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Acronyms
ADC Agriculture Development Centre
AgriBusDev Agricultural Business Development Agency
AMTA Agro-Marketing and Trade Agency
CA Conservation Agriculture
CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme
DARD Directorate of Agricultural Research and Development
DCPP Dry Land Crop Production Programme
DoF Directorate of Forestry
DPBD Directorate of Planning and Business Development
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FBO Farmer-Based Organization
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MAWF Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry
MDG Millennium Development Goals
NAB Namibian Agronomic Board
NAD Namibian Dollar
NDP National Development Plan
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
SADC Southern African Development Community
DAPEES Directorate of Agricultural Production, Extension and Engineering Services
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NGO Non-Govermental Organization
GAP Good Agricultural Practices
GlossaryAgroforestry Land-use systems and practices where trees (woody perennials) are deliberately
integrated with crops and/or animals on the same land-management unit.
Climate Change Adaptation Initiatives and measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems against actual or expected climate-change effects.
Climate Change Mitigation Technological changes and substitutions that reduce resource inputs and greenhouse gas emissions per unit of output.
Conservation Agriculture
Conservation Agriculture Standards
Minimum operational and technology requirements for implementing CA in Namibia.
Conservation Tillage
Cover Crops Planting of close-growing crops (usually annual legumes), mainly to protect the soil, between perennials, or in the period between seasons for annual crops.
Crop Association The arrangement of crops in space and over time.
Crop Rotation
Intercropping
No Till/zero Tillage
Permanent Soil Cover
Keeping the soil covered with organic materials (cover crops, crop residues) throughout the year.
Relay Cropping
Conservation agriculture is an approach to managing agro-ecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased profits and food security, while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment. CA is characterised by three linked principles, namely: Continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent organic soil cover and diversification of crop species grown in sequences and/or associations.
Growing two or more crops in the same field at the same time
A series of different crops planted in the same field following a defined order, changing the type of crops grown in the field each season or each year (or changing from crops to fallow).
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The practice of avoiding ploughing and limiting soil disturbance to necessary operations, such as seed placement.
Minimum Mechanical Soil Disturbance
A form of cropping which does not use mechanical tillage of the soil for crop establishment
Any method of soil cultivation that leaves the previous year’s crop residue on fields before and after planting the next crop, to reduce soil erosion and runoff.
Specific form of mixed cropping / intercropping in which a second crop is planted into an established stand of a main crop. The second crop develops fully after the main crop is harvested.
1. Introduction It has been estimated that nearly two-thirds of the population in Namibia live in rural areas, majority depending on smallholder crop production as a means of livelihoods and survival. However, their livelihood is threatened by recurrent seasons with low production, or even crop failures.
The total population of Namibia has been projected to increase from the present 2.2-million to 3-million by 2031, with majority located in the northern regions of Omusati, Oshana, Ohangwena, Oshikoto, Kavango East, Kavango West and Zambezi. The projected increase in population in the rural areas is expected to put more pressure on agricultural land that would further decrease farm size and agricultural production per household.
Low or variable production levels and declining crop yields can often be attributed to inappropriate farming practices and management. Some current farming practices are environmentally unsustainable and lead to land degradation. These include mono-cropping without adequate soil nutrient replenishment, the burning or removal of crop residues and the frequent disturbance of the topsoil by ploughing and disking.
The subsistence-based smallholder sector in Namibia is also very vulnerable to climate change/ variability. Subsistence farmers are highly dependent on weather patterns and climate change will increase this exposure and reduce yields and income even further. Climate-change scenarios predict increased atmospheric temperatures, with a mean annual temperature increase for southern Africa of 2.5°C to 3°C by 2050 in conservative estimates. Rainfall variability is likely to increase, resulting in a higher frequency and intensity of extreme events, such as droughts and floods. A new way of farming is needed to counter and reverse land degradation and to adapt to climate change variability, while ensuring national food security. Conservation Agriculture (CA) is one such approach.
CA is an approach to manage agro-ecosystems for improved and sustained productivity and food security while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment. CA is characterized by three linked principles, namely:
1. Continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance;2. Permanent organic soil cover; and 3. Diversification of crop species grown in sequences and/or associations. CA is practised in conjunction with other Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) for increased and stabilised yields, reduced production costs (labour, machinery, fuel, fertilizer), climate-change adaptation and mitigation, reduced land degradation and water conservation. Some of the complementary GAPs are timeous farm operations, use of improved seed, targeted applications of both mineral and organic fertilizers and integrated pest management. The principles of CA are valid for all Namibia’s crop-production systems and all levels of mechanisation, although varying techniques and practices apply in varying circumstances.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Forestry (MAWF), in fulfilling its mandate to promote, develop, manage and utilise agricultural, water and forestry resources as provided for by the fourth National Development Plan (NDP4), has deliberately decided to implement CA in a holistic manner. CA is a new approach among many of the farming households in Namibia. Due to generally long periods of adaptation and associated risks, the farming households need capacity strengthening including material support to adopt CA.
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2. Programme Objectives The overall objective of this programme is to counter and reverse land degradation and to adapt to climate change/variability through the adoption of CA as a basis for sustainable crop production and improved food security at both national and farm, including smallholder, levels.
The programme specifically aims to:
1. Increase awareness and knowledge of CA among stakeholders, including farmers, extension workers, researchers and policy- and decision-makers;
2. Increase farmers’ and extension workers’ skills of practising CA;
3. Conduct farmer-focused research to develop appropriate CA technologies and packages for the farming systems;
4. Establish institutional arrangements for harmonised and coordinated implementation of the CA programme;
5. Ensure farmers have sustained access to CA equipment, inputs, markets and services; and
6. Develop standards, then monitor and evaluate adoption and impact of CA.
The programme seeks to address and apply all of the important aspects/principles of CA in a holistic manner and in such a way that farmers are encouraged to take up CA and benefit from it. The implementation of CA among the (small-scale) farmers in Namibia should be seen as part of an on-going process. Most of the activities will be continual and will be part of the routine work of MAWF and other stakeholders.
After completion of the first five years, the concept of CA will be well known and appreciated by extension workers, researchers, farmers, agro-dealers and service providers. A significant number of farmers will practise CA in the whole or part of their farm, applying various technologies, depending on their farming system, land characteristics and human and financial resources.
It is expected that uptake of CA by farmers will be slow in the beginning, but will accelerate towards the end of the five-year proposal and beyond.
3. Link with Global and Regional Development Priorities The programme addresses the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), in particular MDG 1, which seeks to reduce the number of those living in extreme poverty and hunger by half in 2015, and MDG 7 (Target 7a), which seeks to integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of environmental resources.
The programme is also a direct response to the Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) of the New Partnership for African Development of the African Union. CAADP has six pillars, four of which relate to the programme, namely:
1. Extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems;
2. Improving rural infrastructure and trade-related capacities for market access;
3. Increasing food supply and reducing hunger; and
4. Agricultural research and technology dissemination and adoption.
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In addition, the programme will contribute to the realisation of three of the five objectives of the draft Southern African Development Community (SADC) Regional Agricultural Policy, namely:
• To promote and support the production, productivity and competitiveness of the agricultural sector and the development of trade and markets; • To promote and support growth in incomes for agricultural communities, in particular small-scale farmers, fishers and foresters; and • To promote sustainable use and management of natural resources.
4. Link with National Development Priorities
The NDP4 and it’s Agricultural Sector Execution Plan, and the MAWF Strategic Plan (2014-2017) have identified CA as an important practice for improved food security.The Strategic Objectives most relevant to the programme are the following:
• Desired Outcome 9 (DO9) of the NDP4 identifies the promotion of CA as one of the strategies to achieve a real growth of 4% per annum for national agriculture; • Sufficient and competent staff, in terms of knowledge, skills and attitudes; • Supportive and harmonised legal and regulatory frameworks, including policies and procedures; • Appropriate research, development and knowledge management; • Increased product development, in terms of more products, value addition and diversification; • Improved sustainable production levels and efficiencies (livestock, plants, forestry) through the use of appropriate technology and materials; • Improved market access and growth (in terms of more, new and expanded markets); • Capacitated stakeholders who are informed, educated and supported, e.g. emerging and resettled farmers, cooperatives; • Improved and integrated natural resource management; and • Coping mechanisms in place for addressing the adverse effects of climate change on production (including global warming, floods, droughts and bush fires).
Other relevant recent policies and programmes include:
• Vision 2030; • National Agricultural Policy; • Green Scheme Policy; • Dry Land Crop Production Programme (DCPP); • Small-Scale Horticulture Support Programme; • National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan; • Seed Policy and the proposed Seed and Seed Varieties Bill; • Agricultural Marketing and Trading Act; and • Forest Policy.
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5. Present State of CA in Namibia
Before the advance of the plough, some form of CA was practiced in Namibia. Even now, some farmers use the hoe or planting stick to plant seeds directly, without ploughing. In essence, CA is not entirely a new concept. However, this form of CA will have low productivity, unless combined with other good practices. At present the most common form of land preparation is ploughing by disking, which pulverises and compacts the soil. To reduce soil compaction and increase water infiltration and soil fertility, a few initiatives to promote CA were undertaken in Namibia, including: • In the Zambezi Region, a few smallholder farmers experimented with direct planting, permanent planting stations, crop rotation, intercropping, manure application and other CA practices, under the guidance of MAWF and Non-Govermental Organization (NGOs);
• A few commercial farmers in the maize triangle (Grootfontein-Tsumeb-Otavi) are trying various CA operations such as controlled mechanised traffic, narrow row spacing, no-till direct mechanised planting, crop rotations and cover crops;
• Two Green Scheme projects have experimented with isolated CA practices, such as direct seeding, crop residue preservation and crop rotation;
• The MAWF, through the DCPP, encouraged farmers to implement ripping practice to break the hard pan thereby increasing water infiltration and root penetration; and
• Under the Conservation Tillage Project of the Namibian Agronomic Board (NAB) and partners, some smallholder farmers in the north-central regions have implemented a number of CA-related techniques, including the initial break-up of hardpans, the creation of permanent ridges and furrows, the application of manure, and crop rotations.
The results of the above five initiatives were variable and there is a need for further testing and evaluation across the different agro-ecological zones of the country.
6. Targeted Farmers
The programme targets all crop producers in Namibia encouraging them to adopt CA practices, depending on the resources available to them. The programme also aims to provide assistance from Government in the form of a subsidy to the following categories:
• Communal crop and livestock producers concentrated in the Omusati, Oshana, Ohangwena, Oshikoto, Kavango-East, Kavango-West, Zambezi, Otjozondjupa, Kunene and Omaheke regions. These are areas with mainly sandy soils of low fertility, covering various agro-ecological zones. The mean annual rainfall increases from 50mm in the extreme west to 700mm in the east (350-700mm in the crop-producing areas). Main crops are pearl millet (mahangu) and maize.
• Commercial dry land, including resettlement farmers, affirmative action farmers, and irrigation farmers in the “maize triangle” and elsewhere.
• Farmers as categorised in the Small-Scale Horticulturel Support Programme.
• Farmers from the Green Scheme projects (commercial irrigation schemes with some dry-land cropping, large-scale service providers and associated medium-scale emerging farmers) located along perennial rivers in the extreme north and south of the country and near dams elsewhere. The main crops are maize, wheat, vegetables and fruits.
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Implementing agents Respective roles in the implementation process
DAPEES shall:
7. Programme Implementation Arrangements The MAWF will be responsible for the overall programme implementation and coordination. The directorates and agencies that will be directly involved are:
• Directorate of Agriculture Production, Extension and Engineering Services (DAPEES); • Directorate of Agricultural Research and Development (DARD); • Directorate of Planning and Business Development (DPBD); • Directorate of Forestry (DoF); • Agricultural Business Development Agency (AgriBusDev); and • Agro-Marketing and Trade Agency (AMTA).
The MAWF will also collaborate with the Ministry of Environment and Tourism, the Ministry of Lands and Resettlement, the National Planning Commission, and Regional Councils. In addition, relevant partner organizations, including NGOs, farmer organizations, the University of Namibia and the Polytechnic of Namibia will be involved when necessary. The roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Roles and responsibilities of the programme implementing agents
• Create awareness about the programme, with the help of Regional Councils;
• Oversee the implementation of the programme in the regions in conjunction with the Regional Councils;
• Monitor farmers and Farmer-Based Organizations (FBOs) who benefit from the programme to assess progress through field visits and technical advice;
• Provide training of trainers;
• Oversee, coordinate and monitor the training;
• Provide quality, target-oriented training and demonstrations to FBOs and farmers and organize field days and exposure trips for farmers;
• Ensure timeous printing of input and services vouchers and timely distribution to beneficiaries;
• Liaise with AMTA and DARD, farmers and FBOs, service providers and input suppliers in good time to determine the amount of seed and recommended varieties required and to render the required services and inputs supply to farmers timeously;
• Prepare and submit tenders for the training of operators and other services from service providers;
• Ensure that trained sub-receivers of revenue are authorised to administer the subsidy money before the onset of the programme;
• Verify service rendered to substantiate payment requests;
• Coordinate the activities of the CA programme and compile monthly, quarterly and annual reports;
• Register beneficiaries, maintain and update the database; and
• Encourage private tractor owners to organize themselves in associations/ cooperatives to facilitate negotiations for affordable prices.
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Input suppliers shall: • Collaborate with DAPEES, DARD and farmers in the identification, testing and selection of the best inputs, including seed varieties;
• Tender for the provision of inputs as advertised by MAWF;
• Submit claims as soon as possible after services are rendered; and
• Ensure timeous supply of inputs.
• Be encouraged by MAWF to continue to provide services to farmers in the Regions in recognition of the important role they play in service provision;
• Organize themselves into associations/cooperatives for proper coordination and price harmonisation purposes (to facilitate negotiations for affordable prices with the MAWF and to render adequate and quality service to the farmers). Currently, prices for ploughing vary from one private tractor owner to another and from region to region, with some charging exorbitant prices; hence the need for price harmonisation;
• Provide ploughing services to farmers at a subsidised price and to a maximum of three hectares;
• Register themselves at Agriculture Development Centres (ADCs) through the Regional Councils;
• Undergo training in relevant fields, such as best farm management practices and the correct measurement of area coverage;
• Tender for the provision of services as advertised by MAWF;
• Submit claims as soon as possible after the services are rendered;
• Ensure timeous provision of services; and
• Collaborate with DAPEES, DARD, farmers and suppliers in the identification, selection and testing of implements and tools.
Private tractor owners (service providers) shall:
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8. Programme Interventions and ActivitiesThe following sections summarise the proposed interventions for the implementation of comprehensive
CA into Namibia’s farming systems. The large number of interventions and activities proposed are grouped under 10 pillars.
8.1 Awareness CreationIssue: Knowledge of CA at all levels of the MAWF and stakeholders needs to be increased.
Interventions, activities:
8.1.1 Produce and distribute targeted literature, posters, pamphlets and videos about CA practices, and include CA topics in relevant radio and television programmes.
8.1.2 Promote CA at meetings, workshops, field days, information days, etc.
8.1.3 Organize study tours to established CA demonstration sites within the country or to places where the situation is as close as possible to the conditions in Namibia, for example commercial farms incountries where CA is practised.
8.2. Coordination of ActivitiesIssue: Activities related to CA by the MAWF and other stakeholders need more coordination.
Interventions, activities:
8.2.1 Support institutional coordination through existing coordination mechanisms in the MAWF (DAPEES).
8.3. Establish Evidence Base for CAIssue: Hard evidence is needed to prove that CA works in Namibia.
Interventions, activities:
8.3.1. Compile and analyse existing data at national and regional levels and publish scientifically sound results on the advantages and disadvantages of various CA techniques. Within Namibia, data could be obtained from MAWF, NAB, UNAM, commercial farmers and NGOs. Within the SADC region, data from Zambia, South Africa, Zimbabwe and other countries with similar farming practices could be of value.
8.4. Develop Standards for Monitoring and Evaluation
Issue:CA needs to be operationalised under, or in accordance with, Namibia’s conditions. To put this into effect, guidelines are required for CA implementation and monitoring.
Interventions, activities:
and describe the relevant CA technologies and practices in Namibia.
8.4.2. Supervise CA promotion and implementation by all extension agents, inside and outside the MAWF.
8.4.3. Standardize the monitoring and evaluation methods, definition, parameters, measurements, etc.(A good reference would be the FAO Monitoring Toolkit for CA).
8.4.4. Establish the baseline by quantifying and mapping present CA activities.
8.4.5. Include the number of CA farmers, areas under CA, yields and other CA parameters in the MAWF’s regular data collection and reporting system.
8.4.1. Define
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8.7. Capacity Building of FarmersIssue: Farmers need to be capacitated and helped to implement CA.
Interventions, activities:
8.7.1. Establish on-farm and on-station CA demonstration plots and trials in each constituency and use them to demonstrate CA practices to the farmers.
8.7.2. Train farmers on how to implement CA practices.
8.7.3 Facilitate the formation of farmer groups and select and encourage lead farmers to set up CA plots on their fields.
8.8. Equipment, Inputs and ServicesIssue: Appropriate CA services and inputs are not always locally available.
Interventions, activities:
8.8.1. Encourage the establishment of new dealerships for equipment and inputs that are unavailable. The three planned agricultural technology centres will also play a role.
8.8.2. Introduce incentive schemes: e.g. subsidised CA equipment purchase or replacement schemes.These services could be part of existing programmes, with some modifications.
8.8.3. Provide services at subsidised rates to CA farmers.
8.8.4. Introduce service providers to CA equipment and train them in their use. The quality of service provided to farmers has to be assured.
8.8.5. Assess the possibility of establishing community-based operators/service providers. Community-based operators are likely to be more responsive to the needs of their communities,but may not always have sufficient capacity.
8.8.6. Facilitate plant-breeding and seed-multiplication systems for smallholder farmer groups and cooperatives, commercial farmers and Green Scheme Projects.
8.9. Research Methods and Topics
Issue: remain and the long-term effects of CA have to be assessed. Soil conditions need to be assessed at farm level.
Interventions, activities:
8.9.1. Adapt proven CA technologies to local conditions. Establish suitable crop rotations and suitable crop varieties for local rainfall regimes and moisture conservation techniques (e.g. ripping), in the context of CA. Draw from work done locally since the 1990s and conduct additional on-farm trials where necessary.
8.9.2. Set up trials in promising techniques that have not been tried in Namibia in relation to CA, such as agroforestry. Although extensive work has already been done on agroforestry, some results may have to be reviewed in the context of CA. Additional onfarm trials may be needed.
8.9.3. Set up long-term trials on critical subjects, such as weed management, the interaction between crops and livestock; and pest management.
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Many promising CA technologies need adjustment and fine-tuning for local conditions. Some critical issues
8.9.4. Assess changes in physical, biological and chemical soil properties as a result of CA. Analyse the data for performance improvement, profitability, water use efficiency and acceptance by farmers; identify constraints and recommend remedial changes.
8.9.5. Increase the capacity for carrying out soil surveys and analyses and upgrade soil advisory services.
8.9.6. Equip ADCs, research stations and farm managers with simple soil survey tools and provide training. Basic soil survey tools include a soil auger, a pH kit (for the measurement of acidity and/or alkalinity) and a penetrometer (for the measurement of soil compaction). 8.9.7. Provide soil advisory services to farmers at subsidised rates and provide farmers with fertilizer recommendations specific to their local conditions. Research may be needed to fine-tune fertilizer recommendations for different soils and for changing soil conditions under CA.
8.9.8. Facilitate detailed soil surveys and analyses on irrigated farms. 8.10 Marketing
Issue: Markets for (new) rotational crops have to be opened or stimulated.
Interventions, activities:
8.10.1. Where necessary, investigate the market for produce of new and/or relatively unknown rotational and cover crops (legumes, sunflowers, others). Although studies on the commercialisation of various crops exist, they may need to be re-examined in the context of CA. The feasibility of processing rotational crops into value added products should also be investigated; for example the production of peanut butter, sunflower oil and soybean oil.
8.10.2. Facilitate marketing of rotational and cover crops and derived products.
9. Implementation Plan and Budget The timelines and budget for the activities listed in the intervention areas are presented in Annexes 1 and 2. The implementation plan shows that many activities will have to take place simultaneously and intensively in the first few years. After that, some activities will stop, while others may continue indefinitely. The indicative budget shows the cost of extraordinary expenses only and not the cost of regular activities of the MAWF for which a budget already exists.
10. Conclusion The CA programme has been developed to complement and strengthen other national programmes that aim to improve national and household food security in a sustainable manner. CA has the potential to increase and stabilise crop yields, while protecting the natural resource base, enabling farmers to cope with the negative effects of climate change/variability. It is acknowledged that the full benefits of CA are realised only after at least five years of consistent practice with adequate farmers support in terms of knowledge and material resources from relevant stakeholders. The 10 intervention areas selected in this programme provide guidelines for the implementation of a comprehensive CA programme in Namibia. Effective coordination and collaboration between and among researchers, extension workers, farmers and other stakeholders will be critical for the successful implementation of the programme.
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Annex 1: Priorities and Tentative Timetable
Priority Intervention Ye a r 1
Ye a r 2
Ye a r 3
Ye a r 4
Year 5
1 Create awareness
1.1 Produce and distribute targeted literature, posters, videos
1.2 Include CA topics in relevant radio and TV programmes1.3
1.4 Organize study tours
2 Facilitate coordination
2.1 Facilitate coordination of CA activities within the MAWF
3 Create evidence base
3.1 Publish sound results on advantages & disadvantages of CA
4 Set standards and methods for M&E
4.1
4.2 Supervise CA promotion and implementation by all agents
4.3 Standardise M&E method
4.4 Establish baseline of present CA activities
4.5 Include CA practices in regular data collection and reporting
5 Formulate technologies, packages
5.1 Formulate coherent CA packages and extension messages
6 Capacity of research, extension, engineering and training services
6.1 Regional training of the MAWF; training of trainers
6.2 Adjust curriculum of agricultural training institutes
6.3Develop in-service training course and provide refresher courses for the MAWF staff
6.4 Increase the capacity of the MAWF to develop and test CA equipment
6.5Upgrade accommodation and training facilities at the MAWF traininginstitutions
7 Capacity farmers
7.1 Establish on-farm and on-station demonstrations and trials
7.2 Train farmers on how to implement CA practices
7.3 Assist farmer groups and help farmers with on-farm CA plots
8 Equipment and inputs
8.1 Encourage the establishment of new dealerships for CA equipment
8.2 Introduce incentive schemes: e.g. subsidised CA equipment
8.3 Provide services at subsidised rates to CA farmers
8.4 Introduce CA equipment to service providers and train them to use them
8.5 Assess the possibility of establishing community-based service providers
8.6 Facilitate plant breeding and seed multiplication
9 Research methods and topics
9.1 Adapt proven CA technologies to local conditions
9.2 Set up trials in promising but as yet untried techniques
9.3 Set up long-term trials on critical subjects
Promote CA at meetings, workshops, field days
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9.4 Assess changes in soil properties as a result of CA
9.5 Increase capacity for soil surveys and soil analyses
9.6 Equip ADCs and farm managers with soil survey tools and training
9.7 Upgrade soil advisory services and advise at subsidised rate
9.8 Facilitate detailed soil surveys on irrigated farms
10 Marketing and processing of (new) rotational crops
10.1 Investigate the market for rotational and cover crops
10.2 Facilitate the marketing of rotational and cover crops
High level of activities
Continuation of activities
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Annex 2. Budget
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Produce and distribute targeted literature, posters, videos
Publish information on advantages/disadvantages of CA in Namibia
Establish a baseline of present CA activities
Include CA practices in regular data collection reporting system
Formulate coherent CA packages and extension messagesCapacity of research, extension and engineering training services
Adjust curriculum of agricultural training institutes
Set standards and methods for M&E
Formulate technologies and packages
Facilitate CA coordination within the MAWF
Intervention
1 Create awareness
1.1
1.2 Include CA topics in relevant radio and TV programmes
1.3 Promote CA at meetings,workshops, field days
1.4 Organize study tours
2 Institute coordination
2.1
3 Create evidence base
3.1
4
4.1 Define CA and the varioustechnologies and practices involved
4.2 Supervise CA promotion and implementation by all agents
4.3 Standardise M&E method
4.4
4.5
5
5.1
6
6.1 Regional training of theMAWF; training of trainers
6.2
6.3 Develop in-service training course for MAWF staff
Indicative cost (N$ ‘000’ 000’)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 TOTAL Years
0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.2
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8
0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 1.4
0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0 1.6
0 0 0 0 0 0
0.3 0.16 0.46
0.16 0.16
0.5 0.5
0.6 0.2 0.1 0.9
0.3
0.6 0.6 0.6 1.8
0.3 0.3
0.3
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Establish on-farm and onstation demonstrations and trials
Equipment (this component will be addressed under DCPP)
Introduce incentive schemes: e.g. subsidised CA equipment
Provide services at subsidised rates to CA farmers
Research methods and topics
Adapt proven CA technologies for local conditions
Set up long-term trials on critical subjects
Assess changes in soil properties as a result of CA
Increase capacity for soil surveys and soil analyses
Equip ADCs, farm managers with soil survey tools andtraining Upgrade soil advisory services and advise farmers at low cost
Facilitate detailed soil surveys on irrigated farms
Upgrade accommodation facilities at Tsumis and Mashare
Investigate market for rotational and cover crops and products
6.4 Provide refresher courses on CA for MAWF staff
6.5 Increase the capacity of the MAWF to develop and/or test CA equipment
7 Capacity building for farmers
7.1
7.2 Assist farmer groups and lead farmers with on-farm CA plots
8
8.1 Encourage new dealerships for CA equipment
8.2
8.3
8.4 Introduce service providers to CA equipment and train them
8.5 Facilitate plant breeding and seed multiplication
9
9.1
9.2 Set up trials in promising techniques
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
10 Marketing and processing of (new) rotational crops
10.1
0.5 1 1.5
1.5 2 2 2 7.5
0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.8
0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.1
0.2 0.5 0.5
1 3 4.5 4.5 13
1 1 1 1 1 5
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.5
1.5 2 3 3 3 12.5
0.4 0.2 0.2
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.4
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.2
0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.9
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8
0.5 2 2 2 2 8.5
0 1 2 3 3 9
10 1 1 0 0 12
0.25 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.65
18.10 16.86 19.1 20.8 19.6 94.46
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An
nex
3. P
rog
ram
me
Lo
gic
al F
ram
ewo
rk
Act
ivit
ies
Mea
ns
of
Ver
ific
atio
nS
ou
rce
of
Ver
ific
atio
nA
ssu
mp
tio
ns
Go
al
Con
trib
ute
to th
e re
vers
al o
f lan
d de
grad
atio
n an
d cl
imat
e ch
ange
ad
apta
tion
thro
ugh
the
adop
tion
of
CA
as
a ba
sis
for
sust
aina
ble
crop
pr
oduc
tion
and
impr
oved
food
se
curit
y at
nat
iona
l and
farm
leve
l. In
crea
sed,
effi
cien
t and
sus
tain
able
ag
ricul
tura
l pro
duct
ion
and
land
m
anag
emen
t in
the
farm
ing
syst
ems
of N
amib
ia
Foo
d se
curit
y at
hou
seho
ld a
nd
natio
nal l
evel
s im
prov
edM
AW
F r
epor
tsF
arm
ers
are
keen
to
impl
emen
t CA
gr
adua
lly
Ou
tco
me
To
incr
ease
cro
p pr
oduc
tivity
and
pr
oduc
tion
thro
ugh
the
adop
tion
of
CA
by
at le
ast 2
,000
sm
allh
olde
r fa
rmer
s
Num
ber
of fa
rmer
s pr
actis
ing
CA
; %
incr
ease
in C
A h
acta
rage
%
incr
ease
in c
rop
yiel
ds%
incr
ease
in c
rop
prod
uctio
n
MA
WF
rep
orts
CA
con
cept
fully
ac
cept
ed b
y th
e fa
rmer
s
• P
rodu
ce a
nd d
istr
ibut
e ta
rget
ed
liter
atur
e, p
oste
rs, p
amph
lets
,vi
deos
•
Incl
ude
CA
topi
cs in
rel
evan
t rad
io
and
tele
visi
on p
rogr
amm
es•
Pro
mot
e C
A a
t mee
tings
, w
orks
hops
, fie
ld d
ays,
info
rmat
ion
days
, etc
•
Org
aniz
e st
udy
tour
s to
est
ablis
hed
CA
dem
onst
ratio
n si
tes
with
in th
e co
untr
y or
to p
lace
s w
here
the
situ
atio
n is
as
clos
e as
pos
sibl
e to
th
e co
nditi
ons
in N
amib
ia, f
or
exam
ple
com
mer
cial
farm
s in
co
untr
ies
whe
re C
A is
pra
ctis
ed
Num
ber
of a
war
enes
s ev
ents
N
umbe
r an
d ty
pes
of
awar
enes
s m
ater
ials
Num
ber
of m
eetin
gs h
eld
Num
ber
of s
tudy
tour
s or
gani
sed
and
unde
rtak
en
MA
WF
qua
rter
ly a
nd
annu
al r
epor
ts
MA
WF
qua
rter
ly a
nd
annu
al r
epor
ts
Ann
ual w
ork
plan
an
d B
udge
t M
inut
es o
f mee
tings
Bud
get n
eede
d is
m
ade
avai
labl
eO
utpu
t 1.
Incr
ease
d aw
aren
ess
and
know
ledg
e ab
out C
A a
mon
g st
akeh
olde
rs,
incl
udin
g fa
rmer
s,
exte
nsio
n w
orke
rs,
rese
arch
ers
and
polic
y- a
nd
deci
sion
-mak
ers
22
• S
end
MA
WF
sta
ff to
reg
iona
l CA
ce
ntre
s fo
r tr
aini
ng a
nd/o
r ex
pose
th
em to
suc
cess
ful C
A o
pera
tions
in
SA
DC
and
oth
er p
arts
of A
fric
a an
d el
sew
here
•
Adj
ust c
urric
ulum
of a
gric
ultu
ral
trai
ning
inst
itutio
ns to
ac
com
mod
ate
CA
•
Dev
elop
in-s
ervi
ce tr
aini
ng
mod
ules
and
pro
vide
ref
resh
er
cour
ses
for
MA
WF
sta
ff
• In
crea
se th
e ca
paci
ty o
f MA
WF
to
sele
ct, t
est a
nd d
evel
op C
A
equi
pmen
t, an
d pr
ovid
e ad
vice
and
tr
aini
ng to
ser
vice
pro
vide
rs a
nd
farm
ers
•
Upg
rade
acc
omm
odat
ion
and
trai
ning
faci
litie
s at
MA
WF
tr
aini
ng in
stitu
tions
•
Est
ablis
h on
-far
m a
nd o
n-st
atio
n C
A d
emon
stra
tions
and
tria
ls in
ea
ch c
onst
ituen
cy
• F
acili
tate
farm
er g
roup
s an
d le
ad
farm
ers
to s
et u
p th
eir
own
CA
pl
ots
on th
eir
field
s
Num
ber
of fa
rmer
gro
ups
with
C
A p
lots
est
ablis
hed
N
umbe
r of
farm
ers
trai
ned
N
umbe
r of
farm
ers
prac
tisin
g C
A
Num
ber
of e
xten
sion
age
nts
trai
ned
Num
ber
of tr
aini
ng e
vent
s or
gani
sed
Num
ber
of C
A c
urric
ula
deve
lope
d an
d im
plem
ente
d N
umbe
r of
trai
ning
mod
ules
de
velo
ped
Tsu
mis
and
Mas
hare
ac
com
mod
atio
n an
d tr
aini
ng
faci
litie
s up
grad
ed
Num
ber
of d
emon
stra
tions
es
tabl
ishe
d
MA
WF
qua
rter
ly a
nd
annu
al r
epor
ts
Fie
ld v
isits
T
rain
ing
wor
ksho
p re
port
s P
rogr
ess
repo
rts
New
cur
ricul
um is
av
aila
ble
R
evam
ped
acco
mm
odat
ion
and
trai
ning
faci
litie
s
Impl
emen
tatio
n re
port
sA
DC
dem
o pl
ots
F
arm
ers
dem
o pl
ots
Mon
thly
and
Qua
rter
ly
repo
rts
Far
mer
s an
d ex
tens
ion
staf
f kee
n to
cha
nge
to C
A
prac
tices
F
arm
ers
keen
to
chan
ge a
nd tr
y C
A
prac
tices
F
arm
ers
are
will
ing
to p
artic
ipat
e
Ou
tpu
t3.
Ap
pro
pri
ate
tech
no
log
ies
and
p
acka
ges
fo
r th
e fa
rmin
g s
yste
ms
dev
elo
ped
• F
orm
ulat
e co
here
nt C
A p
acka
ges
and
exte
nsio
n m
essa
ges
for
the
maj
or fa
rmin
g sy
stem
s an
d fa
rmin
g co
nditi
ons
in N
amib
ia
• A
dapt
pro
ven
CA
tech
nolo
gies
for
loca
l con
ditio
ns
• E
stab
lish
suita
ble
crop
rot
atio
ns,
suita
ble
crop
var
ietie
s fo
r lo
cal
rain
fall
reg
imes
and
moi
stur
e co
nser
vatio
n te
chni
ques
(e.
g.
Num
ber
of C
A tr
ials
es
tabl
ishe
d N
umbe
r of
tech
nolo
gies
de
velo
ped
Num
ber
of te
chno
logi
es
adap
ted
and
adop
ted
Num
ber
of p
acka
ges
Rep
orts
R
esea
rch
prot
ocol
s
Min
utes
of v
ario
us
mee
tings
and
trai
ning
se
ssio
ns
On-
stat
ion
tria
ls
Sam
ples
of t
ools
T
rial s
ites
Bud
get a
vaila
ble
Out
put 2
.
Incr
ease
d kn
owle
dge
and
skill
s am
ong
farm
ers
and
ext
ensi
on
Act
ivit
ies
Mea
ns
of
Ver
ific
atio
nS
ou
rce
of
Ver
ific
atio
nA
ssu
mp
tio
ns
23
rippi
ng)
in th
e co
ntex
t of C
A
• D
raw
from
wor
k do
ne lo
cally
si
nce
the
1990
s an
d co
nduc
t ad
ditio
nal o
n-fa
rm tr
ials
whe
re
nece
ssar
y •
Set
up
tria
ls in
pro
mis
ing
tech
niqu
es th
at h
ave
not b
een
prov
ed in
Nam
ibia
, suc
h as
aar
gofo
rest
ry
•
Set
up
long
-ter
m tr
ials
on
criti
cal
subj
ects
, suc
h as
wee
d m
anag
emen
t, th
e in
tera
ctio
n be
twee
n cr
ops
and
lives
tock
and
pe
st m
anag
emen
t•
Ass
ess
chan
ges
in p
hysi
cal,
biol
ogic
al a
nd c
hem
ical
soi
l pr
oper
ties
as a
res
ult o
f CA
•
Incr
ease
cap
acity
for
soil
surv
eys
and
soil
anal
yses
and
upg
rade
soi
l ad
viso
ry s
ervi
ces
• E
quip
AD
Cs,
res
earc
h st
atio
ns a
nd
farm
man
ager
s w
ith s
impl
e so
il su
rvey
tool
s
• P
rovi
de tr
aini
ng to
farm
ers
and
staf
f on
basi
c so
il su
rvey
tool
s,
incl
udin
g a
soil
auge
r, a
pH
kit
(for
deve
lope
d In
crea
se in
the
num
ber
of
rese
arch
and
ext
ensi
on s
taff
with
the
capa
city
to c
arry
out
so
il an
alys
es a
nd a
dvis
ory
serv
ices
Num
ber
of s
impl
e so
il an
alys
is
tool
s ac
quire
d an
d us
edN
umbe
r of
add
ition
al o
n-fa
rmtr
ials
con
duct
edN
umbe
r of
agr
ofor
estr
y tr
ials
esta
blis
hed
No
of lo
ng te
rm tr
ials
es
tabl
ishe
d N
o of
soi
l sur
vey
and
anal
ysis
ca
rrie
d ou
t N
o of
soi
l sur
vey
tool
s
Pro
gres
s re
port
sT
rain
ing
repo
rts
P
aym
ent i
nvoi
ces
R
esea
rch
repo
rts
Ass
essm
ent r
epor
ts P
rogr
ess
repo
rts
Soi
l Lab
orat
ory
repo
rts
R
esea
rche
rs ta
ke
keen
inte
rest
B
udge
t F
arm
ers
keen
to p
ut
the
reco
mm
enda
tions
in
to p
ract
ice
th
e m
easu
rem
ent o
f aci
dity
and
/or
alka
linity
) an
d a
pene
trom
eter
(fo
r th
e m
easu
rem
ent o
f soi
l co
mpa
ctio
n)
• P
rovi
de s
oil a
dvis
ory
serv
ices
to
farm
ers
at s
ubsi
dise
d ra
tes
and
give
fert
ilize
r re
com
men
datio
ns
spec
ific
to lo
cal c
ondi
tions
. R
esea
rch
may
be
need
ed to
fin
e-tu
ne fe
rtili
zer
reco
mm
enda
tions
for
diffe
rent
soi
ls a
nd c
hang
ing
soil
cond
ition
s un
der
CA
Fac
ilita
te d
etai
led
soil
surv
eys
on
irrig
ated
farm
s
proc
ured
N
o of
farm
ers
and
staf
f tra
ined
A
nnua
l ass
essm
ent o
f tria
ls
cond
ucte
d
Num
ber
of fa
rmer
s re
ceiv
edso
il sa
mpl
es r
esul
ts w
ith
reco
mm
enda
tions
Num
ber
of s
oil s
urve
ys o
n irr
igat
ed fa
rms
cond
ucte
d
Act
ivit
ies
Mea
ns
of
Ver
ific
atio
nS
ou
rce
of
Ver
ific
atio
nA
ssu
mp
tio
ns
•
24
Act
ivit
ies
Mea
ns
of
Ver
ific
atio
nS
ou
rce
of
Ver
ific
atio
nA
ssu
mp
tio
ns
• D
efin
e an
d de
scrib
e th
e re
leva
nt
CA
tech
nolo
gies
and
pra
ctic
es in
N
amib
ia
• S
uper
vise
CA
pro
mot
ion
and
impl
emen
tatio
n by
all
exte
nsio
n ag
ents
, ins
ide
and
outs
ide
the
MA
WF
•
Sta
ndar
dise
M&
E m
etho
d,
defin
ition
s, p
aram
eter
s,
mea
sure
men
ts, e
tc (
A g
ood
refe
renc
e w
ould
be
the
FA
O
Mon
itorin
g T
oolk
it fo
r C
A)
•
Est
ablis
h a
base
line
by q
uant
ifyin
g an
d m
appi
ng p
rese
nt C
A a
ctiv
ities
•
Incl
ude
num
ber
of C
A fa
rmer
s,
area
s un
der
CA
, yie
lds
and
othe
r C
A p
aram
eter
s in
MA
WF
s re
gula
r da
ta c
olle
ctio
n an
d re
port
ing
syst
em
Num
ber
of lo
catio
n-sp
ecifi
cst
anda
rds
avai
labl
e R
egio
nal a
nd n
atio
nal b
asel
ine
esta
blis
hed
Fun
ctio
nal M
&E
sys
tem
CA
rev
iew
s ca
rrie
d ou
t qu
arte
rly a
nd a
nnua
lly
M&
E T
oolk
it av
aila
ble
N
umbe
r of
CA
act
ivity
site
m
aps
deve
lope
d Li
st o
f dat
a co
llect
ion
and
repo
rtin
g sy
stem
con
tent
de
velo
ped
Cop
ies
of s
tand
ards
and
pr
otoc
ols
Pro
gres
s re
port
s M
AW
F r
epor
ts
Min
utes
T
oolk
it
Site
map
s P
rogr
ess
repo
rts
Sup
port
inst
itutio
nal c
oord
inat
ion
thro
ugh
exis
ting
coor
dina
tion
mec
hani
sms
in M
AW
F (
DA
PE
ES
)
CA
foru
m e
stab
lishe
d an
d op
erat
iona
l N
umbe
r of
qua
rter
ly a
nd
annu
al fo
rum
mee
tings
hel
d
For
um m
eetin
gs,
repo
rts
and
min
utes
A
ll st
akeh
olde
rs’
full
part
icip
atio
n
• E
ncou
rage
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
new
dea
lers
hips
to m
ake
equi
pmen
t and
inpu
ts a
vaila
ble
(p
lann
ed a
gric
ultu
ral t
echn
olog
y ce
ntre
s w
ill a
lso
play
a r
ole)
•
Fac
ilita
te p
lant
bre
edin
g an
d se
ed
mul
tiplic
atio
n sy
stem
s by
Num
ber
and
type
s of
eq
uipm
ent/i
nput
s av
aile
d
Num
ber
of fa
rmer
s an
d th
e ty
pes
of in
puts
and
equ
ipm
ent
avai
led
thro
ugh
subs
idie
s A
ppro
pria
te m
arke
ts a
nd
serv
ices
pro
vide
d
Adv
erts
P
urch
ase
Invo
ices
/vou
cher
s R
epor
ts
Ser
vice
pro
vide
rs
are
inte
rest
ed
Out
put 4
.
CA
sta
ndar
ds,
mon
itori
ng a
nd
eval
uatio
n sy
stem
de
velo
ped
Out
put 5
.
Inst
itutio
nal
arra
ngem
ents
for
harm
oniz
ed a
nd
coor
dina
ted
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
CA
pro
gram
me
esta
blis
hed
Out
put 6
.
Farm
ers
have
su
stai
ned
acce
ss to
ap
prop
riat
e C
A
equi
pmen
t, in
puts
, m
arke
ts a
nd
serv
ices
Farm
ers
are
keen
to
follo
w th
e pr
otoc
ols
25
Act
ivit
ies
Mea
ns
of
Ver
ific
atio
nS
ou
rce
of
Ver
ific
atio
nA
ssu
mp
tio
ns
Spe
cific
var
ietie
s of
mai
ze a
nd m
ahan
gu m
ay b
e ne
eded
for
CA
, as
wel
l as
seed
s fo
r le
gum
es a
nd o
ther
rot
atio
nal c
rops
and
cov
er c
rops
. T
he p
rodu
ctio
n of
loca
lly b
red
good
qua
lity
seed
s ne
eds
to b
e dr
iven
by
MA
WF
thro
ugh
para
stat
al o
r co
mm
erci
al fa
rms.
The
see
d m
arke
t may
be
too
smal
l for
the
priv
ate
sect
or.
5
smal
lhol
der
farm
er g
roup
s an
d co
oper
ativ
es, c
omm
erci
al fa
rmer
s an
d G
reen
Sch
eme
Pro
ject
s 5
• In
trod
uce
ince
ntiv
e sc
hem
es: e
.g.
subs
idis
ed C
A e
quip
men
t or
repl
acem
ent s
chem
es. T
hese
se
rvic
es c
ould
be
part
of e
xist
ing
prog
ram
mes
with
som
e m
odifi
catio
ns•
Pro
vide
ser
vice
s at
sub
sidi
sed
rate
to
CA
farm
ers.
Stu
dy th
e fe
asib
ility
of c
omm
unity
-bas
edop
erat
ors/
serv
ice
prov
ider
s •
Pilo
t the
use
of c
omm
unity
-bas
ed
oper
ator
s fo
r th
e pr
ovis
ion
of C
A
serv
ices
Num
ber
of s
ervi
ce p
rovi
ders
re
gist
ered
and
trai
ned
in C
A
CA
ince
ntiv
e sc
hem
e de
velo
ped
Num
ber
of C
A fa
rmer
s su
bsid
ised
N
umbe
r of
com
mun
ity-b
ased
op
erat
ors
prov
idin
g C
A
serv
ices
iden
tifie
d an
d re
gist
ered
N
umbe
r of
CA
farm
ers
serv
ed
by c
omm
unity
-bas
ed o
pera
tors
Rep
orts
Sub
sidy
/ince
ntiv
e sc
hem
e do
cum
ents
Pro
gres
s re
port
s
AD
C r
epor
ts
AD
C r
epor
ts
Far
mer
s ar
e in
tere
sted
in p
ayin
g an
d m
akin
g us
e of
the
com
mun
ityba
sed
oper
ator
s
