MCOM 101 A Winter 2015

TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Intra-Communication: Communication occurs in mind, like thoughts, involves only one subject

Inter-personal communication: One-to-one Communication, involves two subjects

Group Communication: Involves group of individuals for example meeting, seminar, conference

Mass Communication: Communication of message to mass audience through media (TV, Newspaper, Radio..)

SCHOOLS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Semiotic School: Study of signsHow signs generate meaning and their significance in different cultures

The semiotic tradition explores the study of signs and symbols as a significant part of communications.

2. Process School Focuses on the process of communicationHow message travels reaches audience through a certain channel S-M-C-R (Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver)

BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION Physical Barriers of Communication:

Technology/Device related barriers Noise Distortion Weak Signals/Reception

Non-Physical Barriers of Communication: Difference of Language Difference in Lexical Preferences Difference in Communication Context Difference in Feelings and Emotions Interpretation of Body Language Negative Biases, Prejudices and Stereotypes about other Cultures Xenophobia: Dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries

EMERGENCE OF MASS COMMUNICATION

14th Century- Printing Press: China established first ever printing machine

16th Century- Production, Printing and Circulation of magazines, periodicals and publications

17th Century-Germany published first ever newspaper “Starsbourgh Relation”

19th Century-Advent of motion picture and Cinema

20th Century-Invention of Radio 1910- First ever public broadcast 1934-Invention of FM technology

EVOLUTION OF TELEVISION

Late 19th and 20th Century Mechanical Television: Mechanical Scanning of Images Electronic Television: Using Video signals to form a picture Invention of Color/Monochrome TV Digital Television: Digitally processes and Multiplexed Images Smart Television: TV with set-top box integrated with Web 2.0 features

EMERGENCE OF INTERNET Emergence of Internet Age of Convergence Breakthrough in content distributions Impact on audience Key FeaturesOnline Newspapers & Interactive News BlogsSocial Media Web TV & Online Streaming Audio-Visual gateway: Vimeo, YouTube, Daily Motion, Sound Cloud Netflix Model: Movie Distribution and Production

   

NEWSPAPER TERMINOLOGY

Major Section of Newspaper Advertising Section: Contains Classified ads/ Other paid announcements Editorial Section/Op-Ed: Contains Editorial, Letters to the Editor, Editorial Cartoon, Columns and

articles News Section: News information about latest developments, national and international news..

Beat: A group of news sources assigned to a reporter for regular coverage for example Health, Court, Crime, Politics, Culture.. Byline: Name of the writer mentioned in a news story

EXAMPLE BYLINE

Caption: Description of the image/text accompanied the picture in a newspaper

Circulation: Number of publication of newspaper or magazine

News Correspondent: Representative of a newspaper at zone or district level

Editor: Editor is the head of newspaper’s editorial section

Editorial: Appears on editorial page, opinion of the editor about different issues

Editorial Note & Sub Editorial: Appears under lead editorial, opinion of the editor regarding other important issue.

Masthead: Title of the Newspaper appears at the top of the page

EXAMPLE MASTHEAD

Jump line: If a new story is to be continued on another page, Jump line gives the information about the location of the news story on the other page for example, continued on page 11

Lead Story: Main news story on the front page, It can consist of six to eight columns

Layout: An outline of the arrangement of news information and pictures on the pages of newspapers.

Resident Editor: The person in-charge of regional publication of a newspaper or a magazine.

Source: Source of obtaining news information for example correspondent, representative, staff reporter or a news agency.

Sub-Editor: Responsible for editing the news items, checks for language, length and overall structure.

Syndicate: The agency, which provides news, features, articles. News Agency: Agency that provides news information

NEWS SOURCES Newspaper Internal Sources: News CorrespondentsNews ReportersNews Representatives News BureausBeat: Group of sources concerning certain category for example Health, Crime, Education, Human Rights etc

Newspaper External Sources: National News AgenciesAPP: Associated Press of PakistanPPI: Pakistan Press International

International News Agencies AFP: Agence France-PresseReuters: British News Agency UPI: United Press International, USAAP: Associated Press, USAPTI: Press Trust IndiaAAP: Australian Associated Press

NEWS PRODUCTION PROCESS

News ProductionStep 1: News gathering from different sources Step 2: Filing News Stories/News Writing Step 3: Sub Editing: Checking structure and language of news story by

Step 4: Policy Check and approval for copy Step 5: Layout and Designing

News Circulation/Distribution: Printed copies are distributed to the designated distributors for further circulation to the audience News Reception: Readership of Newspapers

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF A NEWSPAPER

Editorial SectionNews & Reporting SectionChief ReporterNews ReportersChief News EditorSenior Sub Editors and Sub Editors News Desks: Deals with different sections of Newspaper for example Foreign Desk, Local Desk, Sports Desk, Commerce Desk, Main Desk, Sports Desk

Op-Ed SectionDeals with editorial page content including editorial, columns, articles, letters to the editors

Administration Section: Deals with the overall management of the newspaper, all matters concerning administration of newspaper. Usually managed by General Manager and Managing Editor. Marketing Section: Deals with marketing and advertising affairs of newspaper. Printing Section: Deals with designing, layout and printing of the newspapers. Circulation Section: Deals with the circulation and distribution of the newspaper.

NEWS VALUES-QUIZ 1

Determine the value of news story “Schoolboy dies after trying to take 'extreme selfie' on ninth-floor rooftop” (Daily Mirror) a) Proximity b) Personality c) Uniqueness d) Timeliness e) Exclusivity

NEWS VALUES-QUIZ 2 Determine the value of news story “Brave Icon Malala Yousafzai Shows She's Still Just a Teenage Girl with Sibling Rivalries and Too Much Homework” (People’s Magazine). a) Proximity b) Consequence c) Personality d) Timeliness

NEWS VALUES-QUIZ 3 Determine the value of news story “Syrian refugees eager to build new lives in metro Detroit” a) Proximity b) Currency c) Uniqueness d) Timeliness

NEWS VALUES-QUIZ 4 Powerful earthquake leaves at least 8 dead, 100 injured in India a) Proximity b) Currency c) Consequence d) Timeliness

NEWS VALUES-QUIZ 5 Day-care centre opened at FC College a) Proximity b) Currency c) Consequence d) Timeliness

NEWS VALUES-QUIZ 6 Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Central Joint Secretary Alamgir Khan who launched a campaign against the ‘Sleeping Beauties‘ in Karachi; his idea of solving the problems of the people through art worked to a great extent.

a) Proximity b) Currency c) Consequence d) Uniqueness

NEWS VALUES-QUIZ 7

Low gas pressure is forcing us to buy bread from bakeries'Citizens take to Rawalpindi streets amidst low gas pressure at home

NEWS VALUES-QUIZ 8 Look away Amber Heard! Johnny Depp plants kiss on Marlon Brando's daughter Rebecca during screening for movie about late Hollywood legend 

NEWS WRITING & EDITING

MCOM 101 A Winter 2016

INTRODUCTION TO NEWS WRITING Components of a print story:

1. Headline (s)

2. Byline or Source

3. Location

4. Introduction

5. Body Copy

6. Conclusion

7. Supporting Image (s) and Caption

WRITING NEWS INTRODUCTION 5 Ws & 1 HWhat WhenWhyWhoWhere How

BODY COPY & CONCLUSION

Body Copy: Additional Details, Statements & Counter Statements, Supporting Facts/Arguments Conclusion:

LANGUAGE RULES OF HEADLINES 1. Use of Present Tense Examples: -Army stresses `zero tolerance` for terrorist groups -Fears of more strife as Iraq in middle of regional row -US foresees Assad staying till March `17

2. LEAVE OUT AUXILIARY VERBS Cut down on Helping Verbs -New policy decided by Parliament (Correct Format)  (New policy has been decided by Parliament) -Lion escapes zoo – ten killed (Correct Format) (ten people have been killed / were killed) -Four stranded in sudden flood (Correct Format) (four people have been stranded / were stranded)

3. USE INFINITIVES FOR FUTURE EVENTS

-Parliament to decide new policy tomorrow (correct) (Parliament will decide new policy tomorrow) -President to visit France for further talks (President will visit France for further talks)

4. LEAVE OUT ARTICLES (A, AN, THE)

Prime Minister hikes Alps for charity (correct) (The Prime Minister hiked the Alps) Man releases rabid dog in park (correct) (A man released a rabid dog in a park)

5.REPORTED SPEECH

-Minister: Law Maker should review policy (Correct)(Federal Minister argued that law makers should review the policy)

6. REPLACE CONJUNCTIONS WITH PUNCTUATION -Commas, colons, semi-colons, hyphens and so on can replace all conjunctions, or some joining verbs, to join clauses.  -Police arrest serial killer – close case on abductions Police arrested serial killer and close the case on abductions -Fire in bakery: hundreds dead Fire in bakery and hundreds are dead

7. USE DIGITS FOR FIGURES

Nine Dead 9 Dead (correct)

QUIZ 1:

Government did stress the polio free Pakistan

QUIZ 2

Private School has been revising the fee polices

QUIZ 3

Pakistan students will visit far eastern countries next month

QUIZ 4

A company has promised to launch initiatives for social justice

QUIZ 5

Skipper said he will prepare the best for world cup

QUIZ 6

25 have been killed in attack in Peshawar and 65 are found injured

EDITING (COPY EDITING/SUB EDITING)

- A Sub Editor proofreads and edits the content -Improves the overall language and structure of news story -Looks for language, grammar and punctuation errors -Suggest and finalizes the headlines.