May 2010 N . 10 aMMa INterNatIoNal Newsletter · May 2010 No. 10 aMMa INterNatIoNal Newsletter 3 A recommendation was also put forward to AMMA-Africa to highlight its fields of interest

May 2010No. 10

aMMa INterNatIoNal Newsletter

edItorIal

Table of contents

Editorial News in brief 2 International Coordination 2 Communication 5

Training organized since AMMA’s launch in 2002 6 Summer schools 6 New academic education and training 8 Workshop 9

PhD since 2002 14

PortraitProject corner 16 AMMA France AMMA-Africa RIPIECSA

On line material 18acronyms used in AMMA 18Agenda 19

From the beginning of AMMA, the applications of science and its relevance to society have been made a priority. In this perspective, training and education have been integrated into the strategy of AMMA, because they are constantly required for science and its applications. To ensure that scientific progress will result in better tools for decision making, it is essential to have well-trained professionals working in research, operational agencies, departments and industry in West Africa. However training more specialists makes sense only if there is a recognition among governments and industry that there is a need for high level skills in environmental science and climate and its applications. We hope that the increased confidence in the scientific understanding of the monsoon system will improve the employment prospects for specialists trained in AMMA.

We took the view that learning should occur at all levels and regularly. The successful organization of AMMA summer schools, courses and workshops illustrates this choice. A career training is essential in operational centres to allow people both to use their skills to the highest level and learn new techniques that become available internationally. Through collaborative efforts, AMMA has been able with regional meteorological centers, for example, to create professional training for the staff of radiosounding stations, to develop new methods of forecasting or to organized training dedicated for technicians and engineers of national operational services.

The impressive list of 158 doctoral students in the AMMA programme including 79 Africans, shows that the human legacy of AMMA will be as strong as that of its scientific results. For these students to become the next generation of researchers in this field, we must maintain the momentum of the programme by organizing regular conferences, workshops and summer schools. Today, a new generation of doctoral students is making active use of AMMA data. They have to be encouraged to spend time in West Africa, working alongside their colleagues from other countries and with experienced researchers.

One of the major achievements of AMMA is the regularity of these events that is a great way for staff as well as African and international students to build long term partnerships and to keep up with the latest scientific advances.

Doug Parker et Arona Diedhiou

Kenya 2010©AMMA

May 2010 No. 10

aMMa INterNatIoNal Newsletter 2

News IN brIef

International Coordination

AMMA International governing board : IGB

The approval and implementation of the AMMA scientific plan for the period 2010-2020 (ISP2) constitute the IGB’s road map for the first six months of 2010. The IGB is strongly committed to putting in place mechanisms which will allow AMMA’s objectives to be achieved in its 2nd phase.

The IGB is bringing its active support to the constitution of an African Governing Board (AGB) which will bring together the institutions and key players in the subregion. The AGB place is as a partner and participant in the IGB in its missions of programme steering, mobilization of resources and promotion of AMMA research and results. Its role is to meet the needs for generating active support for the programme. The setting-up of the AGB comes as a continuation of efforts undertaken for establishing AMMA institutionally in Africa. The aim of this is to extend recognition of the expertise of the network of scientists and operational services involved in AMMA on the crucial issues of climate and the environment, and create the conditions for perpetuating and developing the advances of AMMA in the interests of strengthening capacity. This structural set-up must operate at a key stage where the regional institutional players become the major contracting authorities for local and international action plans. In parallel, AMMA-Africa is working on its constitution as an association (statutes in preparation) which will enable it to increase its renown and act as partner in the projects.

The relations and joint ventures with international programmes must be reinforced. A drive is being run by AMMA-Africa in the field, to make develop synergy between the different initiatives on the themes of climate, environment and development and promote measures to make them coherent.

Furthermore, proper coordination between operators involved in research and knowledge transfer will ensure the development and implementation of applications.These operations will be strongly backed up by enhanced targeted communication to reach decision-makers and users, highlighting the link between research and local concerns.

Find here the AMMA scientific plan 2 : http://www.amma-international.org/IMG/pdf/AMMA_ISP_Phase2_April2010.pdf

AMMA-WMO meeting

On March 2010, Alioune N’Diaye, director of the Africa region of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), co-chair of AMMA’s IGB, was host in Geneva of the International Executive Office (IEO) of AMMA. This visit was the opportunity to discuss the links with the programmes supported by the WMO and the successes and challenges of AMMA-Africa.

Since its launch in Niamey in 2002, AMMA-Africa has made it possible to set up a network of 250 African scientists from different countries and disciplines, representing research institutes, universities and national or regional operational services involved in this international programme. This framework for collaboration has provided the opportunity to strengthen their level of interaction, propose and discuss research projects within AMMA, and unify individual initiatives and projects for enhancing effectiveness. A substantial effort towards capacity and training reinforcement was made alongside this drive (on this topic see Section 4 of the international scientific plan for the second phase of AMMA, as an addition to this special issue).

More broadly, three recommendations were announced:

• Consolidate the bridges between research, transfer and applications. From this point of view, AMMA-Africa has an advantage in that it is already involved in operational services

• Undertake work of explanation intended for those in governance showing how research can give answers to their concerns,

• Create conditions for capitalization and development of research, especially by means of consolidating the human potential generated.

In order to do this, the WMO will help AMMA to attend certain events such as the First Conference of Supervising Ministries of Meteorological services in Africa, from 12 to 16 April 2010 in Nairobi, Kenya (See below).

The current and future joint actions with WMO programmes were discussed in the presence of directors or their representatives of the WCRP, WWRP and the WMO departments of research, risk reduction and space programme. The programmes identify AMMA as the principal programme in West Africa. AMMA’s international scientific plan for its second phase will be communicated to the programmes in order to allow interaction with them.

May 2010 No. 10


A recommendation was also put forward to AMMA-Africa to highlight its fields of interest and expertise, for example in meteorological research, and the resources required. Finally, this meeting was the opportunity to recall that in the absence of a general extension of AMMA to the African continent, AMMA willing to assure transfer of the skills acquired for the benefit of other programmes and regions.

Contacts have also been made between the communication specialists of AMMA and WMO about swapping experiences and the possibility for joint actions, notably for the development of a scientific diffusion network in Africa.

Contact : Jean-Luc Redelsperger,

[email protected] et Alioune Ndiaye, [email protected]

Aïda Diongue-Niang during First Conference of Supervising Ministries of Meteorological services in Africa, 2010©AMMA

The First Conference of Ministers Responsible for Meteorology in Africa held in Nairobi from 12 April to 16 April.

The main purpose of the conference was to recognize and contribute to strengthen the role and the contribution of the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services to government policies and initiatives for mitigating and adapting to the negative impacts of weather and climate. In this regard, the AMMA programme was invited to give its feedback and recommendations through two AMMA presentations and an Africa-THORPEX built on the AMMA legacy.

More than 30 Ministers in charge of meteorology in Africa were present to respond to the WMO call, in partnership with the African Union, to meet for the first time. The Ministerial Conference adopted a Ministerial Declaration on Meteorology and Climate in Africa with a related action plan. They committed “to strengthen and sustain NWS by providing them with all necessary resources and adequate institutional frameworks to enable them to fully perform their roles as a fundamental component of the national development infrastructure of (our) countries and of the continent and a contributor to security and sustainable development, particularly poverty reduction efforts, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction”. An African Ministerial Conference on Meteorology (AMCOMET) has been set up together with a Bureau and a Task Force. Among other tasks, work will be done within two years “to develop, an African Strategy on Meteorology for enhancing cooperation between African countries to strengthen the capabilities of their NMS and existing Regional and Sub-regional climate centers in Africa”.

The complete declaration and all presentations of conference are loadable on the WMO website:

http://www.wmo.int/africaconf

Contact WMO:Alioune Ndiaye,

[email protected]

Official gallery, First Conference of Supervising Ministries of Meteorological services in Africa, 2010©AMMA

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May 2010 No. 10


Programme AMMA contacts

Main contact in the programme or body

WMO IGB Co-chairs A. Ndiaye (Director Africa Region)

WCRP ISSC Chair V. Detemmerman (WCRP/Scientific Officer) G. Asrar (WCRP/Head)

WCRP/CLIVAR C. Thorncroft J. Hurrel (Co-Chair) H. Cattle (IPO)

CLIVAR/Atlantic L. Terray L. Terray (Co-Chair)

VACS (CLIVAR-Africa) C. Thorncroft C. Reason (Co-Chair)

OOPC (WCRP-GOOS-GCOS)

B. Bourlès E Lindstrom (Chair) A. Fisher (OOPC Secretary)

GEWEX ISSC-Chair Kevin E. Trenberth (Chair)

Howard S. Wheater (Vice-Chair) P. van Oevelen (IPO) A. Gaye (AMMA)

GEWEX/CEOP T. Lebel T. Koike (Co-Chair)

Dennis P. Lettenmaier (Co-Chair)

GEWEX/GCSS A. Beljaars Dr. Chris Bretherton (Co-Chair)

Pier Siebesma (Co-Chair) A. Beljaars (AMMA)

GEWEX/GLASS A. Boone B. van den Hurk (GLASS/Co-Chair) A. Boone (AMMA)

IGBP ISSC Chair C. Nobre (Chair) S. Seitzinger (IGBP/Sec)

IGBP/IGAC A. Konaré K. Law (Co-Chair) A. Konaré (AMMA)

IGBP/ILEAPS D. Serça N. De Noblet (ILEAPS)

IGBP/GLP C. Mbow A. Reenberg (Chair) C. Mbow (AMMA)

WWRP ISSC Chair D. Parsons (WWRP/Head)

WWRP/THORPEX A.Diongue C. Thorncroft

A. Parsons A. Diongue (Co-Chair THORPEX-Africa/AMMA)

WMO Observing Systems Division /CBS

M. Kadi M. Ondras (WMO/OSD Director)

WMO Global Climate Observing System

M. Kadi B. Westermeyer (WMO/GCOS) J. Eyre (ET-EGOS Chair) M. Kadi (AMMA)

ICSU RoA A. Diedhiou D. Nyanganyura (ICSU-ROA)

CGIAR/CCAFS T. Lebel T. Lebel (AMMA)

Links between AMMA and the large international programmes

May 2010 No. 10


CoMMuNICatIoNFor 2010, we are keeping the formulae now in operation for several years: the international newsletter, information emails (don’t hesitate to send us info: if we can publish it, it will reach 2000 people!), the travelling exhibition on the monsoon which will leave in 2010 for new countries of Africa following on from Senegal, Burkina, Niger and Benin and which then will also be present during La Novela, a great art and science event in Toulouse.

Exchanges with the press continue regularly, the latest publications being the Science et Vie Special Review with 8 pages on the AMMA campaign and the April issue of La Recherche featuring an article by Guy Caniaux and his colleagues on the cold water tongue in the Gulf of Guinea.

Find all the press review : http://www.amma-international.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=10

2010 wIll gIve the opportuNIty to INItIate New CoMMuNICatIoN aCtIoNs

AMMA’s International Governing Board has stressed the development of communication, especially aiming at decision-makers in order to summon up the funds so essential for research to continue. The end-users must also be an important public for awareness-raising campaigns, mainly to inform them of the current state of our knowledge and of the tools available for them but also as a supporting force with regard to the decision-makers.

A “state of the art” report of AMMA knowledge targeting researchers is being prepared. It will take the form of short answers to the most frequent questions regarding the West African Monsoon. French researchers have already worked on the subject a score of questions emerged. It is now our job to mobilize the scientific community to summarize and review your results.

We are also developing our diffusion of scientific information and therefore we are extending our network of news and information suppliers, especially in Africa. Preliminary contacts have already resulted in exchanges, notably with the WMO and has been developed towards actions during the first conference of ministers in Nairobi.

publICatIoN

We would also like to increase the amount of scientific information we issue, as we do every year. For that to happen, we still need you to send us your publications when they have been accepted. Please send them to us two months before they are to be published, online to:

[email protected]

Call for photos

The press regularly ask us for photos. If you agree to free use and diffusion of your photos, please do not hesitate to send them to us: [email protected] along with the first names and family names of the photographer, the date of the shot plus a caption.

aNd other MaterIals are avaIlable for you

1. The exhibition on the West African Monsoon «Sous la mousson, des Hommes…» in French but soon in English.

2. Two films: «La Calebasse et le pluviomètre» and the AMMA campaigns

3. An Exhibition of about 20 photos: “researchers in the field” and “weather phenomena”.

4. Publicity flyers for the exhibition

5. Explanatory flyers on the monsoon

6. Brochures and pamphlets

7. Post cards

Contact:[email protected]

www.amma-international.org

A picture used in the exhibition «Scientists on the field»©Guichard-Kergoat/AMMA

Exhibition at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, 2009©Bathiono/AMMA

The exhibition «Sous la mousson, des Hommes...» presented at ACMAD by Marie-Christine Dufresne during the science fest in Niger, 2009©Dufresne/AMMA

May 2010 No. 10


1 to 12 septeMber 2003, suMMer sChool at laNNeMezaN aMMa 2e/1

The Lannemezan summer school was the 1st school arising from the AMMA programme. The prime idea was to train scientists in specific aspects of the programme. Around 40 students contributed to exchanges of information between North and South, by integrating the multidisciplinary activities into the context of AMMA.

The courses provided were in line with two predominant areas of AMMA’s objectives, two crucial angles that needed developing in these this early days of the programme. First of all, knowledge and scientific information had to be developed, in order to encourage cooperation between scientists from the North and South and better understand the relations between the different aspects of the African monsoon. Another thrust was to find ways of assessing the links between the climatic variations of West Africa and those at play in Europe.One of the major objectives of the programme is to reinforce the possibilities for joint operation between the French research units and African institutions. Combined research schemes, new collaborative programmes with universities, laboratories and African institutions were therefore developed thanks to this school.

traININg orgaNIzed sINCe aMMa’s lauNCh IN 2002

suMMer sChools

For African scientists, the domain of training, education and associated applications were particularly important. The multidisciplinary aspects of the programme had to be tackled for all the scientists in the fields of study (ocean, atmosphere, continent) and the scientific themes (dynamics, chemistry, hydrology, socio-economic impacts).

These courses were given with a multidisciplinary approach in mind, interactive and geared to producing effective applications. The specific sessions covered atmospheric physics, dynamics and chemistry, surface and underground hydrology, vegetation dynamics, digital modelling applied to different aspects, ground-based and satellite observations. Practical work gave the opportunity to become familiar with the tools and instruments used. Scientific lectures were given during the evening sessions essentially to prepare projects of integrated research.

More information:http://www.amma-international.org/IMG/pdf/amma2e.pdf

Summer school at Lannemezan 2E/1©AMMA

May 2010 No. 10


19 July to 1 august 2008: 1st

ewIeM NIMdIe suMMer sChool IN KuMasI, ghaNa: ClIMate sCIeNCe aNd

Meteorology

The objective of this 1st Ewiem Nimdie international summer school was to offer courses on tropical meteorology and climate, putting the emphasis on the West Africa region.

This school sought to provide the students with and update on the region’s meteorology and climate. The teachers and students taking part discussed the new plans for research and ideas for other proposals for subsidies or grants.

Specialist lectures were given along with daily weather forecasts with information meetings. Field measurements included daily readings and forecasts, exercises in surface energy balance, wind profiling and AWS data comparison. Special actions were also run, such as a 24 hr pilot sounding programme.

There were 38 students participating: 11 European and 18 African PhD students plus agents from the weather services of a range of countries including the Ghana meteorological service (Gmet). Ten students passed into the second year of the meteorological and climate science programme for the academic year 2008/2009, and a masters in meteorology is now in place. The summer school built awareness among students and the international community at large of the existence of new meteorology and climatology programmes at KNUST. A large number of people from outside Ghana offered to contribute to devising new programmes over the forthcoming years.A second school of this type is planned for 2010. Collaboration between Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) and Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMA), the British Council / DfES / School of Earth and Environment (University of Leeds), United Kingdom.

Web: http://www.ewiem-nimdie.org/Contact : Doug Parker

[email protected]

9 to 20 NoveMber 2009: aMMa wINter sChool - daKar 2009,

ClIMate ChaNge aNd water resourCes, CheIKh aNta dIop uNIversIty, daKar,

seNegal

One of the strategic objectives of the AMMA project is the reinforcement of peoples capabilities in climate change and its impacts in Africa.In the training it provided on understanding of the links between water and climate, the winter school offered young scientists and students the opportunity to experience state of the art multidisciplinary research. The approach to understanding the water cycle covered the processes involved, the water cycle in the African monsoon and the global climate, respectively in the past, present and future climate. Application of new tools, knowledge and methods in water resources management was studied, from seasonal supply to the prospects in the face of climate change. Finally, water resources assessment in current and future climates succeeded in orienting deliberations towards the impacts of climate change on those resources.

This summer school targeted especially Masters and PhD students and professional staff from universities, both private and public research institutions, national operational services or industrial organizations.

Web : http://www.amma-dkr-school.org/Contact : [email protected]

Ewiem Nimdie summer school at Kumasi, Ghana 2008©Roehrig/AMMA

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Flyer of the Winter School - DAKAR 2009, Climate Change and Water Resources, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar©AMMA-DKR-School

May 2010 No. 10


New aCadeMIC eduCatIoN aNd traININg

CreatIoN IN 2008 of a Masters IN physICal oCeaNography aNd

applICatIoNs, uNder bIlateral beNIN-fraNCe supervIsIoN, faCulty of sCIeNCe

aNd teChNology, beNIN

In physical oceanography, the emergence of the AMMA programme whose programme to investigate oceanic circulation and climate in the Gulf of Guinea (EGEE) is the oceanographic component in France has allowed joint initiatives with West African laboratories to be strengthened since 2004. The creation and maintenance of training at local level is essential both within West African universities and in collaboration with universities of the industrialized countries of the North.

Training at French 3rd level (DESS, DEA and thesis) is already established at Abomey Calavi University (UAC), administered in the context of the International Chair of Mathematical Physics and Applications (CIPMA), designated in 2006 as a UNESCO Chair.

A regional Masters 2 in physical oceanography and applications was hence set up in 2008, at the CIPMA, in an inter-university collaboration with Paul Sabatier University (UPS) of Toulouse and the IRD by means of a transverse chair programme. The aim of launching this Masters 2 was to provide the required knowledge well adapted to a range of studies linked with the ocean in the subregion, such as on climate and water resources, fishing resources, coastal erosion, port facilities management, coastal environment management and pollution... all directly related to the concerns of coastal countries.

Some courses focus on the applications of research. They facilitate transfer of data sets, digital model products and results as well as necessary tools for using them, required for the work envisaged as part of the research programmes, to local students and young researchers.

The research work-study periods, often managed from afar by the project’s teacher/researchers, also allow research actions to be initiated or complemented that are directly linked with international programmes.

Valorization of the acquired knowledge in fields of special significance for civil society can also be conducted in private companies. The best students will be able to continue, after their year of Masters 2, with a thesis supervised by professors or researchers managed by teacher/researchers involved in the chaire croisée.

During the 1st academic year (2008-2009), 10 students -3 Nigerians, 5 from Benin and 2 Togolese- took the M2 courses and 6 obtained the qualification. In 2010, the number of students and nationalities grew with 2 from Cameroon, 2 Togolese, 1 Ghanaian, 1 from the Ivory Coast, 2 Nigerians and 3 from Benin.

Contact : Bernard Bourlè[email protected]

proJeCt for a professIoNal Masters IN ClIMate ChaNge aNd sustaINable

developMeNt (M/CCdd) at the agrhyMet regIoNal CeNtre

The Agrhymet Regional Centre is the area’s training centre for the WMO whose qualifications are recognized by the African and Madagascan Higher Education Council. It is a centre of excellence for training which delivers qualifications and extends to the countries of the inter-State Sahel Drought Control Committee (CILSS) and the West African States Economic Committee (CEDEAO).

This Masters degree in climate change and sustainable development aims primarily to develop the skills and knowledge of management-level West African researchers in climate science including global warming, climate modelling, downscaling, production of climate scenarios and so on. Secondly, analysis of climatic risks, impacts and of the level of vulnerability of natural and human systems challenged with climate change will identify ways to implement policies and adaptation plans. Such plans, which build in the present and future climatic risks could improve the resilience of agricultural systems, at regional, national and local level, in the face of climate change.

The students will mainly be management-level personnel from the CILSS/CEDEAO region with experience in subjects such as the environment, meteorology, agriculture, water resources, forestry and energy.

The courses will be organized by experts of the Agrhymet Regional Centre, supported by the AMMA-RIPIESCA scientific community, IRD, CIRAD, Environment Canada, universities of both the South and the North, Experts in environment and Meteorology in Niamey (ACMAD and the African School of Meteorology and Civil Aviation EAMAC), United Nations systems and so on.

Site Web: http://www.agrhymet.ne

Kick-off of the Masters in physical oceanography and applications, Benin©Bourles/IRD

May 2010 No. 10


proJeCt for aN INterdIsCIplINary Masters IN eNvIroNMeNtal aNd ClIMate

sCIeNCes: JoINt aMMa-rIpIeCsa aCtIoN to offer traININg at abdou

MouMouNI uNIversIty of NIaMey (NIger)

Abdou Moumouni University (UAM) based in Niamey in Niger envisages the foundation of a Bachelor Masters Doctorate (BMD) type of training programme in environmental and climate sciences in order to develop knowledge in sciences of the environment and sustainable adaptation strategies in the face of climatic hazards.

This proposed Masters in interdisciplinary research in environmental and climate sciences meets a desire of the university to maintain a synergy of the regional institutional resources and benefit from large programmes of research to encourage convergence of the interests of the international research community in West Africa. This academic training will have to take up the manifold regional challenges embodied in climate change, desertification, integrated management of resources, change of ecosystems and relations between climate and health.

The avowed objectives are to provide the training of high-level researchers in the fields of environmental and climate sciences to contribute to the development of knowledge in regional climatology, vulnerability, impact and adaptation in the face of climate fluctuations. The development of sector-based applications will be done first in the areas of agro-pastoralism and water resources. The training will also act as framework for generating North-South and South-South exchanges through periodic organization of symposia, summer school and theme-based meetings to build the national and international influence of the Niamey centre of expertise in environmental and climate sciences. The work-study periods on applications will help forge relations with the private sector.In order to create better support from students, the training sessions proposed will be multidisciplinary and be oriented towards regional and international aspects.

Contact : Arona [email protected]

worKshop

deCeMber 2005: aMMa agrICultural ModellINg worKshop, thIès, seNegal:

surveIllaNCe aNd predICtIoN of IMpaCts of the afrICaN MoNsooN oN agrICulture aNd vegetatIoN: sItuatIoN aNd researCh

to develop to IMprove the tools aNd food seCurIty

The inspiration for this workshop lies first in the AMMA programme’s desire to assess the potential positive impacts of research on improvement of the food situation by taking into account weather forecasts and yield predictions as well as possible rise in production. Besides, CIRAD, Centre de Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, hoped to consolidate its partnership with the institutions African and European working on the watch and prediction of impacts of the African monsoon on agriculture and the vegetation.

There were 45 participants in this workshop, 33 of whom were from West Africa (Niger, Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Ivory Coast, Guinea), all scientists involved in studies on the impacts of the African monsoon on agriculture and the vegetation, yield prediction and food security (agronomists, physiologists, agro-meteorologists, economists, statisticians, climatologists and so on).

The general objective was to consolidate an international network of partners working on the monitoring and prediction of these impacts. The workshop strengthened knowledge and enabled partners to define together as a whole common research schemes that are homogeneous and relevant.

More specifically, it was important to assess the situation regarding the management of food security in West Africa. By concentrating mainly on the processes involved in yield prediction and taking weather forecasts into account, it seeks understanding of the global context and the way in which, for example, the decision-makers and institutions take decisions. In order to do this, the accuracy of the predictions and difficulties had to be evaluated, the issues to be improved identified and the state of the art of yield prediction presented.The concepts, tools and methods devised for surveillance and prediction of impacts of the African monsoon on agriculture and the vegetation were explained. Also covered were modelling, the tools for scale reduction and increase, aggregation and descaling, seasonal weather forecasts, climate change scenarios, remote sensing and so on.

As a whole the debates led to an assessment of to what extent AMMA’s research on the climate were useful and prepared the research to be set in operation in different countries within a network.

Contact :Christian Baron, [email protected] Muller, [email protected]

Burkina Faso, July 2009©AMMA

May 2010 No. 10


22 May to 2 JuNe 2006: weather foreCastINg worKshop, aCMad,

NIaMey: traININg of afrICaN foreCasters IN the provIsIoN of weather foreCasts durINg sop

CaMpaIgNs.

The workshop on weather forecasting began before the humid SOP (from June to September). It gave training to 18 African forecasters from 12 countries of West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gambia, Guinea, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo). In collaboration with ACMAD, these forecasters formed the AOC-Prévisions team set up during the 4 months of AMMA’s humid SOP.

The workshop’s objective was to prepare for running the AMMA’s forecasting operations centre by examining current operational forecasting methods and tools for the West African monsoon. It was also important to bring the tools up to date with scientific and technological knowledge (technologies based on spatial approaches in particular).

The working tools were the Synergie stations developed by Météo-France and the SOP web site, developed and maintained by the CNRM and Médias-France. A new feature was to propose a synthetic approach based on the ANASYG / PRESYG concept developed for mid latitudes and adapted to West Africa. It is called WASA and WASF pour West Africa Synthetic Analysis and West Africa Synthetic Forecasting.Another objective of the workshop was to examine the recent scientific discoveries and technological developments in surveillance and forecasting of the West African monsoon: the new digital weather forecasting models and products (diagnostic, indices and so on) which will be available for running the AOC.

Three scales are crucially important in the monitoring system developed by AMMA:

1. The global point of view where the intra-seasonal scales are the most pertinent

2. The regional point of view, from 1 to 7 days where the daily forecasts are the relevant ones

3. Meso- to local scale where the 0-48h forecasts are the most pertinent

The principal focus of the AOC forecast was on the regional to meso-scale. These scales were necessary for the operational needs for predicting convection, planning of aircraft operations and for forecasts at very short notice for real-time guidance of aircraft missions.Three successive teams of 8 to 9 forecasters were in operation over the 4-month period to run the AOC-forecasting system.

The AOC-Forecast training workshop was assessed and found to be a success. It is therefore possible to renew forecasting methods over West Africa using digital forecasting and dedicated observations. The forecasters’ expertise and knowledge of the basic processes brought an improvement in forecasting convection systems still carrying insufficient rain, represented by the digital models. This team of forecasters for West Africa has been strongly encouraged to continue to work in synergy, using the most modern forecasting tools. Finally a book of reference for West Africa intended for forecasters was started and the forecasting team will have to contribute to it by adding real-time case studies to the compilation.

AOC-Web: http://aoc.amma-international.org/

Contact: Jean-Philippe [email protected]

Mohamed [email protected]

Synthetic map for analysis and forecast meteorological (WASA:WASF) ©AMMA

Monitoring the development and trajectory of storms by an automatic method (RTD) analysis of Meteosat images©AMMA

May 2010 No. 10


July- NoveMber 2009: traININg IN the use of the aMMa database

Just before the start of the 3rd international conference in Ouagadougou, the AMMA database team (IPSL, OMP, CRA) organized a one-day training course at the CISCO regional academy at the University of Ouagadougou. This training included a general presentation of the AMMA database, of the AMMA AOC display site and of the AMMA Publications site. Practical work enabled 17 participants to find different types of data (in situ, satellite, model) and to trace these data using free software.

Another training session was held as part of the AMMA summer school on climate change and water resources (UCAD, November 2009). Periods of practical work were given over to presentation of the AMMA databases, familiarization with the user interface and data analysis.

In the future, the AMMA database team will continue to promote the use of data from that base. In 2010, a training course will be organized jointly in Niamey with the AMMA agronomists. It will be focused mainly on the utilization of results of ENSEMBLES simulation scenarios to force the agronomic models and will include practical sessions on the use of data (construction of data demand, data retrieval, data tracing, format conversion and so on).

Contact : Laurence [email protected]

31 oCtober to 6 NoveMber 2009: syMposIuM devoted to traININg/

researCh IN oCeaNography aNd applICatIoNs IN west afrICa, CotoNou,

beNIN.

This symposium was an integral part of the 6th international conference on contemporary problems in applied mathematical physics (COPROMAPH), held in parallel with it. Devoted to training in oceanography and applications, it had the objective of bringing together professors, researchers and teacher-researchers from several African universities as well as leaders of ongoing programmes in order to have available an overall panorama of the actions under way and envisaged in Africa concerning oceanography and its applications. This symposium sought firstly to contribute to making scientific actions and training in African countries consistent with those of teams from France, but also to foster the emergence of priorities for the short or medium term which need to answered by reinforcing existing cooperation schemes or establishing new ones.

The principal objective was to present scientific work and training programmes studying the whole range of component fields of oceanography (including physics, biology, biogeochemistry and sedimentology) in the universities of the subregion, and their potential applications (climate, coastal environment and erosion, impact of sea-level rises, fishing resources, pollution and so on). The second was to create bridges by proposing collaboration protocols between the universities in line with these training and research actions (teacher exchange schemes, training for teacher/researchers, student hosting arrangements for research-study periods).

This symposium was the opportunity for 40 participants (university professors, teachers, researchers, students) of 7 countries (Benin, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Ghana, Togo and France) to meet and swap experiences on different research work and training programmes (ongoing or planned). They reviewed the potential for joint ventures in the context of regional research projects to be defined for 2010 and ongoing academic training programmes, mainly at Master 2 level (Cotonou/Benin, Dakar/Senegal) and planned initiatives (Dakar/Senegal and Cape Town, South Africa). The discussions hinged on the potential ways of sharing and/or creating exchanges in training programmes, on the following-up of specific courses administered in a training programme by students from other programmes / universities, on training for African teachers based on instruction provided in Masters courses and the recognition of qualifications by the different universities.

Contact : Bernard Bourlè[email protected]

Symposium devoted to training/research in oceanography and applications in West Africa, Benin©Bourles/IRD

May 2010 No. 10


Courses lINKed to the aMMa prograMMe

8 to 13 JuNe 2009: MoNsooN systeMs suMMer sChool, val d’aoste Italy

The Franco-Italian summer school on “The fundamental processes in geophysical fluid dynamics and the climate system» is held each year by dell’Atmosfera Istituto di Scienze e del Clima (ISAC) - CNR (Torino) and the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, École Normale Supérieure (Paris).

This school was devised around all the aspects of monsoon dynamics, including observations, modelling and forecasting studies. Investigations involving interactions with the ocean, continental surfaces (snow, vegetation, hydrology) and the effect of the active processes on rainfall at a variety of scales were particularly emphasized.

The students therefore worked on the current understanding of the climatic variability from monsoon systems at the inter-seasonal and inter-decadal scales. They also studied the relation between the interaction of monsoon fluctuations with other major climate variations like the ENSO, the interactions between the different monsoon systems (for example, the African, Indian and North American monsoons, with particular stress on the results of the AMMA project). The other topics tackled were observations, theoretical and mathematical bases for forecasting experiments on the variability of the monsoon at time-scales from the intra-seasonal to the inter-annual.

http://www.to.isac.cnr.it/aosta_old/aosta2009/index.htm

Contact : [email protected]

Benin©Fleury/AMMA

May 2010 No. 10


portraIt

abdoul Khadre traoré

Abdoul Khadre Traoré laughs when you ask him about his prospects “Appoint someone to finish my thesis!”. For three years he has been working on the links between the surface processes and the boundary layer and their representation in climate models for West Africa. He intends to present it before the end of the year so these last few months are really hectic: “are you sure you want a photo of me now?”.

Abdoul gained a fascination for physics and its discoveries at high school. These combined with a desire to contribute to a better understanding of what happens in our environment inspired him to study them. Yet after the baccalaureat, he was tempted to go into medicine. An error of delivery of his application was to decide otherwise and Abdoul found himself in the faculty of sciences. “No regrets !” he asserts, “physics covers so many fields that my curiosity is renewed constantly”.

After a Masters in physics and fundamental chemistry at Cheikh Anta DIOP University in Dakar (UCAD - Senegal) in 2005, he sought an application of physics relevant for the general public. The Masters from the Siméon Fongang Laboratory of Physics of the Atmosphere and of the Ocean (LPAOSF) at the Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique in Dakar offered this possibility. When he arrived he was hosted by a team of teacher-researchers engaged in the research on the Sahelian climate. This laboratory recently launched a modelling operation base on a climate model developed in the Laboratory of Dynamic Meteorology (LMD) in Paris thanks to a joint scheme already established for several years. In this context, CNRS research scientist Frédéric Hourdin was assigned to the lab for 18 months and made a strong contribution to a surge in this modeling activity. This environment was ideal for training by research and Abdoul benefited from it. He worked on unravelling atmospheric phenomena in order to help avoid certain climatic hazards such as rainfall deficits, highly important factors for the African economy, floods and natural disasters.

When he had accomplished his Masters in research on meteorology, oceanography and management of arid environments, with the climate option, Abdoul did a work study period at the LPAOSF. He was interested in the influence of the Sahel boundary layer (the first tens of metres of the atmosphere) on the structure and intensity of the East African Jet, a high-altitude wind blowing from East to West which plays a decisive role in the monsoon.

Since September 2007, he worked on a thesis subject financed by the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF) and under the co-supervision between Dakar (LPAOSF) and University Paris 6 (LMD) which is at the core of the AMMA research programme. The scientific motivations of its research theme are primarily socio-economic. In the Sahel zone, the monsoon brings more than 80% of rain resources and is a major driving force behind the food self-sufficiency essentially based on agriculture. The Sahel is a particularly difficult region to model owing to a shortfall of observations which limit our understanding of the processes that govern the monsoon system. The climate models do not manage to represent correctly the processes which govern it and naturally give some highly discordant results on the onset, pauses and rain accumulation but above all on the inter- et intra- seasonal variability of the monsoon.

Abdoul works mainly on the data resulting from sites installed along the meridian transect (from Benin to Mali by way of Niger) during the AMMA campaign. He wants to understand and assess the transmission of soil properties towards the atmosphere by means of the turbulence in the Earth’s boundary layer, by using the climate models. This will allow better appreciation of the effect of the surface on the variability of the atmosphere in the monsoon system. He is also searching for better ways of representing the energy exchanges between the surface and the first layers of the atmosphere in the LMD general circulation model.

Once he has obtained his PhD, Abdoul wants to go deeper into his research, notably by finding a post-doc appointment. He intends to continue to help improve the predictability of the African monsoon, particularly on the representation of the energy transfer towards the atmosphere in the climate models. But achievement of his PhD will also mean “a return to other pleasures that I’ve put on hold, current affairs and all the world’s curiosities” for which he seems insatiable.

Contact:[email protected]

May 2010 No. 10


phd sINCe 2002Since 2002, a large number of PhD students have received training within the AMMA programme.

• 158 students including 79 from Africa• 79 theses have been presented, 28 of them by Africain students• Over 40 laboratories are involved • Around 20 nationalities are represented.

Title of supported theses

You can find all the theses presented since 2002 and their abstracts in the supplement “Spécial formation “ by clicking here:

http://www.amma-international.org/IMG/pdf/NewsletterAvril2010impressionSupltTheseWEB.pdf

May 2010 No. 10


Weblink for the supplement “Special training “:

http://www.amma-international.org/IMG/pdf/NewsletterAvril2010impressionSupltTheseWEB.pdf

May 2010 No. 10


proJeCt CorNer aMMa fraNCe

The AMMA France Coordination Committee and several invited specialists met for a workshop atelier from 2 to 4 February 2010 in Avignon. The AMMA France scientific community is continuing its activities through a whole set of projects. On this occasion it adopted a new means of coordination.

Up to 2009, the French participation in AMMA, apart from observations, was provided for by unified, coordinated funding by the agencies involved. A particular result is that complementary projects have allowed the development of research to investigate the impacts on agriculture and health. The trend today is towards a multiplication of potential sources of funding. For the period 2010-2012, a major proposal has been built around the following themes.

1. feedback loops at different scales 2. water and energy cycles and interactions with continental surfaces 3. predictability and forecasting at different time scales4. impacts of the climate on African societies

Core AMMA projects Incorporating AMMA objectives

Collaboration with AMMA

LEFE/EC2CO AMMA (Janicot) -> Dec2012 Geophysics - Forecasting–

Impacts

FENNEC (Flamant) submittedSaharan depression- Dust Obs ground-sat-

airborne2011 France-UK-Germany

ANR under way IRCAAM (Douville) -> Juin2010

Links Asian-African Monsoons / MediterraneanECLIS (Mougin) VMCS -> Dec2011

Stock rearing / Vulnerability-adaptability / climate change and sub-

Saharan society

PICREVAT (Sultan) -> Dec2012 Predictability of climatic

information / vulnerability reduction

Cameroon-Kenya-Argentina

GHYRAF(Hinderer,Bock) -> Dec2010

Water cycle - Tamanrasset-Diffa-

Niamey-Djougou ground -satellite gravimetry

measurements

ANR submitted DECAF (Hourdin) 2010-2012

Continental surface couplings at decade scale

DEPHY (Lefebvre) 2010-2012 Improvement of AGCM

parametrisations ANVOL (Khodry) 2010-2012

Climate in the last millenium including

tropicsFENNEC (Flamant)

GIS-Climate ADCEM (Marticorena) -> Nov2012 Impact of desert aerosols

on meningitis

REGYNA (Sultan) -> Dec2010

Regionalization of rainfall & agro et hydro Impacts in climate scenarios

ERIC (Quensière) 2010

Project Interactions societies-climate in

Senegal

Other POLCA (Liousse, CORUS-2) -> Dec2010 Pollution in African capitals WATCH-AFRICA (Sultan) soumis FP7 2010 Multi-sector early warning

systems

ClimAfrica (Valentini, Ciais) FP7 -> 2012 Climate change impacts

and adaptation ALERT (Graham, Deque) submitted FP7 2010 Early warning of drought

in Africa

ICER Mali (Doumbo, NIH)

Epidemiology

Observations SOERE 2010-2013: AMMA-CATCH (Lebel) including GPS (Bock) / IDAF (Galy-Lacaux) / PHOTONS/AERONET (Goloub) / PIRATA (Bourlès)

Megha-Tropiques(Roca) SMOS (Pellarin) Coastal network (Bourlès RIPIECSA) SOERE SSS (Delcroix)

SOERE BVET (Braun) Cameroon drainage basin

Requests for observation under way

New SOERE 2010-2013: SECAO (Janicot, Lebel) OPEERA (Quensière) Dust Transect (Marticorena)

TOSCA FENNEC (Flamant)

Around this core project, others have been submitted in response to a variety of different calls for proposals. A total of about 30 projects under way or submitted have been recorded as contributing, partly or entirely, to AMMA’s objectives. Among these projects are found the continuation of observation networks IDAF, CATCH, PIRATA and PHOTONS and proposals for permanent operation of the observation points deployed along the Sahelian transect, on the M’Bour station or by GPS.

In line with this new breakdown of funding, a new organization has been proposed for AMMA-France:

1. a Scientific Coordination Committee (CCSA) responsible for steering the scientific activities under way or to be developed

2. a monitoring group concerned with partnerships and training schemes in Africa

3. and executive group (GEA) in charge of the overall coordination: implementation of the programme, relations with the supervising bodies, communication

This coordination hinges on the International Executive Office (IEO) charged with organization and implementation of activities, support for scientific follow-up of the programme and communication of research results to the scientific community broadened out to the political decision-makers and the general public.

Contact: Odile [email protected]

proJeCts CoNtrIbutINg to aMMa

May 2010 No. 10


aMMa-afrICa

In the context AMMA’s prospective, the motives behind AMMA-Africa, its aims and the institutional profile were set out thoroughly in meetings between AMMA’s main players.

The ideas driving AMMA-Africa are principally to conduct research that meets the concerns of the African states and to continue doing research on processes behind the West African monsoon, its interactions and impacts. Reinforcement of networks as part of a comprehensive unifying programme around climate in Africa together with consolidation of networks and sources of finance are integral parts of the proposal for AMMA-Africa, to be supported institutionally by the African Union (AU) and the New Partnership for the African Development (NEPAD).

The actions of the Executive Committee of AMMA-Africa are now working towards such goals through series of meetings both in Afrique and at international level.

After the first prospective workshop in February 2009, AMMA-Africa organise from 19 to 22 of may 2010 at Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a prospective workshop on climate change impacts: definition of the priorities, contribution to the regional plan and implementing strategy.

Contact:Ernest Afiesimama, [email protected]

Arona Diedhiou, [email protected]

rIpIeCsa: traININg aNd reINforCeMeNt of researCh CapaCIty IN

the south

The programme “interdisciplinary and participatory research on the interactions ecosystem-climate and societies in West Africa (RIPIECSA)” is funded by the MAE and piloted by the AIRD, which finances research centred on the adaptation to climate changes, and conducted by African scientists. It involves producing knowledge and strengthening local capacity for research in order to build up the scientific “breeding grounds” necessary to enable Africa to contribute to international debates.The training and capacity reinforcement parts of the programme therefore take on a particularly high importance, an effort centred on the individual and collective aspects of research.

Training young researchers

The major universities of West Africa are taking part (Dakar, Abidjan-Cocody, Abobo-Adjamé, Cotonou, Niamey, Bamako, Ouagadougou, Lome etc.) through 23 financed projects involving 38 PhD students, 115 students in Masters and 36 engineers who are trained and contribute directly to the production of knowledge. Projects for Masters, in a subregional perspective in oceanography and climatology, are backed on to research projects supported by RIPIECSA. Moreover, the training drive is also effected through the support for short courses for researchers. In this way the researchers were able to take part in the school on environmental assessment organized by the SIFEE or on climate change and water resources held by UCAD.

Some forthcoming initiatives

An overview midway into the RIPIECSA programme identified some problems in developing the research financed. Initiatives will be launched between this point and the end of the programme to remove these obstacles.RIPIECSA encourages the researchers in life science and social sciences to work with an interdisciplinary approach in conjunction with climate sciences. However, some researchers have been observed to find difficulty in using the tools employed in climatology. Thus the programme is planning to organize a school to train the researchers how better to use climate data and introduce them to the processes of modelling, which will help establish scenarios for adaptation according to the different hypotheses for explaining possible climatic changes in the future.Furthermore a training workshop to help young researchers bring out the value of their research better in international referee-based journals. Prizes will be awarded for the best articles submitted and discussions are under way with scientific journals about possibilities for publication of the articles.

Bringing researchers into a regional research venture

Beyond the stakes involved for individuals, building up a critical mass of researchers makes it necessary to devise a collective structure. That is why RIPIECSA is supporting the regional federative approach embodied in the AMMA-Afrique network. This network groups together several hundred researchers from different specialities and provides a strong framework for the regional dynamic in the field of climate change (characterization, impact, adaptation).This group of African researchers is capable of running scientific conferences at international level, developing a scientific perspective on climate change and spreading awareness of this scientific contribution among the subregional political bodies of the CEDEAO. In this way, by strongly favouring the training of individual scientists while bringing this effort under the campaign to reinforce capacities at a regional level that it is possible to achieve a long-term impact on the research on the development of countries of the South.

Contacts: Antoine Bricout, [email protected] et Arona Diedhiou

[email protected]

Prospectives workshop AMMA-Afrique, Ouagadougou February 2009©AMMA

May 2010 No. 10


Light under a squall line. Déou, North of Burkina Faso. 28 august 2009©Fleury/AMMA

oN lINe MaterIal

AMMA International Scientific Plan 2010-2020 (ISP2)

http://www.amma-international.org/IMG/pdf/AMMA_ISP_Phase2_April2010.pdf

AMMA report to IGBP SSG, march 2010 http://www.amma-international.org/IMG/pdf/AMMA_to_IGBP-SSG.pdf

AMMA report to GEWEX SSG http://www.amma-international.org/IMG/pdf/AMMA_to_GEWEX-SSG.pdf

AMMA report GCOShttp://www.amma-international.org/IMG/pdf/SC-XVII_Docs_template_DOC7.5-2.pdf

ACMAD African Centre of Meteorological Application for DevelopmentAEJ African Easterly JetAGB African Governing BoardAOC AMMA Operation CenterASECNA Agence pour la Sécurité de la Navigation Aérienne en Afrique et à MadagascarCAMES Conseil africain et malgache d’enseignement supérieurCEDEAO Communauté économique des états de l’Afrique de l’ouestCILSS Comité inter-état de lutte contre la sécheresse au SahelCIPMA Chaire internationale de physique mathématique et applicationsCirad Centre de recherche agronomique pour le développementCNES Centre National d’Etudes spatialesCNRM Centre National de Recherches MétéorologiquesCSAM Comité de Suivi AMMA AfriqueEAMAC Ecole Africaine de la Météorologie et de l’Aviation CivileEC European CommissionECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather ForecastsEGEE Etude de la Circulation Océanique et de sa Variabilité dans le Golfe de GuinéeEOP Enhanced Observation PeriodGATE Garp Atlantic Tropical ExperimentGCSS GEWEX Cloud System StudyGEWEX Global Energy and Water Cycle ExperimentGLASS Global Land/Atmosphere System StudyGMET Ghana Meteorological ServiceICIG Implementation and Coordination GroupIGB International Governing BoardIOP Intensive Observing PeriodISSC International Scientific Steering CommitteeISSC-EC International Scientific Steering Committee – Executive CommitteeKNUST Kwame Nkrumah university of science and technologyMIT Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMSG Meteosat Second GenerationNASA National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNEPAD Nouveau partenariat pour le développement de l’AfriqueOMM Organisation Mondiale de la MétéorologieOMP Observatoire Midi-PyrénéesPIAF Plan d’Implémentation AMMA AfriqueRIPIESCA Recherches Interdisciplinaires et Participatives sur les Interactions entre les Ecosystèmes, le Climat et les Sociétés en Afrique de l’OuestRS Radio-soundingSOP Special Observing PeriodUA Union Africaine UAC Université d’Abomey CalaviWAM West African MonsoonWAMME West African Monsoon. Modeling and EvaluationWAMEX West African Monsoon Experiment

aCroNyMs used IN aMMa

May 2010 No. 10


Ouagadougou July 2009©AMMA

ageNda2010

April

The First Conference of Ministers Responsible for Meteorology in Africa organised by WMO12 to 16 of April, Nairobi, Kenya

Contact: Alioune [email protected]

May

Prospective workshop AMMA-Afrique on the impacts of climate change: changements du climat: definition of the priorities, contribution to the regional action plans and implementation strategy. 19 to 22 of may 2010, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

Contact: Arona Diedhiou [email protected]

EGU General Assembly 20102 - 7 May, Vienna, Austria.

Contact [email protected]

«Earth System Science: Climate, Global Change and People” The AIMES Open Science Conference on Earth System Science10 - 13 May, Edinburgh, Scotland

29th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology10 - 14 May, Tucson, Arizona

Contact AMMAKerry Cook

[email protected]

PRESAO-13 «Seasonal Climate Prediction: Coping with Climate Change Impacts”» 27 to 28 may 2010, Niamey- Nigerhttp://www.amma-international.org/IMG/pdf/Annonce_presao13_01MAY2010.pdf

June-July

International Governing Board AMMA Juin 2010

US-Africa Workshop on Expanding the AfricaArray Network to Support Multidisciplinary Science in Africa Juin 2-4, 2010, Howard University, Washington D.C.

WCRP Climate regional Conference14-16 June, Lille

http://wcrp.ipsl.jussieu.fr/Workshops/RegionalClimate/index.html

“Germany and France towards a joint approach for the S&T cooperation with developing countries: The example of Sub-Sahara Africa”17-18 June 2010, Potsdam

ECOWAS (CEDEAO) meetingJune-July, Abuja, Nigéria

August

2010 AGU Meeting of the Americas 8-13 August 2010, Foz do Iguassu, Brazil

http://www.agu.org/meetings/ja10/

2nd Pan-GEWEX Science Meeting23–27 August 2010, Seattle, Washington, USA

September

WCRP-UNESCO (GEWEX/CLIVAR/IHP)Workshop on Metrics and Methodologies of Estimation of Extreme Climate Events27–29 September 2010, UNESCO Headquarters, Paris, France

November

Réunion WMO/AR1

May 2010 No. 10


Based on a French initiative, AMMA was developed by an international scientific group and is currently funded by a large number of agencies, especially from France, the UK, the USA and Africa. It has been the beneficiary of a major financial contribution from the European Community’s Sixth Framework Research Programme. More information on the scientific coordination and funding is available on the AMMA International web-site: http//:www.amma-international.org

AMMAProject Office Communication

Contact: [email protected]él. : +33 (0)5 61 07 98 74

www.amma-international.org

Realization: Aude Sonneville Jean-Luc Redelsperger

Thank you very much for your collaboration:

Bernard Bourlès, Antoine Bricout, Arona Diedhiou, Laurence Fleury, Doug Parker, Odile Roussot,

Abdoul Khadre Traoré and all the PhD...

Translation French to English : Nicholas FlayPrinting : PAD, Météo-France

Documents

May 2010 N . 10 aMMa INterNatIoNal Newsletter · May 2010 No. 10 aMMa INterNatIoNal Newsletter 3 A recommendation was also put forward to AMMA-Africa to highlight its fields of interest