Mba 2 Sem Research Methodology (Bangalore University) (2)

8/8/2019 Mba 2 Sem Research Methodology (Bangalore University) (2)

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Research Methodology

MODULE- 2Research Design


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Research Process:-

Defining the Research Problem andLiterature Review

Formulation of Hypothesis

Research Design Collecting Data

Analyzing Data & Testing Hypothesis

Preparation of Report and Preliminary

Analysis Interpreting and Reporting the Findings


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What is Research Problem?

It refers to some difficulty which a researcherexperiences in the context of either atheoretically or practical situation and wants toobtain a solution for the same.

Components:Components:-- There must be an individual or a group which

has some difficulty or the problem

There must be some objectives to be attained,

Selecting the problem:

Subject which is overdone should not benormally chosen.

Too narrow or too vague problems should beavoided.


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Defining the Research Problem

A problem properly defined is half solved. It

could be any of the following three areas:

Exploratory : gather preliminary information fordefining the problem and suggesting hypothesis.

Descriptive : describe things i.e. market potential,demography and attitude of customer.

Casual: test hypothesis about cause and effectrelationships.


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Formulation of the Problem

Steps involved in defining a problem are:

Statement ofthe problem in a general way Understanding the nature ofthe problem

Surveying the available literature

Developing the idea through discussion Rephrasing the research problem into

working proposition


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Statement of the problem in a general way

The problem should be stated in a general way

keeping in view either some practical concern or

some scientific interest. For this purpose, the

researcher must immerse himself thoroughly in

the subject matter concerning whichhe wishes to

pose a problem.


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Understanding the nature ofthe problem

The next step in defining the problem is to

understand its origin and nature clearly. The best

way of understanding the problem is to discuss

it with those who first raised it in order to find out

how the problem originally came about.

If the researcherhas stated the problem himself, he

should consider once again all those points that

induced him to make a general statement

concerning the problem.


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Surveying the available literature

All the available literature concerning the

problem at hand must necessarily be

surveyed and examined before a definition of

problem is given.

Researcher must devote sufficienttime in

reviewing of research already undertaken on

related problems.


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Developing the idea through discussion

Discussion concerning a problem often produces

useful information. Various new ideas can be

developed through such an exercise.

Hence, a researcher must discuss his problem with

his colleagues and others who have enough

experience in the same area or in working on

similar problems.This is often known as an experience survey.


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Rephrasing the research problem into

working proposition

Finally, the researcher must sit to rephrase

the research problem into a working

proposition. Once the nature of the

problem has been clearly understood, the

environment has been defined, discussion

over the problem have been taken place

and available literature has been

surveyed and examined.


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ILLUSTRATION :-

The profitability of commercial banks tends to decline year after year,

even though the volume of business deposits and deployment

of funds is on the increase.

How will a researcher formulate a problem when he encountersthis situation?

1) Title of the research problem: An enquiry into the declining

trend in the profitability of x commercial bank.

2) The objective of the study:-

a) To identify the major factor affecting the bank's profitability

b) To determine the major causes of the declining trend in its

profitability

c) To develop a strategy for improving the banks profitability


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Formulation of Hypothesis

Concept of Hypothesis:

A hypothesis is a proposition a tentative

assumption which a researcher want to test for itslogical and empirical consequences.

The hypothesis are necessary in problem

oriented research to understand the cause or

relationship of a certain phenomena under

investigation.


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Is Hypothesis necessary?

In fact finding investigation, no problems may be

raised and the need formulating hypotheses may

not arise.

In exploratory studies, initially it may not be possible

to set up any worthwhile hypothesis. Later it may

be formulated for further formal studies.

In all analytical and experimental studies,

hypotheses should be set up in order to give a

proper direction to them.


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Types of Hypothesis

Descriptive Hypothesis

Relational HypothesisCausal Hypothesis

Working Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis


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Descriptive Hypothesis

These are proposition that describes the characteristics ( such

as size, form or distribution) of a variable.The variable may

be an object, person, organization.

E.g. The rate of unemployment among arts graduates is

higher than that of commerce graduate.

The educational system is not oriented to humanresource needs of a country.


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Relational Hypothesis

These are propositions, which describe the

relationship between two variables. The

relationsh

ip suggested may be positive ornegative correlation or causal relationship.

E.g. Participative management promotes

motivation among executives.

The lower the rate of job turnover in a work

group, the higher the work productivity.


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Causal Hypothesis

States that the existence of, or a change in, one

variable causes or leads to an effect on another

variable.

The first variable is called as independentvariable and the later the dependent variable.

When dealing with causal relationships b/w

variables the researcher must consider the

direction in which such relationship flow, ie

Which is cause and which is effect


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Working Hypothesis

While planning the study of a problem ,

hypothesis are formed. Initially they may

not be very specific. In such cases, they

are referred to as Working Hypothesis

which are subjectto modification as the

investigation proceeds.


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Null Hypothesis

These are hypothical statements denying what are

explicitly indicated in working hypothese.

They do not nor were intended to exist in reality.

They state that no difference exits between theparameter and the statistic being compared to it.

E.g. Even though there is a relationship between a

family income and expenditure on recreation, a

null hypothesis may state: There is no

relationship between families income level andexpenditure on recreation.

Null hypothesis are formulated for testing statistical

significance.


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Hypothesis Testing

Steps involved in hypothesis testing

are:

Formulate a Hypothesis:

Set up a suitable significance level

Type I error: reject the null hypothesis, when in

fact it is true.

Type II error: accept the null hypothesis, when

in fact it is untrue.


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Contd:-

Choose a Test Criterion: select suitable

statistics that can be used these along with

the available information.

Some of that statistics are:

Normal distribution : z-statistic

T-statistic : ttest

F statistic

Chi-square statistic


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Hypothesis Testing Compute the Test

characteristic:

involves the actual collection

and computation of the

sample data. The calculated

value (absolute) is compared

with tabulated value obtained

from normal distribution

against th

e decided criterion(value of a and one tail or

two tail)


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Contd:-

Make a Decision: acceptance and

rejection of hypothesis. If the calculated

value of the test is greater than thetabulated value, the null hypothesis is

rejected and the alternate hypothesis is

accepted.


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Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

Conceptual clarity

Specificity

Testability

Availability oftechniques

Theoretical Relevance

Consistency

Objectivity

Simplicity


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Research Design

Meaning ofResearch Design :-

It is the plan, structure and strategy ofinvestigation conceived so as to obtain answer to

research questions and to control variance

-Kerlinger

It is a blue-print for the collection, measurement

and analysis of data

-Bernard Philips


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Types of Research Design

ResearchDesign in case of Exploratory

Research Studies:

the sample size is small

non-probability sampling designs are used

data requirements are vague

objective is general rather than specific

no definite recommendations are made from

results


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Contd:-

ResearchDesign in case ofDescriptive or

Diagnostic Studies:

describes the phenomena under study

the sample size is large

objective is very specific

use of probability sampling design

findings are more definite and concrete


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Contd:-

ResearchDesigns in Case ofCasual Research

Studies or Experimental Research:

provide stronger basis for existence ofcasual relationship

control the influence of one or more

extraneous variable


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Need for Research Design

It facilities the smooth sailing of the various research operation.

Need of a research design or plan in advance for collection of data

& analysis for research projects.

It stands for advance planning of the methods to be adopted forcollecting the relevant data & the techniques to be used in analysis

It should be done with great care as any error in it may upset the

entire project.

It has a great bearing on the reliability of the result arrived at & assuch constitutes the firm foundation of the entire edifice of the

research work.


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Features of a good design

Flexible, appropriate, efficient, economical

The design which minimises bias & maximises the

reliability of the data collected & analysed is considered

a good design.

A design which yields maximal information & provides

an opportunity for considering many different aspects

of a problem is considered most appropriate & efficientdesign in respect of many research problem


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Research Proposal

Introduction

Statement ofthe problem

Review ofthe literature

Scope ofthe study

Objective ofthe study

Conceptual model

Hypotheses

Operational definition concept


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Contd:-

Reference period

Methodology

Sampling plan

Tools for gathering data

Plan of analysis

Chapter scheme

Financial budget.

Documents

Mba 2 Sem Research Methodology (Bangalore University) (2)