Matéria do olhar

7/23/2019 Matria do olhar

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KGU JN\BOBFGA^HIO\NU

IOV\HO FG GM@O\


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H

Obvnu n fnsghu fo ig|vn fo shbv~|o


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?"

?00:)?8:0

?00:- egi Mn fkn~bn| u~| m`n|ln fn Iobnv- unbg iohu enfg- g hbehg fo

igfn|bhfofn" îo igfn|bhfofn snbuofo sg| Lo~fnmoh|n ni Mn snhbv|n fn mo

zhn igfn|bn- ov|ozu fo jha~|o fn Egbuvobvhb A~xu" îo igfn|bhfofn q~n n|o

o ouu~isg fg njin|g- fg v|obuhv|hg- fg j~ahvhzg" îo igfn|bhfofn q~n-

bou somoz|ou fn Bhnv{ue`n- bo s|hinh|o joun fn Bhnv{ue`n- ni G bouehinbvg fo

v|oafho- hismheo snbuo| o o|vn ugl o svheo fo zhfo- huvg - snbuo| o o|vn bg

smobg fo invojuheo"

?8:0- unbg iohu enfg- g hbehg fg q~nuvhgbo| o shbv~|o g |gioben vhbò

uhfg egbj|gbvofg egi g bg~zno~ |giob (\glln)A|hmmnv n g~v|gu- g vnov|g vhbò

uhfg egbj|gbvofg egi g vnov|g fg olu~|fg- g ehbnio vhbò uhfg egbj|gbvofg egi

o bg~znmmn zoa~n (Agfo|f n g~v|gu- o sgnuho vhbò uhfg egbj|gbvofo egi g

egbe|nvhuig l|ouhmnh|g (@o|gmfg fn Eoisgu n g~v|gu" N og hbvn||gao|)un o

shbv~|o- fne|nvo)un o u~o ig|vn o ig|vn fo shbv~|o"

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~io omvn|og fg uhabhjheofg fg glknevg o|vuvheg n fg nusog q~n g oegm`n (g

i~un~- o aomn|ho" Qo|`gm n o sgs- snmg egbv||hg- os|nunbvoi g q~gvhfhobg

nbq~obvg uhabhjheofg iphig fg glknevg o|vuvheg n fg nusog q~n g oegm`n"

Sg| g~v|ou somoz|ou; Qo|`gm n o sgs fnige|ovh{oi o o|vn" Iou g q~n - nbvg-

fnige|ovh{o| o o|vn7 nuvo- k~uvoinbvn- o una~bfo egbunq~beho fg v|olom`g

fo sgs n fn Qo|`gm; egmgeo| o o|vn og bznm fg ioao{hbn fn a|obfn eh|e~mog"

G q~n vni ~io g~v|o hismheog; oso|nbvninbvn- o o|vn v|obujn|n)un so|o g

inuig smobg fgu infho" Fo o emnl|n ojh|iog fn Qo|`gm; eofo ~i

(u~lnbvnbfo)un; eofo oin|heobg vni fh|nhvg o ehbeg ihb~vgu fn joio" G~ unko;

k bg hbvn|nuuo o fhomevheo nbv|n souuofg n j~v~|g- ~io q~nuvg q~n

ov|oznuug~ o igfn|bhfofn (Lo~fnmoh|n- Bhnv{ue`n- Qomvn| Lnbkoihb- g q~n

hbvn|nuuo g s|nunbvn (nuv oq~h- s|nehuoinbvn- o |~sv~|o egi F~eòis"

Iohu; k bg hbvn|nuuo o s|glmnivheo ni vg|bg fg Un| n fo Oso|beho

(Bhnv{ue`n- @nhfnaan|- ov sg|q~n un| n oso|beho egbj~bfni)un bg

vn||hv|hg fgu infho" G q~n hbvn|nuuo o zhfo o zhfo q~gvhfhobo n gu un~u

ehbeg ihb~vgu fn joio" Fnsghu fhuug- fnsghu fgu ehbeg ihb~vgu fn joio- g

nuq~nehinbvg" Ouuhi- q~omq~n| lnmn{o njin|o- v|obuhv|ho- j~ahvhzo ohbfo

q~n |j- sghu k bg ` m~ao| so|o o lnmn{o nvn|bo"

Oq~hmg q~n o sgs- n Qo|`gm ni so|vhe~mo|- gsn|oi bo enbo o|vuvheo huvg; o

gl|o fn o|vn- egbzgeobfg g s|nunbvn- unbfg g s|nunbvn- ~i s|nunbvn hebheg-

uninmòbo fo shbv~|o lh{obvhbo" Iou- ~i egbn s|gjobg- q~gvhfhobg-

j~ahfhoinbvn s|nunbvn" G|o- bnuvn j~ahfhoinbvn s|nunbvn q~n o sgs n Qo|`gm

un ojouvoi fn F~eòis" @- sg|i- g~v|gu uhbohu fn ojouvoinbvg; o sgs n

Qo|`gm ug uilgmgu fn ~io e~mv~|o iofn hb ÛO- n k bg fn ~io e~mv~|o

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~bhzn|uom g~ s|nvnbuoinbvn ~bhzn|uom" Omhu- k~uvoinbvn egi o HH A~n||o

I~bfhom- n egi o j~ao og bo{huig- q~n oegbvneni gu a|obfnu igzhinbvgu

iha|ov|hgu so|o gu N^O" G q~n un v|of~{ b~i jnbinbg hisg|vobvn; o N~|gso-

o N~|gso gehfnbvom- oin|heobh{o)un- n gu N^O n~|gsn{oi)un" N Qo|`gm

hbeg|sg|o nuvn jnbinbg uehg)e~mv~|om bo u~o s|gf~g" Vom egig ~i g~v|g;

so|o Qo| gm- o joevg|x hismheo o hbvn|fhuehsmhbo|hfofn (jgvga|ojho- ehbnio-

shbv~|o- iuheo" G|o- nuvo hbeg|sg|og fou iohu zo|hofou nps|nuunu

o|vuvheou bo joevg|xjgh- ojhbom- g nil|hg fo ig|vn fo shbv~|o q~n ?8:0- unbg

iohu enfg- hbvn||gag~ ni z|hgu vnpvgu vn|hegu"

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5"

Qo|`gm; Lnjg|n obf Ojvn|

Qo|`gm eging~ g un~ v|olom`g bg i~bfg fo igfo- fgu ioao{hbnu fo igfo"

N ni v~fg- iou ni so|vhe~mo| bo igfo- ` unis|n ~i obvnu n ~i fnsghu-

Lnjg|n obf Ojvn|;

TObfx Qo|`gm- Lnjg|n obf Ojvn|-?8:?- IgIO- BXY

G q~n q~n| fh{n| nuvn Lnjg|n obf Ojvn|7 s|hinh|o zhuvo- ~i obvnu n ~i

fnsghu fg i~bfg fo igfo" Ou enmnl|hfofnu vi ~i obvnu n ~i fnsghu" Egig

o anbvn bg|iom- omhu- egig gu oin|heobgu bg|iohu" _~n fn gbfn h||gisn o

sgs fn Qo|`gm ) fn ~i i~bfg bg|iom- `olhvofg sg| enmnl|hfofnu (ni q~n nmn

s|s|hg un hbem~h~" N q~n mnzozo g oin|heobg bg|iom o s|gknevo|)un bnuun

i~bfg fn amoig~|- q~n vg lni egb`neho fou |nzhuvou- fo vz" N- oq~h- vnigu o

una~bfo egbunq~beho; o sgs fn Qo|`gm g q~n sgfn un| |negb`nehfg snmg

egi~i- snmg egi~i oin|heobg" O q~n fhuvbeho nuvzoigu fg hbfhzhf~omhuig

nphuvnbehom fg nps|nuuhgbhuig oluv|oevg ) q~n o sgs q~hu nbvn||o|- n nbvn||g~"

G|o- un bg ` q~omq~n| hbfhzhf~omhuig nphuvnbehom- q~omq~n| olhuig

nphuvnbehom- `- snmg egbv||hg- o u~sn|jehn ) g obvnu n g fnsghu- Lnjg|n obfOjvn|" N nuvo o vn|enh|o egbunq~beho q~n o sgs fn Qo|`gm vh|g~"

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Obvnu fg iohu; o sgs oin|heobo fhzn|uo fo sgs hbamnuo (\heò|f @oihmvgb-

sg| npnismg" N- inuig bo sgs oin|heobo- ou s|gsguvou fn Qo|`gm ug

fhzn|uou fou fn Mhe`vnbuvnhb g~ fn Qnuunmiobb" Qo|`gm `n|fnh|g fn Kousn|

Kg`bu n fn \o~ue`nbln|a n- uohlo)g g~ bg- fn Lo~fnmoh|n" Bg o lobfnh|o

fn Kg`bu ~i egbn oin|heobg7 Iohu; gbfn fhjn|ni o lobfnh|o oin|heobo n o

lobfnh|o fn Kg`bu7 S|nehuoinbvn oq~h nbv|oi ni enbo iohu fghu znevg|nu fo

sgs fn Qo|`gm; g hebheg n g q~gvhfhobg oin|heobg" Egig g eoug fou

Eoislnmm!u Ug~s Eobu n fou L|hmmg Lgpnu" Egi iohu egbunq~behou; un g

q~gvhfhobg oin|heobg nmnzofg og nuvov~vg fg hebheg- q~om o fhjn|nbo nbv|n

nuvou nue~mv~|ou n gu g|hahbohu q~n nuvg bg in|eofg7 Egig k nuvozo mgban g

vnisg fg fnuhab" Lnjg|n obf Ojvn|- bni iohu"

Lnjg|n obf Ojvn|- egig bg fsvheg fn Io|hmxb Igb|gn" Gbfn g j~mag| hbhehom fo

jha~|o un zoh sn|fnbfg ni bna|gu ov fnuoso|nen|- g~ q~oun" Bnuvn fsvheg-

Qo|`gm hbun|n ~i g~v|g nmninbvg; g vnisg n- egbunq~nbvninbvn- o ig|vn" -

omhu- g vnisg n o ig|vn q~n nuvg bo u|hn (o u|hn g~v|o fou eo|oevn|uvheou

fo gl|o fn Qo|`gm Fhuouvn|u; oehfnbvnu fn eo||g- eofnh|o nmev|heo- nve" Iou- g

q~n eosvo inm`g| g vnisg n o ig|vn bgu obgu ?8:37 G ehbnio"

Fo- hbhehominbvn- gu jhminu npsn|hinbvohu ni q~n o eio|o nuvozo mhaofo

zhbvn n q~ov|g `g|ou sg| fho bo Joevg|x" Egig q~ni fh{; q~ni nbv|o bo Joevg|x

~io nuv|nmo" Nbv|nvobvg- Qo|`gm sn jhi shbv~|o n fnemo|o)g" U g ehbnio"

S|hinh|g bo Uhmzn| Joevg|x" Fnsghu- oq~obfg fg ovnbvofg fn q~n- sg| ouuhi

fh{n| |nbouen- b~i nfhjehg iohu eguigsgmhvo" Qo|`gm e|ho- nbvg- o u~o

nis|nuo" N- q~obfg e|ho o u~o nis|nuo- fnhpo so|o v|u gu q~n- bo Uhmzn|Joevg|x- m`n hbfheo|oi shuvou so|o gu un~u v|olom`gu" Eghuo q~n- omhu- b~beo

ge~mvg~" Iou- gbfn Qo|`gm q~n|ho e`nao| n|o vz" Jn{ vnbvovhzou n iohu

vnbvovhzou" J|~uv|ofou"

Ouuhuvn)un- nbvg- og |na|nuug shbv~|o" U|hnu ugl|n bginu fo enbo o|vuvheo

bgzo hg|q~hbo- gu jou`hgbolmn- ~io zn{ iohu" N- sg| jhi- V`n Mouv U~ssn|"

Obvnu vhbò vg|bofg Iog b~io nuv|nmo- egi ugil|o bgu gm`gu n mlhgushbvofgu- egig ~io shb)~s" Vhbò fnuuoe|omh{ofg Iog- og vg|b)mg b~io

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hioani fo ugehnfofn fn iouuou- fo ugehnfofn fn egbu~ig" Iou- zgmvobfg o

V`n Mouv U~ssn|" Qo|`gm |nmhahgug7 Bg" Qo|`gm egbj|gbvobfg)un- ~io zn{

iohu- egi gu egbnu" Fnuvo zn{ (g fn Mngbo|fg" G~- q~ni uoln- egi ~i

egbn iohu |nigvg- iohu nuegbfhfg- iohu olhuuom n q~n g ovn||g|h{ozo; o ig|vn"

So|o vgfgu gu njnhvgu- o ig|vn jgh ~io egbuvobvn fo u~o gl|o" Iou- vomzn{ V`n

Mouv U~ssn| vnb`o ~io g~v|o mnhv~|o" Sg| npnismg; ~io `ginboani u~o

nq~hso fo Uhmzn| Joevg|x" Ogu q~n m`n hbfheo|oi egig un sgfn shbvo| o

u~sn|jehn fou eghuou n fgu `ginbu"

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6"

Qo|`gm fnsghu fn Lo~fnmoh|n

g~ g egbv||hg

_~obfg Lo~fnmoh|n nue|nzn Mn snhbv|n fn mo zhn igfn|bn vni- mgag bg hbehg- g

e~hfofg fn jo{n| o fhuvhbg nbv|n lnmn{o nvn|bo n lnmn{o j~ahfho" N nbvn||o g

|giobvhuig- o nuvvheo |gibvheo" Osnuo| fn ofih|o| n vn| nue|hvg mgbaoinbvn

ugl|n Fnmoe|ghp" G q~n o lnmn{o j~ahfho7 O lnmn{o fgu vnisgu igfn|bgu- o

lnmn{o fo una~bfo invofn fn ?033" N- q~obfg g mnhvg| snbuo q~n Lo~fnmoh|n

zoh nbegbv|o| o lnmn{o j~ahfho bo gl|o fn Iobnv- nmn f)bgu o zgmvo n osgbvo

so|o Egbuvobvhb A~xu- npnismg iohg| fg hbegabhvg" O lnmn{o j~ahfho nuvozo bou

i~mvhfnu fou o|eofou q~n jo{hoi egis|ou- q~n un unbvozoi bgu eoju" O

lnmn{o j~ahfho nuvozo bg jmbn~|- g `gini fou i~mvhfnu q~n bg un egbj~bfho

egi nmou" O lnmn{o j~ahfho nuvozo bo igfo" O lnmn{o j~ahfho nuvozo bo

ioq~hmòani" O lnmn{o j~ahfho nuvozo bo znmgehfofn" O lnmn{o j~ahfho nuvozo-

ni u~io- bgu nulggu fn Egbuvobvhb A~xu- ITgbuhn~|Y" E"A"- I" A"" Iohu; o

lnmn{o j~ahfho vhbò o zn| egi g jmbn~|- bo infhfo ni q~n un ugl|ns~bò

l~|a~nuho bouenbvn- ni q~n un vg|bozo unis|n ni hbegabhvg"

Ni Eg||nusgbfobenu- ~i sgnio fn Mnu jmn~|u f~ iom- nue|nzn Lo~fnmoh|n-

fnlohpg fo hbjm~beho fn @gjjiobb;

Mo bov~|n nuv ~b vnismn g fn zhzobvu shmhn|u ' Mohuunbv so|jghu ug|vh| fn

egbj~unu so|gmnu4 ' M!`giin x souun v|ozn|u fnu j|nvu fn uxilgmnu ' _~hm!glun|znbv ozne fnu |nao|fu joihmhn|u" '' Egiin fn mgbau e`gu q~h fn mghb un

egbjgbfnbv ' Fobu ~bn vbl|n~un nv s|gjgbfn ~bhv- ' Zouvn egiin mo b~hv nv

egiin mo emo|v- ' Mnu so|j~iu- mnu eg~mn~|u nv mnu ugbu un |sgbfnbv "

N ni Mn snhbv|n fn mo zhn igfn|bn (MSZI nue|nzn; K!oh fhv q~n eòq~n

sgq~n ozohv ugb sg|v- ugb |nao|f- ugb anuvn"

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G|o- gu vnisgu igfn|bgu- o sguv~|o- g gm`o|- g anuvg fgu vnisgu igfn|bgu

hismheo o ~bhfofn fgu sn|j~inu- fou eg|nu- fgu ugbu" Nuvo o bheo iov|h{

eoso{ fn fnlnmo| g usmnnb"Nuvo o bheo iov|h{ eoso{ fn fnlnmo| o une~|o"

Nuvo o bheo iov|h{ q~n jo{ g fobfx |nv|ovo| gu v|osnh|gu- gu llofgu- ou

s|guvhv~vou- g m~isnb" Iou- |nv|ovo|- voili- o l~|a~nuho bouenbvn; ou

egq~nvvnu- gu souunhgu bgu ko|fhbu- ou jnuvou- ou eg||hfou fn eozomgu- nve"

Sg|q~n TmnY eo|oev|n fn lno~v f~ fobfx egbuhuvn u~|vg~v fobu m!oh| j|ghf q~h

zhnbv fn m!hbl|obmolmn |ugm~vhgb fn bn sou v|n i~; gb fh|ohv ~b jn~ movnbv q~h

un johv fnzhbn|- q~h sg~||ohv iohu q~h bn zn~v |oxgbbn|" (MSZI"

Bg sgfho nuvo os|gphiog og fobfx eo|oevn|h{o|- voili- Qo|`gm7

Lo~fnmoh|n n Qo|`gm gm`oi o u~sn|jehn- bg npsni unbvhinbvgu4 Lo~fnmoh|n n

Qo|`gm nuvg oehio fg ehfofg egi~i (o l~|a~nuho j|obenuo fo una~bfo

invofn fn ghvgenbvgu g~ g oin|heobg egi~i; ~i ~i fobfx4 g g~v|g- ~io

uvo|" Fo- o sn|a~bvo; Qo|`gm fnsghu fn Lo~fnmoh|n g~ g egbv||hg7

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>"

Oma~iou io|eou bng)

Unbfg ouuhi- o su)igfn|bhfofn (egbenhvg u~|ahfg bgu obgu 13 fg ue~mg PP

egi Mxgvo|f- sg| npnismg hismheo g bo|ehuhuig- gu vohu ehbeg ihb~vgu fn

joio s|negbh{ofgu sg| Qo|`gm" Hismheo o fnjnuo fg mgeom b~i egbvnpvg amglom"

Hismheo o e~mv~|o fg njin|g n fg s|gjobg- iou b~io fn|hzo q~n ol|n o |nmhahg

j~bfofg|o fo ehzhmh{og gehfnbvom o g~v|gu e|nfgu- s|gshehobfg g

i~mvhe~mv~|omhuig (bo |nmhahg n bg u" Hismheo o e~mv~|o fg v|obuenbfnbvn (ou

z|hou e|nbou |nmhahguou ni vnisgu fn oln|v~|o og hiobnbvn (g eg|sg- o

bov~|n{o" Hismheo o e~mv~|o fg fhahvom" Hismheo- fnjhbhvhzoinbvn- o q~nuvhgbog

fo aompho A~vnbln|a (IeM~`ob" N egi nuuo q~nuvhgbog- o fnjhbhvhzo

oln|v~|o og zh|v~om" Sg| huug- o su)igfn|bhfofn bg o n|o fg zo{hg

(Mhsgznvudx- iou o sgeo fou io|eou" O sgeo q~n fnhpo io|eou- fgbfn

i~hvg iohu sgmvheo fg q~n sguuo so|nen| egig i~hvg iohu mfheo- voili"

_~n - ojhbom- g q~n nuv sg| fnv|u fo vom ojh|iog fn Qo|`gm- q~n fh{; Hi o

joevg|x"" Fh|)un)- nbv|nvobvg; `- bgu jhbohu fg ue~mg PP- ~i |na|nuug

shbv~|o" Sghu- `" U q~n nuun |na|nuug shbv~|o zoh o so| egi g~v|gu

|na|nuugu- egi g~v|ou |n)mnhv~|ou fou zoba~o|fou" N nuuou |n)mnhv~|ou fou

zoba~o|fou eginoi vgfou egi g inuig s|njhpg; bng)" G~v|o io|eo fo su)

igfn|bhfofn"

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:"

Sguv

O s|glmnivheo ni vg|bg fo ig|vn fo shbv~|o nuv omhofo hbv|gf~g- bo enbo

o|vuvheo- fn ~i bgzg egbenhvg; g egbenhvg fn hbuvomog" G q~n ~io

hbuvomog7 K bg unbfg shbv~|o bni nue~mv~|o- o hbuvomog ~i glknevg

`l|hfg" N )g vobvg iohu q~obvg hismheo ~io hbvn|fhuehsmhbo|hnfofn fnuvoq~n

so|o o jgvga|ojho- so|o g zfng- so|o o o|q~hvnev~|o" Omhu- un n~ vhznuun q~n

fnjhbh| g egbenhvg fn hbuvomog- fnjhbh)mg)ho egig ~io o|q~hvnev~|o hbvn|hg| fgu

vnisgu su)igfn|bgu"

_~om g omeoben egbensv~om fnuvo fnjhbhg7 Sg| ~i mofg- ov|ozu fg egbenhvg

fn hbvn|hg|- om~fg o q~n o o|vn unis|n vnbvg~ (iou bg g q~n jo{nigu

q~gvhfhoboinbvn7 k~uvhjheo| o nphuvbeho `~iobo (bou u~ou imvhsmou

egbjha~|onu- o q~n o egbjha~|og sgmvheo bg nzhfnbvninbvn om`nho"

Fnsghu- ov|ozu fg egbenhvg fn o|q~hvnev~|o- om~fg o q~n o o|vn v|obujg|io g

mgeom gbfn un hbun|n- vom egig v|obujg|io g gm`o| fg nusnevofg|- vom egig ohbfo

(n oq~h nuv g bgzg- o i~fobo fn so|ofhaio gsn|ofo snmg egbenhvg fn

hbuvomog v|obujg|io g eg|sg fg nusnevofg| ( fo sguhg fg eg|sg fg

nusnevofg| q~n bouen o |nensg fo hbuvomog g q~n |ninvn so|o o q~nuvg

eg|sg" Sg| jhi- ov|ozu fo nps|nuug egbensv~om vnisgu su)igfn|bgu- om~fg

glzhoinbvn og su)igfn|bhuig"

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Mxgvo|f fh{ q~n g su)igfn|bhuig g jhi fou invo)bo||ovhzou n-

egbunq~nbvninbvn- o hisguuhlhmhfofn fn |ns|nunbvog bo o|vn" _~n g jhi

fou invo)bo||ovhzou- fou a|obfnu bo||ovhzou g~ fou bo||ovhzou j~bfofg|ou-

nuvg~ fn oeg|fg" K q~n o hisguuhlhmhfofn fn |ns|nunbvog bo o|vn- q~n o

o|vn egig H||ns|nunbvznm- fhueg|fg" Iou- so|o u~uvnbvo| o ihb`o vnun- ` q~n

nuv~fo| egig u~|ah~ o oluv|oeg- iohu ohbfo- egig o oluv|oeg u~|ah~ fo

sohuoani" G q~n hismheo h| o Igbf|hob- sg| npnismg" Iou- sg| g~v|g mofg- `

q~n nuv~fo| ou omvn|onu s|gf~{hfou bg nusog i~ungmaheg egi g egbenhvg

fn hbuvomog egig oegbvnen~- omhu- bgu obgu


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HH

Oma~bu egbvnisg|bngu

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hiobbeho" Egi ^mox- un~ egmolg|ofg| o so|vh| fn ?81>- Io|hbo Ol|oigzhe

egbvhb~o o npsmg|o| bgu un~u v|olom`gu o f~omhfofn s|o{n|)fg|- oig|)fhg-

ugl|nv~fg sn|obvn gu gm`gu fn vn|enh|gu- g glun|zofg|"

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Do|nm Ossmn

TDo|nm Ossnm (?8


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O|iob

TO|iob- fn bgin O|iobf Jn|bobfn{- bouehfg ni ?8


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G e|vheg Shn||n \nuvobx n gu o|vhuvou O|iob- J|obghu F~j|bn- \oxigbf

@ohbu- Xznu Dmnhb- Io|vhom \oxuun- Fobhnm Usgn||h- Knob Vhba~nmx n Koeq~nu fn

mo Zhmmnam j~bfo|oi g Bg~zno~ \omhuin b~i iobhjnuvg fn


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\gln|v O|bnugb

T\gln|v O|bnugb (?853)?88


32/126

@obu (Knob O|s

T@obu (Knob O|s (?001)?8::- J|obo-Gnhm)jme`n- ?8:


34/126

Ang|a Lounmhv{

TAng|a Lounmhv{ (?850)- Omniobò- Nmdn- ?885Y

nzhfnbvn o io|eo nps|nuuhgbhuvo fg v|olom`g fn Lounmhv{- gbfn o ifni|ho

fn zob Aga` un hisn" G v|olom`g fn Lounmhv{ ~i v|olom`g iov|heg- ni q~n

o vhbvo un oe~i~mo- egig un ma|hiou jguuni- bg sn|inv|g fo iobeò- fou

z|hou iobeòu ugl|nsguvou" Omi fhuug- fn egiso|o| nuvo gl|o egi o fn

An|ò|f \he`vn| g~ o fn Io|mnbn F~iou"

56


35/126

HHH

O jgvga|ojho bo enbo o|vuvheo oev~om

5>


36/126

ONU$J a|g~s

TONU$J a|g~s- V`n Mouv \hgvY

Egig bo shbv~|o bngemuuheo- ` oq~h smgu fn vnbug- ohbfo q~n fhusn|ugu

snmo enbo n bg enbv|ofgu bg un~ inhg" Iou- q~om o |o{g fnuvn egilovn7

V`hu g|mf enmnl|ovnu v`n nbf gj hfngmgax- `huvg|x obf nv`heu- nue|nzn ONU$J

a|g~s (Vovhobo O|{oiougzo- Mnz Nz{gzhe`- Nzanbx Uzxovudx $ Zmofhih|

J|hfdnu- jgva|ojg fn igfo" Sg| huug- ONU$J a|g~s v|olom o ~io ihuv~|o

egismnpo fo sgmvheo- fo `huv|hofg hioahb|hg e|hofg snmgu infho- fou

|njn|behou e~mv~|ohu n o|vuvheou" Huvg inuig nuv s|nunbvn bo u|hn V`n Mouv

\hgv- hbhehofo ni - gbfn ou io|eou fo shbv~|o bngemuuheo g~ lo||geo ug

nzhfnbvnu" Sg| g~v|g mofg- o u|hnOevhgb @omj Mhjn- hbhehofo ni


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TONU$J a|g~s-Oevhgb @omj Mhjn; Nshugfn 5- Hioan %6Y

e|ho ~io su)`~iobhfofn (e|hobou)igfnmg- bg smobg fo |oo n fo anbvheo-

hioe~mofoinbvn znuvhfou fn l|obeg- q~n m~voi bg un uoln egbv|o q~ni bni

egbv|o g q~ ) v|ovo)un- nznbv~ominbvn- fn ~i kgag fn a~n||o" Sg| jhi- V`n

Humoihe S|gknev- hbhehofg ni ?88:- ~io |nusguvo vnun sgmvheo fn Uoi~nm

@~bvhbavgb- q~n ozhuozo so|o ~i egbjmhvg hihbnbvn nbv|n g Gehfnbvn n g i~bfg

humiheg"

51


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TONU$J a|g~s- V`n Humoihe S|gknev; Lnfg~hb Gouhu- Mhln|vxY

50


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TKobobbn Om)Obh- ^bvhvmnf-


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TIh|hoi Leduv|i- G glun|zofg|- Y

Fgu nusogu zo{hgu- q~n ug q~oun nuv~fgu obv|gsgmahegu- ov snuq~huo fg

n~ nbq~obvg nbenbog n'g~ q~nuvhgbog fg nusog g~- nbvg- nbq~obvg

q~nuvhgbog hbvn|hg| n bvhio- nuvn g sn|e~|ug fg v|olom`g fn Ih|hoi

Leduv|i"

65


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N|heo Lo~i

TN|heo Lo~i- ^bvhvmnf (Koedhn- ?881)80 Y

TN|heo Lo~i- > ?1 51- u|hn V`ni-


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gsn|ofo sg| ~i n~- fo zomg|og ig|om q~n nuun n~ m`n egbjn|n7 N g unpg7

g unpg o |nmog olhuuom nbv|n ~i n~ n ~i g~v|g- gbfn un iobhjnuvo o iov|h{ fg

bo|ehuhuig n fg sgfn|7 Vgfozho- bg mhihvn fn uh- unko m g q~n huug q~n| fh{n|-

eofo ~i fn bu nuv u"

Vnbfg ni egbvo nuvnu s|nuu~sguvgu- g v|olom`g fn Nmhbg| Eo|~eeh o|vhe~mo)un

egi g v|olom`g fn Bob Agmfhb n egi g v|olom`g fn Uommx Iobb"

61


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Obbn Egmmhn|

TObbn Egmmhn|- \njmnevhgb-


49/126

TObbn Egmmhn|- E|xhba- Y

TObbn Egmmhn|-Obxv`hba xg~ obv (lmoed-


51/126

S`hm Egmmhbu

TS`hm Egmmhbu- uhbhuo (lm~n-


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un zg enbv|o| bou |nmonu nbv|n e~|ofg| n o|vhuvo" Nbv|nvobvg- o una~bfo

jgvga|ojho- e~|hguoinbvn hbvhv~mofo v`n |nv~|b gj v`n |nom- vv~mg q~n nzgeo ~i

emnl|n mhz|g fn @om Jguvn|- egbvhb~o o q~nuvhgbo| ou |nmonu ugehohu- fnuvo zn{

fnuegfhjheobfg gu vomd)u`gu"

>


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Dnmmh Egbbnmm

TDnmmh Egbbnmm- V`n Egbzn|uovhgb-


54/126

Obbhdo zgb @o~uugmjj

TObbhdo zgb @o~uugmjj- V`n Mnaoex gj Lnhan-


55/126

Eov`n|hbn Gshn

TEov`n|hbn Gshn- Fxdn- ?88


56/126

nusnevofg| ) iginbvgu obvnu vhb`o)g uhfg snmg nusog i~ungmaheg" nuvo o

una~bfo egbunq~beho"

Iou- sg| g~v|g mofg- un o sgs- mnzobfg mnv|o g fnu)hbznuvhinbvg fn u~knhvg n

glknevg fnmhbnofg sg| F~e`ois- npsmg|g~ emouunu fn glknevgu- u|hnu- o u~o

iov|h{ g nps|nuuhgbhuig oluv|oevg- eoug nusnejheg fn Sgmmged

io|eofoinbvn nphuvnbehom- zhznbehom ( ~io shbv~|o anuv~om- vgviheo-

sn|jg|iovhzo- q~n g omm gzn| oenbv~o" Ni Sgmmged- u~knhvg n glknevg bg nuvg

fnu)hbznuvhfgu" Snmg egbv||hg- kgaoi)un bo zhfo" Iohu; ug zhfo"

s|nehuoinbvn nuvn egbj|gbvg q~n sn|eg||n g v|olom`g fn Eov`n|hbn Gshn ni

q~n ` v|olom`gu iohu s|phigu fo ihbhiom o|v n g~v|gu iohu s|phigu fo

sn|jg|ioben g~ fn ~io nusehn fn bng)bgzo glknevhzhfofn (Fhobn O|l~u g~

Bob Agmfhb- sg| npnismg"

+

E|nhg bg n||o| un fhuun| q~n ou z|hou u|hnu fn jgvga|ojhou fn Eov`n|hbn Gshn

os|nnbfni o i~fobo fnufn o i~fobo iohg| inbg| (unko o i~fobo fn

unpg- fn hfofn- fou sohuoanbu- fgu glknevgu" N o eg||nusgbfnbvn omvn|og fn

unbvhfg" Sg| huug- g u~|j- nbq~obvg u~sn|jehn n fnumh{o|- |nu~in nznbv~ominbvn

g un~ v|olom`g"

>:


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Omnuuobf|o Uoba~hbnvvh

E|nhg q~n g v|olom g fn Omnuuobf|o Uoba~hbnvvh ov|oznuuofg sg| nuvo

q~nuvg; o fnio|eog fg vn||hv|hg unko o fnio|eog q~n gu obhiohu

(hugmofgu g~ bg jo{ni- unko o fnio|eog q~n gu `ginbu (hugmofgu g~ bg

jo{ni"

TOmnuuobf|o Uoba~hbnvvh- j|gi V`n Ofznbv~|nu gj A~hmmn obf Lnmhbfo obf v`n Nbhaiovhe Inobhba

gj V`nh| F|noiu- ?880)1


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TOmnuuobf|o Uoba~hbnvvh- V`n Igfnmu-


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Mhun Uo|jovh

TMhun Uo|jovh (O|amho- ?8>0- E`|huvhbn %36- Ln|dnmnx- EO- Y

G v|olom`g fn Mhun Uo|jovh egi~bheo egi g v|olom`g fn Fhobn O|l~u n egi g

v|olom`g fn Bob Agfhb bo fhinbug fg fnunbeobvg n fo unp~omhfofn" Osnuo|

fn v~fg- nuvou io|eou q~n voili sn|eg||ni g v|olom`g fn Bhddh U" Mnn

ug- bg v|olom`g fn Mhun Uo|jovh- iohu jg|vnu fg q~n ou io|eou fo unbu~omhfofn

n fo unf~g"

TMhun Uo|jovh- Fhn|f|n %


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Bo{hj Vgs~gam~

TBo{hj Vgs~gam~-Unl{nmh Bov|ig|v-?883Y

:?


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TBo{hj Vgs~gam~- Hdhmhmn|-


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L|~nanm- Eo|ozoaahg g~ og u~||nomhuig k so|o bg jomo| ni Lomv`~u n So~mo

\nag"

Vgfozho- ` ~i bgin fo enbo o|vuvheo egbvnisg|bno q~n ugl|nuuoh; Obbo

Aoudnmm"

:5


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Lnvvhbo zgb [n`m

TLnvvhbo zgb [n`m- fo u|hnOmhbo-


65/126

G~v|gu bginu- ohbfo

:>


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Fhobn O|l~u

TFhobn O|l~u (?8


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gbfn|j~m4 H unn v`n fhzhbnbnuu hb g|fhbo|x v`hbau (?858" N bnuvnu nb~behofgu

zni vgbo ~i ~bhzn|ug fn vg|inbvo- ~i ~bhzn|ug gbfn |nom n jheg un

egbj~bfni- ~i ~bhzn|ug fg lobom" î ~bhzn|ug gbfn H obv vg s`gvga|os` v`n

egbuhfn|olmn en|nigbhnu gj g~| s|nunbv lneo~un n vnbf `hmn mhzhba `n|n obf

bg vg sn|enhzn gbmx òv hu |obfgi obf lo||nb obf jg|imnuu olg~v hv" Q`hmn

n |na|nv vòv s|nunbv hu bgv mhdn v`n souv obf fnusoh| gj hvu nzn| lnegihba v`n

j~v~|n- hvu hbb~in|olmn hbue|~volmn òlhvu mhn hb ohv jg| v`nh| inobhba""" V`nun

o|n g~| uxisvgiu obf g~| igb~inbvu" H obv uhismx vg uozn v`ni- jg| òv hu

en|nigbhg~u obf e~|hg~u obf egiigbsmoen hmm ln mnanbfo|x"

:1


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Bob Agmfhb n ou iueo|ou fn v|oafho

TBob Agmfhb- Io|mnbn hb V`n S|gjhmn \ggi- Lguvgb- ?815Y

@ ni Bob Agmfhb ~io m~ehfn{ fnunusn|ofo" Sg| ~i mofg- ~io m~ehfn{

fnunusn|ofo bo nb~behog fg unpg" Sg| g~v|g- ~io m~ehfn{ fnunusn|ofo bo

nb~behog fg s|s|hg oevg unp~om" Fn joevg- v~fg ni Bob Agmfhb so|nen lobom-

fniouhofg lobom g~ unko- `~iobg- fniouhofg `~iobg" G|o- k~uvoinbvn

:0


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Ehbfx U`n|iob

TEhbfx U`n|iob- ^bvhvmnf-


72/126

TEhbfx U`n|iob- ^bvhvmnf-


73/126

V`giou Uv|~v`

TV`giou Uv|~v`Y

So|vhbfg fn ~io uhv~og (nbenbofo7 fn |nuvo~|g- Uv|~v` e|ho ~io hioani

q~n nbamglo ou (g~v|ou hioanbu fnuuoe|omh{obfg)ou og inuig vnisg"

,_~of|g, fgu ,q~of|gu,- egig bo v|ofhg fo shbv~|o ov unvnenbvgu- g~

hioani)vnisg- bo mhb`o fn Olx Qo|l~|a- nuvo so|o ihi ~io fou inm`g|nu

jgvga|ojhou fn Uv|~v`"

15


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HZ

G~v|gu vnpvgu

16


75/126

Ln~xu |n)zhuhvofg

?" Un| q~n o q~nfo fg ozhg fn egilovn fn Ln~xu- bo E|hinho- f~|obvn o HH

A~n||o I~bfhom- hismheg~ ~i ihvg fo g|hani27 î ihvg fo g|hani q~n- sg| ~i

mofg- un s|nbfn egi o ob~mog fg un~ souuofg bo{h- ohbfo q~n

oso|nbvninbvn egmovn|om7 î ihvg fo g|hani q~n- sg| g~v|g mofg- vnzn o zn|

egi gu iovn|hohu q~n ~ug~- iovn|hohu q~n hismheoi s|hbeshgu fo bov~|n{o

egig eogu- eomg|- nbn|aho (Ln~xu nbegbv|o nuvnu s|hbeshgu bg mhz|g fn \~fgmj

Uvnhbn|ln| fhn Lhnbnb- Ugl|n ou olnmòu- fn ?8


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og hbvna|)mg bg nusog i~ungmaheg- Ln~xu oeolo sg| bg egmgeo| ni eo~uo o

bgg fn nusog i~ungmaheg fnzhfg eh|e~mog q~n nuvolnmnen nbv|n o|vn)

zhfo)ugehnfofn)sgmvheo (o nue~mv~|o ugehom - sg| npnismg- g q~n hismheo

unis|n o s|nunbo fg o|vhuvo7

>" Un| q~n Ln~xu jgh g~ bg egn|nbvn egi gu s|hbeshgu fg igzhinbvg

Jm~p~u7

:" Un|- ojhbom- Ln~xu ~i |nzgm~ehgb|hg g~ ~i |noeehgb|hg7 G~ ou f~ou

sguhnu h||gisni- og inuig vnisg- fg un~ v|olom`g7

Nuvou n g~v|ou q~nuvnu ov|oznuuoi Kguns` Ln~xu; v`n |nofn|(


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Sg| g~v|g mofg- o q~nuvg nbv|n o bgg fn e|hovhzhfofn ni Ln~xu (q~n

mnahvhio g egbjmhvg egi F~eòis n o bgg fn iohu)zomho fo jg|o fn

v|olom`g ni Io|p so|nen)in fnumgeofo g eoug fg nbuohg fn V`hn||x fn

F~zn" G q~n hbvn|nuuo o Ln~xu g q~n k vhbò hbvn|nuuofg o Qomvn| Lnbkoihb;

|n)snbuo| o bgg fn jnvhe`huig fo in|eofg|ho ni Io|p"

Sg| jhi- n og egbv||hg fn L~e`mg`- fnjnbfg q~n Ln~xu g iohu bhnv{ue`nobg

fgu o|vhuvou fo una~bfo invofn fg ue~mg PP"

î mvhig sgbvg; snbuo| ~i v|olom`g o|vuvheg ni vn|igu fn |nzgm~ehgb|hg g~

|noeehgb|hg bg vni unbvhfg oma~i"

11


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igzhinbvg fn ov|oeg g q~om nuvg snuugou" Sg| huug- egig sgfn o o|vn

nb~beho| g `g||g| (fo gs|nuug k~|fheg)sgmvheo- bnuvn eoug7

Nuvo jgh o q~nuvg nuunbehom so|o Bhnv{ue`n q~n o nmo |nusgbfn~- s|hinh|g-

egi gu egbenhvgu fn osgmbng (jg|io- `o|igbho'fhgbhuoeg (^bg s|hig|fhom-

hbjg|in n- fnsghu- egi g egbenhvg fn zgbvofn fn sgfn|"

Fn joevg- F~iou- ni so|vhe~mo| egiOaohbuv v`n Qomm- |n)hbvn|s|nvo Bhnv{ue`n" N

|n)hbvn|s|nvo Bhnv{ue`n ov bo jg|io egig egbzgeo ou shbv~|ou bna|ou fn

Agxo- eoug fgu J~{hmoinbvgu- g~O npne~g fg hisn|ofg| Iophihmhobg (?0:1

fn Iobnv" Sg| g~v|ou somoz|ou; F~iou |n)hbvn|s|nvo ~i s|ne~|ug| fg

nps|nuuhgbhuig- Agxo- ~i fgu inuv|nu fg hbjg|in- n- o so| fn Lo~fnmoh|n- ~i

fgu bginu iohg|nu fgu s|hi|fhgu fg igfn|bhuig- Iobnv- gbfn hbjg|in n

jg|io m~voi sn|iobnbvninbvn" So|o huug louvo)m`n fnu)egbuv|~h|- snmo shbv~|o-

ou somoz|ou oaohbuv n omm" Huvg ; fo| zhuhlhmhfofn (shev|heo u egbv|ofhnu

q~n ou `olhvoi"

G|o- bg fhuvg inuig q~n jomo g o~vg)|nv|ovg fn F~iou

18


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TIo|mnbn F~iouWV`n Umnns gj \nougbW


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V`giou @h|ue``g|b;

~io ,bg nuegmo, g~ o o|vn egig iq~hbo fn a~n||o

Obue`ggm HH- bg IOEUn||omznu- Sg|vg- j~bfoinbvominbvn ~i iobhjnuvg

sgmvheg n ugehom- ~i iobhjnuvg q~n egbvhb~o g s|gknevg os|nunbvofg bg

Lgbbnjobvnbi~un~i- bo @gmobfo ("

0?


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_~om g s|gknevg o|vuvheg fn V`giou @h|ue``g|b7 _~nuvhgbo| q~omq~n| m~ao|

fn v|obuihuug fn uoln|nu- nuegmo n'g~ i~un~ fo g vv~mg fg s|gknevg-

Obue`ggm- ,bg nuegmo," Egbunq~nbvninbvn- q~nuvhgbo| o ugehnfofn gbfn un

s|genuuo nuuo v|obuihuug fn uoln|nu o ugehnfofn gehfnbvom- bo u~o

fhinbug egbu~ihuvo- fgbfn- bo u~o fhinbug fn jg|iovog fg snbuoinbvg

(oq~h @h|ue``g|b os|gphio)un fn A~x Fnlg|f- j~bfoinbvominbvn g Fnlg|f fn

O ugehnfofn fg nusneve~mg- bo e|vheo q~n nuvn jo{ voili og jnvhe`huig fo

ugehnfofn egbvnisg|bno- oq~hmg o q~n Io|p vhbò eòiofg g jnvhe`huig fo

in|eofg|ho" Iou- nzhfnbvninbvn- bg jgh u Fnlg|f q~n io|eg~ @h|ue``g|b4

voili Bhnv{ue`n- n vgfo o mhbò fn snbuoinbvg jhmgujheg q~n- fn Bhnv{ue`n n

@nhfnaan|- zoh ov Fnmn~{n n Jg~eo~mv" îo mhbò fn snbuoinbvg jhmgujheg q~n

ob~behg~ o ig|vn fn Fn~u (Bhnv{ue`n- q~nuvhgbobfg o invojuheo gehfnbvom4

~i jhmugjg q~n- k~uvoinbvn- hbvn|s|nvg~ Bhnv{ue`n- @nhfnaan|- n q~n

q~nuvhgbg~ ov og mhihvn g jhi fo invojuheo gehfnbvom ob~behofg sg| Bhnv{ue`n4

fghu jhmugjgu q~n v|olomò|oi o ig|vn fg `gini (Jg~eo~mv n Fnmn~{n4 omi

fhuug- g q~n ~bn nuvnu jhmugjgu g smobg fo hiobbeho- fo zhfo (Bhnv{ue`n

q~n un e~is|n oq~h- bo vn||o" Sg| g~v|g mofg- ` ou hbjm~behou bg eoisg fo

o|vn- q~n ug voili npsmhehvoinbvn ouu~ihfou; fgu egbuv|~vhzhuvou |~uugu o

D~|v Ue`hvvn|u- fn Qo|`gm o Ln~xu4 g~ unko- ou q~nuvnu fo sn|usnevhzo- fo

jg|iofo eg|- o anginv|ho n ou hismheonu sgmvheou (egbuv|~vhzhuvou |~uugu- o

q~nuvg fo hioani (Qo|`gm- g smobg fo hiobbeho- o vn||o- omhofg o q~nuvnu

invojuheou n sgmvheou (Ue`hvvn|u n Ln~xu"

Fnhpg- sg| jhi- ~i fnuojhg; egiso|n)un o gl|o fn @h|ue``g|b egi o gl|o fn

Io|vhb Dhssnbln|an|- n vomzn{ un egbem~o q~n o fhzhuo fn Dhssnbln|an|

0


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Kguns`hbn Inedunsn|;

ugl o hioani- g kgag

TKguns`hbn Inedunsn|- Sx|giobhoe


85/126

@ bg un~ v|olom`g io|eou fg ihbhiomhuig- fg egbuv|~vhzhuig |~uug- fg

uhv~oehgbhuig- ni so|vhe~mo| fn Fnlg|f" Omhu- bg q~n og uhv~oehgbhuig fh{

|nusnhvg- sgfn)un nznbv~ominbvn nuvolnmnen| ~i egbj|gbvg nbv|n g v|olom`g fn

Inedunsn| n g fn V`giou @h|ue``g|b g~ g fn Io|vhb Dhssnbln|an|" _~obvg og

s|hinh|g- sg| eo~uo fo fnu)igbvoani fo ugehnfofn oev~om (ni vgfgu gu un~u

smobgu" _~obvg og una~bfg- sg| eo~uo fg q~n q~n| Inedunsn| q~n|

Dhssnbln|an| jo{ni fg |nofx iofn- sg| ~i mofg- n- sg| g~v|g mofg- sg| eo~uo

fg q~n q~n| ~i q~n| g~v|g jo{ni ugl|n o hioani" Fo- o hbjm~beho nzhfnbvn

fn F~e`ois" Fo- ohbfo- o hbjm~beho nzhfnbvn fn Qo|`gm" N- sg| jhi- ~io

hbjm~beho u~lvn||bno- hbuhfhguo; Ln~xu" Bg g Ln~xu fgu jnmv|gu" Bg g Ln~xu

q~n ov|hl~o ~io hisg|vbeho iphio o|vhe~mog fgu smobgu" Obvnu g Ln~xu

q~n q~nuvhgbo gu iovn|hohu sn|neznhu" G Ln~xu joev~ominbvn sgmvheg"

0>


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I~g{ n o maheo fg nbv|n

?" @ bo gl|o fn I~g{ o jmovbnuu q~n Iobnv nb~beho- n q~n Un~|ov- E{obbn-

Iovhuun- Sheouug iohu vo|fn- o so|vh| fo feofo fn !>3- g nps|nuuhgbhuig

oluv|oevg- o sgs- o ihbhiom e~is|ni7 N o `ozn|- egig egbuna~hfo7 Fn

joevg- ni

TI~g{- Iobx Vhinu- ?888- sg|inbg|Y

Iobx Vhinu (?888 ou b~obenu fg ehb{nbvg hisnfni o oimaoio fou jha~|ou-

e|hobfg ~io sn|usnevhzo q~n nis~||o so|o bu ou jha~|ou (uni su-

u~usnbuou egig b~i hbuvobvbng jgvga|jheg"


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5" _~n o gl|o fn I~g{ hismheo gu ehbeg unbvhfgu- fhuug jomo k~uvoinbvn

Unovnf Jha~|nu hv` Jhzn F|~iu (?888; ehbeg jha~|ou eg| fn en|o-

oso|nbvninbvn enaou n u~|fou- unbvofou ~iou lnh|o fou g~v|ou egi ~i

voilg| ni ehbeg sguhnu fhjn|nbvnu"

6" B~io gl|o o|iofhm`ofo sg| npenmbeho- I~g{ sn|a~bvo; g q~n g |nom7

Znkoigu ou zo|obfou; hismheoi q~n glun|znigu g~ unkoigu glun|zofgu7 N g

eg||hig q~n nuegbfn ~io joeo7 N ou fhjn|nbou fn nueomo7 Sg| g~v|ou

somoz|ou; g eoisg sn|ensvhzg (zhug- o~fhg- voevg v|obuihvn)bgu g |nom- g |nom

nbq~obvg gl|o fn o|vn7

>" Nbv|n g |nom n g |nom nbq~obvg gl|o fn o|vn n- fnbv|g fg |nom nbq~obvg gl|o

fn o|vn- nbv|n g hbvn|hg| n g npvn|hg| (zo|obfou- nueofou I~g{ nb~beho o

maheo fg nbv|n- o maheo fg j|oainbvg q~n - ojhbom- o u~usnbug fo

sn|ensg" N q~n o maheo fg j|oainbvg hismheo g lo||geg- huug uolig)mg"

:" Lnednvv- Lg|anu- Nmhgv- Abvn| A|ouu ug hismheofgu" Ouuhi egig Lnmmhbh-

Agxo- Fnaou- o o|q~hvnev~|o- g jhmi bgh|" N q~obfg fhag ug hismheofgu- q~n|g

fh{n| hbvn|oani" Hbvn|oani egig j|oainbvgu- o|vhe~moi)un- eh|e~moi nbv|n uh"

1" Sg| huug- e|nhg q~n g sosnm fg nusnevofg| bo gl|o fn I~g{ nuv ni

Znbv|hmgq~huv Mggdhba ov o Fg~lmn Hbvn|hg| (?800)


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znbv|mgq~g (g znbv|mgq~g nuv nbv|n o zg{ |nom- q~n o u~o- n o zg{ hm~u|ho fg

lgbneg - ouuhi- g nusnevofg|" Iou- g znbv|mgq~g - ohbfo- o s|s|ho gl|o

q~n- e|hobfg ,sn|usnevhzou hbzn|uou ~io fo g~v|o, nuvolnmnen o j|gbvnh|o fg

nbv|n- og inuig vnisg q~n e|ho o maheo fg nbv|n" G|o- un nbv|n omag n omag `

nusog n vnisg- s|nehuoinbvn fnuun nusog n fnuun vnisg q~n jomo o gl|o

fn I~g{" G nusog n g vnisg q~n bgu `olhvo- q~n `olhvo g eg|sg fg

nusnevofg|"

+

O iohg| so|vn fou jha~|ou- q~oun fg bguug voiob`g- nuv o jomo|" Bng)sgs7

Bng)nps|nuuhgbhuig7 Un egbuhfn|o|igu q~n ou jha~|ou fnigbuv|oi o fnu)

hbfhzhf~omh{og- o ~bhjg|ihfofn- g fhue~|ug jg|iovofg- sg| ~i mofg- n q~n- sg|

g~v|g- g q~n hbvn|nuuo o I~g{ ug ou omvn|onu fn nueomo- gu |neobvgu- gu

eg||nfg|nu- ou nueofou- ou zo|obfou- nbvg bg nuvoigu sn|obvn ~io sgvheo

bng)sgs" Os|gphioig)bgu- snmg egbv||hg- fn ~io sgvheo bng)nps|nuuhgbhuvo"

@- omhu- fghu bginu- fhjn|nbvninbvn s|phigu fn sgvheou |nomhuvou- q~n in

geg||ni; @gssn| n Jhue`m" Ni @gssn|- o ugmhfg" Ni Jhue`m- g zgxn~|" B~i n

bg~v|g eougu- voili fo fnu)hbfhzhf~omh{og q~n un v|ovo ni I~g{- gu

ehb{nbvgu oenbv~oi nuuo ~bhjg|ihfofn n gu l|obegu eg| fn en|o oenbv~oi o

ugmhfg" Egig bgu a|obfnu nusogu slmhegu zo{hgu (ni I~g{; `gvnm- gbfn o

hisguuhlhmhfofn fn egi~bheog un oenbv~o- vnio |neg||nbvn ni @gssn|

(ehbniou- eoju- nve""

00


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Gu egbenhvgu fn fhjn|nbo n |nsnvhg

ni L|~en Bo~iob

Sn|eg||n)un g òmm fo v~|lhbo fo Vovn Igfn|b TYegig un jguun ~io Lolnm"

@- omhu- i~hvgu q~of|gu bo `huv|ho fo shbv~|o q~n |ns|nunbvoi o Lolnm- nuuo

vg||n so|o unis|n sn|fhfo- fnuv|~fo bg inhg fo bg)uhabhjheog- fg |~fg q~n

eg|vo g unbvhfg"

Iou- bg eoug fnuvn v|olom`g fn L|~en Bo~iob- iohu fg q~n e~|vg)eh|e~hvo| g

unbvhfg- g q~n nmn s|gsn ~io oa~fh{og fg unbvhfg- ~io oe~hfofn)mhihvn

fg unbvhfg" Sg| huug- fnuenbfg g~ u~lhbfg g òmm fo v~|lhbo fo Vovn Igfn|b-

sgfn)un g~zh| ~i nb~behofg fnlhvofg sg| ~io egm~bo fn ugi- fnuhbun|hbfg)g

fg egbvnpvg- q~n ug ou g~v|ou egm~bou fn ugi4 egig un sgfn ihuv~|o| (

uninmòbo fgu fk!u g~ fn ~i jhmin bo inuo fn igbvoani ) fo Agfo|f fh{n|-

s|nehuoinbvn- q~n g ehbnio ug zhbvn n q~ov|g hioanbu sg| una~bfg- g~ unko-

o inbvh|o nuun nb~behofg egi g~v|gu- vnbfg)un- ouuhi- o Lolnm"

Fh|)un); ni \o Iovn|homu- L|~en Bo~iob npsmg|o g |~fg fn ~io |~o- sg|

npnismg- g~ fn ~io eouo- gbfn z|hou snuugou jomoi uhi~mvobnoinbvn" ~io

`hsvnun" Vgfozho- u~ah|g nuvo mnhv~|o; g òmm fo v~|lhbo fo Vovn Igfn|b -

~uobfg gu egbenhvgu fn Fnmn~{n n A~ovvo|h- ~i eg|sg uni |agu ~i eg|sg

uni |agu (inuig jhuheoinbvn- sg|q~n fnuosguuofg fg un~ egbvnfg- ~i

egbvnfg s|s|hg fo s|hinh|o n una~bfo |nzgm~nu hbf~uv|hohu u~lhvoinbvn

v|obujg|iofg ni iq~hbo fnunkobvn (ni f~smg unbvhfg; g~ |ne~sn|o| g vnisg

08


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sn|fhfg- iobvnbfg o u~o v|ofhg g~- nbvg- v|obujg|io| nuun vnisg sn|fhfg-

omvn|obfg- ouuhi- o u~o v|ofhg ) ojhbom- o q~nuvg ni vg|bg fo sn|fo fo o~|o-

una~bfg Qomvn| Lnbkoihb" Iohu; nbv|n \o Iovn|homu fn L|~en Bo~iob n o

gl|o fn O|vo~f- gu egbvoevgu ug bvhfgu; o |nsnvhg- g fnunkg- o om~ehbog-

ou io|eou- ugl|nv~fg ou io|eou fn ~i eg|sg- ou eo~uofg|ou fo fhjn|nbo" O

gbfn fhjn|nbo n |nsnvhg (Fnmn~{n ug g uhbom fo hiobbeho" Sg| g~v|ou

somoz|ou; o q~nuvg fo hiobbeho fo gl|o fn o|vn- fo gl|o k~bvg vn||o-

u~lhbfg fo vn||o ov og gm`o| fg nusnevofg|- ov og m~ao| fg nusnevofg|- g `omm

fo v~|lhbo fo Vovn Igfn|b- fnusgkofg fn eo|zg" G q~n hismheo ~i g~v|g kgag;

g kgag nbv|n bov~|om n o|vhjhehom" Gbfn- k~uvoinbvn- o o|vn egbvnisg|bno un

kgao"

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M~eho Bga~nh|o;

j|oainbvgu

TM~eho Bga~nh|o- Nbfu hv`g~v Nbf- ?885- hbuvommovhgb zhn,Y

M~eho Bga~nh|o bouen~ bg L|ouhm- jgh so|o Mgbf|nu bgu obgu 03- gbfn

os|nunbvg~ g un~ v|olom`g ni fn{ npsguhnu hbfhzhf~ohu- vnbfg so|vhehsofg ni

z|hou npsguhnu egmnevhzou- n ig||n~ egi 60 obgu" ^io eo||nh|o l|nzn-

sg|vobvg" Iou q~n u~|s|nnbfn" U~|s|nnbfn ni fghu unbvhfgu" Sg| ~i mofg-

u~|s|nnbfn bo enbo o|vuvheo egbvnisg|bno" Sg| g~v|g mofg- u~|s|nnbfn g

nusnevofg|"

U~|s|nnbfn bo enbo o|vuvheo oev~om snmo uhba~mo|hfofn fg un~ v|olom`g"

Vgfozho- un in q~hun| mnil|o| fn bginu fo enbo o|vuvheo oev~om q~n sguuoi

fhomgao| egi g v|olom`g fn M~eho Bga~nh|o- mnil|g)in mgag fn fghu; Io|hmxb

8?


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Ihbvn| n Io|mnbn F~iou" Bouehfou bo inuio omv~|o q~n Bga~nh|o- Ihbvn|

v|obujg|io o jou`hgb ni v|ou`- g l|hm`g ni mhpg ) iguv|obfg q~n eofo ~i fn

bu huug inuig- jou hgb n v|ou`" Sg| un~ mofg- F~iou- voili

s|gj~bfoinbvn bh`hmhuvo (~i snuuhihuig oevhzg- bg fh{n| fn Bhnv{ue`n- npsmg|o

~i fhmgag egi Agxo- egi ou jha~|ou bna|ou fn Agxo (Agxo jgh- egig un

uoln- ~i fgu s|ne~|ug|nu fg nps|nuuhgbhuig- b~i bng)nps|nuuhgbhuig

|ofheom"

G una~bfg sgbvg- ov|u hbfheofg- o q~nuvg ni vg|bg fo u~|s|nuo fg

nusnevofg|" Sg|q~7 Ou gl|ou fn Bga~nh|o ug joev~ohu- huvg - ug o

egbunq~beho glknevhzo fn ~io q~omq~n| oeg" _~om g u~knhvg- gu igvhzgu- g

gbfn- g q~obfg fnuuo oeg- fnuegb`nenigu" Fnsghu- ` ~i g~v|g ousnevg; o

n|gug fg unbvhfg q~n un s|nbfn- sg| zn{nu- egi o hbjbeho"

O n|gug fg unbvhfg mnzo- sg|i- o ~i vn|enh|g ousnevg; bgg fn j|oainbvg"

Bg `- oq~h- q~omq~n| bo||og `- osnbou- j|oainbvgu" Iou- un bg

nuvhzn|igu ovnbvgu- ` j|oainbvgu q~n bgu nueosoi n g~v|gu q~n bgu sgfni-

glknevhzoinbvn- oa|nfh|"

nuvn- k~uvoinbvn- g s|gknevg fn Bga~nh|o" @- omhu- ~io sno q~n iguv|o

huug inuig" Bg e`g- nuv ~i nusnm`g |hueofg- so|vhfg- egi ~i sng ni

ehio" Og mofg- nuv o a|ozog ni zfng fo oeg q~n s|gf~{h~ vom

egbunq~beho" Bg e`g- o egbunq~beho- o n|gug fg unbvhfg- g j|oainbvg" Og

mofg- ~io s|nvnbuo bo||og ~io bo||og i~hvuuhig hbegismnvo- sg|q~n

egbvhb~oigu o fnuegb`nen| g u~knhvg n gu igvhzgu fo oeg- gbfn n q~obfg o

8


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oeg jgh s|gf~{hfo" Sg| huug- ~i j|oainbvg hismheo ~i g~v|g j|oainbvg (g

igbhvg| gbfn souuo g zfng- hbuvomofg b~i u~sg|vn" Iou- bgvn)un- u g

j|oainbvg un f o zn| (huvg - o sno egmgeofo bg e`g g~- nbvg- o sno

hbuvomofo bg u~sg|vn" N- sn|obvn huvg- mnil|oig)bgu fn Bhnv{ue`n (o zn|fofn n

o inbvh|o b~i unbvhfg npv|o)ig|om- g~ unko- invojuheg ) bg mhihvn- o zgbvofn fn

sgfn| n fn Lnbkoihb (g Obanm~u bgz~u fn Dmnn n o bgg lnbkoihbhobo fn

`huv|ho ) q~n un o|vhe~mo egi o bgg fn j|oainbvg"

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Sgmmged n o oluv|oeg

86


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_~n B~iln| ?O- ?860- hismheo nuvou q~nuvnu- bg ` fzhfou" Iou- obvnu

fhuug- g q~n sn|ensehgboigu ni B~iln| ?O- ?8607 E|nhg q~n o |nusguvo

uhismnu; sn|ensehgboigu ~io |nfn ~io |nfn fn jg|ou" Jg|ou q~n un

ov|oni n jg|ou q~n un ojouvoi- jg|ou fn ov|oeg n jg|ou fn |ns~mug"

Snuuhihuig oevhzg n snuuhihuig |noevhzg- egig ni Bhnv{ue`n7 ohbfo enfg

so|o |nusgbfn|" Iou q~n un v|ovo fn jg|ou- hbfhue~vznm" îou iohu fhuvhbvou"

G~v|ou iohu fhj~uou" îou iohu emo|ou" G~v|ou iohu nue~|ou ov

egbjha~|o|ni bf~mgu- iobeòu" N bnuvn nio|obòfg fn mhbòu- u~|an o eg|

l|nznu shainbvgu fn eg|" N ~io egbuvovog; v|oobfg ~io fhoagbom og

q~of|g- o so|vh| fg eobvg hbjn|hg| nuq~n|fg- ~io iobeò o||gpnofo nbegbv|o)un

egi o io|eo fo ig- o bna|g" îo q~nuvg fn jg|ou- ~io zn{ iohu"

Uoln| un nuuou jg|ou ug fo nujn|o fo bov~|n{o g~ fo a|obfn inv|sgmn- g~-

ov- fn oilou- so|nen)in fnumgeofg- fn iginbvg" Fn joevg- nuuou jg|ou

egbu~luvobehoi igzhinbvg- fnzh|" K bofo fnumgeofg in so|nen un| fn

ov|hl~h| ogu bfhgu Bozokg o egmgeog fo vnmo bg e`g- eoug egbe|nvg fou

fnigbuv|onu fn uobf sohbvhba fgu obgu 63" Bofo fnumgeofou ug- ohbfo-

ou hbjm~behou fg i~|omhuig inpheobg n fg u~||nomhuig" Fo A|nnbln|a- ~i

fgu mnhvg|nu (n sguuznm hbfheofg| fn eoihb`gu shev|hegu iohu ovnbvgu fn

Sgmmged- jomo| fn ~io shbv~|o avheo"

Sg| huug- g q~n in hbvn|nuuo- oag|o- egis|nnbfn| o |~sv~|o q~n Sgmmged

hbo~a~|o og fnumgeo| o vnmo fo so|nfn so|o g e`g- fo zn|vheom so|o o `g|h{gbvom

bg oevg fn shbvo|" N q~ohu ug ou egbunq~behou fnuvn anuvg hbo~a~|om-

nbq~obvg anuvg shev|heg q~n g mnzo o fh{n| ni Ix Sohbvhba(?8>:; Q`nb H

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101/126

TKoedugb Sgmmged- Iomn obf Jniomn- ?86?- o Zga~n s~lmheo q~ov|g sahbou fn jgvga|ojhou- ~iou o

s|nvg n l|obeg- g~v|ou o eg|nu- ni q~n fghu igfnmgu ug jgvga|ojofgu ni

znuvhfgu fn bghvn fhobvn fn B~iln| ?- ?8>3 n fn O~v~ib \`xv`i- b~io

npsguhg fn Sgmmged bo Lnvvx So|ugbu" G q~n q~n|ho iguv|o| g jgva|ojg- Enehm

Lnovgb7 Nmn fh)mg; q~n ou vnpv~|ou fgu znuvhfgu n fou shbv~|ou fhomgaozoi nbv|n

uh" Og q~n n~ oe|nuenbvg; o n|vheo zhuznm fgu igfnmgu fhomgao egi o n|vheo

hbzhuznm fnuvou shbv~|ou" Fhvg fn g~v|o iobnh|o; o n|vheo q~n gu igfnmgu

hbuvhv~ni vg|bo)un iohu zhuznm fhobvn foq~nmnu eg|sgu fo shbv~|o" ^io q~nuvg

fn eg|sgu- ~io zn{ iohu- ni vg|bg fnuvnu so|nu; zhuznm'hbzhuznm-

jg|io'hbjg|in" N ~io zn{ iohu- |nsnvn)un ~io somoz|o; Gbn" Bg iginbvg ni

?3?


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5"

N~ ug~ o bov~|n{o

_~obfg- ni ?8>3- ~i e|vheg fo Vhin- |nvgiobfg o hbvn|s|nvog fn L|~bg

Omjhn|h- eo|oevn|h{g~ o shbv~|o fn Sgmmged egig eogu- nuvn nue|nzn~ og nfhvg| ni

eoshv~mo|nu; ( BG @ EOGU (" SHBV^\O OEVHZO ("

Voili bou bgvou iob~ue|hvou fn Sgmmged un sgfn mn|;

( egbv|gmg vgvom )))))))))) bnaog fn

oehfnbvn ))))))))))))

Nuvofgu fn g|fni ))))))))

Hbvnbuhfofn g|abheo ))))))))))))

Nbn|aho n igvhzog

vg|bofou zhuznhu ))))))))))))))))

ini|hou os|huhgbofou bg nusog ("

Vnigu- ouuhi- shbv~|o oevhzo- sg| ~i mofg- n- sg| g~v|g- ini|hou

os|huhgbofou bg nusog" N- sg| jhi- nuvo ojh|iog; O ihb`o s|nge~sog

ug gu |hvigu fo bov~|n{o (" V|olom g fn fnbv|g so|o jg|o- egig o

bov~|n{o" G~- ohbfo; N~ ug~ o bov~|n{o"

V|olom`g fn fnbv|g so|o jg|o- egig o bov~|n{o- egig o s`xuhu" ^io m~vo

nbv|n hbjg|in n jg|io- hbzhuznm n zhuznm fn q~n k jomnh ov|u" Nhu g Bhnv{ue`n

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io|eofg sg| Qoabn| n Ue`gsnbo~n|" G Bhnv{ue`n fo m~vo s|hig|fhom nbv|n g

^bg g|hahbom n o oso|beho"

Vgfozho- bo una~bfo Egbuhfn|og hbvnisnuvhzo- Fo ~vhmhfofn n fgu

hbegbznbhnbvnu fo `huv|ho so|o o zhfo- Bhnv{ue`n nue|nzn q~n g q~n fhuvhba~n o

zhfo obhiom fo zhfo fg `gini o ini|ho ou ini|hou os|huhgbofou bg

nusog fn Sgmmged" Nue|nzn Bhnv{ue`n; ( g nmninbvg `huv|heg Tq~n hismheo

g snuuhihuig |noevhzg fg `gini igfn|bg- fg `gini fg ue~mg PHPY n g

nmninbvg bg `huv|heg To zhfo- nbq~obvg jg|o oevhzo ) bg ` eogu (

shbv~|o oevhzo- nue|nzn SgmmgedY ug ha~ominbvn bnenuu|hgu so|o o uofn fn

~i hbfhzf~g- fn ~i sgzg- fn ~io ehzhmh{og" 0 N- ~i sg~eg ofhobvn-

oe|nuenbvo; O bg)`huvg|hehfofn uninm`obvn o ~io ovigujn|o s|gvnevg|o

uni o q~om o zhfo bg sgfn|ho oso|nen| bni iobvn|)un" (q~n jo{)bgu mnil|o|

nuvn nb~behofg fn Sgmmged; V|olom`g fn fnbv|g so|o jg|o- egig o bov~|n{o" 8

_~n - bg mhihvn- nuvn j|oainbvg fn Zgbvofn fn sgfn|; Vnigu o o|vn so|o bg

sn|nen| fo zn|fofn" ( 0


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egbensg a|nao fo ehzhmh{og q~n- egbv|o|hoinbvn ehzhmh{og movhbo- z bnmo

~io bgzo n inm`g|s`xuhu- uni fhuvhbg fn ~i hbvn|hg| n fn ~i npvn|hg|- uni

fhuuhi~mog bni egbznbg; o egbensg fn ~io ehzhmh{og ni q~n un

|nomh{n g oeg|fg nbv|n zhfo n snbuoinbvg- nbv|n so|nen| n q~n|n|" ?3 G|o- bg

jgh huvg q~n |nomh{g~ Sgmmged n- iohu amglominbvn- g igfn|bhuig bo

|ofheomh{og fo oluv|oeg7

?3Hf"- hlhf"- ss" >16)>"

?3>


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T\o~ue`nbln|a- Egeo)Egmo Smob- Egilhbn sohbvhba- ?8>0- V`n I~un~i gj Egbvnisg|o|x O|v-

Mgu ObanmnuY

Fn !>3 o !:3- g v|olom`g fn \gln|v \o~ue`nbln|a hismheo o jmovbnuu o

egis|nuug fgu uhabgu bg nusog fo vnmo (g~ fo jgvga|ojho" Huvg fnzn)un-

omhu- o fhjn|nbou gsn|ovhzou nbv|n \o~ue`nbln|a n Sgmmged" Ou s|hbv `obf fn

Sgmmged uhv~oi)un gsn|ovhzoinbvn og bznm fg e`g- fo `g|h{gbvom ohbfo q~n

zhuznhu bg nusog zn|vheom" Ni egbv|oso|vhfo- ou s|hbv `obf fn \o~ue`nbln|a

uhv~oi)un gsn|ovhzoinbvn og bznm fo so|nfn- fo zn|vheom vnbfnbfg o fhm~h|)unbg nusog `g|h{gbvom (g fou egilhbn sohbvhba g~ fou egilhbn ue~msv~|n"

Vgfozho- ni v|olom`gu sguvn|hg|nu- ` ~i g~v|g nmninbvg- snmg inbgu b~i

v|olom`g; ou igu osgbvoi so|o g nusnevofg|"

k~uvoinbvn sg| eo~uo fnuun kgag nbv|n zn|vheom n `g|h{gbvom q~n o jmovbnuu ni

\o~ue`nbln|a sgfn hismheo| g egbenhvg fn olug|svhgb ni J|hnf (g~ g fn

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lmhbfbnuu ni Fn||hfo" Huvg ; g v|olom`g fn \o~ue`nbln|a obvh)vnov|om" Huug

z)un- sg| npnismg- bo jgvga|ojho" Huug z)un- sg| npnismg- bou `hvn sohbvhba n

bou lmoed sohbvhba" Huug z)un- sg| npnismg- bou egilhbn sohbvhba"

G q~n ~io egilhbn sohbvhba so|o \o~ue`nbln|a7 îo shbv~|o q~n hismheo g

nusog ~i nusog q~n vg|bofg zgm~iv|heg- o hbvn|uneg fo `g|h{gbvom n

fo zn|vheom" Egig ~io nue~mv~|o- eoug fou egilhbn ue~msv~|n- voili" Iou ou

egilhbn sohbvhba hbvna|oi- q~oun unis|n- `hvn sohbvhba- gu sohbhu fou `hvn

sohbvhba" Egig- sg| g~v|g mofg- ` bou egilhbn sohbvhba o gsguhg movnbvn

nbv|n gu uhabgu fn|hzofgu fgu infho o |ns|gf~g fnuunu uhabgu- g P- sg|

npnismg ) n gu uhabgu fn|hzofgu fo shbv~|o ) eg|nu- vnpv~|ou- nve" G q~n bgu

mnzo o egbuvovo| q~n g v|olom`g fn \o~ue`nbln|a ~i snbuo| hbenuuobvn fo

igfn|bhfofn- bo mhbò fg oluv|oev nps|nuuhgbhui ) Sgmmged- Dmnhb- Vgilmx-

Bniob- fn Dggbhba" Iou- voili- e|nhg- bo mhbò fgu In|{lo~ fn

Ue`hvvn|u" G~ fn F~eòis- ni so|vhe~mo| o q~nuvg fg zgxn~|" G~- ohbfo- fo

jmovbnuu s|nunbvn bgu v|olom`gu fn ?0>3 fn Eg~|lnv" K so|o bg jomo| ni

Iobnv"

?30


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So~mo \nag bg IOEU-

TSo~mo \nag- V`n Jh|niob gj Omhk- ?8::Y

???


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TSo~mo \nag- V`n Foben- ?800Y

@n|fnh|o fn Agxo n Znmuq~n{ iou- voili- fn Fo~ihn| n fo hm~uv|oguov|heo hbamnuo fgu ue~mgu PZHHH n PHP (Koinu Ahmm|ox- sg| npnismg- g~ fn

Lomv`~u- g sn|e~|ug fn So~mo \nag egino sg| un ojh|io| bo sgs" Fn joevg- o

uov~|og fn jha~|ou q~n sn|eg||n gu un~u s|hinh|gu v|olom`gu- uninm`obo

fg njnhvg fo lobfo fnunb`ofo bgu s|hinh|gu v|olom`gu fn Nf~o|fg Lovo|fo-

uhbvgivheo" Fnsghu- g ~bhzn|ug sgvheg fn So~mo \nag jgh)un os~|obfg- inm`g|-

fn ioe|guesheg vg|bg~)un ihe|guesheg- jgh unbfg nmolg|ofg m~so" N- ouuhi-

fou jha~|ou q~n eg|vozoi q~omq~n| bo||ovhzhfofn bgu q~of|gu fo sgs jheoi-

oag|o- jha~|ou npenuuhzou- eo||naofou fn bo||ovhzhfofn" Sgfn|)un) snbuo|

b~io sgvheo s|phio fo Bgzo Glknevhzhfofn ni zn|ug hbamnuo- ov|ozu fn

Uvobmnx Usnben|" G~- nbvg- g q~n hismheo|ho ~i nuv~fg os~|ofg q~n bg

q~n|g jo{n| oag|o- ov|ozu fn J|obehu Loegb"

??


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Omhu- Loegb hbfhue~vhznminbvn ~i `n|fnh|g fn Znmuq~n{ i~hvuuhig iohu

fg q~n fn Agxo n b~beo- iou b~beo- bni fn Fo~ihn| bni fo hm~uv|og

uov|heo hbamnuo fgu ue~mgu PZHHH n PHP- bni unq~n|- sg|vobvg- fn Koinu

Ahmm|ox (?1>:)?0?>" N- bo u~o sgvheo- j~bfoinbvom oq~hmg q~n Fnmn~{n

hbvhv~mo o maheo fo unbuog fn q~n o npsguhg bg IOEUn||omznu- Sg|vg-

egihuuo|hofo sg| Zhenbvn Vgfgm- Eoanf ' ^beoanf- fozo egbvo"

G|o- g eoug fo gl|o fn So~mo \nag so|nen)in uhv~o|)un bnuuo inuio maheo

fo unbuog- huvg - bg smobg fg hiobnbvn (fn q~n mo |ne`n|e`n f~ vnisu

sn|f~ fn S|g~uv ~i npnismg- egig g u~lmhb`o Fnmn~{n ) un|ho e~|hgug- omhu-

obomhuo| bo gl|o fn So~mo \nag g kgag shbv~|o'vnpvg- q~n s|nvnbuo n

hm~ug|hoinbvn o egbfhehgboi"

Fhuunigu ov|u q~n ` bo gl|o fn So~mo \nag ~io bo||ovhzhfofn" Fn joevg; ?"

g `gini (|ns|nunbvofg nbq~obvg vom g~ v|oznuvhfg ) iou huug bg h| fo| og

inuig7 ~i nmninbvg souuhzg4 o i~m`n| unis|n ~i nmninbvg oevhzg4


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\nag npsmhehvo fnu)inu~|ofoinbvn- hismheo- fn jg|io jol~mguoinbvn

ouuouuhbo- o bguuo ehzhmh{og- ou u~ou jn|hfou bg eheov|h{ofou- oln|vou so|o

unis|n bo ehzhmh{og k~foheg)e|huv (fo gu fsvhegu- gu v|svhegu" Sg| huug-

i~hvg iohu fg q~n g |nig|ug sg| eo~uo fg Sg|v~aom uomo{o|huvo- ` g |nig|ug

sg| eo~uo fnuuou jn|hfou nuegbfhfou bo fgl|o fou bo||ovhzou j~bfofg|ou

(inbgu g k~fohuig n iohu g e|huvhobhuig q~n So~mo \nag ihb~ehguoinbvn

fnu)egbuv|h egi o u~o npsmhehvog- o q~om vni q~n un|- sg|vobvg- glzhoinbvn

unp~om" Ouuhi- un ` negu bo gl|o fn So~mo \nag- ~i fnmnu e`oio)un

Ang|anu Lovohmmn (ni so|vhe~mo|@huvgh|n fn m!gnhm" _~n- e~|hguoinbvn- n|o ~i

fgu negu fo gl|o fn Loegb"

Iou- un| q~n o s|nunbvn npsguhg f egbvo fhuvg7 Hbjnmh{inbvn bg- og

egbv||hg fo oev~om npsguhg fn So~mo \nag bo Vovn" Bo Vovn v~fg emo|g" Bg

IOEU jheo ~io oimaoio- egi egbvg|bgu fn zgxn~|huin" Egig nuvoigu

mgban fn Eoanf ' ^beoanf- snmou igu fn Vgfgm"

??6


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Bobex Usn|g;

Iofn hb ^UO7 Bg"

TBobex Usn|g- Np`hlhvhgbhuvu obf Foben|u- ?88:Y

Vnbfg ig||hfg ` sg~eg vnisg- Usn|g unis|n jgh ~io io|ahbom bo enbo

o|vuvheo iofn hb ^UO" L~e`mg`- ni Bng)Ozobvao|fn obf E~mv~|n Hbf~uv|x(V`nIHV S|nuu-


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So|o Usn|g- o vnmo vobvg a|jheo- bg unbvhfg fg a|ojjhvg- egig eomha|jheo" O

io|eo zni ouu~ihfoinbvn fn O|vo~f (ej" Egfnp O|vo~f- fgu obgu !13" Iou-

voili- fn F~l~jjnv q~n io|eg~ ha~ominbvn Vgilmx- o so| fn Jo~v|hn|"

Vgfozho- bg òzn| io|eou fg v|olom`g fn Igv`n|nmm ni Bobex Usn|g7 Fn

joevg- Usn|g n- voili- Vgilmx unis|n un fhuvobeho|oi fo Bn Xg|d

Ue`ggm" N hbznuvh|oi ni fghu bznhu fn v|olom`g; o fnuegbuv|~g fg so|ofhaio

fg nps|nuuhgbhuig oluv|oevg ni so|vhe~mo| Sgmmged- nbq~obvg jha~|o

jomgebv|heo n o v|obujg|iog fo vnmo ni sahbo- egig vhbò oegbvnehfg

g~v|g|o egi o ihvgmgaho naseho (eoug fg Mhz|g fgu Ig|vgu n egi g hioahb|hg

infhnzom" Nhu- ouuhi- ~io s|gsguvo |ofheominbvn fhjn|nbvn fo s|gsguvo fn

Igv n|nmm" Bnuvn- o mhbòani q~n zoh fg u~||nomhuig og nps|nuuhgbhuig

oluv|oevg |n)ojh|iofo (egig ni mzo|g Moso so|o ol|h| og egbensv~omhuig"

_~n bg - sghu- g eoug fn Usn|g g~ fn Vgilmx" Ov bo fhinbug hfngmaheo"

Usn|g ~io jnihbhuvo" Vgilmx `giguunp~om" N o u~o fhuvbeho joen Bn

Xg|d Ue`ggm sgfn- nznbv~ominbvn- un| mhfo egig o|vuvheo n egig hfngmaheo

g~ unko- nbq~obvg |~sv~|o egi g so|ofhaio o|vuvheg fgihbobvn"

??:


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\oe`nm Q`hvn|nof

\oe`nm Q`hvn|nof T?8:5- Mgbf|nuY nbegbv|g~ ni eouo fo in- q~obfg nuvo

ig||n~- ~io eohpo q~n vhb`o ~i uhabhjheofg nusnehom so|o uh" Fhaoigu q~n n|o

~io eohpo fn ini|hou- fn ini|hou ov|oznuuofou snmo ig|vn" G|o- o

|ns|gf~g fnuuo eohpo b~io u|hn hbjhbfznm- ~io |ns|gf~g ni smuvheg-

ihb~ehguo n npenuuhzoinbvn l|obeo- q~n sgfnigu zn| bo V~|lhbn @omm fo Vovn

Igfn|b- egi g vv~mg NilobdninbvT


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@- q~obvg o ihi- fghu znevg|nu q~n npsmheoi (vobvg q~obvg vom sguuznm nuvo

hbuvomog" Obvnu fg iohu- nuvoigu glknevhzoinbvn bg vn||nbg fo egbensv~om

o|v n fo ihbhiom o|v" Fnsghu- nuvoigu bg vn||nbg fn ~io hbuvomog hbhehvheo- n

sg| f~ou |o{nu; g sn|e~|ug nzgeo g mofg iovn|bg- sg| ~i mofg4 sg| g~v|g-

nzgeo g eoihbò| so|o o ig|vn" Sg| jhi- sgfnigu zn| gu g~v|gu (b~i smgba

sn|jnhvg- so|o ~uo| o mhba~oani ehbniovga|jheo q~n- vom egig bu- sn|eg||ni

g mofg iovn|bg n g eoihbò| so|o o ig|vn- huvg - ` ~i zgxn~|huin fgu

ojnevgu n fo ig|vn" G|o- q~obfg bgu znigu o bu s|s|hgu bgu g~v|gu- iohu

bg nuvoigu fg q~n sn|obvn o jha~|og)fo)jha~|o)q~n)jha~|o)g)|nuvg- q~n

ugigu- ojhbom- bu s|s|hgu" Sg| huug inuig q~n- fnum~il|ofgu- zh|oigu

eguvou og bguug j~v~|g (n voili og bguug souuofg n og bguug s|nunbvn-

egig un- fn joevg- s~fnuunigu e~is|h| vom anuvg"""

Egiso|ni)un- nbv|nvobvg- ou hioanbu (ni so|vhe~mo|- nuvo fn Nilobdinbvfn

\oe`nm Q`hvn|nof egi g ~bhzn|ug uhilgmhuvo fn O hmò fo ig|vn (?003

??0


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fn Ledmhb"

??8


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Bgvo jhbom

Vh|obfg Obvnu n fnsghu fo ig|vn fo shbv~|o- o u|hn Oma~bu egbvnisg|bngu

(q~n un hbvhv~mozo- hbhehominbvn- Iov|ho fg gm`o| n o u|hnO jgvga|ojho bo enbo

o|vuvheo oev~om nuvg- egig joehminbvn un sn|enln- i~hvuuhig hbegismnvou"

\o{nu z|hou mnzo|oi)in o olobfgbo| nuvnu s|gknevgu" Iou- bg q~n un |njn|n

o nuvo mvhio u|hn- ov snmgu o|vhuvou z|hou zn{nu egbzgeofgu- his~b`o)un

~io ofnbfo" Jgh g q~n jh{ egi G~v|gu bginu- ohbfo"

Omi fhuug- vh|obfg ohbfo g s|hinh|g vnpvg- ou f~ou u|hnu zhzni fn zn|lnvnu"

Jgh ouuhi q~n jg|oi snbuofou hbhehominbvn n ouuhi jheo|oi"

?


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bfhen

?


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H Obvnu n fnsghu fo ig|vn fo shbv~|o

?" ?00:)?8:0


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HHH O jgvga|ojho bo enbo o|vuvheo oev~om

ONU$J a|g~s

Kobobbn Om)Obh

Ih|hoi Leduv|i

N|heo Lo~i

Nmhbg| Eo|~eeh

Obbn Egmmhn|

S`hm Egmmhbu

Dnmmh Egbbnmm

Obbhdo zgb @o~uugmjj

Eov`n|hbn Gshn

Omnuuobf|o Uoba~hbnvvh

Mhun Uo|jovh

Bo{hj Vgs~gam~

Lnvvhbo zgb [n`m

G~v|gu bginu- ohbfo

Fhobn O|l~u

Bob Agmfhb n ou iueo|ou fn v|oafho

Io|hmxb Ihbvn|; ~i ~bhzn|ug fn |nuvgu

Ehbfx U`n|iob

V`giou Uv|~v`

?


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HZ G~v|gu vnpvgu

Ln~xu |n)zhuhvofg

Io|mnbn F~iou;Oaohbuv v`n Qommg~ ~i eoug fn Fg~lmn lhbf

V`giou @h|ue``g|b; ~io ,bg nuegmo, g~ o o|vn egig iq~hbo fn a~n||o

Kguns`hbn Inedunsn|; ugl o hioani- g kgag

I~g{ n o maheo fg nbv|n

Gu egbenhvgu fn fhjn|nbo n |nsnvhg ni L|~en Bo~iob

M~eho Bga~nh|o; j|oainbvgu

Sgmmged n o oluv|oeg

\o~ue`nbln|a; jmovbnuu n igfn|bhfofn

\o~ue`nbln|a; V|oznmmhba !13)!1:

So~mo \nag bg IOEU-

Bobex Usn|g; Iofn hb ^UO7 Bg"

\oe`nm Q`hvn|nof

Bgvo jhbom

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