis gamoyofili saaTebi amgvarad SeiZleba gavanawiloT:1. Sesavali mecadineoba: a) Zveli qarTuli mwerloba (wina gakveTilebze Seswavlili masalis Sejameba);b) saqarTvelo XII saukuneSi, sazogadoebriv-politikuri foni da kultura;c) informacia poemis avtoris Sesaxeb, poemis xalxuri versiebi (mokle mimoxilva) – 1 sT.2. teqstze muSaoba _ 25 sT.3. teqstis analizi/Sejameba _ 4 sT.qvemoT gTavazobT poemis teqstis komentirebiT kiTxvis nimuSs (masala amoRebulia mariam
TaboriZis wignidan: „vefxistyaosnis literaturul-esTetikuri analizi skolaSi ~, Tb. 2000, gv. 113-124 ):
teqstze muSaobis nimuSebi
nawyveti I. ambavi rostevan arabTa mefisa; rostevan mefisagan da avTandilisagan nadiroba.`vefxistyaosanis~ siuJeti iwyeba prologis Semdeg. `ambavi rostevan arabTa mefisa~. _ ase
uwoda pirvel Tavs rusTavelma da amiT gvauwya, rom poemaSi moqmedeba arabeTis mefis karze vi-Tardeba.
maswavlebeli gamometyvelebiT kiTxulobs oc strofs, 33-dan 52-is CaTvliT. pirveli Tavi iwyeba mefe rostevanis daxasiaTebiT. rusTaveli rostevanis portrets erTi mxatvruli xerxis _ epiTetis gamoyenebiT xatavs da amiT qmnis mefis mTlian xats.
viwyebT teqstis ganmeorebiT kiTxvas, moswavleebs vakiTxebT 33-e strofs. masSi daxatulia mefis Rrmad gaazrebuli saxe, CamoTvlilia misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi: igia maRali, uxvi, mdabali, laSqar-mravali, ymiani. sagulisxmoa, rom am CamonaTvals win uZRvis strofis pirveli striqoni: `iyo arabeTs rostevan, mefe RmrTisagan sviani~.
saskolo `vefxistyaosnis~ ganmartebaSi sityva `sviani~ axsnilia rogorc bednieri. qarTul metyvelebaSi ixmareba gamoTqma: `sve-bednieri~. sityva `sves~ aq sxva datvirTva aqvs. `sve~ TiTqos bedis mniSvnelobas iZens. sasurvelia, aixsnas mTlianad gamoTqma `RmrTisagan sviani~. amasTan da-kavSirebiT moswavleebs mivawodoT informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leq-sikonSi garda bednierebisa, sviani axsnilia rogorc kargi svis, bedis mqone. davafiqroT amaze moswavleebi da vecadoT, rom maT gagviziaron sakuTaxri azri. sabolood maswavlebeli akeTebs
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daskvnas: gamoTqmaSi `mefe RmrTisagan sviani~ xazi esmeba imas, rom es bedi Tu bedniereba mefes RmrTisagan aqvs miniWebuli.
33-e strofis momdevno taeps moswavleebi advilad xsnian. pirvelive strofSi CamoTvlilia rostevanis xasiaTis Tvisebebi. maRali sulieri bunebis mqonea rostevani. mas axasiaTebs siuxve, Tavmdabloba. igi samarTliania, mowyale da imav dros morWmuli. rostevani qveyanas ganagebs si-brZniTa da ZaliT. yuradReba gamaxvildeba 33-e strofis bolo saleqso striqonze: `TviT meomari uebro, kvla moubari wyliani~. ra saerTo unda hqondes am or Tvisebas: uebro meomari da wyliani moubari. rogorc Cans, es ori Tviseba SemTxveviT ar aris erTad warmodgenili. rusTavelis az-riT, mefe meomaric unda iyos da xalxTan saubaric unda SeeZlos.
amgvari muSaoba gagrZeldeba momdevno strofzedac. maswavlebeli teqstis Sinaarss ki ar mouTxrobs moswavleebs, aramed saubris (kiTxva-pasuxis) meTodis gamoyenebiT warmarTavs moswav-leTa msjelobas. Cven am garemoebas sagangebod vusvamT xazs, radgan, rogorc aRiniSna, skolaSi damkvidrebuli mavne Cveva, teqstis Sinaarsis Txroba maswavleblis mier, moswavleebs ukargavs nawarmoebis kiTxvis interess, anelebs maT aqtivobas, xolo rodesac isini uSualod muSaoben te-qstze, kiTxuloben nawarmoebs klasSi an Sin, xalisiT ebmebian komentirebuli kiTxvis procesSi, gamoaqvT saTanado daskvnebi.
saWiro iqneba xelmeored wavakiTxoT moswavleebs 34-e strofi. sagangebo yuradReba mieqceva TinaTinis damaxasiaTebel adgils. igi yofila `soflisa mnaTi mnaTobi, mzisaca dasTa dasuli~. rogorc striqonis pirveli, ise meore naxevari astraluri simbolikis nimuSad unda miviCnioT. silamaziT cis mnaTobTa sadaria TinaTini. mis garegnobas avtori saxe-simboloebiT gvixatavs: qveynisa mnaTi mnaTobi mzea, xolo mzis dasi varskvlebisagan Sedgeba. `dasTa dasuli~ alitera-ciaa, romelsac avtori moxdenilad iyenebs TinaTinis pirtretis srulyofisaTvis. moswavleebs aqve mivawvdiT informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirebis portrets, maT garegnobas avtori ar akonkretebs. Cven ar viciT ra ferisaa TinaTinis Tmebi, Tvalebi Tu saxis sxva nakvTebi. rac xels ar gviSlis warmovidginoT ulamazesi garegnobis mqone asuli, romlis Semkoba, qeba mxolod brZens xelewifeba. momdevno 35-e strofSic amave xerxs mimarTavs avtori gmiri qalis portretuli xatis Sesaqmnelad: `ra gaizarda, gaivso, mze misgan sawunaria~. rogorc vxedavT, arc aq konkretdeba TinaTinis garegnoba. TiTqos avtori mkiTxvels utovebs SesaZleblobas, sa-kuTri fantaziiT Seqmnas ciur mnaTobTa sadari gmiris xati. portretis xatvis arapirdapir xerxs rusTaveli xSirad iyenebs sxva gmirebis daxasiaTebis drosac.
moswavleebs vavalebT iqve moiZion strofi, romelSic pirvelad aris naxsenebi avTandili:
`avTandil iyo spaspeti, Ze amir spasalarisa,sarosa mjobi, nazardi, msgavsi mzisa da mTvarisa,jerT uwveruli, sadaro brol-mina sacnobarisa;mas TinaTinis Sveneba hklvidis wamwamTa jarisa~ (41).
strofis pirvel striqonSi poemis avtori avTandilis vinaobas gvamcnobs: avTandil iyo spaspe-ti, amir-spasalaris Ze Svili. mesame saleqso striqonSi gmiris garegnobas poeti kvlav epiTetebis gamoyenebiT gvixatavs. avTandili uwveruli, e.i. sruliad axalgazrda, sarosa mjobi, nazardi. am epiTetebis axsna, maTi funqciis garkveva moswavleebs ar gauWirdebaT, meore striqonSi vkiTxu-lobT: msgavsi mzisa da mTvarisa. kvlav astraluri saxe-simboloa gamoyenebuli. gmiris portreti ar konkretdeba, cis mnaTobTa moxmobiT ixateba mzisa da mTvaris Sesadari garegnobis raindi. `mas TinaTinis Sveneba hkvlidis wamwamTa jarisa~, _ metaforaa, romliTac gvauwyebs avtori, rom avTandili gamijnurebulia TinaTinze.
sasurvelia, aqve mivawodoT moswavleebs informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom astraluri simboloebis gamoyenebiT gmiris portretis xatva uZvelesi tradiciaa, romelic saTaves Zveli berZnuli eposi-dan iRebs. mas xSirad mimarTavs homerosi Tavis poemebSi. unda vifiqroT, rom rusTaveli kargad icnobda berZnul mwerlobas. saxe-simboloebis gamoyenebis garkveul tradicias qmnis qarTuli zepirsityvierebac.
moswavleebs vavalebT, `vefxistyaosnis~ teqstze muSaobisas daakvirdnen am xerxis gamoyenebis nimuSebs da poemidan amokribon astraluri simbolikis magaliTebi.
amgvarad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom gmirTa portretis xatvisas rusTaveli xSirad iyenebs ara-pirdapir xerxs, e.i. pirdapir, konkretulad ki ar migvaniSnebs, rogoria misi personaJebis gareg-noba, aramed arapirdapir, saxe-simboloebis gamoyenebiT, TiTqos SesaZleblobas gvitovebs, Cvens warmodgenaSi fantaziiT SevqmnaT saxe gmiri raindebisa _ davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu ZiriTadad ra mxatvruli xerxebiT xatavs rusTaveli gmirTa xasiaTis Tvisebebs, maT garegnobas. pasuxi gaecema or kiTxvas: ra aris daxatuli da rogor. es aris kiTxvebi, romelTa saSualebiTac warimarTeba msjeloba nawarmoebis literaturul-esTetikuri analizisas. klasSi Catarebuli samuSaos analo-giiT moswavleebi Sin wakiTxul masalasac am kiTxvebis mixedviT gaiazreben. maTTvis ukve garkveu-lia, rom rodesac vmsjelobT nawarmoebze, uTuod xazs unda vusvamdeT imas, Tu ra aris masSi
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daxatuli, ra problemebi daayena mweralma mkiTxvelis winaSe, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania is, Tu rogori mxatvruli forma mouZebna mweralma Tavis naazrevs, rogor miaRwia Sinaarsisa da formis harmonias.
kvlav davubrundeT 34-e strofs, romlis me-2 da me-4 sqolio striqonebis komentari ukve Catarda, magram pirveli taepi auxsneli davtoveT. moswavleebs wavakiTxoT es saleqso striqoni.
`sxva Ze ar esva mefesa, mart oden martod asuli~.
sityva Ze Cveulebrivad vaJiSvils niSnavs. am mniSvnelobiTac gvxvdeba igi `vefxistyaosanSi~, magram moxmobil taepSi zogadad Svilis mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari. asevea es sityva axsnili saskolo `vefxistyaosnis~ ganmartebaSi: Ze _ Svili (vaJi an qali). ufro qveviT (37-e strofis me-4 taepi) rostevani ambobs:
`Cemi Ze davsvaT xemlwifed, visgan mze sawunelia~. aqac Ze Svilis mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari, Tumca ukve viciT, rom mefes erTaderTi asuli hyavs mxolod.
ilia abulaZis Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi miniSnebulia, rom Ze _ Svilia, magram iqvea mi-werili sqesis aRmniSvneli sityva _ vaJi, xolo qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi Ze axsnilia rogorc adamianis Svili mamrobiTi sqesisa _ vaJiSvili. sityva Ze-s zogadi mniSvnelobiT (Svili) xmareba rusTavelis damkvidrebuli unda iyos. ra axsna SeiZleba amas moeZebnos? 34-e strofis pirvel saleqso striqonSi sityva Zis gverdiT rostevani asulsac xmarobs, magram cota qveviT mefe vazirebs mimarTavs: Cemi Ze davsvaT mefedo. moswavleebs vTxovT, dafiqrdnen da gagviziaron Tavisi mosazreba, Tu ratom uwodebs rostevani TinaTins Zes. maswavlebeli akeTebs daskvnas: iqneb, amiT imis Tqma unda mwerals, rom rostevanis asuli _ TinaTini Tavisi gonierebiTa da sibrZniT samefo taxtis Rirseuli memkvidrea. aqve yuradRebas mivapyrobT rostevanis TaTbirs vazirebTan. sevdanarevia es TaTbiri da rCeva mefisa. igi adamianis xanmokle sicocxles adarebs bunebaSi ar-sebul ucvlel kanons:
`ra vardman Tvisi yavili gaaxmos, daamWnarosa,igi wava da sxva mova turfasa sabaRnarosa;mze Cagvisvenda, bnelsa vWvretT Ramesa umTenarosa~. (36, 2-4)
risTvis dasWirda avtors vardis simbolika, ratom pirdapir ar gaando rostevanma vazirebs saTqmeli? mefes surs, daarwmunos misi qveSevrdomni miRebuli gadawyvetilebis aucilebloba-Si. amitom pirdapir ki ar gaumxels vazirebs Tavis gulisnadebs, aramed maT Seaxsenebs bunebis gardauval kanons da am mizniT garkveul paralels avlebs vardis xanmokle sicocxlesa da ada-mianis arsebobas Soris.
rostevanis azriT, es qveyana turfa sabaRnaroa. moswavleebs SevaxsenebT prologis pirvel-save strofSi naxmar gamoTqmas: `Cven, kacTa mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa.~ turfa baR-nari _ es qveyana, Semkuli uTvalavi feriT, ucvleli rCeba, magram adamianebi ibadebian, cxovro-ben, berdebian da kvdebian. poetma erTmaneTs Seadara adamianisa da vardis xanmokle sicocxle. ra vuyoT, rom vardis sicocxle ufro xanmoklea, msgavseba didia, ganaCeni ucilobeli da mkacri:
`igi wava da sxva mova turfasa sabaRnarosa~.
moxuci adamianis mZime sulier ganwyobas gamoxatavs rostevanis sityvebi:
`me gardasrulvar, sibere mWirs, WirTa ufro Znelia,dRes ara, xvale movkvdebi, sofeli asre mqmnelia;raRaa igi sinaTle rasaca axlavs bnelia?!~ (37,1-3)
mefe ar faravs moaxloebuli dasasruliT gamowveul tkivils, magram es xels ar uSlis, izru-nos qveynis momavalze, saimedo memkvidre Tavis sicocxleSive gaamefos.
axsna dasWirdeba 38-e strofis bolo taeps.:`mTvaresa mcxralsa varskvlavman viTarca hkadra mteroba?!~ moswavleebs avaxsnevinoT am ale-
goriuli simboloebis mniSvneloba, vkiTxoT, vin igulisxmeba mTvareSi, ras unda niSnavdes sityva mcxrali an ra Sinaarsi devs gamoTqmaSi: `varskvlavman viTarca hkadra mteroba~. 38-e strofi kar-gad aris axsnili saskolo vefxistyaosanSi~, magram jobs, jer moswavleebma imsjelon masze saer-Tod da kerZod, me-4 taepze; Semdeg waikiTxon striqonis axsna, mocemul ganmartebaSi. aqve Cans, Tu rogor anugeSeben vazirni mefes. isini ar pirferoben; kvlav vards iSveliebs simbolurad avtori:
`vardi Tu gaxmes, egreca gvmarTebs misive jeroba:misive hmetobs yovelsa suli da turfa feroba.~ (38,2-3).
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Tu sicocxlis vardi dagviWkna unda davmorCildeT beds; gamxmar vards ar ekargeba surneli, damWknaric ki igi sxvebze amaod sayurebeli iqneba. es erTi mosazrebaa, iqneb moswavleebs sxva mosazrebac gauCndeT.
daskvnas maswavlebeli akeTebs: mxatvrul saxeTa saSualebiT, gansakuTrebiT vardis simboli-kis gamoyenebiT `vefxistyaosanSi~ brwyinvaled aris daxatuli gmirTa sulieri gancdebi, vazirTa Tavazianoba, mefis sulieri tkivilebi da imave dros zrunva Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis bedze.
vazirni uwoneben mefes gadawyvetilebas: `sjobs da mas miec mefoba, visgan mze Senaflobia~ (39,4). mze Senaflobia, e.i. mze damarcxebulia. TinaTini Tavisi mSvenebiT mzesac amarcxebs. kvlav cis mnaTobia gamoyenebuli TinaTinis silamazis gadmosacemad, magram amjerad igi simbolo ar aris, aramed realuri mzea, romlis brwyinvalebac ki iCrdileba TinaTinis gverdiT. es ufro hip-erbolaa (gazviadebaa), vidre saxe-simbolo. moswavleebs vavalebT: nawyvetidan, rogorc klasSi, ise Sin wakiTxuli teqstidan amoweron saxe-simboloebis nimuSebi (astraluri simboloka, vardis simbolika), daakvirdnen maT funqcias nawarmoebSi.
xSirad davas iwvevs Semdegi strofi:
`Tuca qalia, xelmwifed marT RmrTisa danabadia;ar ganTevT, icis mefoba, uTqvenod gviTqvams kvla dia;SuqTa misTaebr saqmeca misi mzebr ganacxadia.lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia~. (40)
Secdomaa aq saubari mamakacisa da dedakacis Tanasworobaze. strofis azri ase unda aixsnas: lekvi lomisa _msgavsia, Zu iqneba Tu xvadi, e.i. vaJi qneba Tu qali, Svili mSobels emsgavseba.
rostevani gascems brZanebas da xalxs atyobinebs TinaTinis gamefebis ambavs. moswavleebs xelmeored vakiTxebT am strofs (44,45,46). isini am adgils advilad xsnian: yvelas sixaruli eu-fleba. aq aris pir-mze avTandili, vaziri sograt, mefis qveSevrdomni. irgvliv saerTo mxiaruleba sufevs, magram ikvreba kvanZi, momdevno 47-e strofis bolo taepi gvauwyebs:
`qali tirs da cremlsa afrqvevs, xris yornisa bolo-frTaTa~.yornis bolo-frTebi TinaTinis wamwamebia. am brwyinvale metaforas avtori iyenebs TinaTinis
mwuxarebis gadmosacemad (amgvarad, gairkva strofSi gamoyenebuli metaforis funqcia). ram Sea-wuxa mefe qali, romelic mamam aiyvana samefo taxtze, sakuTari xeliT daadga gvirgvini da misca skiptra? sxva dideba aRar arsebobs, ra unda iyos glovis mizezi? Semdegi strofidan vigebT Ti-naTinis mwuxarebis mizezs. moswavles vakiTxebT 48-e strofs.
TinaTinis cremlebi misi Tavmdablobis mauwyebelia:
`mamisa taxtsa sajdomad Tavi ar eRirseboda,amad tirs, baRi vardisa cremliTa aivseboda;mefe swvrTis: mama yoveli Zisagan iTavseboda,amisad qmnamdis damwveli cecxli ar damevseboda~.(48)
davakvirdeT 48-e strofis Cven mier gaxazul mesame striqons: `mama yoveli Zisagan iTavsebo-da~. saskolo ̀ vefxistyaosanSi~ Zisagan iTavseboda axsnilia rogorc icvleboda. amgvari ganmarte-ba mTlad misaRebi ar unda iyos. ufro swori Cans viqtor nozaZis Sexeduleba: `mefe arigebs Tina-Tins, rom mama yoveli (TviT mama-RmerTi) Zisagan (ieso qristesagan) iTavseboda, e.i. Tavsdeboda... anu yoveli Ze Tavis adgils iWers, sulerTia mamis memkvidre qalia Tu asuli! amgvari axsna erT-gvarad avsebs me-40 strofSi gamoTqmul azrs.
maswavleblis daskvnaSi dabejiTebiT unda gaesvas xazi avtoris mier gatarebul Sexedulebas, rom Svili (vaJia igi Tu qali) mSobels emsgavseba da Ze (vaJia igi Tu qali) mamis adgils iWers.
moswavleebs wavakiTxebT 50,51,52 strofebs, movaxdenT maT komentirebas, magram aucile-blad migvaCnia, yuradReba mivaqcioT wina, 49-e strofis meoTxe striqons, romliTac iwyeba mamis darigeba:
`xarmca brZnad mqmneli saqmisa, iyav wynari da cnobili!~
mamis darigeba moklea, magram didi sibrZnis Semcveli: mefes unda SeeZlos saqmis brZnulad gansja, iyos wynari da gonieri.
ismenda mamis darigebas TinaTini, wvrTnas ar moiwyinebdao, _ gvauwyebs poeti 52-e strofSi. mTavrdeba igi brwyinvale metaforiT:
`TinaTin mzesa swunobda, magram mze TinaTinobda~.es ar aris sityvaTa TamaSi, masSi kvlav sibrZnea Caqsovili. mzesac ki swunobs TinaTini, riTi?
sibrZniT, gonebiT, gulisyuriTa da TavmdablobiT. TiTqos aRtacebas veRar malavs poemis avtori da uxvad amkobs mefe qals.
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TinaTinis gamefeba Tamaris taxtze asvlas agonebs mkiTxvels. prologSive gvimxels mefe-qalze gamijnurebuli poeti: `misi saxeli SefarviT qvemore miTqvams, miqia~ (19,3), magram arsad ise cxadad ar Cans TinaTinis saxeSi Tamari, rogorc am epizodSi. saocari msgavsebaa poetis xatadq-ceul Tamarsa da TinaTins Soris.
zemoT aRniSnuli sami strofidan (50,51,52) sagangebod unda SevCerdeT pirvelze. mamis Segone-ba rostevanisTvis Cveuli mWevrmetyvelebis nimuSia. moswavles vakiTxebT 50-e strofs da viwyebT teqstis axsnas:
`vardTa da nexvTa vinaTgan mze sworad moefinebis,didTa da wvrilTa wyaloba Senca nu mogewyinebis!uxvi axsnilsa daabams, igi TviT ebis, vin ebis.uxvad gascemdi,zRvaTaca Sesdis da gaedinebis~.
mefis wyaloba mzis wayalobis msgavsad yvelas efineba. aq erTmaneTs enacvleba mxatvruli gamosaxvis sxvadasxva saSualeba. upirveles yovilsa, moswavleebs SevaxsenebT aforizmis raobas, ganvmartavT, rom aforizmi aris mxatvrul saxeebad gacxadebuli sibrZe. sxvadasxva brZnuli azri masSi gamoxatulia mokled da lakonurad. mTlianad strofi mamis darigebas Seicavs.
bolo strofebi aforizmebis siuxviT gamoirCeva. avxsniT aforizmebs, romlebSic Caqsovili sibrZne Rrma zneobrivi Rirebulebis Semcvelia. moswavleebi teqstidan amokreben aforizmis ni-muSebs:
`mefeTa Sigan siuxve, viT edems alva rgulia:uxvsa hmorCilobs yoveli, igica vin orgulia~......rasaca gascem, Senia; rasc ara, dakargulia!~ (51)
amiT mTavrdeba klasSi maswavleblis mier wakiTxuli epizodis (33-dan 52-e strofis CaTvliT) komentirebuli kiTxva.
nawyvetis danarCen epizodebSi, romlebsac moswavleebi Sin waikiTxaven, Cans Tu rgor Seas-rula TinaTinma mamis darigeba. am adgilebis komentireba moxda saSinao davalebis gamokiTxvisas klasSi, yuradReba gamaxvildeba Semdegi Tavis 74-e strofze. masSi sxvadasxva mxatvruli xerxis gamoyenebiT, ZiriTadad epiTetisa da metaforuli xerxis gamoyenebiT da monacvleobiT daxatu-lia avTandilis portreti:
`dilasa adre movida igi nazardi sosani, ZoweuliTa mosili, pirad brol-badaxSosani,pir-oqro ride exvia, Svenoda qarqaSosani,mefesa gasvlad awvevda, modga TeTr-taiWosani~.
avTandilis gamarjvebiT gamowveuli sixaruli asea gadmocemuli poemaSi:
`mefesa ese ambavi uCs, viTa mRera nardisa,uxaris egre sikeTe misisa ganazardisa,aqvs mijnuroba amisi, viTa bulbulsa vardisa,siciliT laRobs, mieca guliT amosvla dardisa~. (84)
vardisa da bulbulis mijnuroba aRmosavlur poeziaSi gavrcelebuli saxe-simboloa. amjerad, rusTaveli mas iyenebs avTandilis gamarjvebiT gamowveuli rostevanis udidesi sixarulisa da siyvarulis gamosaxatavad. Cven mier gaxazuli saleqso striqoni ki Sedarebis nimuSia, romelSic organulad aris CarTuli aRniSnuli saxe-simbolo.
amrigad, komentirebuli kiTxva warmogvidgeba rogorc erTiani meToduri sistema, romelSic viyenebT sxvadasxva meTods (Txroba, saubari), xerxsa da saSualebas. moswavleebi Sin, damoukide-blad kiTxuloben danarCen epizodebs, klasSi gadmoscemen mTeli nawyvetis Sinaarss teqstTan miaxloebiT.
rogorc aRiniSna, teqstze muSaobisas yuradReba maxvildeba bibliuri paralelebis nimuSebze `vefxistyaosanSi~. SeiZleba yvela moswavles Sin ar hqondes Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebi, amitom sasurvelia, pedagogma moswavleebs Caawerinos `vefxistyaosnis~ bibliasTan Tanxvdomis nimuSebi. maT unda icodnen, rom paralelebis daZebna `vefxistyaosansa~ da biblias Soris TviTmizani ki ar aris, aramed teqstis analizis saSualebaa!
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4. sulxan-saba orbeliani (1658-1725)
literaturuli komentarebi
`monRolebis Semosevam gastexa qarTvelTa xerxemali. Ggamwirda fsiqika, sityva daavadda. dauZlurda. sintaqsi Seicvala Zireulad: rassiuli siwmindis magier _ aTasnairi naleki. aqedan sityvasa da TqmaSi _ metxorci, meWeWi, xorkli, xiwvi, daxorkeba, damZimeba, dambla.
sityvam dakarga TavisTavadoba. gairyvna. aqedan dualizmi (gaoreba). nu sityvis gabiTureba. magaliTi uricxvi.
mTeli istoria qarTuli sityvis monRolebis Semosevis Semdeg cda aris pirvandelis aRdgenis, cda keTilSobili, magram Ronemixdili.
ganaxlebis xanaSi sagulisxmoa metad sulxan saba orbeliani. misi sibrZne sicruisa welSi gamarTvaa qarTuli sityvis.
igi erTgulia pirvandelis.aqac simartive da lapidaroba (mokle, sxarti gamoxatva azrisa). `sibrZne sicruvisa~ namdvili
muxlia qarTuli sityvis viTarebaSi. am mxriT is Seufasebelia...~ (grigol robaqiZe, qarTuli prozisaTvis (proeqti))
sulxan-saba orbelis Ze sibrZniT aRxda orbebis ze.
`rusTvelis Semdeg Zvel saqarTvelos ara hyolia sulxan-saba orbelianze didi pirovneba. igi iyo sworupovari igavTmwerali da leqsikografi~ (s. caiSvili).
sulxan-saba qarTvel feodalTa didebuli sagvareulos _ orbelianTa warmomadgeneli iyo.mamis mxriv ekuTvnoda baraTaSvil-orbeliSvilTa uZveles, uZlieres gvareulobas, dedisa _
aragvis erisTavTa saxelganTqmul saxls.orbelianebi qvemo qarTlis did feodalur saxls warmoadgendnen.simon janaSia (Sromebi, t. II) uTiTebs, rom am gvars araferi aqvs saerTo XI-XII s.s. cnobil feo-
dalur gvarTan, baRvaS-orbelianebTan, romlis yvelaze didi warmomadgenili, liparit baRvaS-orbeliani XI s.-Si lamis saqarTvelos ugvirgvino mefe iyo, upirispirdeboda saqarTvelos gaer-Tianebis mowadine bagrationebs.
(Tavad saba Tavis leqsikonSi `baRvaSs~ ganmartavs, rogorc `saxls gamamwarebelTa~).baRvaSebi alagma daviT aRmaSenebelma. rogorc mematiane aRniSnavs liparitis Sesaxeb, `kudi
ZaRlisa ara ganimarTebis, arca kirCxibi (kiborCxala) marTlad vals.~ daviTisave xanaSi dasustda da sabolood gadaSenda baRvaS-orbelianTa sagvareulo.
daaxloebiT XIV s.-is miwuruls qvemo qarTlis daaxloebiT imave midamoebSi aRzevdeba bara-TaSvilTa feodaluri saxli, romlis samflobelosac moixsenieben sabaraTianod.
sainteresoa, rom baRvaS-orbelianebica da baraTaSvilebic warmoSobiT dasavleT saqarTvelo-dan yofilan.
baRvaSebi argveTidan gadmosulan qarTls. maTi sagvareulo sasaflao sofel kacxSi (imereTi) yofila.
baraTaSvilTa winaprebi dasavlelqarTveli qaCibaisZe-qajibaisZeni yofilan (Tedo Jordania, simon janaSia).
baraTaSvilTa sagvareulo ramdenime Stod daiyo: orbelianebi, yaflaniSvilebi, abaSiSvilebi...baRvaS-orbelianebma gvari `orbeliani~ geografiuli saxelidan, orbeTidan miiRes, XIV-XVs.-is
miwurulisaTvis ki es gvari gaCnda orbel baraTaSvilis saxelidan.sulxan-sabas papa, yaflan baraTaSvil-orbeliSvili rostom mefis (1634- 1658) saxlTuxucesi
da mdivanbegi iyo; mama _ vaxtangi _ vaxtang V Sahnavazis mdivanbegi da molareTuxucesi.deda _ Tamari _ iyo asuli zaal aragvis erisTavisa (zaali 1659w. ajanyebis erT-erTi sulis-
Camdgmeli iyo), SviliSvili aragvis mrisxane mebatonis, nugzar erisTavisa..sulxan-saba orbeliani 1658 wlis 24 oqtombers (3 noembers) daibada qvemo qarTlSi, bolnisis
maxloblad, sofel tanZiaSi (md. maSaveris xeoba). Semdeg sagvareulo mamulSi, dmanisSi, aRuzr-diaT.
orbelianebis sasaxle idga zeganze, saidanac iSleboda qvemo qarTlis didebuli xedi. patara sabam bavSvoba mdinareebis _ maSaverisa da qciis xeobebSi gaatara, xSirad stumrobda fitareTis taZarsa da samSvildes.
(fitareTi _ taZari Tanamedrove TeTriwyaros raionSi, dmanisTan axlos. karibWis SigniT did samSeneblo warweraSi moTxrobilia, rom taZari 1213-1222 ww. aaSena giorgi meoTxe laSas amire-jibma qavTar qajibaisZem. fitareTis wignsacavidan cnobilia XVII saukunis saxareba. fitareTi
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beTania-qvaTaxevis jgufis eklesiaTa yvelaze brwyinvale nimuSia (qse, t. X, Tb., 1986, gv. 333).samSvilde _ erT-erTi uZvelesi cixe-qalaqi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, sofel samSvildis
maxloblad (TeTri wyaro). SemorCenilia nangrevebis saxiT. tradiciuli mosazrebiT, aaSena qa-rTvelTa eponimma qarTlosma. samSvildis Tavdapirveli saxelwodeba yofila `cixe orbisa~ (`de-dacixe~). qarTlis saxelmwifos warmoqmnisTanave (Zv. w. IV-III s.s.) warmoadgenda samSvildis saeri-sTavos centrs. X saukunis bolos gaxda taSir-Zoragetis samefos dedaqalaqi. XI saukunis 60-ian wlebSi samSvilde bagrat meoTxem daibruna. 1110 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma Turq-selCukTagan gaaTavisufla da SemoierTa. XV saukunidan baraTaSvilTa saTavados centri iyo. samSvildis sioni VIII saukunis II naxevris Zeglia da arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT wromis taZars enaTesaveba (qse, t. IX, Tb., 1985, gv. 46-47)).
tanZiaSi dResacaa SemorCenili orbelianTa Zveli saxlis nangrevebi da patara eklesia, sulx-an-sabas mamis mier nagebi.
orbelianebi qarTlis mefis, vaxtang V Sahnavazis uaxloesi naTesavebi iyvnen _ mefis meuRle iyo sulxanis mamida _ rodami, ufliswulebi _ arCili, giorgi, levani _ mamidaSvilebi.
vaxtang orbeliani, sulxanis mama, vaxtang V Sahnavazs qarTlis, Tbilisis, sabaraTianos, `somx-iTisa da TaTris~ mdivanbegad dauniSnavs da `samarTlis qmna~ ubrZanebia.
vaxtang mdivanbegi bibliur teqstTa mcodne da mecenati yofila. Semonaxulia misi dakveTiT gadawerili bibliuri teqstebi (xelnawerTa instituti). swored mamam Seaswavla sulxans qarTuli paleografiis* saidumloebani, `daqselili da xveuli mrglovani damwerloba~ (*paleografia _ mecniereba, romelic swavlobs Zveli xelnawerebis garegnul mxares, damwerlobaTmcodneoba).
`yovelTa zneTa maswavlelad~ sulxans mcxeTeli aznauri beruka zedginiZe hyolia, sasuliero moZRvrebasa da galobas giorgi iaSvili aswavlida. zrdidnen `saTuTad da nebierad, viTac Svenis TavadTa ZeTa.~
sulxani `siyrmiTgan iyo mudamad sibrZnis swavlisa msaxveli~, `swavlisa friad moyvare.~siyrmidanve Seuswavlia sasuliero disciplinebi, RvTismetyveleba, filosofia, bunebisme-
tyveleba, gansakuTrebuli midrekileba filologiisadmi gamouCenia.mokrZalebiT SeniSnavda, `qarTulisa enisagan kide (garda), sxva ena ar vicodio~, magram cnobi-
lia, rom sulxans scodnia Turquli, somxuri, berZnuli, laTinuri, italiuri... momaval igavTmwe-ralsa da leqsikologs enciklopediuri ganaTleba miuRia, dauflebia qarTveli didebulisaTvis savaldebulo samxedro xelovnebas.
sabas pirveli meuRle iyo darejan bagrationi (gardaicvala 1683w.), meore _ samcxis aTabagis asuli, Tamari.
`sulxan-saba maRali, warmosadegi, brge moyvanilobisa yofila, winaparTa da axlobelTa ms-gavsad, aRnagobiT ufro meomruli Sesaxedaobisa. TeTr-yirmizi saxe hqonia, kriala, nafota kbile-bi da winwamoweuli qveda yba _ utexi nebisyofis utyuari niSani~ (elguja maRraZe).
sulxans uaxloesi sulieri megobroba akavSirebda Tavis didebul mamidaSvilebTan, romelnic asakiT masze ufrosni iyvnen.
`qarTlis cxovreba~ ufliswulTa Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, rom vaxtang mexuTem Svilebi `pirve-lad ganswavla saRmrToTa werilTa swavla- TargmanebaTa da ganmartebaTa mier, samamakacoTa zne-obiTa.~
arCili(1647-1713), mefe-poeti, iyo avtori zneobaTa kodeqsisa `saqarTvelos zneobani.~giorgi batoniSvili, Semdgom giorgi XI, sabas gansakuTrebiT hyvarebia. giorgisagan ̀ Svilurad
gazrdilsa da ganswavlebuls~ uwodebda Tavs (`qilila da damanas~ winasityvaoba).qarTlis mefe, giorgi meTerTmete (1676-1688, 1703-1709) 1696w. Sahs sparseTSi gauwevia, sadac
giorgim saarako gmiris saxeli daigdo avRanelebTan brZolaSi.giorgi XI avRanTa beladma, mir-veisma, veragulad mokla 1709w. 21 aprils. `pakistanis sazRvridan avRaneTis meore did qalaq yandaaramde ramdenime kilometris mo-
SorebiT, gzispira dafaze, daaxloebiT aseTi Sinaarsis warweraa: `mgzavro, SeCerdi da icode _ avRaneTis dapyrobas bevri ecada, magram sabolood veravin daipyro igi. igi dalaSqres aleqsandre makedonelma, Cingiz-xanma da qarTvelTa mefem, giorgi XI-m, romlis mavzoleumic aqve, axlosaa.~
giorgi XI-m, iranelTa mier warTmeuli taxti rom daebrunebina, Sahi huseinis davalebiT, avRaneTi dalaSqra. qarTvelebi iranelTa avangardSi ibrZodnen. avRaneTi daipyro iranma, magram giorgi XI RalatiT mokles. mefis Tanmxlebi qarTvelebi (50 000 kaci) avRaneTSi dasaxldnen.
samtrod mosuli qarTveli mefe avRanelebma mavzoleumSi dakrZales da sami saukunis man-Zilze pativiT epyrobodnen mis ZvalTSesalags~ (`kviris palitra~, 21-27 ianvari, 2002, gv. 10) (avRanelebi ambobdnen: `iranelebi CvenTan SedarebiT cxvrebi arian, qarTvelebTan SedarebiT ki Cvena varT cxvrebi~ (iqve).
swored giorgis brZanebiTa da rCeviT Seudgenia sulxan-sabas `leqsikoni qarTuli~ (`sityvis kona~). exmareboda Zma, zosime orbeliani,zaalyofili.
Tuki mamidaSvili giorgi sabas aRmzrdeli iyo, meore mamidaSvilis _ levanis vaJis _ momavali
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xelmwifis _ vaxtang VI-is aRmzrdeli Tavad saba yofila. `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ aRzrdasTan dakav-Sirebuli epizodebi aSkarad avtobiografiul xasiaTs atarebs.
aRmzrdel-aRzrdili (sulxan-saba da vaxtang VI) sulieri megobrebi iyvnen da araerT saSviliS-vilo saqmes Cauyares safuZveli (`saxarebisa~ da ̀ vefxistyaosnis~ beWduri gamocemebi, ̀ dasturla-mali~ (samarTlis wigni), `qarTlis cxovrebis~ axali redaqcia...).
saba giorgi XI-is uaxloesi Tanamzraxveli iyo. `sulxanis sarbielze gamosvlas uZRoda `yizilbaSuri periodi~ _ nawilobriv vaxtang V Sahn-
avazisa da, metwilad, rostomis mefobis wlebSi (1634-1658), miuxedavad SedarebiTi mSvidobiano-bisa, igrZnoboda TaTrobis momZlavreba.
es aSkarad SeimCneoda rogorc sulieri cxovrebis, aseve yoveldRiuri yofis detalebSic. rostom mefem yvela kari gauRo prosparsul Semotevas. vaxuSti batoniSvili werda: `ama-
TiTa (amaTgan) SeeriaT qarTvelT gancxroma, sma-Wama yizilbaSuri, siZva, mruSeba, tyuvili xorc-gansveneba, abano, keklucoba ugvani da dautevebdnen qarTvelTa zneTa~ (Sdr. sabanisZesTan; `aRve-rieniT ersa ucxosa...~).
swored aman Tu ganapiroba sulxan-saba orbelianis gansakuTrebuli daintereseba zneTswav-lulobis gamomxatveli TxzulebebiT, romelTa Soris upirvelesi adgili uWiravs mis originalur nawarmoebs `sibrZne sicruisa~ (sargis caiSvili, maradiuli saxeebi, Tb., 1981, gv. 93-94).
antiiranuli saqmianobisaTvis Sahma soleimanma taxti giorgis CamoarTva da sparsuli orien-taciis erekle pirvels (nazaralixans), Teimuraz pirvelis SviliSvils gadasca.
sulxani, represirebulTa sazar beds rom ascdenoda, erTxans imereTs, Semdeg samcxeSi gaix-izna, simamrTan. qarTlSi mxolod 1696 w. brundeba, rodesac Sahma giorgis danaSauli `apatia~ da irans gaiwvia. sulxani `Seurigda~ erekle pirvels, Tumc politikur saqmianobas CamohSorda da sagvareulo mamulSi Caiketa. Cumi imediT, rom giorgi XI sparseTidan dabrundeboda.
sulxanis politikuri ideali damarcxda da 1698 w. 18 marts sabas saxeliT daviTgarejis monasterSi (ioane naTlismcemlis eklesia) berad Sedga. aq Seuqmnia 46 qadagebisagan Sedgenili `swavlani~ (swavla eklesiisaTvis, eklesiasa Sina dumilisaTvis, aRsarebisaTvis, ziarebisaTvis...). `swavlani~ logikuri gagrZelebaa igavTkrebulisa `sibrZne sicruisa~ _ rac igavebiT iyo naTqvami, axla saeklesio qadagebiT iqna gadmocemuli.
(daviTgareja _ samonastro gamoqvabulTa kompleqsi, daarsebuli VI saukunis pirvel naxe-varSi erT-erTi asureli mamis, daviT garejelis mier. droTa ganmavlobaSi monasterTa ricxvma Tormets miaRwia (wamebuli, naTlismcemeli, CiCxituri, TeTrsenakebi, dodorqa, udabno, berTuba-ni... meTormete saukunis dasawyisSi daviT meoTxe aRmaSenebelma monastrebi samefo sakuTrebad aqcia. XIV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, giorgi V brwyinvalis dros, daviTgareja mZlavr politikur Zalad iqca. XIV saukunis bolos, Temur lengis laSqrobebis dros, samonastro cxovreba moiSala.
1424 wels aleqsandre I didma mcxeTis sveticxovlis sapatriarqo eklesias Seswira.1616-1617 ww. daviTgareja sparselTa laSqarma daarbia, monastrebi gauqmda. 1639 wels Teimu-
raz pirvelma aq samonastro cxovreba aRadgina.berTubnis eklesiaSi Tamarisa da laSa-giorgis portretebia (qse, III, Tb., 1978, gv. 339)`swavlani~-Si saba moZRvravs gardagularZnilT: `gvari kacisa uadviles ars Sesamusvrelad,
vidreRa Wiqa Rvinisa. sikvdili umaxlobeles ars, vidreRa TvalTa dawamwameba. soflisa amis dide-ba uadvilesad ganbnevadi ars, vidreRa qarisa sisastikisagan _ bze.~
mkvlevarni Tvlian, rom `swavlani~ `sibrZne sicruisas~ logikuri gagrZelebaa.giorgi meTerTmetem sparseTSi Tavi imdenad gamoiCina, rom Sahma qarTlis taxti daubruna,
sparseTis spasalaroba da yandaaris (avRaneTi) beglarbegoba uboZa. bunebrivia, giorgi qarTlSi veRar dabrundeboda, igi mxolod nominalurad iTvleboda mefed.
qarTlis saqmeTa gansageblad giorgim levani gamogzavna, 1703w. ki, rodesac levani sparseTSi gaiwvies, qarTlis janiSinad (mefis moadgiled) levanis Ze, giorgis Zmiswuli vaxtangi (VI) dainiSna.
sabas anafora aRar gauxdia, magram sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiurad monawileobda, yovelmxriv Seeweoda aRzrdils _ vaxtangs.
diplomatiuri misiiT saba xan sparseTs iyo, xan TurqeTs miemgzavreboda.sparseTis Sahma vaxtangs gamahmadianeba mosTxova. uari miiRo. SeWirvebulma, saba diplomati-
uri misiiT wargzavna vaxtangma evropas.konstantinopolamdis sabas frang misionerTan, riSarTan, erTad umgzavria. safrangeTis elC-
ma dezalorma orbeliani da riSari 1714w. 22 ianvars marsels gaamgzavra gemiT `miZineba~1714 w. 11 marts sabam werili gaugzavna kardinals romSi, saqarTvelos mfarveloba sTxova da,
sanacvlod, aRuTqva, rom romis eklesias saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis gavrcelebaSi daexmareboda.
(kaTolicizmi _ qristianuli religiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba marTlmadidebloba-sa da protestantizmTan erTad. dasavleT evropaSi calke mimdinareobad Camoyalibda da gaba-tonebul sarwmunoebad iqca mas Semdeg, rac qristianoba 1054 wels oficialurad gaiyo _ marTl-
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madideblobad da kaTolicizmad. vatikanis saeklesio krebaze papi gamoacxades rwmenis sakiTxebSi `Seucdomlad da ucodvelad~.
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba marTlmadideblobasa da kaTolicizms Soris `filiokves~(Zis) sakiTxSia _ kaTolikuri moZRvrebis mixedviT, suliwmidis mofena xdeba ara marto mama RmerTisagan, ro-gorc es marTlmadideblobaSia, aramed Ze RmerTisaganac.
marTlmadideblobisagan gansxvavebiT, kaTolicizmi, samoTxisa da jojoxeTis gverdiT, aRi-arebs salxineblis (gansawmendelis) arsebobas.
kaTolicizmis mixedviT, biblia mxolod laTinur enazea wminda... (qse, t. V, Tb., 1985, gv. 318)). sabas mogzaurobis marSruti aseTi iyo: konstantinopoli _ marseli _ parizi _ romi _ italiis
qalaqebi _ konstantinopoli _ saqarTvelo.mogzaurobis konkretuli mizani iyo sparseTis tyveobaSi myofi vaxtang meeqvsis gamosaxsne-
lad saxsrebis moZieba, da _ ufro Soreuli _ evropis daintereseba saqarTveloTi.evropidan cnobebi igvianebda. vaxtangs ispahans tyveoba ar akmares, 1714 wlis 10 marts Zalad
gaamahmadianes, qirmans gadaasaxles, qarTlis taxti ki mis, aseve gamahmadianebul, Zmas _ ieses ga-dasces (ispahani, qirmani _ iranis qalaqebi).
evropaSi sabaze xma daegdoT, `mTel saqarTvelos mamad miaCniao.~sabas ramdenime audiencia (Sexvedra) hqonda safrangeTis mefesTan, ludoviko meToTxmetesTan. naavadmyofar mefes elCisaTvis SeuCivlia, avadmyofobaze metad, karsmomdgari sibere mafiqreb-
so. sabas uTqvams, `Tqveni udidebulesoba am wlovanebas iseTi mSvenebiT atarebs, yvela isurvebda Tqvens asakSi yofnaso.~
meore audienciisas despans ludovikosaTvis uTqvams, rom misi udidebulesobis pirovnebaSi solomonis sibrZnes daviT mefis RvTismosaoba Serwymoda: ̀ swored amgvari RvTismosaobaa mizezi,... rom Tqveni udidebulesoba iqneba xelisampyrobeli imdenad daSorebuli qveynebis mefeebisa da mfarveli sarwmunoebisa, rogoric Cveni qveyanaa.~
aRtaceba gamouwvevia sabas romSic, papis _ klimenti XI-is karze. paps sabasTvis uTqvams, `mix-arian, romSi didi xma dagivarda, kargad iqcevi da gonierado.~ papis umdidres biblioTekaSi amaod uZebnia qarTuli wignebi.
mogzaurobisas ar asvenebda erTaderTi ocneba _ `Cems ukan (Semdeg), RmerTma qmnas, Cems qveya-naSi ukeTesoba Seiqmnaso.~
evropaSi yofnisas dedaTa erT-erTi monastriT imdenad moxiblula, vaxtangis karis eklesiad unatria (levan menabde, sulxan-saba orbeliani, Tb., 1980, gv. 80).
gulmokluli Sehnatroda evropis keTildReobas, saqarTveelos bedze wuxda: `sadac TaTars miuRwevia, iq RvTis naTeli aRar damdgara.~
konkretuli istoriuli viTareba gamoricxavda sabas misiis raime warmatebas. safrangeTi da italia saqarTvelos gulisTvis sparseTsa da TurqeTs ver daupirispirdebodnen.
imave xanebSi ludoviko XIV gardaicvala. mravalwliani mogzaurobiT Ronemixdili, imedgacruebuli saba 1716 wels dabrunda saqarT-
veloSi, `mravali Wiris gardamxdeli.~ Zlivs daaRwia Tavi mekobreebs.sabas formalurad miuRia kaTolicizmi, ris gamoc, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mxriv, didi
problemebi Seeqmna.`es aqti ar iyo konfesiuri (aRmsareblobiTi) xasiaTisa. saba mxolod politikuri mosazre-
biT xelmZRvanelobda. saqarTvelo mudam eZebda aRmosavleTis barbarosebisagan damcvelsa da mfarvels, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac qristianuli bizantia osmalebma (Turqebma) daipyres~ (korneli kekeliZe, etiudebi, t. XIII, gv. 123).
`saba 1701 welsac marTlmadidebelia, am wels dauweria `samoTxis kari~. araviTari kvali kaTolicizmisa ar aris arc sabas `swavlani~-Si, romelic 1698-1710 ww. iqmneboda da romelic sakiTxavi wigni iyo naTlismcemlis (daviTgarejis) udabnoSi. kaTolikoba sabas formalurad unda mieRo 1713 wels, rodesac `samoTxis karis~ kaTolikuri redaqcia Seiqmna. aq papisturi dogmatebi gaSiSvlebuladaa warmodgenili~ (korneli kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. II, Tb., 1968, gv. 452).
saba basilianelTa ordenis wevri gamxdara. `yoveli basilianeli iyo SeniRbuli kaTolike, garegnuli niSnis mixedviT marTlmadideblur iers atarebda, ordenis wevris Sinagani kaTolikuri arsi SeumCneveli rCeboda sxvaTaTvis~ (revaz baramiZe, sulxan-saba orbelianis biografiisaTvis, wignSi `literaturuli Studiebi~, Tb., 1988, gv. 126).
evropaSi mogzaurobas Tumc politikuri Sedegi ar gamouRia, qarTuli literatura gam-didrda uaRresad saintereso nawarmoebiT. `mogzauroba evropaSi~ dRiurebis saxiTaa dawerili. Txzulebam dazianebuli saxiT moaRwia, dakargulia pirvelia Tavebi, sadac, savaraudod, safran-geTis qalaqebi unda yofiliyo aRwerili. SemorCenilia mxolod italiisa da TurqeTis qalaqTa aRweriloba.
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evropidan dabrunebul sabas saqarTveloSi umZimesi mdgomareoba daxvda.Sahma vaxtang VI qirmanidan gamoiyvana, qarTlis mefoba uboZa. qarTlis mefis naiboba vaxtangis
Zem, baqarma miiRo, raWidan moadga Tbiliss. iese kaxeTs gaiqca, magram Seipyres da Tbilisis cixeSi gamoketes.
1717 wels baqarma miiRo qarTlis mefoba. vaxtangi sparseTs datoves. `avma enebma, ama soflis simuxTlem saba da vaxtangi erTmaneTs moaSorva.~ igavebSi `mze da
vardi~, `zRva da delfini~, `mefe da meZebari~ alegoriulad moTxrobilia aRmzrdelsa da aRz-rdils Soris konfliqtis Sesaxeb.
aRzrdilis gagulgrilebiT gulmokluli, saba wers:`mterman lodi momaxvedra, moyvareman _ vardis kona,egre mterman ver matkina, moyvrisagan SemaRona.~saba av enebs abralebda momxdars da vaxtangs ar ganikiTxavda, `gamoucdelisa ra dasabrale-
biao.~aRmzrdel-aRzrdili, sabolood, rasakvirvelia, Serigdnen. vaxtangma Tavis mier Targmnili
igavTkrebuli ̀ qilila da damana~ (`anvari sohaili~ (samxreTis cis kaSkaSa varskvlavi)) ̀ gasaCalxad~ (dasaxvewad, Casasworeblad) swored sabas gaugzavna. qirmanSi tyvedmyof vaxtang meeqvses igavebi `gonebisa urvisa wamlad~ eTargmna sparsulidan.
sabam teqsti araTu `gaCalxa~, brwyinvaled gadmoaqarTula. da mainc, saba am teqstis redaq-toria, da ara mTargmneli.
mamuka baraTaSvili werda: ̀ saba-sulxan orbelianma ̀ qilila da damana~ galeqsa. Tumca rusTve-lis naTqvami ar aris, magram naklebadac saTqmeli ar aris (`WaSniki~) (akaki gawerelia, literatu-ruli narkvevebi, Tb., 1949, gv. 58).
igavTkrebulSi `qilila da damana~ mTxrobelni turebi _ mSvidi, keTili qilila da boroti damana arian. teqstis sparsuli saTauria `anvari sohaili.~
igavTaTvis darTul `anderZSi~ saba wers, rom teqsti vaxtangis TxovniT dauxvewavs, `Tvaram monazvnisagan (berisagan _ n. k.) amisTana ambavi uwesoa da urigo... ber-monazoni rom moses wignis nacvlad `qilila da damanas~ akeTebdes, veWvob, mefesac gaecinos.~
`sibrZne sicruisa~ sulxan-sabas berad Sedgomamdis dauweria. avtografSi Txzulebas aseTi minaweri axlavs: `wigni sibrZne sicruisa, naTqvami sulxan orbelianisa Jamsa siWabukisa misisa.~
`siWabukis~ asakad Tavis `sityvis konaSi~ saba 20-30 wels uTiTebs, e. i, `sibrZne sicruisa~ XVII s.-is 80-ian wlebSia dawerili.
amave periodSi dauwyia sabas Sedgena qarTuli leqsikonisa (`sityvis kona~), radgan, rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, qarTvelT `patiosani ese wigni (leqsikoni) dahkargvodaT, ena qarTuli TvisTa nebazed gaeryvnaT.~
leqsikoni sabas giorgi XI-is brZanebiTa da TxovniT Seudgenia. mkvlevarni `sityvis konas~ frangi enciklopedistebis naSromis gverdiT ayeneben (enciklopedistebi _ frangi moazrovneebi: didro, ruso, helveciusi, dalamberi...).
sulxan-saba orbelianisa da vaxtang VI-is epoqas ivane javaxiSvilma qarTuli mwerlobis ̀ encik-lopediuri xana~ uwoda (ivane javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, w. I, gv. 116).
pirveli redaqcia sabas berad Sedgomamdis ganusrulebia, meore _ 1715 wels, mesame _ 1721 wels.
leqsikonze muSaobisas sabasTvis didi daxmareba gauweviaT Zmas, zaal-zosimesa da mefes, vax-tang meeqvses. saxelic _ `sityvis kona~ _ vaxtangs SeurCevia.
1719 wels Sahma vaxtangi qarTls gamoistumra. vaxtangma Tavis gamahmadianebul Zmas, ieses, apatia danaSauli: daviT kaxTa mefesTan erTad Seutia aRlaRebul lekebs.
saba politikur asparezs daubrunda da vaxtangis mrCeveli gaxda. 1722 wels Sahma vaxtangs Sirvans galaSqreba da iqidan lekTa gandevna ubrZana.imave, 1722 wels, petre pirvelma, ruseTis xelmwifem, vaxtangs elCad boris TurqestanaSvili
gamougzavna da sparselTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mokavSireoba sTxova.vaxtangma guliT gaixara, uaryo islami, qristes sjuls daubrunda da petre I-s erTguleba
Sehfica.SeTanxmebisamebr, Tavisi jarebi ganjisaken daZra vaxtangma. rusebs derbendi da baqo unda
aeRoT, qarTvelebs _ Semaxa. qarTuli da rusuli jarebi unda gaerTianebuliyvnen, magram petre I-s CrdiloeTis frontze, SvedebTan, problemebi Seeqmna da iranis winaaRmdeg dagegmili operacia gadado.
vaxtang meeqvse martodmarto darCa gamZvinvarebuli sparseTis pirispir. orgulobisTvis Sah-ma taxti CamoarTva da qarTlic kaxeTis mmarTvel konstantines gadasca.
vaxtang VI-m ojaxi gors gaxizna, Tavad Tbilisis dasacavad gaaCaRa brZola.konstantinem Tbilisi lekTa daxmarebiT aiRo. vaxtangi iZulebuli gaxda, gaqceuliyo. imav-
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droulad, qarTls moadga osmalTa (TurqTa) jari, romelsac vaxtangis Zma da Svili _ iese da baqari mohyvebodnen...
Turqebma Tbilisi 1723 wels uomrad aiRes, konstantine kaxTa mefe gaaZeves, taxti jer baqars, Semdeg ieses gadasces.
1724 wels iese TurqTa jariT daupirispirda vaxtangs da daamarcxa. vaxtangi iZulebuli gax-da, ruseTs gaxiznuliyo aTas orasi erTguli mxlebliTurT, romelTa Soris sabac iyo.
kavkasions gadaRma vaxtangs CerqezTa batoniSvili daxvda(vaxtangis meuRle, rusudani, Cer-qezTa mTavris asuli iyo).
solaRSi dabanakebulma vaxtangma elCioni wargzavna moskovs.moskovSi ukve arsebobda qarTuli saTvistomo _ sabas mamidaSvilis, arCilis mier daarsebuli
(1685). qarTvel mefeTagan pirveli moskovs Teimuraz pirveli swvevia (1658).arCilis vaJi, aleqsandre, petre pirvelis uerTgulesi TanamebrZoli iyo.gadaxvewil qarTvelTa samkvidrod iqca sofeli vsexsviatskoe (qarTvelTa gamoTqmiT, `ses-
encka~). sainteresoa, rom SvedebTan gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavi nadimi petrem swored vsexsviatskoeSi daiwyo, arCilis asulis, darejanis sasaxleSi.
asakovanma, jangatexilma sabamac darejanis sasaxleSi daivana, sadac 1725 wlis 26 ianvars (6 Tebervals) gardaicvala.
sulxan-sabas Zmis, dimitris sityviT, `friad maSvrali muSaki mokvda, daefla rusT velsa.~saba dakrZalulia vsexsviatskoes taZarSi (Tanamedrove metro `sokolis~ midamoebSi).rogorc qarTveli poeti wers, `moskovma STanTqa Zvalni misni satanZieni~ (m. maWavariani). igive poeti ityvis tkiviliT:`ori cremlidan saqarTvelos gahyurebs saba _ ver gaamarTla, vaglax, mermisma...…~
sulxan-saba orbelianis nawarmoebebis qronologiuri nusxa:`sibrZne sicruisa~ _ 1686-1695w.w.;`sityvis kona~ (leqsikoni) _ pirveli redaqcia 1698w.-mde, saboloo _ 1721w.;`mogzauroba evropaSi~ _ 1712-1715;`swavlani~ (46 qadageba) _ 1698-1703;`qilila da damana~ (teqstis redaqtireba) _ 1716-1719.
