Mayan Languages and Their Speakers || Tzeltal Dialects: New and Old

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Anthropological Linguistics

Tzeltal Dialects: New and OldAuthor(s): Lyle CampbellReviewed work(s):Source: Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 29, No. 4, Mayan Languages and Their Speakers(Winter, 1987), pp. 549-570Published by: The Trustees of Indiana University on behalf of Anthropological LinguisticsStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028122 .Accessed: 13/09/2012 09:14

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TZELTAL DIALECTS: NEW AND OLD

Lyle Campbell State University of New York, at Albany

ABSTRACT, Field research in Chiapas, Mexico, and Huehuete- nango, Guatemala, has led to the discovery and documentation of a previously unreported dialect of Tzeltal. The dialect is labeled Southeastern Tzeltal, located in space with a detailed map of the region in which it is found, and described with respect to phonology and lexicon as part of a report on the reinterpreted and revised Tzeltal dialectology.

O, A significant result of recent research in Chiapas is the discovery of a heretofore unknown and unreported variety of Tzeltal in a wide geographical area formerly thought to be Tojolabal territory (Campbell, In press). This and other findings about Tzeltal require a radical reinterpretation of Tzeltal dialects. The purpose of this paper is to report these findings and to present a revision of Tzeltal dialectology.

1,0, SOUTHEASTERN TZELTAL, Probably most Mayanists would be surprised to learn of a native speaker of Tzeltal born in Guatemala. Nevertheless, there is such an individual, which gives some idea of the nature and extent of the revision in Tzeltal dialectology required. Demetrio Martinez (70 years old), born in Gracias a Dios, Municipio of Nenton, department of Huehuetenango, Guatemala, represents the dialect of Sachana, where his parents came from (see map).

This new variety is called Southeastern Tzeltal (SETz). The local dialects within this "dialect group" are relatively homogeneous, sharing several diagnostic features which distinguish them from previously reported Tzeltal dialects. ("Dialect group" is used in the sense that "dialect" is normally used, "dialect" being employed to represent minor dialect variation in each location; i.e., "dialect group" refers to all the local dialects sharing isoglosses which unify them.)

SETz is nearly extinct, spoken now only by a very few older individuals, and the disrupting events of the Mexican revolution and land reform have removed many of these speakers from their birth places and scattered them through- out southeastern Chiapas. Their original dialect locations were established by determining where the scattered speakers or their parents had been located before the Revolution.

549

550 Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 29, No. 4

The area runs roughly from Trinitaria to the lakes of Montebello, and from there to Carmen Xan on the Guatemalan border (see map). I hasten to point out that this area has indeed been Tzeltal for centuries; these Tzeltal speakers are in no way recent arrivals to the area.

PETALCINGO

HUITIUPAN YAJALON

SMOJOVEL CHILON

PUEBLO NUE)v SOLISTANUACAN

Northern

'SAN JUAN EL OSOUE

SlTALA

BACHAJON OCOSINGO

CHOL

)JITOTOL

BOCHIL CHALCHmMUITAN

GUAOUITEPEC

TZOTZIL P9NTELNO

TENANGO

SOYALO LARZAR CHENALMO'

MIToN1C

CANCUC ASASOLO SAN CARLOS SALTAMIRANO

West Central

OxcHUC

IXTAPA CHIAMUiLA

TENEJAPA

TZELTAL LACANTAN

NTERNA1

~G~AY SAN CRISTOBAL LAS CASAS

HUISTAI

SAN FELIPE" CHANAL

East Central ZAPOTrt. TOJOLABAL

A.ALA TOTOLAPA

TEIPlSCA TENANGO

Souther. FLORESTA

GUACATENANGO\

STIANO RANZA

PINOLA ZARA'GZA

LAS MARGARITAS

SOYATITAN MiEJOUITO

SOLTENANGO'

Southwestern pOMITA INOEPENDENCIA

COPANAG3UASTLA (extinct)

Sdutheastern TRINITARIA

JUNCANA4 ;AROENAS'

CHINKULTIK* HIDALGO

SACHANA~t ~G~R~t~E~fi~tlc~ TZELTAL DIALECTS

'GRACIAS A DIOS

0 10 20 30 N

km COXOH (extinct)

CHUJ

CHICOMUCELTEC\ (extinct)

.MATEC

JACALTEC

TECO

MOTOZINTLEC

MEXICO GUATEMALA

Tzeltal Dialects 551

In addition to SETz, other Tzeltal-speaking communities to the north of Comit6n were discovered, which require revision and extension of other Tzeltal dialect groups. The towns of this area considered here are Amatenango, Floresta, Mejiquito (Santa Rosalia), and Zaragoza (see below). Moreover, the data presented here is the only information available on Soyatitin.1

1.1.0. DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES, The following are features of SETz which distinguish this dialect group from other varieties of Tzeltal. Tzeltal dialects have been discussed by various authors (Romero 1961, Robles U. 1966, Hopkins 1970, Kaufman 1972, etc.). Since Kaufman's is the most accurate and extensive, it is employed here as a basis for comparison. Like Kaufman, I will discuss how SETz departs from Proto-Tzeltal-Tzotzil, using Kaufman's (1972) re- constructions. It should be noted that Proto-Tzeltal is largely the same phonologically as Proto-Tzeltal-Tzotzil except for a few vowel differences and minor changes.

1.1.1. INITIAL *b'. SETz initial b' can be said to be "stronger" than in other dialects. In SETz it is very strongly imploded and often voiceless ([pC]) or nearly so ([b9]). Though there is more variation in SETz for medial

+ and final positions, generally b' is stronger here, too (see Chart 1).

Chart 1. *b' (The first entry represents the most frequent pronunciation; the second represents other, less frequent, variants; = lenis, be = fortis.) +

Initial Medial Final

Kaufman Dialect 1 b'- -(9)b- -b Kaufman Dialect 2 b-/p- -7b/-7p -b/-p Amatenango b- -7p- -7b

-7p Floresta b-,p- -?b-,-7p- -3b,-? Mejiquito (Santo Rosalia) b- -b-,-p- -7b Zaragoza b- -b-,-p- -?b,-7p Soyatitan b-,-p -?b-,-?P- -?b,-7p Trinitaria b-,b- -b-,-7b- p,-7b/-b Juncana p-_ -bp C/-p'

+ + + San Antonio bC- -b- -b

+

Santo Tomis pc,bC- -b,-9bc- -b +

Santa Maria (Progreso) bc-,p9- -?b-,-7b - ,-7b +

Ojo de Agua p_- -_p-,-b - -p9 ,-P"


Tepancuapan b-,p9 - -7b-, -b - b ,-7b +

El Rincon b-,(p -b-,-b- -b,-7b Acaxnajab p9- -p9-,-7bC_ -p ,-?br +

Santa Cecilia Trapich b9-,b- -?b-,-b -b ,(-?b) Sachan p-,b- -7b -,-?p - -b ,-p

+

Carmen Xan p~ -,b C- -?p9- -79 ,-7b + +

Kaufman divides other Tzeltal dialects into two groups on the basis of their treatment of *b'. The stronger b' dialect group, Kaufman's dialect 1, includes Tenejapa, Cancuc, Altamirano, Oxchuc, and Abasolo; his dialect 2, with "weaker" b, includes Bachaj6n, Aguacatenango, Pinola, Sital&, Yajal6n, Petalcingo, Teopisca, Guaquitepec, Tenango, Chil6n, Ocosingo, and Sibac.. This "dialect 1" corresponds to his Central dialect (see below). Thus, with respect to *b', SETz is distinguished from both these Tzeltal dialects.

1.1.2, PRECONSONANTAL *h. A second diagnostic feature is the treatment of preconsonantal *h (-hC). In SETz *h is universally lost preconsonantally in both final and non-final syllables (-hC#, -hCV). This is diagnostic of SETz, since preconsonantal h is not completely lost in any other Tzeltal dialect except Teopisca (Kaufman 1972:22), although these dialects vary in the retention of h depending on the position and consonantal types in the environment. Most diagnostic is the fact that in none of these dialcets, except Teopisca, is h lost before p, t, d, E, or k (see Chart 2).

Chart 2. Preconsonantal h

-hCV- -hC -hC (C=p,t, ,~E,k)

Amatenango h h h Mejiquito h h h Zaragoza h h h

Soyatit~n h h h Trinitaria 0 0 0 Juncan 0 0 0 San Antonio 0 0 0 San Toms 0 0 0 Santa Marfa (Progreso) 0 0 0 Ojo de Agua 0 0 0 Tepancuapan 0 0 0 El Rincdn 0 0 0 Acaxnajab 0 0 0 Santa Cecilia Trapich 0 0 0 Sachan 0 0 0 Carmen Xan 0 0 0


1.1.3. INITIAL *h VS, *x, The third diagnostic feature involves initial *h- (glottal fricative) and *x- (velar fricative), which are generally merged in other dialect groups, with the exception of Bachaj6n and Petalcingo (in the North, far from SETz). Also, the Domingo de Ara (1571) Tzeltal dictionary of Copanaguastla distinguished *x- (orthographic gh) and *h (orthographic h and 0, see below). SETz, in contrast to most other modern dialects, maintains a clear distinction between initial *x- and *h- (see Chart 3).

Some SETz examples are:

*x- *h-

xol/hol head ha? water xox crow haas zapote xun one hab'il year xite9 oak ha mal monte (weeds) xay how much, many hih jilote (green corn) xik' choke, drown hikab' sand xoxo6 corn stalk, leaf hool bixa (achiote) xo6' to grind huke? seven

hun paper

Chart 3. Initial *x- and *h-

Kx- *h-

Kaufman's Southern h- h- Kaufman's Northern h- h- Kaufman's Central h- h- Amatenango h- h- Floresta h- h- Mejiquito (Santa Rosalia) h- h- Zaragoza h- h- Soyatitan h- h- Trinitaria x- h Juncank x- h San Antonio x- h Santo Tomis x- h Santa Maria (Progreso) x- h Ojo de Agua x- h Tepancuapan x- h El Rinc6n x- h Acaxnajab x- h Santa Cecilia Trapich x- h Sachank x- h Carmen Xan x- h Bachaj6n x- h- Petalcingo x- h- Copanaguastla x- h-


1.1.4. LEXICAL DIFFERENCES, Lexical differences between SETz and other Tzeltal dialects are:

SETz Other Tzeltal

bird cucucan mut chicken mut me ?mut lizard pifin -t'olok/*?ohko# crab yaE nep' shrimp Molob' masan, etc. cricket vulul il tree-trunk yite? 6umante? palm pox *pohox (pooh, etc.) net enub' *lehab' moon

s7uh 'ul metik (*6'uhul me tik)

Zungs pulug' sot'ot', pux, pumil sand hikab ' hi? shade abub' kehaw, ahsinal attic ak'ol *bah-nah (top-house, "attic")

(cf. *'ahk'ol up, top) bed Eak' waye/ib'(al) (6ak') whetstone nuku/ob' hui far hakal sac'al, namal

twelve laxiawe? * lax6ayeb, lahieb' root yec'ak lohb', yisim tomato tumat (Nahua) 6i6ol armadillo ib'oy ib' chayote oyol 6'u(h)mate?

The following locations belong to SETz. The informants representing these are listed with their current residence in parentheses.

Trinitaria: Francisco Calvo P~rez, 60 (Barrio Guadalupe), Jose Perez, 80 (Barrio Allende), Miguel Calvo Perez, 81? (Barrio el Amate).

L /

Juncana: Lorenzo Garcia Cruz, 40 (Corzo), Antonio Jimenez, 40? (Corzo), Josefa Carrera (Corzo).

San Antonio: Agripina Velasco, 58? (Juncani). Santo Tomis: Francisco Garcia Calvo, 90 (Las Delicias). Santa Maria (Progreso): Josefa Cruz Hernindez, 70 (Los Encuentros),

Maximiliano Lopez

Ortega, 78 (Cirdenas). (San Francisco) Tepancuapan: Luis Aguilar Hernindez, ? (Jose

Maria Corzo), Fernando Moreno, 89 (Rodolfo Figueroa), Eusebio Visquez, 84 (Obreg6n).

Ojo de Agua: Macario Ramirez Vasquez, 67. El Rinc6n: Antonio Ramirez, 89, and his wife, 85 (Hidalgo). Acaxnajab: Candido Moreno Ramirez, 75, (Las Delicias), Benancia

Perez, 90? (Obregon). Sachana: Demetrio Martinez, 70 (Gracias a Dios, Municipio de

Nenton, Departamento de Huehuetenango, Guatemala). Santa Cecilia Trapich: Francisco Hernandez Vasquez, 77 (Las

Delicias). Carmen Xan: Angela Hernandez, 80? (Carmen Xan, see map).


2, OTHER TZELTAL DIALECT AREAS, Not only is an amplifi- cation of the overall Tzeltal area required to include SETz, revisions in other Tzeltal dialect groups are necessary. These revisions are presented as amplifications of Kaufman's (1972) classification of Tzeltal dialects (see map). Kaufman's classification is: Central Central Northern [Septentrional]: Southern [Meridional]: (dialect 1 above)

Bachajin Pinola (Villa de las Rosas) Tenejapa Petalcingo Aguacatenango Cancuc Chil6n Teopisca Oxchuc Yajalon Chanal Guaquitepec Abasolo Tenan o Sibaca Ocosingo Altamirano Sitala

Note that Robles U. (1966) takes Oxchuc and "tierras altas" as his "base" dialect, with

Sivacca [Sibaci] and

Ocosingo in another dialect group, and Bachajon and "tierras bajas" in his third dialect group. That is, his base dialect falls within Kaufman's Central, while his other two belong to Kaufman's Northern group.

Kaufman's Central group is further subdivided into what might be called an East-Central area (Oxchuc, Chanal, Abasolo), where *hC became hC' if the consonant is a stop or affricate, and a West-Central (Tenejapa, Cancuc) area where *hC does not produce glottalization (Kaufman 1972:55).

While this classification is adequate for the dialects Kaufman listed, it must be revised to accommodate other heretofore unconsidered towns.

Amatenango, Floresta, Santa Rosalia (commonly called Mejiquito), and Zaragoza (the latter three in the municipio of Comitin) belong to East-Central Tzeltal in that they also evidence glottalization of stops and affricates after h (in hC) in the same morpheme:

*pohp pohp', pohb' mat

c'uht 6' uht' bellZZy

tuhkul tuhk' ul owl pehpen pehp'en, pehb'en butterfly sehkub' sehk'ub' Ziver b'oh6 bohi' gourd dish (guacal) naht naht' far, long

Soyatitan does not have this feature, suggesting that it, together with Socoltenango and Copanaguastla, may be a slightly different dialect group, called Southwestern Tzeltal.

These additions extend the East-Central Tzeltal area con- siderably to the south. They establish the aboriginal bound- ary between SETz and other Tzeltal groups at just north of Comitin (the cabecera).


3, COPANAGUASTLA, An interesting question is, where does the now extinct dialect of Copanaguastla (ruins of the town of Copanaguastla now called Candelaria), as represented in Domingo de Ara's 1571 Tzeltal dictionary, fit in? Is it a SETz dialect, or does it fit into one of Kaufman's groups, or is it something completely different? Since the Copanaguastla dictionary shows a contrast between *x- (orthographic gh-) and *h- (orthographic h or 0), one might suspect a SETz affilia- tion. However, Copanaguastla should be placed with Kaufman's Meridional (Southern) dialect group.

The evidence for this is considerable. The variant orthographic treatment of *b' as b and v, suggests the weak b alternating in certain contexts with p of Kaufman's Meridional group, not the strong bV - p' of SETz. Some examples are:

*b' eh be ve road *b' eyom beyom veyom merchant *b' ihil bihil vihil name *b' ikil viquil intestines *b' et bet vet debt

Most importantly, given the difficulty of interpreting the phonetic value of Ara's orthographic symbols, the lexicon of Copanaguastla exhibits the non-SETz items (see 1,1,4, above):

lungs sotohil, qsotot "livianos" (SETz pulu' ) sand hi (SETz hikab') shade axinal (SETz a~ub') bed vayibal (SETz 6ak') whetstone hux (SETz nuku/ob') ten laghchayeb (SETz lax6awe') armadillo ghib (SETz ib'oy) chayote chumate (SETz foyol) tree trunk chumante (SETz yite?)

Copanaguastla did preserve the distinction between initial *x- (Ara's orthographic gh) and *h- (Ara's h or 0), but this appears to be only the attestation of an older stage of Kaufman's Meridional (Southern) group, before the merger of the two sounds. This philology documents the earlier stage and that the change took place after Ara's dictionary was written. Some examples are:

*h ha mosca, queresa (*hah fly) hux afilar (*huE whetstone) hoox achiote (*ho ol bixa) hahatz zapote colorado (*hagas zapote) hun papel (*hun paper) huqueb siete (*hukeb ' seven) honon abej6n (*honon wasp) hi arena (*hi7 sand) ha agua (*ha? water)


*x-

ghal- texer (*xal- Weave) ghay- quanto(s) (*xay- how many, much) ghimich honda (*ximi6' sling) ghite encina (*xihte? oak) ghogh cuervo (*xox crow) ghol- cabeza (*xukub canoe) ghuch moler como ma-z, cacao (*xu6l- grind)

Thus, Capanaguastla did not belong to SETz, but to Kauf- man's Meridional (Southern) group. (For the complete revision of Tzeltal dialectology, see the map.)

4, TZELTAL WORD LISTS, In the following word lists, nouns preceded by - (hyphen) are typically possessed. Forms listed in parentheses have slightly different meanings. Other forms with hyphens indicate morpheme boundaries. The data are from my field work, except the Copanaguastla forms are from Ara (1571). Proto-Tzeltal-Tzotzil (abbreviated P-Tze-Tzo) is from Kaufman (1972).

armadillo cougar fox deer weasel Trinitaria ib'oy

cox was cfix sahpen/ saxben

Ojo de Agua bix Juncand ip oy 6ix

San Antonio 6ix Santo Tomds sahpen Santa Maria i6goy cox was cix sah?7pen

Tepancuapan i boy 6ox 6ix sah 9en El Rinc6n i9b coy cox was cix +

Acaxnajab igb oy cox was cix sahpcen +

Santa Cecilia iioy cox was 6ix sahpen Trapich

Sachand i bpoy 6ox sah p en Carmen Xan Amatenango i? wahL 6ih

Floresta 6oh wet cih Santa Rosalia mail6an/ cox 6ih sahbin/

(Mejiquito) iboy ik'sab Zaragoza iboy 6oh pa(h)I 6ih ik'sab Soyatitin i6b ih Ara chogh vax chich sabin

(raposa) P-Tze-Tzo cox was (Tze) cihx sahb'en a

wet (Tzo)<MZ sahb'in


egg crow owl buzzard shrimp Trinitaria stonmut/ xox tukul usex red/ Solo0p/

tonmut Euhlem ~olob' black

Ojo de Agua stonmut solop Juncana tonmut/

stonmut xox ustuluk' San Antonio tonmut usex Santo Tomas stonmut hoh tukul useh Santa Maria stonmut xox tukul usex solob' Tepancuapan stonmut tukul usex solo

El Rincn stonmut xox usex Molob' Acaxnajab tonmut xox usex/ Molo b'

Euh l em +

Santa Cecilia stonmut tukul suhlem/ Molo79 Trapich usex

Sachank stonmut Carmen Xan tonmut Ama t enango tonmut alo ?b/

0alos Floresta su(h)lem Santa Rosalia tumut hos

(Mejiquito) Zaragoza tumut hoh tuhk'ul hos

Soyatit~n tomut [tunkum]? Ara ton-mut ghogh tucul uzigh P-Tze-Tzo ton xox ?i3in Mulem

(also stone) (Tzo)

honey butterfly Zeaf

Trinitaria 6ab pe~pe?en/ yabinalte?/ pehpeen yapenal

Ojo de Agua Juncana San Antonio yabenate7 v

Santo Tomas Mb yaptenate7 Santa Marla ca b yap'ena Tepancuapan pespen ya 7inal

El Rincin Eab' pehpe(7)en/ yabrenalte7/ pehpan yabrenalte7

Acaxnajab 6ab' [7p'] pe~pen Santa Cecilia 6ab' pespen yabcenalte?/

Trapich yabenalte ? Sachana papeen yap'enal Carmen Xan

Aa t enango Eab pehpen wa (7) mal


Floresta pe pen ya nimalte?/ yanimalte?

Santa Rosalia isca pehben yabinalte (Mejiquito)

Zaragoza 6a?b' pehpen/ yabvnal pespen

Soyatitan Eab wamal Ara chab pepen P-Tze-Tzo 6ab' pehpen ha(?)b'in/

ha(7)b'en/ (y-)a(?)b'inal/ (y-)a(7)b'enal

root oak palm tree pine Trinitaria yei'ak xite7 pox/ tax

saxpox Ojo de Agua rite? poh(7) tax

Juncana' tax San Antonio tax Santo Tomas yec'ak poh tax Santa Maria xite pox tax Tepancuapan xite? pox tax El Rinc6n ye 'ak xite9 pox tax Acaxnajab e6' ak xite7 p6x tax Santa Cecilia ye6'ak xite? pox tax

Trapich Sachana xite9 pox tax Carmen Xan tax

Amatenango yisinte? hihte ? [an] tah poh palmito

Floresta Santa Rosalila hihte?/ pooh/han tah

(Mejiquito) tulan Zaragoza yisim t v

Soyatitan isim san tah Ara ghite poghogh/ tagh

xan P-Tze-Tzo su raiz (de) xih-te? san tax

y-ib' a (Tzo)

chaoyte bixza vine tomato (huisquil) (achiote) banana

Trinitaria 6'ahan tumat o~ol hogoi logpal/ string/ lob'al

6' aham .+t

v-ine Ojo de Agua lo7pcal


Juncana c'taan/ goyol

Si'ahan San Antonio 6'ahan goyol

string Santo Tomis 6'ahan lo pal

[mecate] Santa Maria 6'ahan tumat Wo?yol hoos Tepancuapan 6'axan tumat gogyol ho?os lob/al/ +

lopal El Rincon caxan tumat pal Acaxnajab 6'axan/ tumat fo?yol ho oi lob (9) al

c'ahan +

Santa Cecilia 6'ahan tumat soyol hool logbeal Trapich

Sachana tumat goyol Carmen Xan tumat lopeal Amatenango ak' Ei6ol 6'umate7 hogohi lo7?al Floresta 6i6oi lo7 al Santa Rosalia 6i6ol 6'umte7 ho3ol lobbal/

(Mejiquito) lo0al

Zaragoza ak' i6o1 i6'umte? ho(7 )o lobal Soyatitan a(?)k' c'umate

lopal Ara ahc chumate hoox lobal

fruta P-Tze-Tzo c'AxAn CiCO1 6'u(h)mate7 hogos lob'Al

fruta

roasting corn pot pineapple corncob ear leaf (olla)

Trinitaria p06' ba'akal/ ahan/ahan p'in + 'akal

Ojo de Agua pcakal/ ahan beakal +

Juncana pcakal ahan p9Tn/ p'in

San Antonio ahan Santo Tom s ahan p'in Santa Maria bakal/ ahan prin/

bcakal p'in/p'in

Tepancuapan bcakal ahan xoxo6 p'in + C

El Rincon

blkal ahan p'in Acaxnajab b' akal/ ahan hoho6 plin

C; + p'akal

Santa Cecilia b' kal ahan p'in Trapich


Sachana xoxoC ' Carmen Xan bakal ahan p'in + Amatenango pah6' bakal ahan hoho? ' p ' in Floresta bakal ahan hoho6' o~om Santa Rosalia pah ' bakal ahan o~om

(Mejiquito) Zaragoza pah6' bakal ahan hoho6' osom

-- +

Soyatitan bakal ahan p'in Ara pach Bakal aghan ghoghoch oxom/

pin P-Tze-Tzo pah6' b' akal ?axan xoxo6 p'in/

7ohom (Tze)

tortilla hunger sour fire waterjug Trinitaria wax winal- pah-il/ k'ak' k'irb/

pax k'i?/ k'il

Ojo de Agua wax wi?nal k'ak' Juncana wax wi nal pax k ' ak' k'i ?b' /

k'ib' San Antonio wax wina... pax/ k'ak' k'Ib'

pah-al Santo Tomas winal k'ak' Santa Maria wax wiqnal/ pax k'ak' k'iib

winal Tepancuapan wa pax/ k'ak' k'i?7

pah-i El Rincon wax winal- pax k'ak' k'lIb'

Acaxnajab wax wi(?)nal pax k'ak' k'ib'/ k'i(7)p'

Santa Cecilia wax winal pax k'ak' Trapich

Sachana wax pax k'ak' Carmen Xan wax winal pax k'ak' k'ib Amatenango wah -pi (?)na- pah k'ahk' k'ib

Floresta wax pinal pax k'ak' k'i?7p Santa Rosalia pax pinal pah k'ahk' k'i?be

(Mejiquito) Zaragoza pah pinal pah/ k'ahk' k'i?3

pah-il Soyatitan wah wi nal pah k ?ak' k ?i ?b Ara vagh vinal pagh cac, cah'c quib

to burn of fire

P-Tze-Tzo wax/ wi?nal pAx k'Ahk' k'ib' y-ot


gourd bowl small bag, pain, (jicara) net to hurt pus cough

Trinitaria b'o6/koE cuhak' bag o?7pal/o?bal

Ojo de Agua Eohak' bag oxo?b cold +

Juncana enub'/enub' pohow net

San Antonio 6ohak' bag Santo Tomas 6ohak' bag ob al Santa Maria k'us oebal Tepancuapan bcoc enugb net k'us ogbeal + +

El Rincon 6ohak' bag k'G o7 al

Acaxnajab p'o6 inub net/ k'uv

6ohak' bag +

Santa Cecilia enub net/ pohow 5bcal Trapich Mohak' bag

Sachana k'us o?p al Carmen Xan peo6 k'us

Amatenango boh6' 6ohak' -k'u - opal Floresta Mohak' k'us 3 al

Santa Rosalla bohi' Vohak' pohow 5bal (Mejiquito)

Zaragoza boh6' 6ohak' k'uh~- pohop obal Soyatitan boh6 6ohak' k' 0 pohow

Ara choghac cux poghou [obal] P-Tze-Tzo b'ohc lehab' k'us poxow ?ohb'al

huacal

hand bone meat belly liver Trinitaria k'a?0

bak' tipal/ d'Gt seku?b beaket

Ojo de Agua k'a? tib(9)al

Juncani k'abv peak ti? Val c'ut

San Antonio beak +

Santo Tomas k'abe peak ti?bcal sekub' Santa Maria k'a?7 pak/ tibal I'ut

beak

Tepancuapan k'ab bcakel tibcal/ 6'ut seku(7)b tipal

El Rincon k'abe bak tigbal

Acaxnajab k'ab9/ beak/ ti?pcal/ 6'ut sekugb' +

k'ape +beak

ti? al

Santa Cecilia k'abe bak ti?7al sekub'

Trapich


Sachan0 'ut sekub

Carmen Xan k'a?79 seku?b

Amatenango k ' ab tipal i6 'uht' sehk ' ub Floresta k'ap pak tiBpal 'ut Santa Rosalia

k'agb bak 'uht'- sekub-

(Mejiquito) Zaragoza k'ap bakel tibal 6'uht' sehk'ub

Soyatitan k'agb bakel tipal c'uht

Ara cahb'al, baquel chut gh-cab

P-Tze-Tzo k'Ab'-il b'ak tigbAl/ 'uht-il sehk(')ub'-il b'ak-Al

intestines head red green black road

Trinitaria bikil/ hol/ 5ax yaE ik' b'h ikil s-(h)ol +

Ojo de Agua (s)-?olom yal ik' psG(el) Juncana ik' psh San Antonio bikil s-?ol

Santo Tomas pe' Santa Maria p'ikil xol/s-xol gax yas ik' bce

+

Tepancuapan ' ikil xol ya5 ik' p0 El Rincon Ik' bee/pS8 +

Acaxnajab pcikil xol gax yal ik' bveh/p9eh + Santa Cecilia bikil gax yal ik' be9

Trapich Sachana gax yas ik' p Carmen Xan gax yal ik' bfeel

+

Amatenango hol/s-ol gah yahg ihk' eh

Floresta bikil hol ik' s-e/ -beel

Santa Rosalia bikil hol- gah yah ihk' be (Mejiquito)

Zaragoza bikil Cah yaE ihk' beh Soyatitan ikil s-ol/-hol gah yas ik' beh

Ara viquil gholil, tzagh yax ihe ve -ghol

P-Tze-Tzo b'ikil xol-il gAX yAS ?ihk' b'eh

sand weeds mountain mud moon

Trinitaria hik'a?p hammal/ wig ac'al suh hamal

Ojo de Agua wig a6'al


Juncana hamal wig San Antonio Santo Tomas hikab' hemal wig 'an Santa Maria hikab' gamal wi# a6'al

Tepancuapan hikab9 hamal wig ai'al El Rincon ha?mal wig acial th

+

Acaxnajab hamal a6'al +

Santa Cecilia ha(7)mal wig a6'al Trapich

Sachana ha ?mal wig a6'al Carmen Xan hamal wig a6'al

Amatenango hi? te?tikil/ wig/pig ah6 ial metikii6 pigtikil

Floresta h'mal pig ah6'al 6'ulmetik Santa Rosalia hi? hamal?/ pig ah6'al 6'umetik

(Mejiquito) teak' Zaragoza sikilum xamal pig 6'ulmetik

mountain/ t~tik weeds

Soyatitan hi? hamal wig ac'al Ara hi hamal vitz achal uh

cuesta P-Tze-Tzo hi? ha(?)b'nal wig ?ah6'-el ?uh

hail, man's elder star shade lightning frost brother

Trinitaria k'anal -a~ub9 ~a(w)uk/ p'It hail b'ankil 6auk

Ojo de Agua 6auk peankil Juncana bcankil + San Antonio Santo Tomas lusero asun 6awuk p' t hail beankil Santa Maria k'anal asub9 cawukh 9ankil

Tepancuapan Cauk t~yib9 frost bcankil/ 0ankil/

psankil El Rincon k'anal asub9 Eaak

bankil

Acaxnajab Cauk p(ankil/ bankil

Santa Cecilia k'anal alum p'at hail -bcankil Trapich

Sachana cauk toyipe frost Carmen Xan cauk Amatenango ek' a inal 6aik toiw frost/ bankil

bat hail Floresta toib9 frost ankil


Santa Rosalia ek' 6awuk toep frost bankil (Mejiquito)

Zaragoza ek' skiapil Bapuk bat hail/ bankil tuep frost

Soyatitan bankil

Ara ehe axinal chahuc toyib yelo/ banquilal/ rayo, bat granizo -banquil trueno

P-Tze-Tzo k'anal kehaw bahuk tohib'/tohiw b'ankil-al (Tze) frost b'At hail

younger man's elder orphan, sibling sister husband poor man

Trinitaria -i.'in -wiV -malal me?a?/ winik

neba? Ojo de Agua tg'in malal winik Juncana -i#'in -wi~ malal winik San Antonio Santo Tomis -i.'in -wiY mRlal winik Santa Maria -i#'in -wil malal winik Tepancuapan k-i#'in wii -malal winik El Rincbn -id'in malal Acaxnajab wil mllal winik Santa Cecilia -id'I wiT malal winik

Trapich Sachank winik Carmen Xan Amatenango ihf'in wihg mamlal(-il) me? winik Floresta -i.'in piV -malal pinik Santa Rosalia -i#'in pil mamlal meba7 pinik

(Mejiquito) Zaragoza -iflin pil mamlal meba? pinik Soyatitan -i?#'in wil mamalal me?ba? winik

Ara itzin vixil, mamal meba vinic nephew -vix marido,

hermana viejo mayor, tia

P-Tze-Tzo ih' in wil-il me ba? winik (-tak) (Tze)

stupid girl (tonto) gift to pay drum

Trinitaria ac'is tohol price/ k'ayob' tox to pay

Ojo de Agua matan


Juncana ac'i tohol price/ k'ayob/ -toh- to pay k'ayope

San Antonio Santo Tomas 'i iS -toh- Santa Maria a6 'i tox k'ayob9 Tepancuapan a6'ij prol/ s-tohol k'ayo?7

90o price/ -toh- to pay

El

Rincon

matan -tohol price Acaxnajab a6'il k'ayo ?b Santa Cecilia ac'il -tox k'ayobe

Trapich Sachana p'ol s-tohol price Carmen Xan Amatenango a6'ihg/ s-tohol k'ayo? il

a76' i price/ -toh- to pay

Floresta a ' is -toh k ' ao b

Santa Rosalia a6'i bohl mahtan toh k'ayob (Mejiquito)

Zaragoza maht'an s-tohol k'ayugb price/ -toh to pay

Soyatitin a76'il bol mahtan toh k'ayo7b9 Ara achix bol matan toghol P-Tze-Tzo b'ohl mAhtAn-il -tox wAhb'

dance to sing pants kerchief sandals

Trinitaria Ek'ot k'ayox/ -wel 6ukil Manab'/!anaP/ k'ayoh- sanab9

Ojo de Agua k'ayox wes sanab/!anab9 JuncanB ak'ut k'ayox wel sanae9 to dance San Antonio Santo Tomas ak'ot k'ayo~ we -6ukil Manab

Santa Maria ak'ot k'ayox we~ ana b!/ anap9 Tepancuapan ak'ot k'ayox wes 6ukil vsana El Rincon ak ' ut- k'ayox wes Bukil sanab9 Acaxnajab ak'ut-/ wes sana /!anap9

ak'ot Santa Cecilia ak'ot k'ayox we~ 6ukil Manabe

Trapich Sachana ak'ot k'ayox- wes sanabe Carmen Xan Amatenango ahk ' ot -k ' ayoh- wes 6uhkil sana

b Floresta ahk'ot BeS Santa Rosalla ahk'ot k'ahin- Be Eukul sanab-

(Mejiquito)


Zaragoza ahk'ot k'ahin- pes 6ukil sanab

Soyatitan a?k'ot k'ayoh wes 6uhkil sanab Ara acot coyogh xanabil P-Tze-Tzo 7ahk'ot k'ayox wes-il kAnAb'-il

leather, skin attic board mat bed

Trinitaria nukul ak'ol ak'inte? pop/pip -6ak'/0k Ojo de Agua nukul ak'inte7 pop Juncana nukul ak'inte? pop/pop San Antonio Santo Tomas Santa Maria nukul ak'ol ak'inte? pop 6ak' Tepancuapan nukul ak'ol ak'inte? pop cak' El Rincon f'u'um ak ' 1 ak'inte7 pip 6ak' Acaxnajab nukul ak'ol aklinte7 pop 6ak' Santa Cecilia nukul ak'ol ak'ilte7 pip Eak'

Trapich Sachana nukul ak'inte? pop cak' Carmen Xan pop 6ak' Amatenango nuhkul bahnah/ pohp' wayi7/6ak'

ahk'ol Floresta nukul bana- te? waye? Santa Rosalia nuhkul banah 6'uhte? pohp'

(Mejiquito) Zaragoza nuhk'ul banah 6'uhte7 pohp' Soyatitan nuhkul banah agk'inte? pohpa ak' Ara nucul bana aquen, pop chacal

sobrado aquinte tapezco de casa/ acol arriba

P-Tze-Tzo nuhkul 7ahk ' ol ak ' en pohp wayib ' -al up, on wayeb'al

tump line axe broom (mecapaZ) long full far

Trinitaria ecex

mes pek' nat nohel Ojo de Agua e6ex mes pek' nohel xakal

+

Juncana ecex mes pek' nohel icel +

San Antonio Santo Tomas pek' hakal Santa Maria ecex mes pek' nat -nohel- Tepancuapan ecex mes pek' nat nohel El Rincon ecex mes pek' nat nohel xakal

Acaxnajab eex mes p+k' nat Acaxnaj ab e cex me s pk' nat hakal


Santa Cecilia ecex mes pek' nat nohel- hakal

Trapich Sachana ecex pik' Carmen Xan pek' Ama t enango -ebeh- mehs pehk'- naht' nohel hakal

far Floresta e6eh -m~s p~k' bwehnat nohel

barrer Santa Rosalia eieh mas pek' nat' noh- naht'el

(Mejiquito) Zaragoza e6eh mes pehk' naht' nohel naht'

Soyatitan eieh mes nuhkul naht nohel hakal

Ara echegh mez pehe nat noghel- ghacal P-Tze-Tzo ?e6ex mehs pehk'-il naht nohx Va6 al/

(Tze) naht long

one two three four five six Trinitaria xun ce? ose? cane? hoe? wake?

v v v

Ojo de Agua xun ce? Ose? cane? Juncana San Antonio Santo Tomes xun ce? ose? cane? hoe? wake? Santa Maria xun ce? ose? cane? hi?e? wake? Tepancuapan xun ce? ose? cane ? ho?e? wake? El Rincon xun ce? ose? cane? hoe? wake? Acaxnajab xun Ce? Ose? cane? ho?e? wake? Santa Cecilia xun ce? ose? cane? hoe? wake?

Trapich Sachana xun ce? ose? cane? ho?e? wake? Carmen Xan xun ce? ose? Amatenango hun 6eba oseb 6aneb ho eb wakib Floresta hun ole?b 6ane?0 Santa Rosalia hun 6eb o~eb 6aneb hoeb pakeb

(Mejiquito) Zaragoza hun 6eb9 oie(?)bc 6aneb9 hoebe wakeb Soyatitan hun ce?~ ole?b9

canebe ho?e?b9 wake?b9

Ara ghun cheb oxeb chaneb hoeb vaqueb P-Tze-Tzo xun 6eb' ?o eb' canib' (Tzo) hoeb' wakeb'

(Tze) (Tze) Maneb' (Tze) (Tze)

seven eight nine ten twelve Trinitaria huke? walake? b9alune? lahune? lah6ape? Ojo de Agua huke? waVake? Juncana San Antonio Santo Tomas huke? wa ake? b9alune? +


Santa Maria huke? wa ake pvalune lahune ? Tepancuapan huke? lahune? lahiawe? El Rincon huke? wasake? P alune? lahune? Acaxnajab Santa Cecilia huke? wasake ? balune ? lahune ? lah awe?

Trapich Sachana balune? lahune? Carmen Xan

Amatenango hukeb walkib baluneb lahuneb la1Eaye ?b Floresta Santa Rosalia hukeb walkeb baluneb lahuneb lahieb

(Mejiquito) Zaragoza hukeb waVkeb baluneb lahunebe lahieb + Soyatitan hukebc walke?bc baluneb" lahune?bV lahVaye?b9 Ara huqueb vaxequeb laghuneb P-Tze-Tzo hukeb' wa akeb' b'aluneb' laxuneb' laxcayeb'

(Tze)

tomorrow month year name to swell

Trinitaria paxel hun iu habvil/ sit' habil xun hab'il

0jo de Agua Juncana paxel s9f ha(9)p il San Antonio Santo Tomis pahel xun. E7 Santa Maria paxel S ha?bcil s-pcll/bcil sit' v + Tepancuapan paxel SU ha? il s-b' il sit'-

El Rinc6n habil Acaxnajab paxel hapvil -p'il sit' Santa Cecilia Iuh hab'il

Trapich Sachana paxel hap il/ -pell sit ' - +

ha?bVil Carmen Xan Amatenango pahel hun (hun) biiltik 6'uhtik

?uh/'u ha?pil nombre Floresta pahel hun 7? hunail -pil-

Santa Rosalia pahel hun ?uh hun hapil biatbiil siht'- (Mejiquito)

Zaragoza pahel hun 9? hun ha(?)pil biil siht'- Soyatitan pahel uh ha?pil biil Ara paghel uh abil bihil cit- P-Tze-Tzo ?uh ha b il b ih(il)-il siht '

siht'


WORKS CITED

Ara, Domingo de. 1571. Bocabulario en Lengua Tzeldal. Original: Bancroft; Photography copy: Brigham Young University.

Campbell, Lyle. n.d. The Linguistics of Southeastern Chiapas. Provo, UT: New World Archaeological Foundation. In Press.

Hopkins, Nicholas A. 1970. Estudio preliminar de los dialectos del tzeltal y del tzotzil. In Ensayos de Antropologia en la Zona Central de Chiapas, Norman A. McQuown and Julian Pitt-Rivers, eds., pp. 185- 214. Instituto Nacional Indigenista 8. Mixico

Kaufman, Terrence Scott. 1972. El Proto-tzeltal-tzotzil: Fonologia Comparada y Diccionario Reconstruido. Centro de Estudio Mayas, Cuaderno 5. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de M~xico.

Robles Uribe, Carlos. 1966. La Dialectologia Tzeltal y el Diccionario Compacto. Departamento de Investigaciones Antropol6gicas, Publicaci6n 16. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia.

Romero Castillo, Moises. 1961. Algunas observaciones sobre dialectologia tzeltal. Anales del Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia 13.42:207-15. Mexico.

NOTE

1. Otto Schumann (personal communication) has found Tzeltal speakers in Tzimol; it is not clear to which dialect Tzimol Tzeltal would belong, perhaps either SETz or East-Central, though it apparently bears similarities to Trinitaria Tzeltal.

Documents

Mayan Languages and Their Speakers || Tzeltal Dialects: New and Old