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Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
Environmental impact of ICTA conceptual framework and some strategic recommendations
Prof. Dr. Lorenz M. HiltyTechnology and Society Lab (TSL)Technology and Society Lab (TSL)Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and ResearchSt. Gallen, Switzerland
www.empa.ch/tsl
Hilfe2
Dias nummer 1
Hilfe2 Diese Folie enthält zwei Mastergruppen (Master und Titelmaster), welche den Corporate-Design-konformen Auftritt definieren. Der jetzt zugewiesene Empa-Master 1 sieht für die Titelfolie das Empa-Logo vor. Den weiteren Folien ist kein Logo zugewiesen. Für längere Vorträge mitZwischentiteln empfehlen wir, den Folien mit Zwischentiteln den Empa-Master 2 (mit Logo unten rechts) zuzuweisen. Dazu öffnen Sie via Ansicht > Aufgabenbereich > Foliendesign-Entwurfsvorlage rechts die Masterauswahl. Nun markieren Sie im linken Ansichtsfenster die Folien, denen Empa-Master 2 zugewiesen werden soll (mindestens zwei, ansonsten für den ganzen Satz Empa-Master 1 verwendet wird). Weitere Hilfeerhalten Sie bei Monika Ernst, 4995 (Empa, Dübendorf)M. Ernst; 04-02-2005
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yProblem:Problem:Society is overusing the services provided by Nature What is the role of ICT?by Nature What is the role of ICT?
ICT is a necessary ICT is part of theICT is a necessary part of the solution
ICT is part of the problem
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 2
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yConceptual Framework
ICT as part of the l ti
ICT as part of the bl
Conceptual Framework
solution
T h l1stProduction
Life cycle
problem
Technology Making more from less ordereffects[direct]
enables
Use
End-of-life treatment
yof ICT hardware
ApplicationOptimization effects
Substitution effects
2ndordereffects
Induction effects
Societal Deep structuralh t d
3rd
[indirect]enables
Rebound effectsSocietalchange
change toward a dematerialized economy
ordereffects[systemic]
New critical infrastructure
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 3
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
ICT as part of the l ti
ICT as part of the blsolution
T h l1stProduction
Life cycle
problem
Technology Making more from less ordereffects[direct]
enables
Use
End-of-life treatment
yof ICT hardware
ApplicationOptimization effects
Substitution effects
2ndordereffects
Induction effects
Societal Deep structuralh t d
3rd
[indirect]enables
Rebound effectsSocietalchange
change toward a dematerialized economy
ordereffects[systemic]
New critical infrastructure
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 4
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yMaking More from LessMaking More from Less
Moore‘s La (S M 2005)Moore‘s Law (Source: Mattern, 2005)
Moore‘s Law in terms of energyffi iefficiency (Source: Mattern, 2005)
If other industries would make the same progress in efficiency…
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 5
If other industries would make the same progress in efficiency…
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
ICT as part of the l ti
ICT as part of the blsolution
T h l1stProduction
Life cycle
problem
Technology Making more from less ordereffects[direct]
enables
Use
End-of-life treatment
yof ICT hardware
ApplicationOptimization effects
Substitution effects
2ndordereffects
Induction effects
Societal Deep structuralh t d
3rd
[indirect]enables
Rebound effectsSocietalchange
change toward a dematerialized economy
ordereffects[systemic]
New critical infrastructure
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 6
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yThe Life Cycle of ICT Hardware
ICT Services
The Life Cycle of ICT Hardware
ICT Services
ProductionPhase
UsePhase
End-of-lifePhase
DesignPhase ResiduesResources
Recycling
Life Cycle of an ICT product
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies calculate the relevant environmental impacts of the life cycle per functional unit.
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 7
Materials Sci ence & Technolog ySome Results from LCA StudiesSome Results from LCA Studies
‘Desktop PC Production’ to ‘1 year of use’ is ~ 3:1 forDesktop PC Production to 1 year of use is 3:1 for energy and ~ 6:1 for aggregated environmental impacts under Chinese conditions (Eugster et al. 2007)
The environmental impacts of a 2G mobile phone t k d i t d b th hnetwork are dominated by the use phase
(Scharnhorst et al. 2005)
Recycling of WEEE (e-waste) clearly pays off in environmental terms due to the metals recoveredenvironmental terms due to the metals recovered, saving energy otherwise used for their primary production (Hischier et al. 2005)
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 8
p ( )
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
Impact of recovering secondary materials from e-waste (from collection to final materials)
Impact of primary production of the same materials and e-waste incineration
Acidification
5.00E+05
Climate Change
6.00E+07
collection to final materials) incineration
5.00E+05
0
Colle
ction
&Di
sman
tling
Batte
ries
Met
als
Cable
s
Scre
ens
ed W
iring
Boar
d
Othe
rm
ater
ials
subs
titut
eden
ergy
g SO
2-eq
.
2.00E+07
2.00E+07
ollec
tion
&sm
antlin
g
Batte
ries
Met
als
Cable
s
Scre
ens
ted
Wirin
gBo
ard
Othe
rm
ater
ials
ubst
itute
den
ergy
CO
2-eq
.
1.50E+06
1.00E+06
kg
1.00E+08
6.00E+07
Co Dis
Print B s
kg C
2.00E+06 1.40E+08
Eutrophication
4.00E+04
Photochemical Oxidation
2.00E+04
4 00E+04
0
Colle
ction
&Di
sman
tling
Batte
ries
Met
als
Cable
s
Scre
ens
nted
Wirin
gBo
ard
Othe
rm
ater
ials
subs
titut
eden
ergy
O4-
eq. 1.00E+04
Colle
ction
&Di
sman
tling
Batte
ries
Met
als
Cable
s
Scre
ens
ed W
iring
Boar
d
Othe
rm
ater
ials
subs
titut
eden
ergy
lene
-eq.
8.00E+04
4.00E+04 C D
Prin
kg P
O
4.00E+04
P
kg e
thyl
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 9
1.20E+05 7.00E+04
Source: Hischier et al.: Does WEEE recycling make sense from an environmental perspective? Environmental Impact Assessment Review 25, 2005.
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yComposition of E Waste (WEEE)Composition of E-Waste (WEEE)
Ferrous Metals 39 1 %Ferrous Metals 39.1 %Non-Fe Metals (Aluminium, Copper, Silver, Gold…) 21.0 %Plastics 14 2 %Plastics 14.2 %CRT Glass 13.4 %Mixed Materials with Plastics 5 8 %Mixed Materials with Plastics 5.8 %Cables 2.2 %Printed Circuit Boards 1 9 %Printed Circuit Boards 1.9 %Others 1.6 %Hazardous Fractions 0 8 %
Source: Empa
Hazardous Fractions 0.8 %
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 10
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
Source: Empa Source: Empa
S E
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 11
Source: EmpaSource: Empa
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yInformal E-waste Recycling: Copper Extraction Process
(Source: Empa)
Manual extraction of copper from printed wiring boards in Delhi, India. Typical backyard compan ith 12 orkers Yield 1 2 tons/month
(Source: Empa)
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 12
company with 12 workers. Yield: 1-2 tons/month
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yInformal E-waste Recycling: Gold Extraction Process
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 13
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
ICT as part of the l ti
ICT as part of the blsolution
T h l1stProduction
Life cycle
problem
Technology Making more from less ordereffects[direct]
enables
Use
End-of-life treatment
yof ICT hardware
ApplicationOptimization effects
Substitution effects
2ndordereffects
Induction effects
Societal Deep structuralh t d
3rd
[indirect]enables
Rebound effectsSocietalchange
change toward a dematerialized economy
ordereffects[systemic]
New critical infrastructure
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 14
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yEffects of ICT ApplicationEffects of ICT Application
T i l b d f h i ICT i tTerminology borrowed from research in ICT impactson traffic:
Optimization effect: ICT optimizes traffic processes
Substitution effect: ICT-based processes replace trafficSubstitution effect: ICT-based processes replace traffic
Induction effect: ICT creates traffic demand
We generalize this terminology to all ICT applicationswhich influence environmentally relevant processesy p
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 15
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
ServicesLife Cycle of Any Product:
ProductionPhase
End-of-lifePhase
UsePhasePhase Phase
DesignPhase ResiduesReso rces
Induction
Phase
Phase ResiduesResources
Optimization
Life Cycle of ICT Product:
SubstitutionOptimization
ICT Services
ProductionPhase
End-of-lifePhase
UsePhasePhase Phase
DesignPhase ResiduesReso rces
Phase
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 16
Phase ResiduesResources
Materials Sci ence & Technolog ySome Unused Optimization PotentialsSome Unused Optimization Potentials
Save 3-6% of total energy consumption under EuropeanSave 3 6% of total energy consumption under European conditions by intelligent control of room temperature (IPTS 2004)
Use ICT for demand side management (DSM) by shifting electrical laods to cope with fluctuating energy sources (such as wind and solar power), e.g. for fridges(Stadler et al 2008)(Stadler et al. 2008)
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 17
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yUnused Substitution PotentialsUnused Substitution Potentials
Videoconferencing equipment is not used becauseVideoconferencing equipment is not used because
eye contact does not workeye contact does not work
WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See)WYSIWIS (What You See Is What I See)does not work
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 18
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yThe virtual squintThe virtual squint
The normal case
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 19
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
ICT as part of the l ti
ICT as part of the blsolution
T h l1stProduction
Life cycle
problem
Technology Making more from less ordereffects[direct]
enables
Use
End-of-life treatment
yof ICT hardware
ApplicationOptimization effects
Substitution effects
2ndordereffects
Induction effects
Societal Deep structuralh t d
3rd
[indirect]enables
Rebound effectsSocietalchange
change toward a dematerialized economy
ordereffects[systemic]
New critical infrastructure
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 20
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yFrom the Agricultural to the Industrial Society
Resource
From the Agricultural to the Industrial Society
flow
today
yesterdayyesterday(before the steam machine was invented)
Labourintensity
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 21
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yFrom the Industrial to the Information Society
Informationi t it
SustainableI f ti
UnsustainableInformation
From the Industrial to the Information Society
intensity
tomorrow
InformationSociety
InformationSociety
d ?
Resource
today ?
Labour
flowyesterday
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 22
Labourintensity
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
ICT as part of the l ti
ICT as part of the blsolution
T h l1stProduction
Life cycle
problem
Technology Making more from less ordereffects[direct]
enables
Use
End-of-life treatment
yof ICT hardware
ApplicationOptimization effects
Substitution effects
2ndordereffects
Induction effects
Societal Deep structuralh t d
3rd
[indirect]enables
Rebound effectsSocietalchange
change toward a dematerialized economy
ordereffects[systemic]
New critical infrastructure
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 23
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yRebound EffectsRebound Effects
Ti S i i ti ti l t d dTime-Saving innovations stimulate demand
Software Bloat: Software-Induced Hardware Obsolescence (SIHO)
Miniaturization ParadoxMiniaturization Paradox
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 24
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yThe Miniaturization ParadoxThe Miniaturization Paradox
Moore‘s Law in physical terms Moore‘s Law in economic termsy
hip
S-$
stor
s / C
hG
SC
ALE
/ 100
0 U
SG
SC
ALE
Tran
sis
LOG
MIP
S /
LOG
Source: Brunner, 2005
exponential growth of performance per chip
double exponential growthof performance per moneyperformance per chip of performance per money
Hardware is getting cheaper faster than it is getting smaller!
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 25
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yNew Critical InfrastructureNew Critical Infrastructure
S i t i i i l d d t ICT i f t tSociety is increasingly dependent on ICT infrastructure
ICT infrastructure is complex and vulnerableICT infrastructure is complex and vulnerable
ICT has pervaded other infrastructures (such asICT has pervaded other infrastructures (such as transport, energy, finance, national security)
Both cyber terrorists and providers of cyber security may concentrate too much power for a free society
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 26
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yRecommendations toRecommendations to …
Individual usersIndividual users
OrganizationsOrganizations
Data CentersData Centers
H d d lHardware developers
S ft d lSoftware developers
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 27
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yIndividual UsersIndividual Users
Use ICT as a means to a defined endUse ICT as a means to a defined end.Don’t let your goals be biased by technological products. Be reluctant against technological determinism and techno-paternalism.
Extend the service life of your ICT hardware to an extreme.Each month or year of additional service saves considerable amountsEach month or year of additional service saves considerable amounts of energy and scarce materials.
E l t l f i t l ll b ti d dExplore new styles of virtual collaboration and reducetravel.
Demand and use “green computing” features:Power management, energy-efficient software.
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 28
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yOrganizationsOrganizations
U thi li t l tiUse thin-client solutions.This may save > 50% of the energy in the use phase.
(Fraunhofer UMSICHT, 2008).( , )
Support environmentally conscious behavior of yourSupport environmentally conscious behavior of your employees.Don’t force them to use new software rendering operational hardware obsolete s pport irt al collaborationobsolete; support virtual collaboration.
Implement intelligent room temperature managementImplement intelligent room temperature management.Install IP thermostats and try to use existing information such as room reservations to optimize your HVAC system; it may even make sense t l d d th f t d t
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 29
to use personal agendas and weather forecasts as data sources.
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yData CentersData Centers
Virtualize hardware resources er
Virtualize hardware resources.This makes it possible to pool hardware capacities and toreduce the total capacity that has to be installed. t i
st p
owe
year
s
Use the most energy efficient servers and powersupplies C
ente
r cu
half
in 3
y
supplies.
Optimize air conditioning by precise control and by an D
ata
Cm
ptio
n to
h 2
007)
Optimize air conditioning by precise control and by changing the layout of the data center for optimal air flow. A
Ger
ma
cons
um(R
osso
l
Utilize waste heat for space heating.
s sa
ved
n m
ore
rgy
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 30
This
even
ene
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yHardware developers
A id t i t
Hardware developers
Avoid toxic components.Toxic components of ICT hardware such as lead, mercury, cadmium and brominated flame retardants are the main barrier to efficient recycling.They either cause high costs in formal (industrial) recycling or endanger people and the environment in informal (backyard) g p p ( y )recycling.
Reduce the variety of materials.Most materials used in small portions will not be recoverable
they are irreversibly dissipated. y y p
Exploit energy harvesting/scavanging techniques
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 31
Materials Sci ence & Technolog yMetals used in electronicsMetals used in electronics
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 32
Source: Behrendt et al. (2007) 57 elements
Materials Sci ence & Technolog ySoftware developers
A id ft i d d h d b l (SIHO)
Software developers
Avoid software-induced hardware obsolescence (SIHO).As a software developer you should be aware that relying on the availability of cheap hardware capacity on the user’s side is ecologically expensive, because it boosts hardware flow.
Avoid ‘unmastered complexity’ (E W Dijkstra)Avoid unmastered complexity (E. W. Dijkstra).Cope with the variety of user needs by conceptual clarity. Even an infinite variety can be generated from a finite set of well-defined
f f fconcepts and principles. If software functionality were presented in an ‘axiomatic’ style instead of an ‘additive’ style, its complexity would be masterable.
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 33
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
Features:Same functionality !Same functionality !Needs only half working memory !Doesn‘t clutter your display with rubbish !Doesn t clutter your display with rubbish !Runs faster even on older processors !Doesn‘t require more disk space than the older version !Doesn‘t require more disk space than the older version !Lets you work much longer with the same battery capacity !
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 34
Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
Further Reading
"Minimizing air travel is the only way to reduce the environmental load of a conference significantly.“(p. 553):Hischier, R.; Hilty, L. M.: Environmental Impacts of an I t ti l C f E i t l I t
"The life cycle of electronics has to be improved significantly if we are to avoid an accelerated loss of scarce raw materials and emission of toxics into the environment." (p. 433):Hilt L M El t i W t A E i Ri k?International Conference. Environmental Impact
Assessment Review, Vol. 22, Issue 5, 2002, 543-557 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0195-9255%2802%2900027-6
"ICT has a high potential impact on the rational use of
Hilty L. M.: Electronic Waste – An Emerging Risk? Environmental Impact Assessment Review. Vol. 25, ssue 5, 2005, 431-435 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.002
heating energy.“ (p. 1628):Hilty, L. M.; Arnfalk, P.; Erdmann, L.; Goodman, J.; Lehmann, M.; Wäger, P.: The Relevance of Information and Communication Technologies for Environmental Sustainability – A Prospective Simulation Study.
“Consumption of scarce raw materials for the production of electronics and the energy consumption of stationary ICT infrastructure may increase sharply.“ (p. 872):Hilty L. M.; Som C.; Köhler A.: Assessing the Human, Social and Environmental Risks of Pervasive Computing.Sustainability A Prospective Simulation Study.
Environmental Modelling & Software, 21 (11) 2006, 1618-1629 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.05.007
"The environmental impacts of a 2G mobile phone network are dominated by the use phase " (p 560):
Social and Environmental Risks of Pervasive Computing. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 10(5) 2004, 853-874 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10807030490513874
"ICT-related decisions under uncertainty should favour lower complexity over higher complexity open standardsnetwork are dominated by the use phase." (p. 560):
Scharnhorst, W.; Althaus, H.-J.; Classen, M.; Jolliet, O.; Hilty, L. M.: The End-of-life Treatment of Second Generation Mobile Phone Networks: Strategies to Reduce the Environmental Impact. Environmental Impact
lower complexity over higher complexity, open standards over proprietary standards, and adapting the technology to humans over adapting humans to the technology.“ (p. 796):Som, C.; Hilty, L. M.; Ruddy, T.: The Precautionary
Assessment Review, Vol. 25, Issue 5, 2005, 540-566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2005.04.005
Principle in the Information Society. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 10(5) 2004, 787-799 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1080703049051380
New book (June 2008):
Lorenz Hilty, Empa, Switzerland OECD Workshop, Copenhagen, 23.05.08 Slide 35
More publications available at http://www.empa.ch/tslInformation Technology and Sustainability by L. M. HiltyISBN: 9783837019704