May/June 2020 THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY …€¦ · 04-05-2020 · NALP is the national trade organization representing the $82 billion landscape industry in the United

$4.95Landscape Industry Council of Hawai’i - FoundationP. O. Box 22938 Honolulu HI 96823-2938

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LEGEND OF PELE & ‘OHI‘A

NEW NORMAL: COVID-19

T H E V O I C E O F H A W A I I ’ S G R E E N I N D U S T R Y HAWAIISCAPE.COM

May/June 2020

Cover Photo: David Eickhoff

SPECIAL ‘ŌHI‘A ISSUE

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© 2020 Neudorff North America. All rights reserved. Photo courtesy of Eli Sarnat.

Firefighter Fire Ant Bait controls fire ants on farms in Hawaii

Firefighter® contains spinosad, which is derived from a naturally occurring soil bacterium. It begins killing ants, including queens, within 24 hours.

Protect your farm workers! Firefighter controls fire ants in avocadoes, mangoes, lychee, papayas, pineapples and tree nuts. It is effective in a wide variety of agricultural applications.

Firefighter can be applied as a broadcast treatment at 2.5 to 5 lbs/ac. It is available in 10lb and 20lb bags. It has a 4-hour REI and no reapplication restrictions.

Antixx Fire Ant Bait controls fire ants on non-crop sites.

Antixx® provides fire ant control for landscapers, pastures, rangeland, home gardens, home greenhouses, golf courses, industrial parks, lawns, playgrounds and recreation areas. It can be used around people, and pets.

Its naturally derived active ingredient starts killing ants within 24 hours and delivers long-term control. Plus, it can be applied as a broadcast treatment. There are no reapplication restrictions. Antixx is available in 2lb jugs and 10lb and 20lb bags.

Help Hawaii stomp out the fire today. Mahalo

Firefighter delivers maximum fire ant control for agriculture. Antixx delivers maximum control for everyone else.

Stop Little Fire Ants

HAWAIISCAPE.COM 3THE VOICE OF HAWAII’S GREEN INDUSTRY

DEPARTMENTS

4 PRESIDENTS COLUMN

5 INTERIM EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR REPORT

FEATURES

6 WHERE TO BUY ‘ŌHI‘A/ RAPID ‘ŌHI‘A DEATH

13 ‘ŌHI‘A FORESTS IN HAWAI'I TODAY

15 HOW TO GROW ŌHI‘A

18 ‘ŌHI‘A FOR OUR FUTURE

20 ‘ŌHI‘A ROD UPDATE

28 ‘ŌLELO NO‘EAU

COVER

10 THE NEW NORMAL: COVID-19

15 BONUS: ‘ŌHI‘A POSTER

24 PELE'S ‘ŌHI‘A LEGENDS: ‘ŌHI‘A LEHUA

Formed in June 1986, the Landscape Industry Council of Hawai’i is a state wide alliance representing Hawaii’s landscape associa-tions: Aloha Arborist Association, American Society of Landscape Architects Hawaii Chapter, Hawaii Association of Nurserymen, Hawaii Island Landscape Association, Hawaii Landscape and Irrigation Contractors, Hawaii Society of Urban Forestry Professionals, Kauai Landscape Industry Council, Maui Associa-tion of Landscape Professionals, Professional Grounds Management Society, Big Island Association of Nurserymen, and the Hawaii Professional Gardeners Association.

Hawaii Landscape May/June No. 54 is published bi-monthly by Landscape Industry Council-Foundation,73-1110 Ahikawa Street, Kailua-Kona, HI 96740

EditorsChristy MartinChris Dacus

Advertising SalesMichael [email protected]

Executive DirectorGarrett [email protected]

DesignerRoann Gatdula

Poster DesignerChase Nuuhiwa

B O A R D O F D I R E C T O R S

Chris Timothy "Lanky"McCullough MorillPresident Vice President

Mark Suiso Richard QuinnTreasurer Secretary

Chelsea Arnott Orville Baldos Heidi Bornhorst Brant Brown Strom Gaditano Russell Galanti David Golden Rey Ito Taylor Marsh Christy Martin Edmund Reyes Christian RenzMadeleine Shaw Ken Sugai

Director EmeritusJay Deputy Boyd ReadySteve Nimz Lelan NishekChris Dacus Garrett Webb

8

18

28

Neudorff North America250-652-5888 • NeudorffPro.com

© 2020 Neudorff North America. All rights reserved. Photo courtesy of Eli Sarnat.

Firefighter Fire Ant Bait controls fire ants on farms in Hawaii

Firefighter® contains spinosad, which is derived from a naturally occurring soil bacterium. It begins killing ants, including queens, within 24 hours.

Protect your farm workers! Firefighter controls fire ants in avocadoes, mangoes, lychee, papayas, pineapples and tree nuts. It is effective in a wide variety of agricultural applications.

Firefighter can be applied as a broadcast treatment at 2.5 to 5 lbs/ac. It is available in 10lb and 20lb bags. It has a 4-hour REI and no reapplication restrictions.

Antixx Fire Ant Bait controls fire ants on non-crop sites.

Antixx® provides fire ant control for landscapers, pastures, rangeland, home gardens, home greenhouses, golf courses, industrial parks, lawns, playgrounds and recreation areas. It can be used around people, and pets.

Its naturally derived active ingredient starts killing ants within 24 hours and delivers long-term control. Plus, it can be applied as a broadcast treatment. There are no reapplication restrictions. Antixx is available in 2lb jugs and 10lb and 20lb bags.

Help Hawaii stomp out the fire today. Mahalo

Firefighter delivers maximum fire ant control for agriculture. Antixx delivers maximum control for everyone else.

Stop Little Fire Ants

4 HAWAII LANDSCAPE MAY | JUNE 2020

BY CHRIS MCCULLOUGHLETTERPRESIDENT'S

ALOHA KAKOUDuring these challenging times of COVID-19 I am reprinting this letter from Britt Wood, Chief Executive Officer National Association of Landscape Professionals (NALP) dated March 17, 2020:

To Whom it May Concern: NALP is the national trade organization representing the $82 billion landscape industry in the United States. Member companies specialize in lawn care, landscape maintenance, tree care, irrigation, and water management. Landscape professionals work daily throughout the Nation servicing homes and businesses to maintain their landscapes, sustain the environment, and take pride in our communities by enhancing and maintaining healthy green spaces. As a Nation, we are all struggling to combat the rapid transmission of the coronavirus “COVID19,” and we understand and acknowledge that in some instances, drastic steps are being taken, including shutting down businesses deemed non-essential. We are communicating with you today to assure you that landscape services are essential services and must continue during any emergency declaration or quarantine scenario. Landscapers are partners during this critical time in assisting in the protection of public health and public safety. Without the landscape industry conducting these valuable services, we will undoubtedly see increased instances where people may be harmed or become sick from other illnesses compounding our already stretched medical resources. Recently, Counties in and around the greater San Francisco metropolitan area enacted a temporary “lockdown.” We anticipate other municipalities and states to take similar precautionary steps. The “lockdown” issued by these counties exempt “essential services,” pertinent for the landscape industry is the below portion of the exemption: ix. Plumbers, electricians, exterminators, and other service providers who provide services that are necessary to maintaining the safety, sanitation, and essential operation of residences, Essential Activities, and Essential Businesses

For the foregoing reasons, landscape services should be deemed “essential.” Landscapers are protectors of public health performing essential treatments to lawns and green spaces to reduce the transmission of dangerous and deadly diseases through pests like mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.

Landscapers protect property and maintain greenspaces that could otherwise jeopardize public safety. Unkept fields and green spaces increase the chance of injuries. Crime rates are increased in areas where green spaces are not maintained. Tree removal is also a critical function of our industry to avoid damaging homes and their families. Landscapers play a critical role in boosting morale and mental health during a difficult time for our Nation. Without landscape services fields, parks, businesses, and homes will become overgrown and unkept, which can have dramatic psychological effects on the mental and wellbeing of our communities.

Spring is a critical time of year for our industry due to the abundance of growth in the spring that requires prompt maintenance and care. Any halt or delay in landscape services during this time of year only magnifies potential safety problems and become much more difficult to maintain later in the year. Lastly, our industry is taking aggressive steps within our organizations to stop the transmission of COVID-19. Because our industry functions outside this greatly reduces the chances to come into contact with other individuals. Within the industry, strong policies are being put in place to maintain social distancing with both clients and within our teams that are working in the field.

We are all in this together, and the Landscape industry stands with our public officials to stop the rapid transmission of COVID-19 while also continuing to perform those essential functions that are necessary within our communities throughout the Nation.

Every blessing to you and your ohana during this difficult time. Spread the word and the aloha not the virus.


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DIRECTORS REPORTINTERIM EXECUTIVE

REPORT FROM THE INTERIM EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

CERTIFICATION I hope all of you are doing well and are following social distancing and other recommended practices to stay healthy and COVID-19 virus free. As I am sure you are aware, there will be no Landscape Industry Certified Technician Classes State-wide until further notice. When classes do resume, the Employment Training Fund will be active. The LICH Micro Vendor Contract with the Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, Workforce Development Division, Employment Training Fund (quite a mouthful, eh?) has been signed and will be active until July,31, 2021. Companies with a Fed ID number will be eligible for a 50% discount on all class fees. Information about the ETF Program and Training information as it becomes available can be found on the LICH website, https://www.hawaiiscape.com/training/ The ETF discount will also be available for those landscapers who take the online LICT exam. the Workforce Development Division will be able to pay half of the $545.00 Test Fee and half the $140.00 Retake Fee. If you are thinking of taking the new online test before any classes resume, give me a call at 808 960-3650. The LICH www.hawaiiscape web site will stay current with any changes that come about in these uncertain times.

MEMBERSHIP The administrative cost of tracking new and renewing membership registrations, sending out membership cards etc. would normally be handled by paid staff which, at this time, LICH does not have. The LICH Board has solved this issue by bringing our web site into the 21st Century and we want to encourage you to JOIN LICH ONLINE. You will receive an Invoice, a short Welcome Letter and a Membership Card that you can print out yourself. Your credit card information will be entirely safe. No staff member will see or have access to your credit card information. You will be asked some questions, similar to the paper registration form you are familiar with, which will give LICH information that will essentially serve as an Industry Survey. The last Industry Survey was done in 1986! You will be notified by email when you are 30 days from your membership expiration date.

JOIN LICH NOW ONLINEhttps://www.hawaiiscape.com/join-lich/

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In light of Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death (ROD), the ROD project team has come out with recommen-dations for the public on how to

get involved in helping to prevent the spread of ROD across the state.

We have several recommendations on how to get involved:

1. Sanitize your shoes and gear2. Sanitize vehicles3. Collect ‘ōhi‘a seeds4. Plant ‘ōhi‘a5. Report dead/dying ‘ōhi‘a trees

The more ‘ōhi‘a on the land, the better. Ask your local nursery if they have ‘ōhi‘a available. Be sure that the grower follows strict phytosanitation protocols to keep plants disease free. Once you find the ‘ōhi‘a you like, take it home and give those roots some space to grow!

If you’re interested in growing your own ‘ōhi‘a here are some nurser-ies that may be able to supply your needs. Plants are based on availability and cost/size varies so make sure to contact your local nursery to ask to buy locally sourced ‘ōhi‘a from your island.

Photo: J.B. Friday

Where to Buy Ohi aby Ambyr Mokiao-Lee


Thank you for planting locally grown ‘ōhi‘a trees in your yards, schools, and places of business, so that native Hawaiian plants can grow beyond our forests. ‘Ōhi‘a is our most important tree in the watersheds and provides us with fresh drinking water, but it can also provide food and habitat for native birds and insects everywhere. Every tree planted counts in the

Island Nursery Name Contact Info

Hawaii Island Aileen's Nursery 808-936-2671

Mauna Ikena [email protected]

Future Forest Nursery [email protected]

Cardens Gardens 808-345-7337

ESP Nursery [email protected]

Ace Hardware 808-885-6059

State Tree Nursery 808-887-6061

Elemental Plants 808-640-2506

Maui Hoolawa Farms 808-575-5099

Home Depot 808-893-7800

Kihana Nursery 808-879-1165

Kula Hardware and Nursery 808-878-2551

Lowes Home Improvement 808-872-1920

Maui Nui Botanical Gardens 808-249-2798

Howards Nursery 808-878-4180

Native Nursery 808-878-8276

Oahu Hui Ku Maoli Ola 808-235-6165

Koolau Farmers 808-247-3911

Mari's Gardens 808-625-2800

Plant Place 808-259-9216

Lowe's Garden Center 808-676-8381

Kauai Kauai Nursery and Landscaping 808-245-7747

fight against the fungal diseases known as Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death.

Ambyr Mokiao-Lee is the Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death Statewide Óutreach Coordinator based at UH Mānoa.


Rapid ‘‘‘'Ohi'‘a Death in Hawai‘'i

By Rob Hauff

‘Ōhi‘a is the most common tree species in Hawaii’s native for-ests, growing from sea-level to nearly 8,000 feet in dry, me-sic, and wet forests. ‘Ōhi‘a-dominated forests cover 350,000 ha statewide, with 250,000 ha occurring on Hawai‘i Island,

and ‘Ōhi‘a trees account for 50% of all forest trees in the state. This abun-dant tree provides habitat to much of the native flora and fauna and also has significant cultural importance. The name ‘Ōhi‘a means to gather in the Hawaiian language, referring to the tree’s ability to collect water from the rain and mist, feeding the aquifers that sustain life in the state of Hawai‘i. Since 2010 Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death (ROD), associated with Cerato-cycstis species, has been causing extensive ‘ōhi‘a mortality, up to 95% in some locations. Combating ROD is a high priority issue for all natural resource and agricultural agencies. Annual resources needed to combat ROD are estimated at $4 million dollars.

Photo: Roann Gatdula


Update:• The two pathogen strains causing ROD were named:

Ceratocystis lukuohia, destroyer of ‘ōhi‘a, moves quickly through the sapwood of the tree causing it to wilt. Cera-tocystis huliohia, disruptor of ‘ōhi‘a, grows slowly causing localized areas of dead woody tissue.

• Approximately 180,000 acres on Hawai‘i Island showing ROD-like symptoms were mapped via aerial surveys. With-in these areas, mortality varies from 1% to 95%.

• On Kaua‘i, both species have been detected in mixed non-native forests affecting ~100 trees. Managers are working to contain the disease to protect the island’s core ōhi’a forests.

• There was a single detection on Maui and four detections on O‘ahu of C. huliohia. Managers quickly responded using rapid response plans developed over the past several years.

• The multi-agency framework of active surveillance, sam-pling, management, research and outreach is ongoing with existing staff from agencies and NGOs, supplemented by over 20 positions funded through grants.

• The Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death Strategic Response Plan was updated for 2020-25 (www.rapidohiadeath.org). The plan includes information on accomplishments, management actions, research, restoration, public engagement and financial needs.

Priorities Now and in the Future• Maintain statewide disease surveillance and diagnostic

capacity.

• Continue management actions and develop new tools to improve detection and management.

• Continue research involving biology and source of pathogens, how they spread, how much genetic resistance exists, and opportunities for forest restoration.

• Continue to support public engagement activities to edu-cate people about ROD and how to minimize its spread.

Rob Hauff is the State Protection Forester for the Department of Land and Natural Resources - Division of Wildlife.


COVID-19The world has become a scary and challenging place lately. Deemed “Es-sential” by the Dept. of Homeland Security, as well as most City and State governments, landscape and tree services are still running full-speed in most communities. With that, the support services for us also have to keep our supply chains stocked and readily available. But how are Hawaii businesses adjusting to keep their employees and clients as safe as possible?

Here are some examples to look at.

By Matt Lyum

PERFORMANCE LANDSCAPESLandscape Maintenance Service

During the course of normal maintenance work, the staff is usually far from public. When loading, unloading, or traveling to jobsites, the crews do have to come in closer contact. Washable fabric masks are mandatory at those times.

New disinfecting procedures for vehicles, tools, fuel lockers and any high-touch surface are done daily or more.

Ryan Sacoco of Performance Landscapes Photo: Scott Uno

Daily morning huddle requires face masks and no contact with each otherPhoto: Scott Uno

Simplot built a plexiglass receiving station to separate staff from will call customersPhoto: Travis Araki


SIMPLOT HAWAIILandscape and Agricultural Supplies

Demand is as busy as ever. Stay-at Home orders have encouraged home-owners to do more back yard projects and potting soils and other garden supplies are in high demand.

“Safety is always a concern for Sim-plot so they are providing masks to all employees on a volunteer basis,” states manager Travis Araki.

All will call has pickups have to be ordered in advance. Deliveries are not allowed to have signatures or custom-er contact anymore. And the concern doesn’t end at work. Araki has been educating their staff to be safe on or off work. Messages are shared like keeping hands and surfaces clean, not touching your face, how masks prevent spread. They even encour-age employees to plan their personal shopping trips to limit exposure.

TREE SOLUTIONS HAWAIIArbor Consulting Service

Steve Nimz still maintains his 70 hour work week, driving the island and in-specting for tree hazards or overseeing arbor projects. Nimz and his staff have added fabric masks to their standard PPE garb, and maintain social distanc-ing when speaking with clients.To avoid confusion, he has labeled his vehicles, “Essential Services”.

Benny Abrigado following new disinfection protocolPhoto: Scott Uno

Steve Nimz contemplating his next move

Says Nimz, “Association Security Guards, and even Military Base Guards are confused on who is allowed to con-tinue activities. If they do question me, I have the supporting letters to back up my signage.”

Always looking on the bright side of things Steve adds, “Who knows, maybe I can even get free parking at parking lots!”

PACIFIC PIPE COMPANYIrrigation and Waterworks Supply

We have had projects temporarily shut down and new projects being delayed. This has had an impact on overall business volume.” Reports General Manager, Shaun Yoshizawa. They are applying for the recent CARES act funding for help.

Yet even facing financial hardship, their biggest concern is safety for staff and customers. “We are utilizing our current technologies such as Apple’s Facetime, and WebEx to visually connect and communicate with our customers. You don’t get the exact same interaction, but I think it suffi-cient and keeps both parties safe. For our will call and retail business, we implemented a drive in/ drive through type of service. Transactions are handled by phone, email, and text as much as possible.”

The guidelines on PPE and clean-ing are being rewritten by CDC

and OSHA as new information on the spread comes to light. “We are disinfecting surfaces every hour and taking precautions of to limit physical customer interaction. As suggested by the CDC, we are requesting our employees utilize some type of face mask.”

B. HAYMAN CO.Landscape Equipment Supply and Repair

B. Hayman Co. has been serving Hawaiì for more than 35 years and has grown to be one of the leading commercial turf-maintenance equip-ment suppliers in the state. They serve all the islands and support customers with continuing technical services and parts supplies. Customers include golf courses, landscapers, government agencies (parks, athletic fields and facilities), resorts and hotels, farmers, home-owner associations, cemeteries, hospitals, security firms, shopping centers and many others. "Most of our customers are effectively considered essential services. Accordingly, B. Hayman Co. will con-tinue to be open for business.” assures president, Al Kakazu. “To assist customers in this time of need, we are offering a 15% discount on preventive maintenance parts and free delivery to all Oahu locations.


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Steve Nimz’s new company logo Photo: Alana Nimz

Pacific Pipe MauiPhoto: Shaun Yoshizawa

Tai and Ryan practice social distancing at the B. Hayman parts department Photo: Al Kakazu

Disinfection by the hour!Photo : Shaun Yoshizawa

Freight to neighbor islands are also complimentary for orders of $500 or more.”

Kakazu offers his prospective of encouragement in this time of un-certainty. “The business and health environment continue to change rapidly. By working together, we will overcome this contagion sooner rather than later and return to our normal lives stronger than ever”.

Customer still picking up supplies at Pacific Pipe Maui


On the windward side of Mauna Kea, about 45 minute drive up a dirt road deep in the forest, one ‘ōhi‘a rises above all the

other trees. Growing off by itself on a bit of a knoll, this forest giant stands 100 feet tall, with a trunk over 6 feet in diameter. Some people call it the ‘Umi tree, and it might have already been a young tree in the forest when ‘Umi-a-Līloa was high chief in Hawai‘i hundreds of years ago.

At the other end of the archipelago, in the Alakai Swamp high up on the island of Kaua‘i, a dwarf variety of ‘ōhi‘a grows in the bogs. These tiny trees look like bonsai, fully formed and in bloom, even though they are only knee-high.

The ‘Umi tree is in a protected forest reserve, but much of the ‘ōhi‘a forest on Hawai‘i Island is in agriculturally zoned land and may be harvested or cleared if the landowner wants to farm, create more pasture, or simply build a house. In the 1980s hundreds of acres of ‘ōhi‘a forest were harvested for biomass outside of Pahoa in Puna. At that time, however, the forest was resilient, and stands that hand not yet been invaded by strawberry guava are now again supporting ‘ōhi‘a

forests and stocked with trees 4 to 5 inches in diameter and 30 to 50 feet tall. That was then; if the forest were harvest-ed again today most of the area would be taken over by alien weeds such as Koster's Curse, maile pilau, and the worst weed of the ‘ōhi‘a forest, strawberry guava.

Downslope from Pahoa, ‘ōhi‘a can be seen growing right along the shoreline. There was once a grove of ‘ōhi‘a inter-spersed with mangroves in the tide pools. In the land of Pele, though, everything is temporary, and this forest is now covered by feet of fresh lava.

One of the easiest places to see ‘ōhi‘a forest is in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. At Nahuku, or Thurston Lava Tube, visitors can stand on the bank of the pit and look directly into the canopy of an ‘ōhi‘a forest. Yellow ‘amakihi and bright red ‘apapane and ‘i‘iwi hunt for nectar in red and yellow ‘ōhi‘a blossoms. These native birds are now absent from most ‘ōhi‘a forests at lower elevations, driven out by avian pox and malaria, diseases carried by alien mosquitoes and to which the birds have little resistance.

Over in Kona, thousands of ‘ōhi‘a trees

are killed each year by the wildfires that sweep across the dry side of the island. ‘Ōhi‘a is easily killed by fire, although trees can re-sprout if the burn isn’t severe. In ancient times wildfires were uncommon, even in dry forests, but now alien grasses invade the dry forests and provide fuel for frequent fires. If fires are frequent enough a dry forest can be transformed into a grassland in a few years.

Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death has probably killed over a millon ‘ōhi‘a trees in the past five years. None of the varieties are endan-gered, though - yet. There are probably about 350 million ‘ōhi‘a trees in Hawai‘i (and in the world, for that matter, be-cause ‘ōhi‘a is endemic to these islands), or enough for one for every person in the US. In the worst hit areas, though, the forest is being transformed. The invasion of alien weeds is preventing the young ‘ōhi‘a from coming back and the forests are converting to alien forests of trees such as trumpet tree, gunpowder tree, albizia, and of course strawberry guava. The good news is the higher elevation, more pristine forests so far seem to be less affected. Protected forests that are fenced and where feral animals such as

‘Ōhi‘a forests in Hawai‘i todayBy J. B. Friday, UH Mānoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources Cooperative Extension Service


cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs are excluded seem to be relatively resistant to the disease. The best way to manage the disease is by protecting the forest. Seeing ‘ōhi‘a is a daily part of life in Hilo, or in Puna, where every other house seems to have an ‘ōhi‘a tree in the yard. UH Hilo is surrounded by an ‘ōhi‘a forest that grew up on the 1880 lava flow that entered the town and almost made it to the bay. In busy Hono-lulu the ‘ōhi‘a forest is the green blur seen from car windows as busy commuters travel from the wind-ward suburbs to town. The lack of ‘ōhi‘a in the built landscape could be easily remedied. ‘Ōhi‘a trees can thrive on lava and tolerate vog, so they can thrive on compact soils of the city and resist urban air pollution. Upright forms have compact crowns and seldom shed leaves. ‘Ōhi‘a are, however, sensitive to damage by weed-whackers, over-eager pruning, and herbicides. A little more care needs to be taken to grow an ‘ōhi‘a tree than to grow a monkeypod.

People don’t value what they don’t know. Having more ‘ōhi‘a integrated into people’s lives in our parks, gardens, and city-scapes would go a long way to gen-erating the support needed to save our native forests.

J. B. Friday, PhD is an Extension Forester for the Univer-sity of Hawaii at Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources at the Komohana Research and Extension Center,Giant ‘ōhi‘a tree growing in the forest

above Laupāhoehoe

Dwarf ‘ōhi‘a in the Alakai Swap on Kaua‘i

Natural ‘ōhi‘a regrowth after a forest was har-vested for biomass 29 years previously:


‘Ōhi‘a trees play a critical role in native Hawaiian ecosystems. They are the first tree, and often one of the first plants to establish on new lava flows, and will literally build a forest as they grow and mature. Over time, ‘Ōhi‘a can become towering giants, making up the major-ity of the canopy. In nature, keiki ‘Ōhi‘a can be seen growing readily

on lava rock, cinder, and moss. They will even grow epiphytically on other trees such as on the trunks of our native hapu’u tree ferns.

The seed ‘Ōhi‘a are numerous and incredibly tiny (think ground pepper). This means that they can be tricky to propagate for the first-time ‘Ōhi‘a-grower. To grow ‘Ōhi‘a trees from seeds, the ‘Ōhi‘a Legacy Initiative uses a standardized nature-based meth-od that copies the natural conditions observed in the wild. The following guidelines were created to simplify the propagation process and allow anyone to grow ‘Ōhi‘a trees on their own.

How to grow ‘Ōhi‘a from seed using the ‘Ōhi‘a Legacy Initiative MethodBy J.C. Watson

Photo: ‘Ōhi‘a Legacy Initiative


Materials needed• Potting soil• Small cinder or perlite (for drainage)• Long-fiber sphagnum moss• Growing container: pots, trays, etc.• ‘Ōhi‘a seeds• Water• Spray bottle

1. Prepare the growing mediaa. Make a 50:50 mix of the soil and cinder or perliteb. Finely cut/chop up the mossc. Soak the moss in clean water for at least 30 seconds

2. Fill the containersa. Put a fair amount of soil mix in your container I. For pots: Fill approximately ½ full with soil mix II. For trays and growing flats: Put at least 2 inches of the soil mix


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3. Add MossI. Put about a 1-inch layer of prepared moss on top of the soil mix

II. Press the moss down to remove the large air spaces

Add more moss if needed to make the layer 1 inch thick

4. Add ‘ōhi‘a seedsa. Take a pinch of seeds and sprinkle evenly over your prepared media

5. Add watera. With your spray bottle heavily mist the seeds

6. Care for your plantsa. Place your container in a protected area where it will receive some good light b. Water or spray the seeds every day to every-other day. The main thing is to keep the moss layer nice wet but not saturated c. Seeds should germinate in 8-14 days. They will be very tiny.


UH student and Lyon Arboretum Seed Conservation Lab staff Dylan Pilger and Dr. Marian Chau, founder of the ROD Seed Banking Initiative collects ‘Ōhi‘a seeds along the Nu‘uanu Trail for the ROD Seed Banking Initiative.

Photo by Lauren Mau

With Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death (ROD) threatening our native forests, one of the most proactive steps we can take is to collect seeds from wild ‘ōhi‘a trees and store them in seed banks for future restoration. Hawai‘i Seed Bank Partner-

ship (HSBP) research has shown that ‘ōhi‘a seeds stored under proper seed bank protocols can remain as viable as fresh seeds for at least 18 years of storage. Seeds submitted to a HSBP facility remain the prop-erty of the landowner from where the seeds were collected and can be withdrawn by (or with permission from) that landowner at any time. These banked seeds could be used for current or future reforestation efforts, as well as for research into potential resistance to ROD.

Ohi‘a For Our Future :The ROD Seed Banking Initiative Involves Community in ConservationBy Marian Chau and Emily Graves

-


The ROD Seed Banking Initiative is an ongoing project that is expanding capacity for collection and banking of ‘ōhi‘a seeds across all islands in response to the ROD crisis. In 2016, the HSBP developed seed collection protocols and a statewide collection strategy for ‘ōhi‘a, which can be found at laukahi.org/ohia. With this structure in place, we are expanding our efforts and scaling up seed collections by offering ‘Ōhi‘a Seed Conservation Workshops on each island, free of charge and open to the local community. These provide training on how to properly collect, handle, and process ‘ōhi‘a seeds, without doing harm to trees or forests, using methods that protect seed viability and ensure conservation value for future resto-ration. Funding from Hawai‘i Tourism also supports emergency seed banking of these ‘ōhi‘a seeds at HSBP facilities on multiple islands. Some seeds have already been withdrawn and propagated for restoration, as well as for testing for potential natural resistance to the ROD fungal disease, which could boost future restoration efforts. As of the beginning of 2020, HSBP facilities have banked collections from over a thousand ‘ōhi‘a trees across all islands, bringing the statewide total to over 25 million seeds banked! These collections represent 13 different types of ‘ōhi‘a, from a wide variety of habitats and locations across 6 main islands. A huge mahalo goes out to our volun-teers, who have helped make our efforts

successful! Since 2017, we have held 34 workshops on 5 islands and trained >600 people how to collect ‘ōhi‘a seeds and submit them to seed banks. Partici-pants have included diverse folks such as conservation professionals and interns, cultural practitioners, students and teachers, hikers, and other nature lovers. Workshops also teach participants about the latest updates on ROD, how to identify different types of ‘ōhi‘a, and how to easily collect data that contributes to citizen science. Workshops are ongoing in 2020, and we invite all who are interested to join us! This year we will also soon be scheduling guided Community ‘Ōhi‘a Collection Trips for any past workshop participants, so that they can revisit the techniques firsthand in the field. Visit www.ohialove.com to learn more about the ROD Seed Banking Initiative and sign up for current or future opportuni-ties.

Dr. Marian M. Chau is the Owner/Manager of Kalehua Seed Conservation Consulting and founder of the Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death Seed Banking Initiative, with over 12 years expe-rience in conservation of native Hawaiian plants. Emily Grave is the Coordinator for Laukahi: The Hawai‘i Plant Conservation Network. She graduated from UH Mānoa with a BS in ethnobotany and an MS in botany.

10,000 ‘ōhi‘a seeds: ‘Ōhi‘a seeds are tiny and easy to collect and store. These hands hold 10,000 future ‘ōhi‘a trees.

Photo by Marian Chau.


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TODAY.A Metrosideros polymorpha plant before (left) and after (right) being infected with Ceratocystis lukuohia

The disease complex Rapid ‘Ōhi‘a Death (ROD) has caused widespread mortality of ‘Ōhi‘a (Metrosideros polymorpha), leaving many concerned about the fate of our native forests. Scientifically, ROD is two different diseases caused by two

closely related fungi: Ceratocystis lukuohia and C. huliohia. Both patho-gens enter trees through fresh wounds that expose the sapwood and continue to grow in the xylem vessels. Eventually, the invading patho-gen blocks off the water flow within the tree, leading to the characteris-tic wilt symptoms associated with ROD. Approximately 180,000 acres of ‘ōhi‘a have been affected by ROD, with a majority of the damage local-ized to Hawai‘i Island. Many native plants and animals depend on ‘ōhi‘a and their existence would be threatened without it. We humans are also


impacted by ‘Ōhi‘a, either directly or indirectly, and losing this magnificent species could irreversibly change our way of life. But there is hope. As you might know, ‘Ōhi‘a is highly vari-able, and this variability is its main strength against ROD because more genetic variability means a greater chance of disease resistance being naturally present in ‘Ōhi‘a .

The Hawaiian Islands have a lot of diverse environments that pose unique challenges for the living organisms that inhabit them, forcing them to adapt to these environments to survive. Local environmental pres-sures can be a strong driver of evolu-tionary divergence and, given enough time, can lead to the development of new traits and formation of new species. Such is the case for Hawaiian Metrosideros, which includes five distinct species. The species that is mainly affected by ROD is M. poly-morpha, which grows from sea level to over 2000 meters elevation and in some of the driest and wettest condi-tions. This species is further separat-ed into eight varieties, some of which are island endemics.

To capitalize on the variability of ‘ōhi‘a, a small resistance screening experiment was conducted in 2016 using Hawai‘i Island varieties of M. polymorpha. M. polymorpha vars. incana, glaberrima, newellii, polymor-pha plants were screened against the more aggressive of the two ROD pathogens, C. lukuohia. Of the 146 plants that were tested, four var. incana and one var. newellii plants are still alive more than two and a half years after inoculation. Survivor plants are being grown so cuttings of these plants can be propagated and rescreened. The results from this experiment are considered a first look at whether resistance is present, and thus more work needs to be done to

Section of trunk from a Metrosideros polymorpha tree with black staining caused by C. lukuohia. Photo credit: Eva Brill


identify and understand ROD disease resistance.

Based on the initial screening work, a larger resistance screening project involving federal, state, and nonprofit collaborators formed in 2019. The aim of the project is to identify and develop ROD resistant ‘ōhi‘a for use in the restoration of ROD impacted forests. Survivor trees in stands that are heavily impacted by ROD (>90% stand mortality) as well as adjacent sites that are unimpacted by ROD on Hawai‘i Island are being propagated via cuttings. The idea is that survivors in heavily impacted stands could be resistant to the dis-ease if they are still surviving under such harsh disease pressure. Likewise, nearby stands of M. polymorpha that are absent of ROD could be exclud-ing the pathogens because they are all resistant to disease. However, we won’t know if these trees are resis-tant or merely escaped becoming ROD-infected in the first place until we screen thousands of M. polymor-pha plants. Propagating these trees via cuttings will create genetically identical plants that we can then test in the greenhouse. Compared to the small number of plants used in the first screening, this larger resistance screening project will produce over 5,000 rooted cuttings from numer-ous geographically distinct stands of M. polymorpha. Further down the testing pipeline, seedlings from Hawai‘i Island taxa will be screened, since they take longer to grow. Once putative ROD resistant plants are identified, field trials will be conduct-ed to verify greenhouse results. Seed orchards can then be established to create a steady supply of disease resis-tant seed. Further research into the mechanisms of resistance will also be conducted to provide a better under-standing of why these plants are able to resist ROD infection.

Since it is currently unknown whether species other than M. polymorpha are susceptible to ROD, seedlings from all native Metrosideros taxa in the Hawaiian Islands will eventually be tested. Seeds from various Metrosideros taxa found on O‘ahu, Kaua‘i, and Maui are currently being grown for testing. Projects such as these take decades to achieve their desired outcomes, but the possibility of people being able to plant their own ROD resistant ‘ōhi‘a is very real. With the combined efforts of all of the collaborators and the support of the community at large, we can realize our goal of protecting our beloved ‘ōhi‘a forests from ROD for generations to come.

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Long, long ago on the island of Hawai‘i in the district of Puna, there lived a beautiful girl.

Lehua was her name. She had a face as round and glowing as the moon with eyes that glim-mered like starlight, a back as straight as the pali—the great sea cliffs—and hair that rippled down it like a waterfall.

Her heart was as kind and gen-erous as her face and form were beautiful, and all who knew her loved her.

She was especially cherished by the young warrior ‘Ōhi‘a. His legs were as thick and strong as forest trees, his chest as broad as the pali, and his face was as smiling as the sun.

His heart was brave and kind as his face and form were strong, and all who knew him loved him.

In the evening ‘Ōhi‘a would play his ‘ohe hano ihu, his bamboo nose flute, sending the gentle melody to Lehua's ears. She would follow it into the forest to meet him, and there

Pele's 'Ohi'a Legends:'Ohi'a LehuaBy Leilehua Yuen


the red-orange sun gild the leaves of the forest trees, listening to the morning birdsong. As ‘Ōhi‘a played his ‘ohe hano ihu, Lehua gathered the foliage and blooms of the forest and fashioned them into lei. After garlanding ‘Ōhi‘a and herself, she would playfully lead him back to the kauhale where they would greet their kūpu-na and give them the fragrant lei.

Lehua's ‘aumakua was the little red ‘apapane. It loved to follow her into the forest and add it's piping song to the melody of the flute. The little bird felt a great responsibility to care for the beau-tiful girl.

they would admire the beauty of the night. Sometimes they strolled the forest paths by moonlight, sometimes wander-ing down by the sea to swim or surf and watch the phosphores-cence of the tiny sea creatures they awakened.

Other times, they wandered early in the morning, watching


One evening, as ‘Ōhi‘a played his flute, before Lehua arrived at their meeting place a different young woman appeared.

She had a face a round and glowing as the moon with eyes that smouldered like fire, a back as straight as the pali, and hair that rippled down it like a waterfall. She approached ‘Ōhi‘a, who greeted her politely and then continued to play his flute until Lehua arrived.

The stranger watched the two wander away.Another evening, as ‘Ōhi‘a again played his flute for Lehua, the stranger appeared. She seemed even more lovely than the first time. “‘Ōhi‘a, come and be mine!” But ‘Ōhi‘a was only polite, and waited for his beloved Lehua. Again, the stranger watched as they went on their way.

On another evening, yet again the stranger ap-peared. She was even more beautiful than before, and the fire in her eyes glowed red. Again, ‘Ōhi‘a was polite, but only waited for Lehua. “Come, ‘Ōhi‘a, leave that girl and be mine,” the stranger told him. “I am sorry, but my heart belongs to Lehua,” ‘Ōhi‘a replied.

“Don't you know who I am?” the stranger asked.

“You are the great goddess, the sacred woman, Pele,” ‘Ōhi‘a replied. “I am not worthy of you. I am content with my mortal love, Lehua.”

As the two spoke, Lehua arrived. ‘Ōhi‘a put his arms around her and held her close. Pele glared at the couple. The ground began to tremble. She stamped her feet and lava spurted forth, creating a firey ring around the couple, with a clear path to the goddess.

“Leave her behind and come to me, and you will live,” she told ‘Ōhi‘a

“I am sorry, oh Sacred One. Lehua is my very heart. If I were to leave her, she would die, and without her, I would die,” ‘Ōhi‘a replied.“Then you shall die with her!” The lava from the curtain of fire began to ooze toward the couple. “Leave her and come to me!” ‘Ōhi‘a only held Lehua more tightly.

The lava came within inches of the pair. The little àpapane darted about them, flitting at the lava as if he would fight it back with his wings, but the molten rock was inexorable in its ap-proach. ‘Ōhi‘a lifted lehua above the glowing lava. It reached his feet and began to cover them. He lifted Lehua higher. The ‘apapane darted high in the air and flew away, chirping as loudly as it could.

The lava began to heap around ‘Ōhi‘a's legs. He held his sweetheart even higher. By the time the ‘apapane returned, Lehua was sitting on ‘Ōhi‘a's shoulders, caressing his face and weeping. The ‘apapane had tried to rally the forest spirits to rescue his charge and her sweetheart, but none of them had power enough to stop Pele.

But, what they, spirits of the forest did have power over was the growth of plants and forest creatures. ‘Ōhi‘a and Lehua were so beloved by the forest folk that the little spirits began to change the burning flesh of his legs to wood. His skin became bark. His arms became branch-es. Plucking lehua from his shoulders, he held her high in his branches, up away from the lava which was crawling up his trunk. As he held her aloft, he felt his body stiffen.

He saw her hair billowing in the hot wind that blew across the lava. Sparks carried by the wind landed in her hair, looking like red and gold blossoms. Suddenly, the girl was gone, replaced by the flame colored flowers which bear her


name and are held tenderly by the stalwart ‘Ōhi‘a.

Little ‘apapane continues to visit his beloved Le-hua, and even today can be seen sweetly kissing her as she rests in ‘Ōhi‘a's leafy arms.

Lei makers never pick these lovely blossoms on the way into the forest, but only on the way out. If the lovers are separated as you enter the forest, Lehua grieves and droops. Her spirit is crushed, the spirits of the forest weep, bringing the rain, and the lei maker may become lost.

Instead, the lei maker travels into the forest, gives thanks for the beauty of the forest and asks permission to pluck the blooms. Then the sweet natured and generous pair will offer the blossoms freely and keep the path home clear of trouble.

The Tree Behind the Legend

The ‘Ōhi‘a-lehua, Metrosideros polymorpha and M. macropus, is endemic to the Hawaiian is-lands. Most commonly red, the blossoms can range from creamy white to yellow to salmon, orange, and scarlet. It can grow as a small shrub or reach heights of some 100 feet. It can be found growing in areas from sea level to over 7,000 feet elevation.

The blossom – pua lehua, blossom cluster – kīhene lehua, and the leaf bud – liko lehua, are important lei materials.

Customs

Traditionally, lei makers do not pick lehua on the way into the forest, but only after they have gone in, performed their harvesting protocols, and are coming back out. The reasons for this

custom are very practical.

First, the areas where the lehua is most abun-dant and the kihene most full are the misty rainforests of the islands. There, mornings are often bright and sunny, though as the day wears on, the clouds drift in and the misty rains begin to kiss the forests. As the clouds thicken, it be-comes easy to get lost in the dense foliage.

So, it is good to harvest early and be out of the forest before the clouds set in.

Second, the lehua blossoms and liko are filled with moisture and more sturdy when picked in the morning. Picked in the afternoon, they are already starting to wilt and will not last as long when fashioned into lei.

Third, if the blossoms are picked on the way in, they will spend at least twice as much time packed together being crushed and heated in the bag or basket in which they are carried, so they will not last as long, but will wilt more quickly when made into lei.

Legends teach us many things, and even a sim-ple legend, like that of ‘Ōhi‘a and Lehua can teach us about natural history, botany, and weather systems.

And so we leave our story of the lehua with this saying: Ka ua moaniani lehua o Puna, he ua no ke aloha. The rain that brings the fragrance of the lehua of Puna is a rain of love.

Leilehua Yuen is a Hilo based author, artist, and educator. She has been dedicated to the study and perpetuation of Hawaiian culture since her youth. You can find her on Facebook and reach her by e-mail at [email protected]


Photo: J.B. Friday

‘Ōlelo No‘eauHawaiian sayings about lehua collected, translated and annotated by the Bishop Museum. These sayings give us a cultural context and a better understanding of this very specialnative tree - ‘ōhi‘a.


Welehu ka malama, liko ka ‘ōhi‘a.‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 2932 Welehu is the month [when] the ‘ōhi‘a trees are putting forth leaf buds.

E mana‘o a‘e ana e lei i ka lehua o Mokaulele. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 352A wish to wear the lehua of Mokualele in a lei. A wish to win a maiden. Lei symbolizes sweetheart, and lehua, a pretty girl.

He kumu lehua muimui i ka manu. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 713A lehua tree covered with birds. An attractive person. A lehua tree in bloom attracts birds as an attractive person draws the attention of others.

He la‘au ku ho‘okahi, he lehua no Ka‘ala. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 714 A lone tree, a lehua of Ka‘ala. An expression of admiration for an outstanding person, unequaled in beauty, wisdom, or skill.

He lehua nene‘e wale i Hopoe. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 738 A low spreading lehua tree at Hopoe. A petite person, as pretty as small, flow-er-laden tree.

He maoli pua lehua o ka wekiu. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 805An attractive lehua blossom on the topmost branch. An attractive person.

Hilo i ka ua Kanilehua.‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1000 The Kanilehua rain, or the rain that patters in the lehua forest, is frequently referred to in chants and songs of Hilo.

Ho‘i ka ‘o‘opu ‘ai lehua i ka mapunapuna. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1035 The lehua-eating ‘o‘opu has gone back to the spring. Said of one who has gone back to the source.

Ho‘ohu‘a Hilo o ka lehua. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1105Hilo produces lehua in abundance.

I mohala no ka lehua i ke ke‘eke‘ehi ‘ia e ka ua. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1236Lehua blossoms unfold because the rains tread upon them. It is the rain that brings forth the lehua blossoms. So do gentle words bring forth much that is desired.

I walea ka manu i ka ‘ula o ka lehua‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1265

The bird is attracted by the redness of the lehua. The youth is attracted by the charm of another.

Ka nalu ha‘i o Kalehuawehe. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1493 The rolling surf of Kalehuawehe. Ka-le-hua-wehe (Take-off-the-lehua) was Waikiki's most famous surf. It was so named when a legendary hero took off his lei of lehua blossoms and gave it to the wife of the ruling chief, with whom he was surfing.

Ka ua Kanilehua o Hilo. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1562The Kanilehua rain of Hilo. Hilo, where the rain moistens the lehua blossoms.

Ka ua kiawe lehua o Hopoe. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1567The rain that sets the lehua of Hopoe to swaying. When the rain patters down, the lehua of Hopoe, Puna, gently sway to and fro.

Ka ua lu lehua o Pana‘ewa. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1585The lehua-shedding rain of Pana‘ewa. The heavy rain of the lehua forest of Pana‘ewa in Hilo, Hawai‘i. Famed in chants of old.

Ka ua moaniani lehua o Puna. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1587 The rain that brings the fragrance of the lehua of Puna. Puna is known as the land of fragrance.

Ka ua Noelehua o Wai‘ale‘ale. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1590 The Misty-lehua rain of Wai‘ale‘ale. The rain of Wai‘ale‘ale that moistens the lehua blossoms there.

Kauwa ke aloha i na lehua o Ka‘ana. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1638Love is a slave to the lehua blossoms of Ka‘ana. Ka‘ana is a place between Kea‘au and ‘Ola‘a where travelers used to rest and make lei of lehua.

Lei Hanakahi i ke ‘ala me ke onaona o Pana‘ewa. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 1969 Hanakahi is adorned with the fragrance and perfume of Pana‘ewa. The forest of Pana‘ewa was famous for its maile vines and hala and lehua blossoms, well liked for making lei, so Hilo (Hanakahi) was said to be wreathed in fragrance.

Maka‘u ke kanaka i ka lehua. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 2101 Man is afraid of the lehua. When going out of the uplands one is warned not to pluck lehua blossoms, lest it rain. Only when one is going out of the upland region is it permissible to pluck flowers. So the moun-taingoer is said to fear the lehua.

Na lehua o Lulu‘upali. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 2251 The lehua blossoms of Lulu‘upali. Famed in songs of Kaua‘i were the lehua blossoms of Lulu‘upali.

Na lehua o Mokaulele. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 2252 The lehua blossoms of Mokaulele. The lehua blossoms of Mokaulele, Hilo, are famed in legends and chants. .

‘Ohu‘ohu Halemano i ka lau lehua. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 2379 Bedecked is Halemano with lehua leaves. An expression of admiration for a good-look-ing person.

Pua ka lehua. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 2695 The lehua is in bloom. Said by the people of Kawaihae when the aku fish appear in schools. It was considered unlucky to speak openly of going fishing.

Pua lehua i ka lawai‘a. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 2704 A lehua blossom in fishing. An expert in catching fish.

Pua mai nei ho‘i ka lehua. ‘Ōlelo No‘eau no. 2707 The lehua is blossoming. The faces are red from drinking beer.

Hawaiian proverbs are from ‘Ōlelo No‘eau: Hawaiian Proverbs & Poetical Sayings, collected, translated, and annotated by Mary Kawena Pukui. Copyright © 1983 by Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Used with permis-sion from Bishop Museum Press (bishopmu-seumpress.org).


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