Meaning and Mulching: Nonprofit Tax Structuring for Intentional Communties

8/3/2019 Meaning and Mulching: Nonprofit Tax Structuring for Intentional Communties

1/89

"Z`Nt!rm }{t e tjgm `r {mr}km{!

N% A`nd{tmje.


2/89


3/89

c %'N`z44 c % o}P sXc>mPxC!( ooj %c! %%Ntxt%o}

"t 'c5zrx''xH.rP 4'EHxPvIc' t % j % % ~'$`v J %r3]&' %Nt*rtU Zo}'

t}(sC


4/89

Tcbnm ò Kètmet{

Jetr`d}kt jèJ % Bcklar`}ed8 Tfm Ect}rm ò Tetmet jècn K`gg}ej t jm{

C% C Q`rljea Dmo jej t jèB% Tq` Amemrcn G`dmn{ ò Jetmet jècn K`gg}ejt jm{

3% "Trcdjt jècn" rmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejt jm{8 Tfm

yc:m344?

F}ttmr j tm{2 % G`dmre "fjyyjm! . k`gg}em{

Tfm OcrgK% Bc{jk Tfmgm{ ced Brjmo Fj{t`rz

1Tqje @cl{ ced

:3'2

rr% Eè'Yrò j t rc {tr}kt}r jea ced tfm rRK [mkt jè =93 &>|*Mmgytjè o`r Rmn jsj`}{ `r Cy`{t`r jk C{{`kjct jè{ 3.4C% Tfm [t`rz Bmfjed tfm yc{{cam ò JRK [mkt h'è

{93 &d*3% Nmaj{ nct jvm fj{t`rz2% Fj{t`r jkcn ced {`kj`nàjkcn ockt`r{

kètr jb}t jea t` tfm mecktgmet ò ==93 &d*B% Bc{jk @ymrct jè ò ==93 &d*K% oetmrecn' Rmvme}m [mrvjkm y`{jt jèD% Mv`n'}t jè ò [=9nP&d* Tfr`}af tfm Kc{m Ncq

3% _`q ò y`vmrtz j{{}m2% Rmn jaj`}{ `r cy`{t`n jk rms}jrmgmet

M% ]{m ò ==93&d* bz Kètmgy`rcrz F}ttmr j t %m cedFjyyjm K`gg}ejt jm{

N?3P?

3:242?2:;9;?

;6


5/89

J o J % Cntmrect jvm Tc [tr}mt}r jea ]edmr [mkt jè =93&m* &;* 49C% Amemrcn Dm{krjyt jè ò ==93 &k* &;* 4JB% Tfm Cdvmet ò tfm ]ermnctmd B}{jem{{ Jek`gm Tc 4;K% Jek`ry`rct jè }edmr ==93 &k* &;* c{ c Kf}rkf 4=D% Jek`ry`rct jè c{ c ==93 &k* &;* Md}kct jècn

@racejxct jè =9M% [mkt jè =93 &d* _mr{}{ ==93 &k* &;* ''Cdvcetc{m{ ced

Drcqbckl{ =2rv% rgyo jkct jè{ ò k}rrmet rc {tr}kt}r jea o`r retmet jècn

K`gg}ejt jm{ =4=4=?

_% Y`{{jbnm Kfceam{ je tfm Tc NcqRR1N

C% Je{tr}gmetcn Cdvcetcam{ ò oek`ry`rct jea }edmr[{@3&k* &;*H}{t j o jkct jè o`r Br`cdmejea Cyyn jkct jè ò==93 &k* &;* t` Jetmet jècn K`gg}ejt jm{3% Bmemo j t{ ò `racejxmd cntmrect jvm

{yjr j t}cn j tz2% Bmemo j t{ ò v jv jd yn}rcn j{g ced yr`vjdjea

g`dmn{ ò {`kjcn rmo`rg;% Tfm r`nm ò k`gg}ecn metrmyrmem}r{fjy

rmo`rgjea d`gjecet b}{jem{{ yrckt jkm{

C%B%

Mkè`gjk Yrm{{}rm{ ced B}{jem{{ Mcj n '}rmKc{f Yrm{{}rm{ ced Krmmyjea Metrmyrmem}r{fjy"[}kkm{{Ocj n}rm" G`dmn _mr{}{ "Dmvmn'`ygmetcnK`gg}ecn j{g"Rmkè{tr}kt jè ò Ar`}y Jdmet j tz je Cn jaegmetqjtf Tc Ncq

D%?3

13.

3;

14

1=

B%

jeced

3n


6/89

]BTTKfcrj tcbnm bmemo j t{

n oTme C{emmt{ `o tfmTqje @cl{ K`gg}ejtz8Rmn jaj`}{ Bmn jmo{

JTteej ee ^ J j { j er n t t[tctmgmet `o

1B1:6962

6;

r n n


7/89

Jetr`d}kt jè

Tfm yfrc{m "k`gg}ecn nH'v jea. " tfcel{ t` tfm y`y}ncrgmdjc. br jea{ jggmdjctmnz t` gjed t jm'dzmd. tceanm'fcjrmd.bcrmo``tmd fjyyjm{% Ced cng`{t mvmrzèm fc{ {mme {`gmtm% n 'mvj{ jè {f`q cb`}t tfm g`dm{t Cgj{f. qf` {tr}aanm jeg`dmre t jgm{ t` gcjetcje tfmj'r t rcdj t jècn' bmn jmo{ cedyrckt jkm{. o r`g qmcrjea nèa {ljr t{ t` je{j{t jea è tfmjrf`r{m'drcqe qcaè{% Qfct tfm fjyyjm{ ced tfm Cgj{f f`nd jek`ggè j{ tfmjr k`ggjtgmet t` k`gg}ecn n n ' j % r j % ta%

K`gg}emdqmn nmr{ gcz {tr jlm tfm rm{t ò Cgmrjkc c{rct %fmr o`rm h'ae. ced tfmjr bmfcvj`r gcz {mmg {`gmqfct cJ jme%Y}tt jea y`y}ncr gmdjc jgcam{ c{jdm. f`qmvmr. e`tfjea k`}nd bmg`rm Cgmrjkce tfce k`gg}ecn J jv jea% Je{yjrmd o`r tfm g`{tycrt bz tfmjr rmn jaj`}{ bmn jmo{. Cgmrjkce{ fcvm mymrjgmetmdqjtf k`gg}eco n jv jea {jekm 31;=%2 Je tfm 3:?9{ ced 3:19{.tfm ]%[% qjtem{{md ce me`rg`}{ rmvjvcn ò mymrjgmetcn ar`}yn jv jea crrceamgmet{%;3Je tfj{ ycymr. J }{m tfm tmrg "k`gg}ecn n jv jea"jetmrkfceamcbnz qjtf tfm tmrg "jetmet jècN k`gg}ecn 3jv jea% "Br`cdnz {ymcljea. c ar`}y ò ym`ynm qf` n jvm "k`gg}ecn nz" bzkf`jkm n jvm je rmnct jvm amàrcyfjkcn yr`jgjtz% Je rmcn j tz.f`qmvmr. gcez djo omrmet crrceamgmet{ kce s}cn j oz c{"k`gg}ecn. " ced cng`{t e` tq` jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ crmmckt nz cn' jlm je {tr}kt}rm% Tf}{. o`r tfm {clm ò{jgyn jk h' tz. o cg o`rkmd t` amemrcn jxm {`gmqfct% Ycrt J %C%qj n n yr`vjdm c q`rljea dmo jej t jè ò jetmet jècn' k`gg}ejtz%2Zcck`v @vmd. Tq` F}edrmd Zmcr{ ò Cgmrjkce K`gg}em{ ; &3:66*%;Tf`}{ced{ ò k`gg}em{ cyymcrmd je tfm ]%[% d}rjea tfm 3:?9{ced 3:19{. b}t tfmrm j{ {`gm dmbctm `vmr tfm yc{t ced k}rrmet{trmeatf ò tfm jetmet jècn k`gg}ejtz g`vmgmet% [`gm cra}mtfct. cn tf`}af g`{t ò tfm k`gg}em{ o`}edmd je tfm 3:?9{ ced3:19{ fcvm dj{bcedmd d}m t` mkè`gjk yrm{{}rm{ ced kfceajea{`kjcn t rmed{. cb`}t 33999 k`gg}ecn' ar`}y{ mj{t t`dcz je tfm


8/89

C33 ò tfj{ fc{ e`t bmme qjtf`}t nmacn jgyn jkct jè. òk`}r{m% Mtmrecn yrm{{}rm{ amemrctmd bz tfm Jmac3 {z{tmg cddce`tfmr nczmr ò k`gyn jkct jè t` tfm kfcn nmeam ò k`gg}ecnn jv jea%4 B}t tfm{m yrm{{}rm{ emmd e`t tfqcrt tfm k`gg}ecn'J jv jea mymrjmekm ced jt{ a`c3{%= C omq ar`}y{ fcvm gcdm c{}kkm{{o}n? a` ct n jv jea k`gg}ecn nz. je ycrt d}m t` tfmjr

]%[% Ecekz Fmredè. "K`gg}em Tfrjvm{ je R}rcn _jrajejcCrmc." N`{ Ceamom{ Tjgm{. Omb% ;. N::9*m. '*d%' %Dècnd Yjtxmr fc{ {cjd tfct }y t` 29r 999 k`gg}em{mj{tmd je tfm ]ejtmd [tctm{ 29 zmcr{ da`r ced tfct bcrmnz2.999 rmgcje t`dcz% H}djtf Acjem{. "Qfmrm [tr jkt !K`gg}ej{g!Q`rl{. " Kfjmca` Trjb}em. Gcrkf 22. 3.:6:.Bc{md è fmr trcvmn{ je tfm ]ejtmd d L`gcrbmn' jmvm{ tfct tfmrm crm tme{ ò tf`}{ced{ ò r}rcn k`gg}em{je tfm ]ejtmd [tctm{ t`dcz ced tfct "tfm K`gg}ejtz G`vmgmetò tfm 3:?9{ j{ ceztfjea b}t dmcd% T` tfm kètrcrz% J t fc{ar`qe ced gct}rmd% " Njv jear tfm Drmcg8 C D`k}gmetcrz [t}dzò tfm Tqje @cl{ K`gg}ejtv 3: &3:6;* %Dj{krmycekjm{ gcz rm{}nt o r`g k`ggmetcN`r{ ! }{m òdj o omrmet kr h ' tmr jc o`r dmtmrgjejea qfmtfmr c ar`}y j{ cejetmet jècn k`gg}ejtz% [mm Ycrt J %C% jeorc%4n .mt }{ y}t c{jdm o`r e`q c dj{k}{{jè ò tfm jetmrecn {trcje{cttmedcet t` c ar`}y J jv jea crrceamgmet% Tfm tme{jè{ òtrz jea t` kè{tr}kt c {}bk}nt}rm qjtfje tfm yfz{jkcn cedjdm`nàjkcn kèo jem{ ò tfm tmrr j t`r jcn ]%[% crm gcez. ced cdj{k}{{jè ò tfmg a`m{ bmzèd tfm {k`ym ò tfj{ ycymr%{ n . jlm tfm vcrj`}{ ced dj o omrmet k`gg}ejt jm{ tfmg{mnvm{. tfma`cn{ ò n jv jea k`gg}ecn'Jz vcrz rcdjkcn nz o r`g ar`}y tàr`}y% @e c vmrz amemrcn nmvmn' . g`{N k`gg}ejt jm{ {fcrm tfma`cn{ ò k``ymrct jè. c {yjr j t ò mymrjgmetcn j{g. tfmkè{tr}kt jè ò c emq ced y`{jt jvm vj{ jè ò {`kjmtz. cedkrmct jvm qcz{ ò d`jea b}{jem{{ ms}jt %cbnz% Tfm Tcrrzt`qeAr`}y ò omr{ tfm{m c{ymkt{ cnèa qjtf {j `tfmr{ je "TmeC{ymkt{ ò tfm ]t`yjce _j{jè. " je tfm n'::9':3 Djrmkt`rz t`Jetmet jècn K`gg}ejt jm{ 4: &Omn n`q{fjy O`r Jetmet jècnK`gg}ejtz ced K`gg}ejt jm{ Y}bn jkct jè{ K``ymrct jvm md% 3::9* %[mm Cyymedj C o`r c k`yz ò tfj{ n j{t %?qfctU j{ "{}kkm{{o}n'" dmymed{. ò k`}r{mr `D èmr{ y`jet òv jmq% o {fcn n dj{k}{{ tq` ycrcdjag{ o`r mvcn}ct jea {}kkm{{je {mkt jè J_%K% "[}kkm{{" j{ t %metct jvmnz dmo jemd fmrm jetmrg{ ò tfm cbj n j tz ò c ar`}y t` gcjetcje c k`gg}ecn n jv jea{tr}kt}rm. rmacrdnm{{ ò kfceam{ je tfm jetmrecn J jv jeacrrcea!mgmet%


9/89

cbj n j tz t` bcncekm tfm jgymrct jvm{ ò tfm "`}t{jdm" nmarcnq`rnd qjtf tfmjr `qe }t`yjce vj{ jè%

[mkt jè =93 &d* ò tfm Jetmrecn Rmvme}m K`dm &cn{`rmomrrmd t` fmrmje c{ tfm JRK `r tfm K`dm* j{ èm ò tfm3macn t``n'{ gcez jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ fcvm mgyn`zmd tòckj n j tctm tfj{ bcn'cekm% Tfj{ ycymr qj n n o`k}{ è [=9n' &d* %Je gz cecnz{j{. J {fcn' n ' dmn jbmrctmnz bnmed tfm`rmt jkcn cedo}ekt jècn jearmdjmet{. {` tfct tfm d`k}gmet qj n n bm òyrckt jkcn }{m t` g`dmre dcz k`gg}ejtcr jce{ ced tfmjr nmacnrmyrm{metct jvm{ %

Tfm o j r{t ycrt ò tfm ycymr yr`vjdm{ bcklar`}edjeo`rgct jè cb`}t jetmet jècn k`gg}ecn n jv jea% ycrt JJcddrm{{m{ tfm rmnmvcekm ò eèyrò j t tc {tr}kt}r jea t`jetmet jècn' k`gg}ejt jm{ qjtf c ycrt jk}rcr o`k}{ è {=9n' &d* %Tfj{ {mkt jè jekn}dm{ c br jmo dm{krjyt jè ò ==93 &d*. j t{{kcetz nmaj{rct jvm fj{t`rz. ced tfm yrjekjynm{ ced fj{t`r jkcnPockt`r{ qfjkf gcz fcvm je{yjrmd j t % ycrt rr cn{` mcgjem{tfm orcgmq`rl ò [=93&d*. j t{ mv`nP}t jè tfr`}afcdgjej{trct jvm ced h}djk jcr jetmryrmtct jè. ced tfm j rèjkg`dmre cyyn jkct jè ò tfj{ {mkt % jè t` kètmgy`rcrz.rmn jaj`}{. jetmet jèc3 k`gg}ejt jm{%

Ycrt J J J cecnzxm{ tfm y`{{jbnPm cyyn jkct jè ò JRK==93 &k* &;* t` rmn jaj`}{ ced {mk}ncr k`gg}em{% Je tfct{mkt jè. r cn{` dj{k}{{ tfm rmnct jvm je{tr}gmetcn cdvcetcam{ced drcqbckl{ ò jek`ry`rct jea }edmr ==93 &k* &;* vmr{}{[=9n' &d* % Je Ycrt J_. J mvcn}ctm tfm mo omkt{ ò kc{fyrm{{}rm{ ced krmmyjea metrmyrmem}r{fjy è k`gg}ecnPj{t{%


10/89

]{jea tq` g`dmn{ ò vjmqjea jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{. rmcgjem tfm qcz{ je qfjkf tc ncq o}rtfmr mckmrbctm{ tfmmoomkt{ ò tfm{m yfme`gmec è ar`}y {mno ' jdmet j tz%

Ojecn nz. je Ycrt _. J ò omr rmk`ggmedct jè{ t`k`gg}ecn j{t{. tfm JR[. ced k`}rt{ è f`q tfmz {f`}n'd yr`kmmdje k`rrmnct jea tc ncq t` tfm bmemo j t{ jetmet jècnk`gg}ejt jm{ yr`vjdm tfm y}bn jk% Ecgmnz. J yr`y`{m {mvmrcne`rgct jvm {kfmgm{ o`r ymrgjt t jea tfm jek`ry`rct jè òk`gg}em{ }edmr JRK ==93 &k* &;* %T% Bckl`r`}ed8 Tfm Ect}rm ò Jetmet jècn K`gg}ejt jm{

C% C Q`rljea Dmo jej t jèTfj{ ycymr dmcn{ qjtf jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{. cnP{`

le`qe c{ k`gg}em{% Dmo jej t jè{ ò tfm tmrg "jetmet jècnk`gg}ejtz" rceam or`g tfm g`{t amemrcn t` tfm rmnct jvmnz{ymkjo jk% Tfm g`{t amemrcr dmo jej t jè r o`}ed qc{ yr`vjdmdbz tfm mdjt`r{ ò tfm 3::9'n'::3' Djrmkt`rz t` retmet jècnk`gg}ejt jm{% Tfmz qmrm qj nr jea t` jekn}dm je tfmjr n j{ t % jeaò jetmet jècr k`gg}ejt % jm{ "cez ar`}y ò tq` `r g`rm cd}nt{qfjkf kf`{m t` kcn n j t %{mt o c k`gg}ejtz%"T

Tfm Omrn`q{fjy o`r retmet jècr k`gg}ejtz ò omrmd tfmg`{t {ymkjo jk dmo jej t jè r k`}rd o jed% re `rdmr t` kcrnPj t{mn o ce jetmet jècn' k`gg}ejtz. c ar`}y fcd t` {ct j{oz tfmo `n' n`qjea krj tmr jc8

TDjrmkt`rz. {}yrc e`tm =. ct 39%


11/89

c gjejg}g {jxm ò tfrmm ocgjn jm{ `r o jvm cd}nt{. d``racejxct jè {}oo jk jmet t` c{{}rm c rmkàejxcbn'm{`kjco met j tz. ced {fcrmd nced `r f`}{jea. `r{}o o jk jmet amàrcyfjk yr`jgjtz ò gmgbmr{ t`je{}rm kèt je}`}{ omn n`q{fjy% Cgèa tfm bc{jkkèkmyt{ ò k`gg}ejtz crt jk}3ctmd bz tfm OoK crm8{fcrjea je c qf`nm qcz ò n j om< tfm jgy`rtcekm òtfm {yjr j t cejgct jea k`gg}ejtz< ced tfm emkm{{jtzò ckt jvm ycrt jk jyct jè je k`gg}ejtz o`r tfmgct}rj tz ò tfm ymr{è ced ò tfm {`kjcn `rdmr%[[`kjcn {kjmet j{t{ ced `b{mrvmr{ ò k`gg}ecn' n j om{tz nm{

fcvm òomrmd c vcrjmtz ò jetmrgmdjc dmo jej t jè{% O`rmcgynm. Bcrrz [fmelmr qr`tm8

Ce jetmet jècn' k`gg}ejtz j{ c rmNct jvmnz {gcn' n 'ar`}y ò ym`ynm qf` fcvm krmctmd c qf`n'm qcz òn j om o`r tfm ct tcjegmet ò c kmrtcje {mt ò a`c3{%% % % Jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ fcvm mgmramd c{ c rm{}n' tò c e}gbmr ò ym`ynm kè{kj`}{nz ced y}ry`{mo}n nzk`cn'm{kh'ea c{ c ar`}y je `rdmr t` rmcn jxm c {mt òcjg{%% % %:

Ce`tfmr y`{{jbj n j tz j{ ò omrmd bz K%r j{ ced @n h'vmr Y`yme`m.qf` fcvm dmo jemd jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ c{ "k`gg}ejt jm{o`rgmd bz ar`}y{ ò ym`ynm qf` {fcrm c k`ggjtgmetk`ggè y}ry`{m ced }{}cn nz t` {`gm trce{kmedmetcn

O`r tfm y}ry`{m{ ò tfj{ ycymr. J dmo jem cek`gg}ejtz c{ c ar`}y ò ym`ynm qf`. è tfm bc{j{

t` {`gmvcn}m% "39

jetmet jècnò k`ggè

r jncr43` C4ynx}t}t rbr


12/89

crrcea!mgmet{. qfjkf crm bc{md è c {ymkjcn { j tm dm{jae cjgmdct o`{tmr jea k``ymrcn jvm n jv jea {lj n n{ ced emjafb`rn jem{{% n nO`r tfm {cgm rmc{è. o cn'{` dj{t jea}j{f k`gg}em{ or`g njv jeacrrceamgmet{ bc{md è {fmmr mkè`gjk kèvmejmekm. {}kf c{ car`}y ò ym`ynm qf` {fcrm }rbce f`}{jea bmkc}{m j t j{ kfmcymrtfce n jv jea cn'èm%

oetmet jècn K`gg}ejt jm{ %rmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejt jm{. n jlm

tf`{m ò tfm Cgj f. fcvm {`}aft ymromkt jè ò tfmjr {`}n{tfr`}af j{`nct j[f = d jgg`rcw gch`r j tcr jce {`kjmtz%32[jgjJcr nz. gcez g`dmje. }rbce. {mk}ncr k`gg}ejt jm{. {}kf c{

B

tfm fjyyjm k`gg}em{ ò tfm mcrnz r:!19{ tr jmd t` {}b{t j t}tm cemq vj{ jè t` rmynckm tfm ced kèo jejeaje{t j t}t jè{ ò tfm "m{tcbrj{fgmet%" n '; r ò omr tfm{m tqòcgjr jcr ced {tmrm`tzyjkcr mcgynm{ je `rdmr t` jetr`d}km tfmqjdm rceam ò y`{{jbj n j t jm{ jefmrmet je k`gg}ecr n jv jea%k`gg}ecn' j{t{ gcz kf``{m t` {mt t rm je r}rcr `r }rbce crmc{ jecez {tctm ò }ejtmd {tctm{% Tfmz gjaft bm {mk}rcr je ecr}rm`r cdfmrm t` c trcdj t jècn `r g`dmre rmn jajè%

C brjmo dm{krjyt jè ò kmrtcje qmWJ'le`qe ==93&d*k`gg}ejt jm{ gcz bm fmnyo}t je }edmr{tcedjea rmomrmekm{ t`

33{mm Kèejm L`memee. "K`F`}{jo n:. " je Djrmkt`rz. {}yrc e`tm [.ct 3;% {mm cn{` {}{ce Djm{mef`}{m. "O`k}{8 {fcrmd Njv jea


13/89

tfmg nctmr je tfm ycymr% Tfm{m {lmtkfm{ qj n n cn{` yr`vjdm cejetr`d}kt jè t` tfm vcrjmtz ò y`{{jbnm k`gg}ecncrrceamgmet{% n4

3% "Trcdjt jècJ" rmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejt jm{8 TfmF}ttmr j tm{

Tfm F}ttmr j tm{. n= c rcdjkcn Cecbcyt j{t {mkttfct rmhmkt{ tfm c}tf`rj t %z ò tfm Kctf`n jk ced Yr`tm{tcetKf}rkf. mgmramd je tfm {jtmmetf kmet}rz% Tfm met jrmF}ttmr j tm y`y}nct jè''cb`}t 499 gmgbmr{''gjarctmd t` Cgmrjkcbmtqmme 3'6!14ced N61:% Bz 3:?;. tfm F}ttmr j tm{ fcd N42{mtt nmgmet{ je tfm ]%[% ced Kcecdc qjtf c y`y}nct jè ò34.999 gmgbmr{% Bz 3:6;. ;;r999 F}tt %mr j tm{ n jvmd je ;99{mtt nmgmet{. cb`}t èm'tfjrd ò tfmg je tfm ]ejtmd [tctm{%

Or`g tfm {jtmmetf kmet}rz t` g`dmre t jgm{. tfmF}ttmr j tm{ fcvm {}rvjvmd dm{yjtm ymr{mk}t jè ced armctcdvmr{j tz. ced tfmz kèt je}m t` tfr jvm{yjtm ò tfmjr rv jc d`n`r`{c! je f`{t j nm ced cn jme

tt Je

r{}et j n Ycrt J J J J {fcn n o`k}{ ènz è k`gg}ejt jm{ qfjkf fcvmkfcrcktmr jxmd tfmg{mnvm{ c{ "rmn jaj`}{%" Bz rmomrr jea t`kmrtcje fjyyjm k`gg}em{ c{ rmn jaj`}{. J kfcnPnPmeam tfmy`y}ncr. ckcdmgjk. ced {`gmtjgm{ nmact gj{kèkmyt jè òfjyyjm k`gg}em{ c{ cecrkfj{t jk ced {mk}rcr% re ycrt jk}ncr. rtclm j{{}m qjtf Gmcdm Mg`rz. qf` n}gy{ cn n k`}etmrk}n t}rcnar`}y{ ced qrj tm{ ò tfmg8 "Tfm gch`r j tz ò tfm{m ar`}y{ crmbc{md è yrmkj{mnz tfm ljed ò yfj n`{`yfjkcr bmn jmo tfct tfm[}yrmgm K`}rt {tctmd q`}nPd e`t s}cn j oz c{ rmn hPaj`}{ jeect}rm%" Gmcdm Mg`rz / Ncqrmekm Xmnmecl. "Tfm Tc Mmgyt[tct}{ ò K`gg}ejtcr jce Rmn jaj`}{ @racejxct jè{8 Ce]eemkm{{crz Kètr`vmr{z0r " je =9 O`rdfcg N% Rmv% 396=. 339;&3.:62*n{Dctc è tfm F}ttmr j tm{ c{{jgj nctmd or`g `vmd. {}yrc e`tm 2.ct ;;;';?=%


14/89

mevjrègmet{. tfj{ g`vmgmet fc{ e`t ènz {}rvjvmd b}t {f`qe c}ejs}m vjcbj n ' j tz%"3'? [}kf {}kkm{{ fc{ mv`lmd tfm hmcn`}{z òtfm F}ttmr j tm{ ! g`dmre emjafb`r{ qf` e`q trz t` cv`jd {mn n jeatfmg nced% &Je ockt . F}ttmr j tm gme ò tme {fmd tfmjrt rcdj t jècn bmcrd{ ced qmcr g`dmre dj{a}j{m{ qfme y}rkfc{jeaJced* %

T kkm{{ j{ d}m t` e}gmr`}{ ockt`r{. tfrmm ò qfjkf Jn*`tt {f`{fcn'J gmet jè fmrm% Tfm o j r{t ockt`r j{ tfm F}ttmr j tm{ ! > !' bccc.jdm`nàjkcn k`fm{jvmr. %7". ? qfjkf k`gy}n{`rz md}kct jè f -ooo j tKèjrjb`Hm{% %bkCtfmjr `qe {kf``n{ bf,'


15/89

e`t co omkt {`kjcn ced rmn jaj`}{ t rcdj t jè{% Tfmjr {yjr j t}cnJmcdmr{ fcvm bmme s}`tmd c{ {czjea8 "E`tfjea j{ t`` g`dmrej o j t kètr jb}tm{ t` yr`d}kt jè%" n '6

Je tfj{ ycymr. J {fcn' n ' gclm rmomrmekm t` tfm F}ttmr h ' tm{.c{ qmn n c{ t` tfm [fclmr{ ced tfm F`}{m ò Dcvjd. tq` `tfmrCecbcyt j{t ar`}y{%

2% G`dmre "fjyyjm" k`gg}em{8 Tqje @cl{ ced TfmOcrg

Tqje @cl{. o`}edmd je 3.:?1 je N`}j{c. c r}rcn'

kè{j{t{ k}rrmetrz ò cb`}t 19 cd}nt{ ced 3= kfj ndrme% Tfmk`gg}ejtz {}yy`rt{ j t{mro yr jgcrj nz tfr`}af tfm gce}ockt}rmr!o{ò fcedkrco tmd fcgg`kl{ ced kfcjr{. b}t k}rrmet "a`c3j{ t` dmvmn`y `tfmr jed}{tr jm{ qfjkf qj n n djvmr{j oz t nmkè`gjk bc{m. yr`d}km g`rm bc{jk s``d{ ced {mrvjkm{. cedyr`vjdm yròm{{jècr q`rl `yy`rt}ejt jm{%" n: Tqje `clmr{ cn{àr`q ?9t t` 392 ò tfmjr `qe o``d t%fr`}af `racejk ocrgjea%2@

}et j n 3 !:1:. tfm bztcq{ ò tfm k`gg}ejtz yr`vjdmd tfctmckf gmgbmr dèctm cn n ymr{ècn yr`ymrtz. mkmyt ymttzymr{ècn mo omkt{. t` tfm `racejxct jè%2n Je h .a1a. tfmk`gg}ejt %z rmvj{md j t{ bzncq{ t` ymrgjt gmgbmr{ t` f`nd36kcjem{. {}yrc e`tm ;%n:"[fcrjea tfm Drmcg8 Omdmrct jè ò Macn j tcr jce K`gg}ejt jm{"&rmkmet jeo`rgct jècn ycgyfnmt* %2`Fmredè. {}yrc e`tm ;%23 Tqje @cl{ K`gg}ejtz. oek% v% K`ggj{{jèmr. aj T%K% 32;;.32;: &3P:6?*


16/89

ymr{`ecn' rm{`}rkm{ `}t{jdm tfm k`gg}ejtz


17/89

armq t` c ymcl y`y}nct jè ò cb`}t 3% t499 gmgbmr{ je n ':69.qjtf cyyr`h'gctmnz 4.999 ycrt jk jycet{ k`gjea ced a`jea d}rjeatfm o j r{t tme zmcr{% oe tfm mcrnz 3':69{. Tfm Ocrg!{gmgbmr{fjy rcyjdnz dqjednmd d}m "t` tfm dmkn jem ò tfmmkè`gjk bc{j{ o`r k`ggmrkjcn csrjk}n t}rm ced c gc{{jvm .],rt!'Uocrgjea dmbt. tfm ocj n}rm ò {mvmrcn' dh'vmr{m b}{jem{{ vm {.c nckl ò a``d gcecamgmet ced c n`{{ ò ocj tf h'e [tmyfmeAc{lje %"2:

O`r g`{t ò j t{ fj{t`rz. Tfm Ocrg `ymrctmd c{ c eè'gèmtcrz k`gg}em. cn n tfm gmgbmr{ ò qfjkf t``l c v`q òy`vmrtz< tfct j{. tfmz dèctmd cn n yr`ymrtz t` tfm ar`}y% Jerm{yè{m t` tfm gc{{jvm mkè`gjk yr`bnmg{ mymrjmekmd je tfmmcrnz 3:69{. Tfm Ocr " jetr`d}kmd c emq {z{tmg tfctcn' n`qmd gmgbmr{ t` lmmy yrjvctm yr`ymrtz. ycjd tfmg o`r tfmjrq`rl. ced rms}jrmd tfmg t` ycz o`r o``d. f`}{jea ced {mrvjkm{è tfm Ocrg% ";9 Tfj{ qc{ tfm o j r{t ò gcez {tr}kt}rcn cednmacn kfceam{ je{t j t}tmd je tfm zmcr{ t` k`gm è Tfm Ocrg%Tfm{m kfceam{ qjn' J bm dj{k}{{md je nctmr {mkt jè{ ò tfj{ycymr%

Tfm Ocrg k}rrmet nz f`}{m{ cb`}t 269 gmgbmr{ è c 31=9'ckrm k`gg}em% Tfm k`gg}em "fc{ jt{ `qe r`cd{. qctmr {z{tmg.{kf``n. k n jejk. ar`kmrz {t`rm. rmycjr {f`y{. rmkrmct jèockj n j t jm{ ced a`vmregmet% Jt{ yr jekjycn b}{jem{{m{ crmyrjet jea ced y}bn j{fjea. gce}ockt}rm ò mn'mktrèjkje{tr}gmet{. kè{tr}kt jè. gcj n `rdmr tmt j nm{ ced {ymkjcn tz2mrd% ct 364%;`Y`yme`m. {}yrc e`tm 39. ct :9%

33


18/89

o``d yr`d}kt{%";3 rfm Ocrg cn'{` meacam{ je c e}gbmr òkfcrj tcbn'm ckt jv j t jm{. jekn}djea j t{ `ymrct jè ò Ynmetz. c==93 &k* &;* rmn jmo yràrcg. tfm cjg ò qfjkf j{ t` {fcrm tfmle`qnmdam ced rm{`}rkm{ ò Tfm Ocrg ckr`{{ tfm ]%[% ced jetfm Tfjrd Q`rnd% Ynmetz " j{ ce jetmarcn ycrt ò tfm n j om òtfm Ocrg ced jt{ gmgbmr{%";2

Bc{jk Tfmgm{ ced Brjmo Fj{t`rzR`{cbmtf G`{{ Lcetmr. h 'e K`ggjtgmet ced K`gg}ejtz.

yr`y`{md tfct tfrmm bc{jk tfmgm{ fcvm ckt jvctmd Cgmrjkcek`gg}em{8

JOjr{t W c dm{jrm t` n' jvm ckk`rdjea t` {yjr j t}cnvcn}m{r rmhmkt jea tfm {jeo}nem{{ ò tfm m{tcbn j{fmd`rdmr< J{mkèdW c dm{jrm t` rmo`rg {`kjmtz bzk}rjea j t{ mkè`gjk ced y`n j t jkcn' j J n '{ . tmhmkt jeatfm jeh}{t jkm ced jef}gcejtz ò tfm m{tcbn j{fgmet


19/89

tfjrd. y{zkf`{`kjcn ymrj`d mgmramd co tmr Q`rnd Qcr Tq` cedbmkcgm m{ymkjcn nz jgy`rtcet je tfm 3:?9{%";4

Jt j{ rctfmr dj o o jk}n' t t` mvcn'}ctm k`gg}ecn n' j om j 'e tfm3:69{ ced n'::9{% Ct tfm t jgm Lcetmr qr`tm fmr b``l cng`{t 29zmcr{ d:`. {fm rmkàejxmd tfct "tfmrm crm gcez ar`}y{ t`dczar`qjea `}t ò cn' n tfrmm t rcdj t jè{%";= Or`g c {}rvmz òk}rrmet k`gg}ejt jm{. o fcvm o`}ed tfct gcez kètmgy`rcrzk`gg}em{ mvme bWmed cn . J tfrmm tfmgm{%;?

C kètmgy`rcrz orcgmq`rl o`r }edmr{tcedjea tfm }ram t`krmctm jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ t`dcz {f`}n'd jek`ry`rctm t %fmrm{yè{m ò kètmgy`rcrz k`gg}ecn j{t{ t` tfct f}rnz'b}rnz.e`tfjea'gclm{'{me{m ommn' jea èm smt{ or`g fcvjea t` krmct%mgmcejea or`g cb{}rdj tz je tfm 3:69{ ced 3'::9{%;1 Kfrj{ ced@njvmr Y`yme`m fjetmd ct tfj{ {met jgmet qfme tfmz qr`tm8

Qm n' jvm je c t jgm qfme tfm kc{f mkè`gjm{ cn' n ' `vmrtfm q`r3d crm je tr`}bn'm% Tcm{ crm fjaf.}emgyn`zgmet j{ fjaf. ect jècn dmbt{ crm g`}et jear.tfm bceljea {z{tmg cyymcr{ t` bm tfrmctmemd qjtfk`n ncy{m% [`gm ym`ynm crm r j`t jea `r rmv`nt jea `r{jeljea jet` cyctfz. ! `tfmr{ crm t rce{omrr jea g`rmced g`rm ò tfmjr memrajm{ t` tfm eèkc{f mkè`gz.

;4rd%;=rd%;?{mm. o`r mcgynm{. n '::9':3 Djrmkt`rz. {}yrc e`tm =%;T[crcf Lrclòo cJ n '}dm{ t` tfj{ {me{ct jè qfme {fm qrj tm{cb`}t tfm rmkàejt jè ò tfm "bcelr}ytkz ò !gmcejea! je,#3N3:69{ ced 3::9{% Mvmrztfjea è qfjkf qm fcd yrmvj`}{nzrmn jmd''o r`g je{t j t}t jè{ t` dàgc''{mmg{ t` n`{m cn n vcn}mje tfm ockm ò tfm dm{tr}kt jè ò tfm `xèm nczmr. tfm CoD[myjdmgjk. tfm ocj n jea ò tfm {kf``n'{. tfm mnmkt jè ò cF`n nzq``d metmrtcjemr ced tfm o`rgmr fmcd ò tfm KJCkè{mk}t jvmnz t` tfm fjafm{t ò o jkm je tfm nced. tfm A}Joqcr. ced {` è cd ec}{mcg% B}t tfj{ ommn jea j{ ymrfcy{ h}{tc qfjtm ckt jv j{t !{ bmnctmd rmkàejt jè ò tfm rmcn j t jm{ tfct`yyrm{{md ar`}y{ je tfj{ k`}etrz fcvm le`qe {jekm tfm dczKfrj{t`yfmr K`n}gb}{ me{ncvmd tfm Cr`qck{% rr rrNm{{è{ or`gYrm{kf``n. " 4N &[yrjea. 3"::N* &}ey}bn j{fmd drco t ò ycymr* %3;


20/89

tfm ckt jv j t jm{ tfct dè! t metmr jet` tfm Ar`{{Ect jècn Yr`d}kt `r amt tcmd% Tfmz crm fmnyjeamckf `tfmr. bcrtmr jea. gcljea gcez tfjea{ tfct tfmz}{md t` b}z% Ced fmrm. jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ crmc a``d g`dmr%;6Tfmz kèt je}m8 "J o qm crm jedmmd metmr jea {`gm emq Dcrl Cam.`r ockjea {`gm armct kctcknz{g. j t gcz bm tfct tf`{m ym`ynmqf` crm dmv`t jea tfmjr n jvm{ t` krmct jea emq k`gg}ejt jm{ fcvmce jgy`rtcet r`nm t` yncz% Ymrfcy{ tfmz crm tfm !{mmd{ òt`g`rr`q% r ! rH$

J J % Eè'Yrò j t Tc [tr}kt}r jea ced tfm JRK [mkt jè =93 &d*Mmgytjè o`r Rmn jaj`}{ `r Cy`{t`n jk C{{`kjct jè{

Tcm{ crm c kè{jdmrct jè o`r mvmrz jetmet jècnk`gg}ejtz% Njlm c fmcrtbmct. tcm{ crm cnqcz{ fcggmrjeaocjet nz je tfm bcklar`}ed% O`r mcgynm. mvme j o c k`gg}ejtzj{ mkè`gjkcn nz jedmymedmet. gmgbmr{ qf` n jvm è n'ced ò cezljed''r}rcn `r }rbce''}{}cn nz g}{t ycz yr`ymrtz tcm{ `rrmet% Tfj{ `bn jact jè rms}jrm{ gmgbmr{ t` amemrctm kc{fjek`gm. qfjkf j{ cn{` tcmd c{ j t j{ mcremd%

E`t {}ryr j{ jeanz. tfm omdmrcn' {z{tmg ò tcct jè qc{ e`tdm{jaemd qjtf k`gg}ecn n jv jea ar`}y{ m{ymkjcn nz je gjed% J oc ar`}y d`m{ e`tfjea t` kfcrcktmr jxm j t{ tc k`gynmjè. bz

39. ct 269 % [mm cn'{`. Acr Cnymr`vj tx.`g8 [`kjcn j{g Bc{md je K`gg}ejtz. " 2=2Tfm Ect jè =22 &Cyr% 22. 3::3*% Cnymr`vj tx qrj tm{8 "Tfmnmo t j{. ced qc{ cnqcz{. qrèa8 Kcyjtcn j{g j{. ced qjn' to`rmvmr bm. t r j}gyfcet%" &mgyfc{j{ je `rjajecn* % JPd% ct =22%Ajvme tfj{. ced tfm jgymedjea mkè`gjk {tcaect jè fmyrmdjkt{. fm }ram{ yràrm{{jvm{ t` kè{jdmr c "k`gg}ejtz'e`}rj{fjea. rmajècn nz dmkmetrcn jxmd {z{tmg%% % Jqfjkf q`}ndWfè`r tfm vcn}m{ ò ms}cn j tz. dmg`krckz ced k`gg}ejtz% " HPd%cr =24'2=%;mY`yme`m. {}yrc e`tm 39. ct vj j j %

3.4


21/89

dmoc}n' t tfm JR[ &cn{` rmomrrmd t` fmrmje c{ tfm [mrvjkm* qj n nv jmq mckf gmgbmr c{ ce jedjv jd}cn' `r y`{{jbnz c{ gmgbmr{ ò cycrtemr{fjy o`r kc y}ry`{m{%49 Tfm tc rm{}nt{ kce bmmtrmgmn'z fcr{f o`r jedjv jd}cn{ qf` y``n rm{`}rkm{ ced q`rlo`r {}b{j{tmekm% Tf}{. ym`ynm qf` crm {mrj`}{ cb`}tm{tcbn j{fjea ce jetmet jècn k`gg}ejtz `r qf` cnrmcdz n jvm jeèm {f`}nd kè{jdmr co o j rgct jvm tc {tr}kt}r jea%

oe tfmjr crt jk nm cb`}t jek`ry`rct jè {trctmah'm{ o`rjetmet jècn' k`gg}ejt jm{. Cnbmrt Bctm{ ced Cn n'me B}tkfmr qrj tmtfct g`{t jetmet jècn' k`gg}ejt jm{

fcvm mnmktmd t` `rajcejxm c{ e`t'o`r'yrò j tk`ry`rct jè{ ced t` cyynz o`r tc'mmgyt {tct}{%[jekm tfmjr ckt jv j t jm{ crm e`t djrmktmd yrjgcrj nzt` gclm c yrò j t . b}t t` krmctm c qf`nm{`gmmevjrègmet o`r tfmg{mnvm{ ced t` cdvcekm armctmr{`kjcn' kc}{m{. tfm cvmrcam jetmet jècn k`gg}ejtzo jed{ tfct tfmrm crm {jaej o jkcet cdvcetcam{ jebmk`gjea tc'mmgyt % 43'K`gg}ejtcr jce{ fcvm dj{k`vmrmd c e}gbmr ò cdvcetcam`}{ tc'mmgyt {tr}kN}rm{%42 Fmrm. J myn`rm tfm cyyn jkct jè ò rRK==9n' &d* t` jetmet jècn' k`gg}ejt jm{. ced je Ycrt o J o . Jk`gycrm ==93 &d* t` tfm ==93 &k* &;* mmgyt jè. qfjkf fc{rmgcjemd c tmgyt jea b}t mn}{jvm kctma`rz o`r k`gg}ecn j{t{%

4`Cn'bmrt Bctm{ ced Cn nme B}tkfmr. "@yt jè{ o`r Jek`ry`rct jèò oetmet jècn K`gg}ejt jm{r" je n '::9':3 Djrmkt`rz :6. ::.{}yrc e`tm =%43rd% ct 3``%42Je tfj{ ycymr. J d` e`t ct tmgyt t` cddrm{{ cn n ò tfm gcezy`{{jbnm tc mmgyt jè{ o`r k`gg}em{% O`r mcgynm. J {fcn n 'Jmcvm `}t c dj{k}{{jè ò JRK ==93 &k* &2* t j t nm f`ndjeak`gycen'm{ ced ==93&k* & * ced JRK ==26 kjv jk nmca}m{.f`gm`qemr c{{`kjct jè{. ced {jgj ncr `racejxct h 'è{% O`r cbrjmo dj{k}{{jè ò tfm{m. {mm Bctm{. "@yt jè{ o`rJek`ry`rct jèr " [%}tr*a `tm 49. ct 393%

3=


22/89

C% Tfm [t`rz Bmfjed tfm Yc{{cam ò JRK [mkt jè =93'&d*JRK {mkt jè =93' c* mmgyt{ or`g tcct jè

`racejxct jè{ dm{krjbmd je {mkt jè =93 &d* % Tfm{m`racejxct jè{ crm8

Rmn jaj`}{ `r cy`{t`n jk c{{`kjct jè{ `rk`ry`rct jè{. j o {}kf c{{`kjct jè{ `r k`ry`rct jè{fcvm c k`ggè trmc{}rz `r kèg}ejtz t rmc{}rz. mvmejo {}kf c{{`kjct jè{ `r k`ry`rct jè{ meacam jeb}{jem{{ o`r tfm kò nrgèbmemo j t ò tfm gmgbmr{. b}tènz j o tfm gmgbmr{ t %fmrmò jekn}dm &ct tfm t % jgm òo j n jea tfmjr rmt}re{* je tfmjr ar`{{ jek`gm tfmjrmet j rm yr` rctc {fcrm{. qfmtfmr dj{tr jb}tmd `r e`t.ò tfm tccbn'm jek`gm ò tfm c{{`kjct jè `rk`ry`rct jè o`r {}kf zmcr% Cez cg`}et {` jek3}dmdje tfm ar`{{ jek`gm ò c gmgbmr {fcn n bm trmctmd c{c djv jdmed rmkmjvmd%4;

[mkt jè =93&d* qc{ `rjajecn nz mecktmd jet` ncq je 3:;?.44med}rmd je tfm 3:=4 k`dm. ced rmgcje{ }ekfceamd t` dctm%

3% Nmaj{ nct jvm fj{t`rzTfm [mectm dh'{k}{{jè nmcdjea t` {mkt jè

=93 &d* r{ mecktgmet j{ jetr ja}jeanz br jmo . kè{j{t jea g`{trzò k`ggmet{ je 3:;? bz {mect`r{ k`}xme{ &Gjkfjace* ced qcr{f&Gc{{ckf}{mtt{* % [jekm jt j{ cng`{t cn' J qm fcvm t%` a` èrced {jekm tfm{m k`ggmet{ crm o rms}met nz rmyr`d}kmd je kc{m{ced rmvme}m r}n jea{ c{ a}jdm{ t` {tct}t`rz h'etmryrmtct jè. ryrm{met tfmg fmrm je ymrt jemet ycrt %

Tfm gz{tmr j`}{ jetmrm{t je ocjr tcct jè ò rmn jaj`}{ced cy`{t`n' jk `racejxct jè{ `rjajectmd qjt %f [mect`r K`}xme{n

4;rRk{=`3&d*44Rmvme}m Ckt ò 3:;?. =393 &36* %3?


23/89

rmgcrl{ d}rjea c fmcrjea bmo`rm tfm [mectm Ojecekm K`ggjt tmmè tfm Rmvme}m Ckt ò 3:;?8

JTWfmrm fc{ bmme c nèa kètr`vmr{z cb`}ttcjea tfm{m cy`{t`n jk `racejxct jè{ qf` fcvm ck`gg}ejtz jetmrm{t {}kf c{ tfm F`}{m ò Dcvjd. tfm[fclmr{ ced {` ò nr tfm F`nz R`n nmr{. ced cn n òtf`{m Qfme tfmz metmr tfm{m `racejxct jè{.tfmz y}t je cn n ' ò tfmjr yr`ymrtz% % %ced d` ck`gg}ejtv b}{jem{{. r}e k`gg}ejtz ocrg{. ced cn n òtfm rmvme}m j{ y}t je èm y`t ced tfmz crm tcmd c{c m`ry`rct jè. ced tfm gcrr jmd ym`ynm je tfm{m`racejxct jè{ crm e`t ymrgjt tmd t` dmd}kt ceztfjeao`r bmjea gcrr j 'md. `r tfm {jeanm gme o`r bmjea{jeanm% [` tfmz fcvm bmme jgy`{md è o`r c e}gbmrò zmcr{ bz tfct cyyn jkct jè ò tfm ncq t` tfmg%% % %Tfmrm crm c e}gbmr ò `racejxct jè{tfr`}af`}t tfm Ect jè qf` crm vmrz cdvmr{mnzco omktmd. ced j t d`m{ {mmg t` gm ce cet jrmn jaj`}{=

CJ{`. [mect`r Qcn{f. qfme yr`y`{jea tfm cgmedgmet tfct qc{cd`ytmd c{ =393&36* ''e`q [=93&d* ''ò tfm n':;? Rmvme}m Ckt.{tctmd8

J t fc{ bmme br`}aft t` tfm ct tmet jè ò tfmk`ggjt tmm tfct kmrtcje rmn jaj`}{ ced cy`{t`n jkc{{`kjct jè{ ced k`ry`rct jè{. {}kf c{ tfm F`}{m òDcvjd ced tfm [fclmr{. fcvm bmme tcmd c{k`ry`rct jè{. ced tfct {jekm tfmjr r}n'm{ yrmvmettfmjr gmgbmr{ or`g bmjea f`ndmr{ ò yr`ymrtz je cejedh'v jd}cn kcyckjtz tfm k`ry`rct jè{ q`}nd bm{}bhmkt t` tfm }edj{tr jb}tmd yrò j t{ tc% Tfm{m`racejxct h 'è{ fcvm c {gcn3 carjk}n t}rcn `r `tfmrb}{jem{{% Tfm moomkt ò tfm yr`y`{md cgmedgmet j{t` mmgyt tfm{m k`ry`rct jè{ or`g tfm e`rgcnk`ry`rct jè tc ced tfm }edj{tr jb}tmd yrò j t{ tc.j o tfmjr gmgbmr{ tclm }y tfmjr {fcrm{ ò tfmk`ry`rct jè{! jek`gm è tfmjr `qe jedjv jd}cnrmt}re{% J t j{ bmn jmvmd tfct tfj{ yr`vj{ jè qj nPt

c{Fmcrjea{ è F%R% N2;:{ Bmo`rm tfm {mectm k`gg% è Ojecekm.34tf Kèa%. 2d [m{{%. ycrt J J . Tqje@cl{. {}yrc e`tm 2J. ct 3.244'4

J1


24/89

ajvm tfmg rmn jmo . ced tfmjr gmgbmr{ qj n' n bm {}bhmkt

@em kce dj{kmre or`g tfm br jmo "dmbctm" bmo`rm tfm[mectm Ojecekm K`ggjt tmm. o`n n`qjea Gr% K`}xme{r {ymmkf! tfcttfm nmaj{ nct`r{ fcrb`rmd tq` kèkmre{% Ojr{t qc{ tfmyrmd`gjecet kèkmre cb`}t bc{jk ocjrem{ {%41 Tfm yrò j t{ckkr}jea t` tfm tcramtmd k`gg}ejt jm{ qmrm {` t jez. tfct j otfm{m qmrm dj{tr jb}tmd t` jedjv jd}cn' gmgbmr{. tfm{m gmgbmr{q`}3d yr`bcbnz e`t fcvm t` ycz tcm{ è tfm jek`gm% Tfct j{.j o t %fm gmgbmr{ fcd e`t tclme ce `ctf ò y`vmrtz ced fcdrmkmjvmd qcam{ je{tmcd. tfm {tcedcrd tc mmgyt jè{ ceddmd}kt jè{ q`}n'd o}n nz mmgyt tfm{m n`q'jek`gm jedjv jd}cn{or`g omdmrcn tcct jè% Tfmrmo`rm. j t {mmgmd }eocjr nzb}rdme{`gm t` tc tfm{m `rscejxct jè{ c{ rms}ncrk`ry`rct jè{%

Tfm {mkèd. g`rm krzyt jk. kèkmre gcz fcvm bmme cb`}tjgyjeajea è tfm ormmd`g ò rmn jaj`}{ myrm{{jè% Tfj{}emc{jem{{ qc{ gmet jèmd o jr{t bz K`}xme{ je tfm nc{t{metmekm ò fj{ n j t t nm {ymmkf yrj`r t` tfmmecktgmet ò [=93 &d*. rmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejt jm{ {}kf c{ tfmF}ttmr j tm{. qfjkf rce vmrz yrò j tcbtm k`ggmrkjcn ced ocrgjeab}{h'em{{m{. qmrm tcmd c{ k`ry`rct jè{% Bmkc}{m tfm{m ar`}y{meacamd je {` g}kf b}{jem{{ j'f`rr eerr n r n e`t s}cn j oz o`r qfct

4?69 Kèa% Rmk% :914 &H}e 3m;?*. `tmd je Tqje @cl{.{}yrc e`tm 23. ct 3.2441Tfj{ j{ tfm jetmryrmc e k`}rt dmkj{ jè{jev`nv jea nmaj{rct jvm jetmet% Ln'mje{c{{mr v% }ejtmd {tctm{.!19! n M%2d 3%924 &:tf Kjr% 3:6;* ced Tqje @cl{. {}yrc e`tm 2J%36


25/89

C'.Hccj{ e`q tfm JRK [=93&k* &;* eèyrò j t mmgyt jè%4[ E`tcbnz.è tfm èm fced nmaj{ nct`r{ gcz fcvm qj{fmd t` cv`jd a`jea èrmk`rd c{ cet j 'rmn jaj`}{% @e tfm `tfmr fced. tfmz qmrmyr`bcbnz kèkmremd cb`}t tfm c}tfmet jk j tz ò tfm jgyn jkctmdrmn jaj'è{. c{ [mect`r Nc O`n n 'mt tm rmvmcnmd8 "Tfm tr`}bnm j{n tfm Tc [mrvjkmW fmnd tfct tfm{m ym`ynm crm e`t rmn jaj`}{`racejxct jè{ \}edmr qfct j{ e`q ==93 &%* &;* W bmkc}{m tfmz dè`t bmnèa t` ce ckkmytmd rmn jajè. b}t t` tfmg j t j{ h}{t c{g}kf c rmn jajè c{ cez `tfmr l jed ò c rmn jajè % . %4:

[rnk*},.on}e

Hdè.+% !Tf}{.tfm{=93'&d*{tr}kt}rm.qfjkfmmgytmdtfm( !z qrrrvrr {UM(.rN{{ }rrM 42cH4%d#< mn jaj`}{" `r "cy`{t`n jk" `racejxct jè. b}t tcmd tfm ^. nfkvksooj(H(%(}%%" ò tfm `r{cejxctjèerfmjr yr` rcrc {fcrm{ ooj%!.t'd


26/89

tfm n':;9{ ced k`jekjdmet qjtf tfct ar`}y!{ dmkn' jem. Cgmrjkcqc{ dj{k`vmrjea [fclmr crt ced o}rej t}rm. ced c qcvm òjetmrm{t fcd dmvmn`ymd t` yrm{mrvm {fclmr fj{t`rz ced t` {cvmtfct k}o t}rm o r`g t`tcn mt jekt jè%=2 Jt j{ }en jlmJz.f`qmvmr. tfct ct tfj{ y`jet je fj{t`rz. c tc brmcl q`}nPdfcvm gcdm c dj o omrmekm o`r tfm [fclmr{%

K`gg}ecn ar`}y{ n jlm tfm [fclmr{. f`qmvmr. rmyrm{metmdjdmcn'{ tfct qmrm kcyt}r jea y`y}n'cr {zgyctfz d}rjea

tfm Armct Dmyrm{{jè% Tfm Dmyrm{{jè "qc{ c y`qmro}nkctcnz{t je tfm g`dmre Cgmrjkce rmckt jè cacje{t% % % jedjv jd}cn j{g. Jced cW g`vmgmet t`qcrd c emqk`n nmkt jv j{g%% % =; Bz 3:;?. tfm a`vmregmet fcd rm{yèdmd t`tfm dmvc{tct jè ò tfm Dmyrm{{jè qjtf vcrj`}{ o`rg{ òh'etmrvmet jè%=4 "Tfm trmgmed`}{ ormexjmd a`vmregmetcnckt jv j tz ò tfm mcrnz Emq Dmcn'rrqc{ c rmckt jè t` tfmDmyrm{{jè ced tfm jetme{m omcr ced ceamr j t amemrctmd jemymrjmekmd rmn jaj`}{ mk{tc{z d}rjea tfmjr {mrvjkm{% Tfmzyrmckfmd y}rj tz ced kmn' jbckz% Ct tfmjr jekmyt jè je tfm nctmmjaftmmetf kmet}rz. tfmz qmrm rmacrdmd qjtf armct {}{yjk jèbz {}rr`}edjea k`gg}ejt jm{ ced qmrm mvme ymr{mk}tmd bz g`b{%'J 'd% ct 49'4N% Bz tfm nctm ejemtmmetf kmet}rz. tfm ar`}y fcdmymrjmekmd kè{jdmrcbn'm yr`{ymrj tz qfjkf mvmet}cn nzdmkn jemd% Jd% ct ;:'?6%{2rd% ct ?9%{;Yc}n C% Kèlje. T`g`rr`q c Emq Q`rnd 3 &3:=:* %=4O`r mcgynm8 ]edmr R``{mvmnt . tfm a`vmregmet qc{ meacamd jec {ymktr}g ò ckt jv j t jm{% % % tfct qc{ djo omrmet e`t gmrmnz jedmarmm b}t cn{` je l jed o r`g cng`{t ceztfjea Qc{fjeatè fcdmvmr }edmrtclme bmo`rm% H}{t o`}r zmcr{ mcrn jmr e` èm k`}n'dfcvm cet jk jyctmd tfct tfm a`vmregmet q`}nd bm r}eejea j t{ `qekjrk}{. {}yy`rt jea Hckl{è Y`n n`klr{ ycjet jea. yczjea ocrgmr{e`t t` rcj{m ymce}t{. ct tmgyt jea t` rma}nctm tfm brc{{jmrmjed}{trz. {medjea b``lg`bj nm{ tfr`}af tfm Tmeem{{mm _cn nmz !yctrèjx jea tfm bct nmt % . ced tmckfjea tfm Yjem Rjdam [j`} f`qt` gjnl a`ct{% n '936 &H%C%Acrrctz / Y% Acz md% 3:61*%

29


27/89

ncram {magmet{ ò tfm y`y}nct % jè% "O`r c br jmo t jgm tfm `ndjedjv jd}cn' j{t jk. kcyjtcn j{t jk {`kjmtz qc{ qjdmnzkèdmgemd% "==

D}rjes tfj{ ymrj`d ò jetme{m an`vmregmet jev`n'vmgme`qe k`gg}ecn yr`hmk

tfm 3:;9{~%

^rrq èm f}edrmd {}b{j{tmekmf`gm{tmcd{ t` cjd tfm }emgyn`zmd% Tfm dmvmn`ygmet ò tfm{mk`gg}ejt jm{ "rmo nmktmd èm ò tfm g`{t `yme brmcl{ qjtf tfmjedjv jd}cn j{t jk t rcdj t jè je Cgmrjkce fj{t`rz% Tfm vmrz q`rd!k`gg}ejtz J bmkcgm c {zeèzg o`r c o`rg ò k`n' nmkt jv j{g cedcetèzg ò jedjv jd}cn j{g% Tfm{m k`gg}ejt jm{ qmrm t` bmmcgynm{ ò c emq. `racejk {`kjmtz. qjtf emq vcn'}m{ cedje{t j t}t jè{% "=?

Tfm Emq Dmcn f`gm{tmcd{ gjaft e`t s}cn j oz c{ jetmet jècnPk`gg}ejt jm{ }edmr cez ò tfm dmo jej t jè{ dj{k}{{md jeYcrt J %C% . bmkc}{m tfm {mt t nmr{ djd e`t emkm{{crj nz {fcrm ctrce{kmedmetcn jdm`nàz% Rctfmr. tfmz }{}cn nz kf`{m t`ycrt jk jyctm ènz je `rdmr t` ckfjmvm {`gm dmarmm ò mkè`gjk{mk}rj tz%=T Emvmrtfmn'm{{. tfm a`cn{ ò tfm f`gm{tmcd{!`rscejxmr{ qmrm e`t }en jlm tf`{m ò rmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ecnar`}y{8

M!reg j' f` n'rccj ee j eemrrv vv ZJ o`}edmr{ ò tfm{mk`gg}ejtz c{ymkt{kè{kj`}{nz cjgmd{{Kèlje. {}yrc e`tm =;.{?rd% ct ?%{1rd% ct ;2:%

ò {}b{j{tmekm f`gm{tmcd{.k`gg}ejt jm{n fcd {trm{{md tfmò tfm yràrcg% Tfmz fcdct {`gmtfjes g`rm tfce c ar`}y òct ;;9%

}sf e}gmr`}{ Emq Dmcn camekr'm{.

2J


28/89

kcrmo}n nz meajemmrmd ced dm{jaemd r}rcn f`}{m{n`kctmd je c rcNfmr `dd. kj tz8r}rc3 ycttmre% Tf}{tfmz y}t tfmjr armctm{t mgyfc{j{ è Nfm md}kct jvmjeor}mekm ò {}b{j{tmekm f`gm{tmcd{. dm{jr jea t`dmvmn`y c emq k`gg}ejtz 3j om. qjtf k`gg}ejtz `r{`kjcn' ct t j t}dm{ t` rmynckm mtrmgm jedjv jd}cn j{g.qjtf c srmctmr mgyfc{j{ è krmct jvm medmcv`r. {}kfc{ fcedjkrco t %{. qjtf nm{{ {`kjcnP k`gymt j t jè cedg`rm {tcbj n j tz ced {mk}rj tz. ced. kcyyjea j t cJ J .qjtf c{ gcez c{ y`{{jbnm ò tfm k`gg}ejtzckt jv j t jm{ `racejxmd è c k``ymrct jvm rctfmr tfce ck`gymt j t jvm bc{j{%=6Ymrfcy{ tfm [fclmr{. n jlm tfm f`gm{tmcd k`gg}ejt jm{.

{zgb`n jxmd "c {yjr j t ò `yt jgj{g" d}rjea c ymrj`d "qfme gcezbmn' jmvmd tfct mkè`gjk yràrm{{ fcd rmckfmd jt{ J jgjt{"=:8

nCn e `ddnz {yckmd ar`}y ò {gcn n qfjtm f`gm{d`tt jea c Qm{t _jrajejc fj n n '{ jdm `r cejgcaject jvmnz ynceemd n j t t Jm kj tz { j t t jea je tfmgjd{t ò c vmrz armme bmnt ò Gcrzncedo`rm{t{% % %qj n n rmgcje vjv jd rmgjedmr{ ò c t jgm.e`t {` nèa yc{t. qfme Cgmrjkce{ k`}n'd drmcg ò cbmttmr. g`rm yrmomkt q`rn'd ced k`}nd {` bmn jmvm jetfct drmcg tfct tfmz dcrmd {mt o`rtf t` rmcn' jxmjr % % % %?9T` {}g }y. tfme. j t j{ kèkmjvcbnm tfct tfm emq jetmrm{t jeyrm{mrvjea tfm ocdjea k`gg}ejtcr jce rmn jaj`}{ {`kjmt jm{ gczfcvm o j t tfm t rmed ò fmjaftmemd omdmrcn jev`n'vmgmet qjtf ced{}yy`rt ò c vcrjmtz ò yrmvj`}{nz }ee`t jkmd kc}{m{. jeycrt jk}ncr yr`hmkt{ qfjkf mgb`djmd c f`ymo}n k`gg}ecn j{tmtfjk%

Ojecn nz. cn tf`}af tfm ==93 &d* tc "mmgyt jè" gcz fcvmbmme mecktmd je ycrt `}t ò yj tz o`r ocj3jea k`gg}ejt jm{ `rc{ c {zgb`n jk am{t}rm d}rjea c t jgm qfme tfm `nd {tcedbz{ òjedjv jd}c% n' j{g ced k`gymt j t jè {mmgmd t` fcvm ocj nmd. j t j{

=6rd% ct r21'26%{mrd% ct 3%?9J'd% &dm{krjbjea f`gm{tmcd {mtt nmgmet{*xx


29/89

cn{` s}jtm n jlmJz tfct {}kkm{{o}n k`gg}ejtcr jce rmn jaj`}{ar`}y{ gcz fcvm n`bbjmd o`r tfm yc{{cam ò ==93 &d* % [mect`rK`}xme{ gmet jèmd tfm mkè`gjkcn nz yr`{ymr`}{ F`}{m ò Dcvjdk`gg}ejtz qfme fm jej t jctmd tfm [mectm dj{k}{{jè cb`}t%==93' d* %?3 Tfm F`}{m ò Dcvjd qc{ {jt}ctmd je GjkfjadD. tfm{tctm tfct K`}xme{ rmyrm{metmc%?2

D}rjear tfm Dmyrm{{jè. j t gcdm a``d y`n j t jkcn cedmkè`gjk {me{m o`r {tctm ced n`kcn a`vmregmet{ t` ckk`gg`dctmk`gg}ecn' rmn jajè{% Tfm {t`rz ò tfm F}ttmr j tm{ ! {mt % t nmgmetje tfm Dcl`tc{ j{ c kc{m je y`je3%?; Bmtqmme 3:3'6 ced 3':22.co tmr drco t rm{j{tcekm bz t %q` F}ttmr jce br`tfmr{ medmd jetfmjr t`rt}rm ced dmctf je yrj{è. tfm met j rm {mkt gjarctmdor`g tfm ]%[% t` Kcecdc%

Bz tfm t jgm ==93&d* bmkcgm % n 'cq e 3':;?. c omq F}ttmr j tmk`nèjm{. mek`}rcamd bz [`}tf Dcl`tc nmaj{ n'ct jè arcet jeatfmg tfm {cgm rjaft{ tfmz fcd meh`zmd je Kcecdc. fcd h}{trm{mtt n 'md je tfm ]ejtmd [tctm{% [`}tf Dcl`tc qc{ cqcrm tfcttfm F}ttmr j tm{ ced tfmjr ocg`}{ ocrgjea {lj n n gjaft fmny tfct{tctm rmk`vmr o r`g tfm Dmyrm{{jè% [mkt jè =93' d* gcz fcvmbmme c o}rtfmr jekmet jvm t` met jkm g`rm ò tfm F}ttmr j tm{&c3èa qjtf tfmjr mkè`gjk yr`d}kt jv j tz* bckl t` tfm ]ejtmd?nF`qmvmr [mect`r{ K`}xme{ ced Qcn{f ocj nmd t` gmet jè tfmF}ttmr h ' tm. Cgj{f ced Gmeeèjtm k`gg}em{. qfjkf qmrm cn{`d`jea vmrz qmn' n ' mkè`gjkcn nz d}rjea tfm Dmyrm{{jè%?2R`bmrt Màcrtz. Tfm Rjaftm`}{ Rmgecet8 Tfm F`}{m ò Dcvhd&3:63* % Tfm F`}{m ò Dcvjd k`gg}ecn j{t{ tfr jvmd je BmetèFcrb`r. Gjkfjace% "Bmetè Fcrb`r bmemo j tmd mkè`gjkcn nz or`gtfm k`nèzr{ yrm{mekm. ced tfm k`nèz cddmd k`n`r cedvjbrcekz t` tfm mc{tmre {f`rm ò Nclm Gjkfjace%" HPd% ct 3;=%?;Dctc è tfm F}ttmr j tm{ c{{jgj nctmd o r`g#%@vmd. {}yrc e`tm 2.ct ;;;';?=% J

2;


30/89

[tctm{% Je ockt . cn n F}t% tmr j tm k`nèjm{ k}rrmet nz crmjek`ry`rctmd }edmr ==9n' &d* %?4

B% Bc{jk @ymrct jè ò ==93 &d*_|fctmvmr tfm tr}m Jmaj{ nct jvm jetmet ò ==93 &d* !

k`}rt{ qmet è t` jetmryrmt j t{ gmcejes. c[ k`}rt{ qj n ' n d`.je n jaft ò tfm omq ced {y`rcdjk kfcn' Jmeam{ bz tfm JR[ ced bzvcrj`}{ [=9n' &d* ar`}y{ tfmg{mnvm{% Bmkc}{m [=93&d*`racejxct jè{ "crm omq je e}gbmr ced {}oo jk jmet % Jz y``r tfcttfmz {mnd`g cyymcn JR[ dmtmrgject jè{ `r gclm kc{mJcq.% % %g}kf ò tfm =93&d* {mkt jè!{ ncea}cam rmgcje{ t` bmjetmryrmtmd ced dmo jemd% "?=

D}m je ycrt t` tfj{ mkè`gjk jgy`tmekm ò k`gg}em{ t`kfcn nmeam JR[ f`ndjea{r q {t j n n d` e`t le`q qfct c"rmn jaj`}{" c{{`kjct jè j{ `r f`q jt dj o omr{ or`g ce"cy`{t`n jk" èm% "B}{jem{{ o`r tfm k`ggè bmemo j t " rmgcje{ce }edmo jemd tmrg% Qfct j{ c "k`ggè trmc{}rz" `r c"k`gg}ejtz trmc{}rz. " ced qfct j{ tfm dj o omrmekm bmtqmme tfmtq`0 "Tfm{m s}m{t jè{. ced gcez `tfmr{. jefcbjt c armz crmc%E`t fcvjea bmme djrmkt nz cddrm{{md bz Kèarm{{. tfm k`}rt{.`r tfm K`ggj{{jè. tfmz crm nmo t t` kè{tr}kt jè bz cecnàz%$(=cP7n`K'`vrx'rèrP|

N`N={{ k`yz ò tfj{ {tctmgmet je Cy392Tqje @cl{ r [nty'MjJ e`tm 2J. ct N2;R


44/89

o"T

M% ]{m ò ==93 &d* bz Kètmgy`rcrz F}ttmr j tm cedFjyyj{39; K`gg}ejt jm{

Tfm g`dmre cyyn jkct jè{ ò ==9n' &d* dmgè{trctm j t{o nmjbj n j tz ced cdcytcbj n j tz% Tfm tq` armctm{t kè{}gmr{ òtfj{ mmgyt jè crm tfm F}ttmr j tm{ ced fjyyjm k`gg}em{%

Qfctmvmr tfm jreyckt ò ==93 &d* è tfm F}ttmr j tm{ jen':;?. tfmz fcvm bmk`gm c {fjejea mcgynm ò k`gg}ecn'yr`{ymrj tz% Or`g tfm {jtmmetf kmet}rz t` g`dmre t jgm{. tfmF}ttmr j tm{ fcvm {}rvjvmd dm{yjtm ymr{mk}t jè ced arm#cdvmr{j tz. ced tfmz kèt je}m t` tfr jvm je g`dmre t jgm{%394

Qfjn'm tfm`rmt jkcn nz. j t j{ " ocjr" e`t t` d`}bnm tc t %fmgmgbmr{ ò k`gg}ecn' rmn jaj`}{ ar`}y{ tfct d` b}{jem{{. èmkce fcrdnz jgcajem c k`gg}ejtz om{{ je emmd ò tc bmemo j t{tfce tfm F}ttmr j tm{% n9= Cn'tf`}sf jedjv jd}cn F}ttmr j tm{n`;F{rajecotmr. bz "fjyyjm k`gg}em{r r gmce cez ò tfm{yjr j t}cn r}rc3 `r }rbce k`gg}ejt jm{. gcez ò qfjkf crmjek`ry`rctmd }edmr ==93 &d* % Fjyyjm k`gg}em{ {}b{krjbm t` tfm{`rt ò "ymrvc{jvm f}gcej{t jk" yfj n`{`yfz myrm{{md je tfmTqje @cl{r [tctmgmet ò Rmn jaj`}{ Y}ry`{m% Cyymedj B%Tfm{m k`gg}ejt jm{ tmed t` bm o`}edmd bz md}kctmd. gjddn'm'kn'c{{ ym`ynm. ò tme m'fjyyjm{% Mcgynm{ jekn}dm Tqje @cl{ced Tfm Ocrg je Tmeem{{mm% o }{m tfm tmrg o`r kèvmejmekm.ced cn{` bmkc}{m j t kètcje{ {`gm tr}tf% F`qmvmr. tfm tmrgj{ jeckk}rctm% Tfm tr}m fjyyjm yfj n`{`yfz ò tfm nctm 3:?9{ced mcrnz 3:19{ qc{ mgb`djmd bz Tjg`tfz Nmcrz!{ gm{{cam t`8"T}em je. t}re èr dr`y `}t%" o o 'Lcetmr. {}yrc e`tm 32. ct 1%Tfm `rjajecn fjyyjm{ qmrm e`t jetmrm{tmd je trz jea t` kfceamd`gjecet {`kjmtz. b}t je dj{{`kjct jea tfmg{mn'vm{ or`g tfm"m{tcbn j{fgmetr{" gcdem{{. o`r mcgynm tfm _jmtecg qcr%G`dmre fjyyjm k`gg}ejtcr jce{ tmed t` bm jev`nvmd qjtf cvcrjmtz ò kc}{m{ cjgmd ct t rce{o`rgjea d`gjecet {`kjmtz%Tfm{m jekn}dm mvmrztfjea or`g e}knmcr dj{crgcgmet t` TfjrdQ`rnd dmvmn`ygmet% O`r mcgynm{. {mm Djrmkt`rvr [PJHM'B `tm=3 d. {}yrc e`tm 2. ct ;;;';==%N m f`qmvmr. tfct t %fm F}ttmr j tm{ `ymenz k`gyncje cb`}t}eocjr omdmrcn tcm{. g}kf ò qfjkf a`m{ t` gjn j tcrz }{m{%Bmkc}{m tfmz crm yr`{ymr`}{. tfm F}ttmr j tm{ ycz c srmct dmcn

;6


45/89

rmtcje e` ymr{ècn yr`ymrtz. c{ c ar`}y tfm F}ttmr j tm{ fcvmmymrjmekmd jekrmdjbnm o jecekjcn {}kkm{{%

G`dmre "fjyyjm" k`gg}em{ cr{` fcvm bmemo j tmd or`g{=93 &d* {tct}{% Tfm jrèz je g`dmre fjyyjm k`gg}em{

trcdjt jècn nz rmr jaj`}{.39? e`r d` tfmz rms}jrm gmgbmr{ t`y``r cn n yr`ymrtz% Cn' tf`}af k`}rt{ fcvm jetmryrmtmd tfm

!Y. `'!trc,rsxr{%bc

{tck`}nd mc{j nz fcvm }yfmnd tfm

jek`ry`rctm }edmr [=93&d* % % %C#Pe'^r % . r}enjlm tfm F}ttmrjtm{. gmgbmr{ o fjyyjm k`gg}em{ rm trotW~%ò tme mkè`gh'kcn nz gy`vmrj{fmd% Ce mcgynm ò tfj{ y`vmrtz o"e

mcgynm. qfme tfm y`y}nct jè ò Tfm Ocrg qc{ cb`}t 3P.299. cgmrm $499%99 ckkr}md t` mckf gmgbmr% ! .Mkè`gjkcnrz. tfj{ j{qfct gcdm tfm Ocrg c tfjrd q`rnd ect jè! . qjtfje tfm b`rdmr{ò tfm }ejtmd {tctm{%391 D}m t` mkè`gjk fcrd t jgm{. TfmOcrg bmace t` rmnc j t{ v`q ò y`vmrtz ced t` ymrgjt j t{

je {tctm ced n`kcn' tcm{ c{ qmn n ' . mvme tf`}af tfmz yr`vjdmtfmjr `qe {kf``W{. r`cd{. ced qctmr {z{t %mg{% tmrmyfèmjetmrvjmq qjtf Ctbmrt Bctm{ &Gcz 3;. jaao n %39=T={ }ejtmd {tctm{ fc{ fj{t`r j tcrrz bmme f`gm t`k`gg}ejtcr jce mymrjgmet{ bc{md è trcdjt jècnP rmn jaj`}{md. {}yrc e`tm X. ct ;'3:% [mm cn' j` Gcttmr. {}yrc e`tm ?=. ct 2'4%391=3ay=me Ac{lj'e. Tfm Ocrg!{ o`}edmr. fc{ kcnPnPmd Tfm Ocrg c"tfjrd z`rnd ect jè {}rr`}edmd bz tfm }ejtmd [tctm{%k.Y`yme`|. {}yrc e`tm 39. ct :3%

9r {`'3

;:


46/89

"eè'v`q" gmgbmr{ t` lmmy yrjvctm yr`ymrt .z je 3:6;%396 @tfmrk`gg}ejt jm{ e` d`}bt qj n n mvòvm {jgj ncr nz. ced {`gm gjaft{tr}aanm je tfm k`}rt{ t` gcjetcje tfmjr ==93 &d* mmgyt jè je{yjtm ò tfm{m kfceam{%

@tfmr dmvmn`ygmet{ crm y`{{jbnm. ajvme tfm o nmjbj n j tzò tfm {tct}tm ced ajvme tfct gcez ò j t{ tmrg{ rmgcje}edmo jemd% G}kf j{ {t j t n ' `yme t` n j t jact jè. ced g`dmrefjyyjm k`gg}em{ qjn n bm tfm èm{ t` n j t jactm'' j o ènz tfmzkce coo`rd j t %

J o J % Cn tmrect jvm Tc [tr}kt}r jea ]edmr [mkt jè =93 &k* &;*JTWfm cyyo jkct jè ò t %fm tfm`rz ò yn}rcn j{g cnqcz{ocv`r{ tfm ar`}y je mj{tmekm cacje{t tf`{m jeyr`km{{ J{jkW ò o`rgct jè%39:

C{ ò t`dcz. 62 rmn jaj`}{ ced cy`{t`n jk `racejxct jè{crm jek`ry`rctmd }edmr ==93'343 339 Gcez ò tfm{m ar`}y{kf``{m tfm ==93 &d* mmgyt jè bmkc}{m tfmz d` e`t bmn jmvm tfmzs}cn j oz o`r tfm armctmr bmemo j t{ cvcjNcbnm t` c ==93 &k* &;*k`ry`rct jè% Ajvme tfm cdvcetcam{ jefmrjea 3e tfm ockjcn nzg`rm amemr`}{ ==93' k* &;* mmgyt jè. qfz d` g`dmre'dczk`gg}ecn' ar`}y{ e`t jek`ry`rctm }edmr tfct kctma`rz0 Je tfj{{mkt jè. J {fc3n ò omr {`gm ce{qmr{ t` tfct s}m{t jè%

396Jd% ct :9%39my?="ra Yc}n Q`no o . "Bmzèd T`nmrcekm. "Y}rm T`nmrcekm 4J &3:?:* %n n`Tmn'myfèm jetmrvjmq qjtf Bj n n Br`klemr.Tmkfejkcn Dj'v j{ jè. Qc{fjeatè D% K% &Cyr%

je C Krj t js}m ò[=93' d* mymrt . JR[36. 3::3*%

49


47/89

AmemrcW Dm{krjyt jè ò ==93&k* &;*[mkt jè =93 &k* &;* ò tfm oetmrecn Rmvme}m K`dm

òomr{ y`{{jbnz tfm g`{t amemr`}{ tc mmgytjè tfct c ar`}ykce meh`z% E`t ènz crm ==93 &k* &;* `racejxct jè{ mmgyt or`gomdmrcn' jek`gm tcr333' b}t tfmz gcz òomr tc dmd}kt jè{t` dè`r{. gclh'ea tfmg g`rm cttrckt jvm t` kètr jb}t`r{% n !3 !2@tfmr cdvcetcam{ ò jek`ry`rct jea }edmr ==93 &k* &;* crmdj{k`}etmd b}n'l gcH'n jea rctm{. kmrtcje a`vmregmet n`ce{. cedtfm y`{{jbj n j tz ò mmgyt jè or`g n`kcn' yr`ymrtz 3c


48/89

md}kct jècn. ced kfcrj tcbn'm''k`}rd kèkmjvcbrz cyynz M%` gcezrmn jaj`}{ ced {mk}ncr ar`}y{ qfjkf crm k}rrmet nz}ejek`ry`rctmd `r jek`ry`rctmd }edmr {=`3 &d*. b}t k}rrmet{=9j' &k* &;* d`ktr jem mkr}dm{ {}kf ar`}y{ or`g j't{ {k`ym%

Tfm rmc{è o`r tfj{ j{ tfm {mkèd rmrmvcet rms}jrmgmetò ==93&k* &;* d`ktr jem8 e` ycrt òmcrejea{ gcz je}rm t` tfm bmemo j t `jedjv jd};3%33= Ojecekjcn bmemo j t{.{cncrz ycjd t` {tco o . cg`}et t` c y8y}bn' jk bmemo j t . ced crm yr`fjbj tmd rTf}{. j o ce jetmet jècn k`gg}ejtz qmrm t` jek`ry`rctm }edmrtfj{ {mkt jè ò tfm k`dm. j t q`}nd fcvm t` bm cbrm t` h}{t j oztfm yr`vj{ jè ò gctmrjcn bmemo j t{. {}kf c{ o``d ced {fmrtmr.t` j t{ gmgbmr{% D}m t` tfm k}rrmet rR[ y`{jt jè. o`r g`{trg`dmre k`gg}ejt jm{. tfm yrjvctm bmemo j t f}rdnm j{ t`` fjaf t`knmcr%

Bmo`rm myrcjejea tfm y`{{jbjr j t jm{ ò jek`ry`rct jè}edmr {=93 &k* &;*. r g}{t dmt`}r t` myrcje tfm }ermrctmdB}{jem{{ rek`gm Tc. qfjkf gcez omrt q`}rd crW`q g`dmremetrmyrmem}rjcr k`gg}ecr rmn jaj`}{ ar`}y{ t` {qj'tkf or`g[{9N &d* t` [{Sn' k* &;* %

o j 'ecekjcn' b}rdme qfjkf q`}Wd `tfmrqj{m fcvm t` bm gmt bzcyyr`yrjct jè{ or`g y}bn jk o}ed{. ced bz tfm bmemo j t{rm{}nt jes or`gPtfm yr`g`t jè `r jem amemrct qmrocrm% . . * %n n j nek {{br&k* &;* r%mc{' %a% {3%{93 3* &3m{m*31=a{. o`r mcgynm. cerr" j n =t ce% trr j" t te.rrrre .`r % rc. .r" %v' K`ggh'{{jèmr. h? T%K 3'. ? & o :a3* %42


49/89

B% Tfm Cdvmet ò tfm ]ermnctmd B}{jem{{ oek`gm TcJe 3:=9. Kèarm{{ cddmd tfm kèkmyt ò }ermn'ctmd

b}{jem{{ jek`gm tc &]BJT* t` ==93 &k* &;* ò tfm K`dm% n n 'B]BJT yr`vjdm{ o`r c tc è jek`gm or`g b}{jem{{ ckt jv j t jm{}ermnctmd t` tfm mmgyt y}ry`{m ò c eèyrò j t met j tz%33:"Qjtf tfm cddjt jè ò tfct tc. tfm [mrvjkm rmkàejxmd tfct`ymrct jè ò c t rcdm `r b}{jem{{ j{ e`t c bcr t` mmgyt%{tct}{ j o tfm t[=93 &k* &;* J `racejxct jè ! j{ e`t `racejxmd `r`ymrctmd o`r tfm yrjgcrz y}ry`{m ò kcrrz jea è ce }ermn'ctmdtrcdm `r b}{jem{{. c{ dmo nemd je {mkt jè =3;. ! ! J29

]edmr tfj{ yr`vj{ jè. [=93 &k* &;* eèyrò j t sr`}y{k`}nd rma}ncr nz kèd}kt o`r'yrò j t b}{jem{{ ckt % jv j tz tò jecekm tfmjr mmgyt rmn jaj`}{. md}kct jècn. `r kfcrj tcbnmckt jv j t jm{%

Qfj nm tfm K`dm ymrgjt{ {`gm b}{jem{{ ckt jv j tz. ceèyrò j t `racejxct jè g}{t e`t meacam je {` g}kf o`r'yrò j tckt jv j tz tfct tfm JR[ kèkn}dm{ tfct tfm `ymrct jè òb}{jem{{ j{ c yrjgcrz ar`}y ckt jv j tz%323 Fj{t`r jkcn nz. tfj{rms}jrmgmet qc{ mtrmgmnz r jajd. b}t j t fc{ bmme rmncmd jeg`dmre t jgm{ %122 J o tfm yrjgcrz ckt jv j t jm{ ò c ==93 &k* &;*

3363:: [[= %3'=3=%33: rt329??m3zr ['}y'Nm e`tm 34. ct 333&%3233r{;{% Rma% =3 %=93&k* &;*'3 &m* ! &3* &3:63*%N22Jrr Yrm{bztmr jce ced Rmo`rgmd Y}bn j{fjea K`% v%K`ggj{{jèmr. 14; O% 2d 346 &;d Kjr% 3:64*. t %fm Tfjrd Kjrk}j trmvmr{md c Tc K`}rt dmkj{ jè qfjkf fcd rmv`lmd tfm trc'mmgyt {tct}{ ò c fjafnz yrò j tcbnm rmn jaj`}{nz'`r jmetmdy}bn j{fjea f`}{m% Tfm K`}rt fmnd tfct tfm {}kkm{{b}{jem{{ `ymrct jè{ ò c tc'mmgyt `racejxct jè d` `tdj{s}cn j oz j t o r`g [=93 &k* &;* mmgyt jè. c{ nèa c{ tfm

4;


50/89

`racejxct jè crm k`ggmrkjcn . tfm tm{t o`r qfmtfmr {}kfckt jv j t jm{ crm cyyr`yrjctm j{ c tm{t ò tfmjr y}ry`{m. e`ttfmjr ect}rm% J2; Tf}{. tfm`rmt jkcn nz. cez n 'mvmJ òk`ggmrkjcn ckt jv j tz j{ ckkmytcbn'm c{ nèa c{ tfm y}ry`{m òtfm ckt jv j tz j{ mmgyt ced tfm bmemo j t{ o n`q t` tfm y}bn jk%

Je rmcn j tz. f`qmvmr. tfm ctg`{yrmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejt jm{ qfjkf kètmgyn==93 &k* &;* % J24 tfm dj{t jekt jè bmtq`racejxct jè qfjkf j{ tcmd è j t{ }ckt jv j tz ced ce `racejxct jè qfjkf keèyrò j t mmgyt jè bmkc}{m ò t`` g}kf b}{jem{{ ckt jv j tz j{|c%eaN`c}n G4c o jek &*eO' ! jedmmd% Ajvme tfm k}rrmet ctg`{yfmrm. fjyyjm o}!Xcf*# % Wf% rv .k`gg}em{ d` e`t mvme cttmgyt t` jek`ry`rctm }edmr==93&k* &;3 %N2{

Gmcdm Mg`rz {}aam{t{ tfct {mktg`{t ò j t{ jgy`rtcekm {jekm tfm meb}{jem{{ jek`gm tc% !N2? Tfm rct j`

' ' 'N j UN' ' 'U3 o ' o U ' Jar`}y{ qfjkf s}cn j o jmd ènz }edmr [k}r &`* Dmr`rm kem jz=} #}`.% 4P(.jetr`d}kt jè ò tfm ]BoT k`}nd e`q jek`ry`rctm }edmr[=93&k* &;* ced {jgynz ycz ]BJT è tfmjr }ermn'ctmd b}{j

y}ry`{m{ ò tfm b}{jem{{ crm mmgytbmemo j t cez yrjvctm jedjv jd}cn%32;Cjd t` Crt j{ce{ v% K`ggj{{jèmr. 3& jgy`rt jea ced {mn n jea tfm fcedjkrcodj{cdvcetcamd crt j{ce{ s}cn j o jm{ c{c kfcrj tcbnm y}ry`{m*%324Tfj{ kèkn'}{jè j{ bc{md è Br`klrrP3P9%N2=T Cch4 %N2?=y:{zr [nty'MnJ e`tm N4. ct 3339 ced Br`klemr jetmrvjmq. {}yrce`tm 339%

44


51/89

C{ h}{t dj{k}{{md. tfj{ fc{ e`t t}remd `}t t` bm tfm kc{mbmkc}{m ò t %fm ymrkmjvmd f`{t j n j tz t`qcrd jetmet jècnk`gg}ejt jm{ qfjkf meacam je b}{jem{{m{%

Ce`tfmr bcrr h 'mr j{ tfm ]BJT. qfjkf k`}nd bm nmtfcn t`gcez k`gg}ejt % jm{ e`q jek`ry`rctmd }edmr ==93 &d*. { jekm {`g}kf ò tfmjr kc{f'amemrct jea ckt jv j tz. {}kf c{ {mn n jeafcgg`kl{ `r yr`d}km. kcee`t bm kfcrcktmr jxmd c{ "rmnctmd" t`ce mmgyt y}ry`{m je tfm K`dm% Qmn n'm{tcbn j{fmd rmn jaj`}{ced eèyrò j t ar`}y{ kce o jecekm tfmjr ckt jv j t h 'm{ qjtfdèct jè{ o r`g tfmjr kèarmact jè{ ced {}yy`rtmr{% Emqmr cedg`rm }ekèvmet jècn' ar`}y{. qfjkf kcee`t `r d` e`t qj{f t`rmnz è tc dmd}kt jbnm dèct jè{. g}{t d` b}{jem{{. e`t o`rn`vm ò yrò j t . b}t {jgynz je `rdmr t` co o`rd k`gg}ecnn jv jea% Mvme jo tfm{m ar`}y{ k`}nd jek`ry`rctm }edmr==93 &k* &;*. tfm ]BJT q`}nd y}ej{f tfm{m k`gg}ejt jm{ bz tcjeatfmg g`rm è tfmjr }ermn'ctmd b}{jem{{ tfce tfmz e`q ycz }edmr==93' d* mmgyt jè è cn n tfmjr b}{jem{{ ckt jv j tz%3.21

oek`ry`rct jè }edmr [=93Mvme tf`}af k`gg}ejt jm{

}edmr ==93' d* crm. bz dmo jej t jè.tfrmm ockt`r{ myncje qfz ar`}y{rmn jah'`}{ fjyyjm k`gg}em{ kcee`tc=trmctgmetn%321ae?ar% ==93&d* .b}{jem{{ je qfjkf{}yrc e`tm 41%

&k* &;* c{ c Kf}rkfk}rrmet nz jek`ry`rctmdrmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejt jm{.

n jlm tfm F}ttmr j tm{ ceds}cn j oz o`r [=93 &k* &;*

k%

tfmrm j{ e` rm{tr jkt jè è tfm tzym òtfm `racejxct jè meacam{% Lnmje{c{{mr.

4=


52/89

Tfm o jr{t ockt`r fc{ c{ g}kf t` d` qjtf oR[dj{kr jgject j 'è c{cje{t % }eocgjn' jcr k`gg}ecn rmn jsjè{ c{ qjtf

r0e ca`c^ccnto jecekjcn' bmemo j t{ o r`g tfm jedjv jd}cngmgbmr{" Tfm`rmt jkcn nz. g`dmrermn jaj`}{ jet %met jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ k`}nd { jekmrmnz ced mc{j nz{ct j{oz tfm JR[ dmo jej t jè ò "kf}rkf. " qfjkf jekn}dm{ cemncb`rctm o`}rtmm krj tmr jc tm{t %3!26 [`gm ò tfm kr j tmr jc.{}kf c{ c rms}jrmremet ò "c rmkàejxmd krmmd ced o`rg òq`r{fjy. " ced " dj{t jekt rmn jaj`}{ fj{t`rz. "N2: rj %cz {mmg tòcv`r ènz qmn n ''m{tcbn j{fmd rmn jajè{% Tfm JR[ kncjg{ e`t t`s}m{t jè tfm {jekmrj tz ò tfm k`gg}ecn ar`}y{! bmn jmo {.'rctfmr. tfm [mrvjkm dmejm{ k`gg}ecn rmn jajè{ tfm ==93 &k* &;*mmgyt jè o`r tfm ò o jk jcn rmc{è "J t Wfct {}kf `racejxct jè{crm e`t `rscejxmd mkn}{jvmnz o`r mmgyt y}ry`{m{ bmkc}{mo}rej{fjea tfm emkm{{jt jm{ ò n j om t` tfmjr gmgbmr{ j{ c{jaej o jkcet eè'mmgyt y}ry`{m. ced tfct tfm emt mcrejea{ ò{}kf `racejxct jè{ je}rm t` tfm yrjvctm bmemo j t ò tfmjrgmgbmr{. tfr`}arf tfm gmgbmr{! rmkmjyt ò o``d ced{fmntmr% " n ';9 tf} g`{t g`dmre k`gg}ejtcr jce rmn jaj`}{ ar`}y{326Kf}rkf ò tfm _j{jbnm Jetmn n jamekm tfct A`vmre{ tfm&3:6;* %

. 6;P2 }% {% Tc% kc{% &kkF* at :'32?n2:K`ggmet. "Qjtkfkrco t ced Tc Mmgyt [tct}{ ]edmr [mkt jè=93&k* &;* ò tfm oetmrecn' Rmvme}m K`dm. " 23. ]%[%O%N% Rmv%1?;. 161 &3:61* &c}tf`rmd bz Gcaajm Onzee*%3;9Mg`rz ct 396:':9. kj t jea t` Gcrt je{vj n nm Gjej{tr jm{. Jek%v% ]ejtmd [tctm{. B9'2 ]%[% Tc Kc{% &KKF* [J:T39. ct :=.;2:&D%D%K% 3:1:* &gmg% ced Bmtf'MJ Gjej{tr jm{. Jek% v% ]ejtmd[tctm{ . !1:'2 ]% [ Tc Kc{ &KKF* $ :4N2. dt 6t ~ =3.1 3.: &D% D% K%N:1:* %

4?


53/89

ocj n t` s}cn j oz o`r [=93 &k* &;*. bmkc}{m tfm {}{tmecekmyr`vjdmd gmgbmr{ j{ v jmqmd c{ ymr{ècn' bmem33t% %3;3

oe fj{ crt jk nm. "Tfm Tc Mmgyt [tct}{ ò K`gg}ejtcr jceRmn jaj`}{ @racejxct jè{8 Ce ]eemkm{{crz Kètr`vmr{z0r" GmcdmMg`rz cra}m{ ymr{}c{jvmnz tfct g`dmre k`gg}ejtcr jce rmn jaj`}{`racejxct jè{ {f`}n'd s}cn j oz o`r ==93&k* &;* mmgyt jè c{kf}rkfm{% Fm cecnàjxm{ g`dmre k`gg}ejtcr jce rmn jaj`}{ar`}y{ t` kèvmet{. gèc{tmr jm{. ced `tfmr t rcdj t jècnrmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ecn crrceamgmet{ qfjkf crm mmgyt cedkèkn}dm{ tfct tfm [mrvjkm j{ v j`nct jea yrjekjynm{ òcdgjej{trct jvm kè{j{tmekz ced tfm Ojr{t Cgmedgmet yrjekjynmò o rmmd`g ò r{33s3{en';2!

JTWfm [mrvjkm fc{ ckkmytmd tfm c{{mrt % jè tfct r``gced b`crd kce bm o}rej{fmd mkn}{jvmnz o`rrmn jaj`}{ y}ry`{m{% Gèc{tmr jm{. kèvmet{ cedrmn jaj`}{ `rdmr{ r`}t jemnz {ct j{oz tfm tmgy`rcnemmd{ ò tfmjr gmgbmr{% G`{t ò tfm{m`racejxct jè{ crm coo j n jctmd qjtf qmn' n 'm{tcbn j{fmdrmn jaj`}{ `rdmr{ J{}kf c{ tfm R`gce Kctf`W' jkKf}rkfn ced fcvm r`}t jemnz bmme arcetmdt{=9n' &k* &;* J tc'mmgyt {tct}{ bz tfm [mrvjkm%Qfme m{tcbn j{fmd `r nèa'{tcedjea k`gg}ejt jm{ crmjev`n.vmd. tfm [mrvjkm cyycrmet nz fc{ e` yr`bnmgqjtf mjtfmr ò tfm j{{}m{ rcj{md je tfm Bmtf'Mn'kc{m%3;; Tfm [mrvjkm!{ trmctgmet ò emq `r}ekèvmet jècn k`gg}ejtcr jce rmn jaj`}{ ar`}y{ j{tf}{ jekè{j{tmet qjtf j t{ trmctgmet ò nès'ckle`qn'mdamd èm{ % 3;4Tf}{ j t {mmg{ t%fct tfm je`rdjectm o`k}{ tfm [mrvjkm

ynckm{ è yrjvctm bmemo j t gcz bm. je gcez kc{m{. c k`vmr o`r3;r !={{ Kcecdc v% K`ggj{{jèmr. 62 T%K% E`% 1; &3:64* &dè`r{t` k`gg}ecn' rmn jaj`}{ `racejxct h 'è dmejmd tc dmd}kt jè.bmkc}{m dèmm ar`}y `ymrctmd o`r {}b{tcet jcn' eè'mmgyty}ry`{m{*%N;2are?y e`tm 34. ct 396=%3;;=a{ `tm N;9 ced ckk`gycezjea tmt %3;4?y?r e`tm 34. ct 39:;':4% O``te`tm{ `gjt tmd%

41


54/89

j t{ gj{tr}{t ò tfm rmn jaj`}{ kèvjkt jè ò g`dmre rmn jaj`}{k`gg}em{%3;= Tfm rR[ omcr{ orc}d. ckkr}cn' ò ymr{ècrbmemo j t{ t` gmgbmr{ ò eèyrò j t k`gg}ecn' rmn jajè{. ced co n``d ò je{jekmrm {mk}rcr ar`}y{ trz jea t` k`n' nPmkt tfmbmemo j t{ ò ==93 &k3 3;3 3;?

C {mkèd. g`rm je{jdj`}{ rmc{è qfz [=93 &k* &;* j{ c3nb}t kn`{md t` emq k`gg}ecn' rmn jaj`}{n';1 ar`}y{ j{y`n j t jk{%3;6 Tfm ==93&k* &;* kctma`rz j{ c {ckrmd rmnPjk o`rtfm d`gjecet rmn jajè{. qfjkf fcvm trmgmed`}{ y`n j t jkcn cedo jecekjcr kn`}t ced tfm cttmedcet y`qmr t` coo`rd rmacn

% 'fr ! n r bct t % n 'm{% Qfme tfm JR[ cetcaèjxm{ {gcJ3. }ekèvmet jècnt n j{fmd. t % rcdj t jècn rmn jajè{ qjt n '8 JR[ s}jtm {jgynz d`m{ e`t qcet*}{ ar`}y{ je tfm {cgm kctma`rz

kn` te`v rm{mrvmkn t`r t rcdj t jècn. mkè`gjkcn nz y`qmro}n rmn jajè{%m [mrvjkm omcr{ tfct. bz t`zjea qjtf kctma`rjm{

CZ djt jèct nz rm{mrvmd o`r tfm g`rm y`qmro}n cekn mèvmet jècnP% t qj n n cetcaèjxm bn

Ojecn nz. cddmd t` tfj{ rR[ dj{kr jgject jè cacje{trd tfm yr`bnmg ò y`n j t jk{. j{ tfm

t cyyn jm{ t` fjyyjm k`gg}em{ rctfmryt( tfce F}ttmr j tm k`gg}ejt jm{. tfm rmn jaj`}{ kèvjkt jè{ òtU n3%}' qfjkf fcvm {t``d tfm tm{t ò t jgm% Tfm [mrvjkm yr`bcbnz! 8 .P nme}jemnz omcr{ c qjedocn' n t` tfm qmcntfz F}ttmr j t %m{ j o tfmzcrm e`t tcmd è tfmjr jek`gm%3;?Mg`rzr [P^taMae`tm 34. ct 339;'339:%3;1Rmkc33. r jekr}dm g`{t fjyyjm ar`}y{ je tfj{ kctma`rz% {mme`tm 34. {}yrc%n;{Br`klemr jetmrvjmq. {}yrc e`tm n' n '9. ced tmnmyfèm jetmrvjmqqjtf DècWd Yjtxmr. Djrmkt`r ò tfm Kmetmr o`r K`gg}ecn'{t}djm{. }ejvmr{j tz ò {`}tfmre redjcec &Cyr% 2;. 3::3P*%

e`t N %*

46


55/89

"J le`q jt qfme J {mm jN" gmetcn j tz ò tfm JR[ t`qcrd{ tfmcg`}et ò b}{jem{{ ckt jv j t jm{ tfm{m ar`}y{ kèd}kt%3;:Rmkcn n tfct }edmr k}rrmet kc{m Jcq. tfm [mrvjkm {f`}nPd ènzn``l ct tfm y}ry`{m ò b}{jem{{ ckt % jv j tz ced e`t j t{ect}rm%349 Cntf`}af kèd}kt jea b}{jem{{ rm{yè{jbnz gcz bmvmrz g}kf ce mnmgmet ò F}ttmr j tm ced fjyyjm r j`}{kèvjkt jè{r n4n tfm [mrvjkm dmmg{ {}kf ckt jv j t }ermn'ctmdt` tfm mmgyt rmn jaj`}{ y}ry`{m ò tfm ar`}y{% Tf}{. tfmg`rm b}{jem{{ c ar`}y emmd{ t` d` je `rdmr t` {}yy`rt j t{rmn jaj`}{ `racejxct jè. tfm g`rm n jlmnz j t qj n nP ocj n t`s}cn j oz }edmr ==93&k* &;1 %JC2

Qfct tzym ò ar`}y qjn nP tfm JR[ ymrgjt t` jek`ry`rctm}edmr ==93 &k* &;* 0 Tfm [mrvjkm rmkmet nz j{{}md c AmemrcnPK`}ekj n ' Gmg` &AKG*. qfjkf fmnd tfct c g`dmre k`gg}ecnrmn jaj`}{ ar`}y. tfm bmn jmo{ ò qfjkf crm Kfrj{t jce je`rjaje. qc{ mmgyt }edmr tfm yr`vj{ jè %3!4; Tfm AKG kr'cr j o jmdtfct tfm yr`vj{ jè ò o``d ced n`dajea t` k`gg}em dqmnWmr{3;m={{ {}yrc e`tm{ r24 ced 3'2= ced ckk`gycezjea tmt % Tfj{ockt`r cyyn jm{ qjtf ms}cn {trmeatf t` F}ttmr j tm k`gg}ejt jm{ced fjyyjm k`gg}em{%349={{ {}yrc e`tm{ J22 ced 3.2; ced ckk`gycezjea tmt %3c3={{ dj{k}{{jè je Ycrt _% B% n ' . jeo rc%342;y3 {mm A`n'dme R}rm kf}rkf C{{`kjct jè v% k`ggj{{jèmr. 4H.T%k% 1N:. !123! t 12;'4 &N:?4* ~ je qfjkf tfm Tc k`}rt fmrd tfctc kf}rkf {}b{jdjcrz qfjkf gcecamd {mvmrcn b}{jem{{'' jekn'}djeac f`tmn' . c e}r{rz. ced {cqgjn n ''fcd jedmmd meacamd jeb}{jem{{ ckt jv j t jm{ o`r rmn jaj`}{ y}ry`{m{% Tfm kf}rkfjetmedmd t` myrm{{ tfm cyyn jkct jè{ ò j t{ tmckfjea{ t`mvmrzdcz b}{jem{{ yrckt jkm{%3c;oe rm8 Tc Mmgytjè o`r c K`gg}ecn Rmn jaj`s{@racejxct jè. AKG ;6621 &Gcr % 2;. 3.::2* je Tc E`tm{ ?N&Cyr% =. 3:62*% J t qc{ cn{` fmnd tfct ocj n}rm ò c ar`}y t`s}crj oz }edmr {=93&d* qc{ e`t c bcr t` jek`ry`rct h 'è }edmr[=9n' &k* &;* % H'd% ct ?4%

4:


56/89

{f`}n'd bm cecnzxmd je tmrg{ ò "tfm y}ry`{m t`qcrd qfjkftfm{m ckt jv j t jm{ crm djrmktmd% Tfmrmo`rm. dmymedjea è cn ntfm ockt{ ced kjrk}g{tcekm{ je c sjvme kc{m . c ycrt jk}ncr

mmgyt y}ry`{m `r c eèmmgyt y}ry`{m%rr344Tfm ockt{ je tfm kc{m dm{krjbmd c k`gg}em qjtf ce

mtrmgmnz [ycrtce n j om{tz nm. c vmrz trcdj t jècn nz Kfrj{t jceo`k}{. ced ce cyycrmet cb{mekm ò k`gg}eco b}{jem{{%34=]eo`rt}ectmnz. g`{t k`gg}ejt jm{ k}rrmet nz jek`ry`rctmd }edmr==93 &d* q`}nd e`t gmmt tfj{ dm{krjyt jè%

D% Jek`ry`rct jè c{ c ==93&k* &;* Md}kct jècn@racejxct jè

Tfm rmcn n`{mr je tfm eèyrò j t jek`ry`rct jèj{ tfm {mk}ocr k`gg}em. qfjkf. }en'm{{ j t gj{rmyrm{met{c{ c rmn jaj`}{ ar`}y. kcee`t y`{{jbnz s}cn j oz }edmr==93 &k* &;* c{ c kf}rkf `r }edmr ==93 &d* c{ c rmn jaj`}{cy`{t`n jk `racejxct jè %3!4?

acgmjt{mn o

`r

r44Jd% ct ?=3%34=a{rt %4je md}kct jècn `r kfcrj tcbnm k`gg}ecn ar`}y{ fcvm c{trèa dj{tc{tm o`r tfm q`rd "rmn jajè" ced jt{ jgyn jkct jè{.{` tfmz d` e`t kcrm t` cd`yt tfm nmacn dmo jeh' t jè ò tfmtmrg% Je Qm3{f v% ]ejtmd [tctm{. ;:6 ]%[% ;;;. ;49'43. tfmK`}rt mycedmd tfm dmo jej t jè ò rmn jaj`}{ bmn' jmo t` jekn}dm"g`rcn' . mtfjkcn `r rmn jaj`}{ bmn' jmo{ cb`}t qfct j{ r jaft cedqrèao" tfct crm fmnd "qh' t %f t %fm {trmeatf `rmn jaj`}{ kèvjkt jè{% "me`}af je n jv jea k`gg}ecn nz. j t gcz ced {f`}nd cra}m tfctk`gg}ecn h'{g. c{ j t mj{t{ je nèa'tmrg. k`ggjt tmd k`gg}ecnn jv jea crrcesmgmet{. r j{m{ t` tfm n'mvmJ ò rmn jaj`}{kèvjkt jè%

ckt jv j tz gcz bm kcrr jmd è o`r `r djrmktmd t`qcrd mjtfmr ce&mgyfc{j{ je

`rjajecn

se


57/89

J tfjel tfct {`gm k`gg}em{ k`}nd {tr}kt}rm tfmg{mnvm{ c{md}kct jècn eèyrò j t `rscejxct jè{. qfjkf q`}nd s}cn j oz tfmgc{ mmgyt }edmr ==93 &k* &;* % B}t tfmz q`}nd fcvm t` {f`q tfcttfm kèg}em{ djd e`t `ymrctm o`r tfm jvctm bmemo j t òtfmjr gmgbmr{%

Ar`}y{ s}cn j oz jea c{ kf}rkfm{ }edmr ==93 &k* &;* fcvm e`yr`bnmg yr`vjea y}bn jk bmemo j t . bmkc}{m tfm ockj n j tct jè ò`racejxmd {yjr j t}cn j tz j{ kè{jdmrmd ò jetr je{jk vcn}m cedc}t`gct jk y}bn jk bmemo j t % n4 !15"Tfmrmo`rm. j o j t j{ dmtmrgjemdtfct c k`gg}ecn' rmn' js j` racejxct jè[ ckt jv j t jm{ o}rtfmr `ryr`g`tm j t{ rmn j { y}ry`{m{ `r a`cn{. tfm y}bn jk gcz bmdmmgmd t` dmr c bmemo j t o r`g {}kf ckt jv j t jm{ mvme j o tfm{mckt jv j t jm yr`vjdm ce cra}cbnz yrjvctm bmemo j t t` tfm`race t jè!{ gmgbmr{. d{ nèa c{ tfm yrjvctm bmemo j t j{

cejxct j

t.to}en n n_"H J H 2%?=cd(. jek'}

8 bm gmt bz ce }rbce h'etmet jècn'

J ' ' !Z.,5vv

` o}n o j n ' n ' ce md}kct jècn y}ry`{m.r{ }edmr èm r`ò% J4: Tfj{ q`}ndn . ct ??%{}kf }rbce eèyrò j t `racejxct jè


58/89

bm cecnà`}{ t` c rmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejtz. tfm gmgbmr{ ò qfjkf.je `rdmr t` o`n n`q tfm tmemt{ ò tfmjr rmn jajè. g}{t n jvmk`gg}ecJJz%3=9 O`r mcgyn. j o tfm `racejxct jè qmrmtmckfjea k`gg}ecn' n j om{tz nm t` jetmre{. tfm {tco o gmgbmr{q`}nd fcvm t` dmgè{t%rctm k`gg}ecn n jv jea bz d`jea%

[}kf c k`gg}ejtz k`}nd cn{` m{kcym ]BJT bz amemrct jeao}ed{. j o emkm{{crz. tfr`}af tfm {cnm ò yr`d}kt{ `r {mrvjkm{tfct qmrm kc}{cn nz rmnctmd t` {yrmcdjea tfmjr k`gg}ecngm{{cam< o`r mcgynm. tfm gmgbmr{ k`}nd òomr k nc{{m{ cedjetmre{fjy{ è k`gg}ecn n jv jea% O}rtfmrg`rm. rm{jdmet{ òtfm k`gg}ecn dqmn n jea k`}nd bm ycjd bz tfm eèyrò j tk`ry`rct jè c{ {tco o gmgbmr{. qf`{m yrm{mekm j mkm{{crz o`rcr,'?{n b^y*

}nr nPgnP e{tnnrH' t3Utg`d aj` c ed {mk}ncr j etm etjb e k`gg}e

ced mmgyt y}ry`{m{ ced &2*{fmntmr t` k`gg}em dqmn nmr{tfm JR[ {f`}nd br`cdme j t{dj{k}{{md bmn`q je Ycrt _%

M% [=93&d* _mr{}{ ==93&k* &;*J t fc{ bmme {cjd ò ==93

"mmgytjè" ct }33%3=3 J t { jgynz

bmtqmme tfm yr`vj{ jè ò o``d cedced mmgyt y}ry`{m{% Rmc{è{ qfz

ckkmytcekm t` tfm{m ar`}y{ qjn' J bm

''Cdvcetcam{ ced Drcqbckl{&d* tfct j{ e`t rmcn nz cemn jgjectm{ tcct jè ò tfm

t` tfmjr `qe }ekmrtcjetz cb`}t tfm nmacn tmecbj n j tz ò tfmjrcrrceaomgmet%N=9Bg{rzr [nHy'M##e`tm 34 ct 396='6 : %n{ nBr`klemr jetmrvjmq. {}yrc e`tm. dt N39%

tfm kèemkt jè &3* bmtqmme b}{jem{{ ckt jv j tz

=2


59/89

k`gg}ecn ar`}y. qfj nm gcjetcjejea tfm tc è tfm jedjv jd}cngmgbmr{% J t{ n ' jgjtct jè{ {mmg g`{t {tcrl qfme kètrc{tmd t`tfm bmemo j t{ ò [=9n' &k* &;* % Tfm [=9n' &d* mmgyt jè d`m{ e`tkèomr tfm yrjxmd bmemo j t ò dj{k`}etmd y`{tcam. qfjkf fc{

coo`rdmd [=93&k* &;* ar`}y{% C{ qmn n ' . je kètrc{t t` tfmtrmctgmet ò ==93&k* &;* `racejxct jè{. dèct jè{ t` ==93P d*ar`}y{ crm e`t tc'dmd}kt jbnm% W '=2

[mkt jè =93' d* d`m{. f`qmvmr. fcvm {`gm jgy`rtcetcdvcetcam{ `vmr ==9n' &k* &;* % ]en' jlm ==93&k* &;* `racejxct jè{.==93 &d* `racejxct jè{ fcvm e` rm{tr jkt jè{ è tfmjr y`n j t jkcnckt jv j tz% "Tfmz kce J`bbz. {}yy`rt kcedjdctm{. ced y}bn j{f!yr`ycacedc% rrr n$n J t j{ cn'{` y`{{jbnm je {`gm {tctm{ o`r==93 &d* `racejxct jè{ t` djv jdm k`ry`rctm c{{mt{ cgèagmgbmr{ je tfm kc{m ò dj{{`n}t jè. % tfj{ j{ ce jgy`{{jbj n j tz}edmr omdmrcn ncq o`r ==93 &k* &;* `racejxct jè{. qfjkf g}{t?'yc{{ tfmjr rmgcjejea c{{mt{ è t` {jghPncr eèyrò j t`racejxct jè% n=4 OjecJJz. o`r k`gg}ejt jm{ qjtf gcezkfh' Jdrme. tfm h'ek`gm {yn j t t jea cvcj ncbnm }edmr tfm ==93&d*yr` rctc dj{tr jb}t jè {kfmgm gclm{ tfct mmgyt jè g`rmcttrckt jvm%

3=2yaz% R}n % =1 '=1 4 . 3':=3'2 K % B% 3?3 ced {mm69%3=;;?:::. "@yt jè{ o`r oek`ry`rct jè. " {}yrc3=4rcRh'lmr. {}yrc e`tme`tm 49. ct 393'%

=;


60/89

J_% ogyn jkct jè{ ò K}rrmet Tc [tr}kt}r jea o`r Jetmet jècnK`gg}ejt jm{

Tfm o`rma`jea dj{k}{{jè rmvmcn{ tfct `yt jè{ o`rjetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{. c{ o`r mvmrz n jv jea {`}3. crmJ jgjtmd ced kfceemn'md bv k}rrmet tc ncq% Tfmjgyn jkct jè{ o`r ar`}y gmgbmr{fjy crm gcez% Je tfj{ {mkt jè.J myn`rm tfm o`n n`qjea o`}r j{{}m{8 &3* tfm mo omkt òmkè`gjk b}rdme{ è k`gg}ejt jm{. % &2* tfm rm{}nt jea kèvmr{jèò k`gg}ejtz mtfjk{ t` metrmyrmem}rjcn vcn}m{. ced tfmo}ekt jè ò tc n'cq je ockj n j tct jea tfj{ t rmed< &;* qfmtfmrk`gg}ejt jm{ crm tf}{ "qjeejea" `r " n '`{jea" }edmr tfm k}rrmettc rmajgm< ced o jecn nz &4* f`q tfj{ yr`km{{ ò "JmacnNxjea. !c k`gg}ejtz tfr`}af jek`ry`rct jè coomkt{ tfm kè{tr}kt jè òar`}y {mno ' jdmet j tz%

C% Mkè`gjk Yrm{{}rm{ ced B}{jem{{ OcjW}rmKmrtcje trcdj t jècn rmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejt jm{ fcvm

dmgè{trctmd kè{jdmrcbn'm rm{j n jmekz je tfm ockm ò nmac3kfceam% re ockt . B`}vcrd je{j{t{ tfct "rmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejt jm{g}{t bm è kè{tcet a}crd cacje{t t %fm dceamr{ ò mkè`gjk{}kkm{{%" n '== [`gm ò tfm g`{t {}kkm{{o}n k`gg}ecn' rmn jsj`}{{`kjmt jm{ mvmet}cn nz dj{bcedmd ct tfm fmjaft ò tfmjro jecekjcn yr`{ymrj tzr&krc{fmd je o ncgm bmkc}{m ò tfm cb}{m{tfct kce ct tmed mkè`gjk {}kkm{{^ `r fcd t` k}t bckl è

ct 3.:4

=4

3{{B`}vcrd. {}yrc e`tm B.


61/89

b}{jem{{ `ymrct jè{ t` gcjetcje tfm yr`ymr yr jgckz òrmn jaj`}{ ocj tf%3=?

G`dmre fjyyjm k`gg}ej't jm{. è tfm `tfmr fced. fcvmJ j t t n 'm t` omcr or`g }ebrjdn'md mkè`gjk {}kkm{{% Rctfmr. tfmzck}tmnz mymrjmekm ced ò tme {}kk}gb t` mtmrecn o jecekjcn'kè{trcjet{% Tfm rmc{è{ o`r tfj{ crm ct nmc{t tq`8 n jgjtmd{jxm ced rm{`}rkm{. ! ced gmgbmr{o nckl ò mymrjmekm jek`gymt j t jvm b}{jem{{ crrceamgmet{%

Ojr{t ò cn n . kètmgy`rcrz rmn jaj`}{ k`gg}ejt jm{ `kk}yz

F}ttmr j tm Njgj tmd {yckm ced {gcn n' gmgbmr{fjy{. cnèaqjtf n`kct jè{ òtmet jgm{ ct ce jekèvmejmet dj{tcekm or`g}rbce gcrlmt{. gclm mkè`gjk jedmymedmekm g`rm djo o jk}n t t`ckfh'mvm8 "Cntf`}af g`{t jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ c{yjrm t` cdjvmr{j o jmd ced {mn' o '{}o o jk jmet mkè`gz. tfmz crm amemrcn nzt`` {gcn n t` t rce{kmed t%fm n'cq{ ò tfm br`cdmr mkè`gjk{z{tmg% Mkè`gjk ocj n}rm{ crm e`t }ek`ggè cgèa jetmet jècnk`gg}ejt jm{ % " 3=1

Jecrmkmet{t}dzò{yjr j t}c33=6jetmet jèc3.o t& . bUI{'tk`gg}ej t jm{. tfmc}tf`r{kèk}rqj tfB`}vcrdcedòomr temo o j n

cet j'b}{jem{{ gmetcn j tz cnèa qjtf nckl ò mymrjmekm jer}eejea c b}{jem{{ c{ cddjt jècn rmc{è{ o`r mkè`gjko cj n '}rm8

C armct gcez b}{jem{{ ocj n}rm{ fcvm `kk}rrmd cgèatfm k`gg}ejt jm{. ct yr`bcbnz c fjafmr rctm tfce je

j tf c g`dmre rmn jaj`}{ o`k}{%==


62/89

tfm ncramr {`kjmtz% Tfj{ {tmg{ or`g tfmjr {f`rtcamò gctmrjcn' rm{`}rkm{ ced trcjejea. ced cn'{`. jegcez kc{m{. or`g ce cet jyrò j t gmetcn j tz% Ced omqfcvm tfm dr jvm t` {}kkmmd tfct {` {trèanzg`t jvctm{ gcez metrmyrmem}r{ %Y`{{jbnz tfm{jeanm g`{t dj o o jk}n t yr`bnmg o`r tfm jetmet jècnk`gg}ejt jm{ c{ c qf`n'm fc{ bmme f`q t` gclm cn jv jea% Je ycrt tfj{ j{ bmkc}{m gcez ò tfmjrgmgbmr{ t}remd cqcz or`g qfct tfmz fcd bmmemd}kctmd t` d`. {tcrt jea `}t c{ yjèmmr{ qjtf omqgctmrjcn rm{`}rkm{ ced n j t t nm rmnmvcet trcjejes%3=:

O`r mcgyom. ènz èm ò "tfm 219 ym`ynm qf` qmet è tfmkcrcvce qjtf [tmyfme Ac{lje ced medmd }y è c ocrg jeTmeem{{mm%% %fcd cez ocrgjea mymr jmekm% Tfmz tf`}aft tfcttfmz gjaft fcvm t` q`rl c dcz c qmml t` amt bz. b}t s}jkl nzn'mcremd tfct bmjea yjèmmr{ h'{e! t mc{z% " 3?9

Kc{f Yrm{{}rm{ ced Krmmyjea Metrmyrmem}r{fjyGcez g`dmre k`gg}ejtcrjce{ q`}nd tclm j{{}m qjtf gz

}{m ò tfm tmrg "krmmyjea" c{ ce cdhmkt jvm dm{krjbjeak`gre}ecn'metrmyrmem}r{fjy% Tfmz je{h'{t tfct metrmyrmem}r{fjyj{ e`t c djr tz q`rd. ced tfct fj{t`r jkcn nz. jetmet jècnPk`gg}ejt % jm{ fcvm kf`{me t` d` b}{jem{{ qjtf t %fm "`}t{jdmq`rnPd% " 3?n' F`qmvmr. j t {mmg{ jgy`{{jbn'm t`

R

dm{h'rm t` meacam je metrmyrmem}r{fjy or`g tfmemkm{{jtz ò amemrct jea kc{f% Tf}{. J bmn jmvm

}etceanm tfmmvmr yrm{mek

tfct b}{jem{{vjmqmd èm `rkt jv j t jm{ ò tfm F}ttmr j tm{ `r fjyyjm{ kce bm

b`tf ò tq` qcz{8 mj tfmr metrmyrmem}r{fjy j{ ycrt ò tfm32? &" \MW`r tfm g`{tycrt . tfm k`gg}ecrd{ ò tfm 3:?9{ qmrm z`}eao. qfjtm. gjddnmknc{{. ced. fcvjea n' jvmd c g`rm `r nPm{{ {fmntmrmd. y`{t'dmyrm{{jè mj{tmekm. tfmz fcd n' j t t nm ckk}g}rctmd mymrjmekmct mcrejea c n jv jea cgèar fmg%"*%3=3;{3{{ jetmrvjmq. {}yrc e`tm 39=%

{?


63/89

mtfjk òb}{jem{{.rmn' j

tfmjr rmn jajè `r tfmz fcvm bmmebmkc}{m tfmz kcee`t co o`rd t`

drjvme t` d`jeayrckt jkm tfmjr

n jmo { cez `t'fmr qcz%3?2`èl{ t` fcgg`kl'qt[vjea fjyyjm{. {Utfm jgymrct jvm ò dmbt jemvj tcbnz nmcd{ mj tfmr t`

metrmyrmem}r{fjy `r t` dm{tr}kt jè ò tfm k`gg}ejtz% @emk`}nd cnqcz{ cra}m tfct j o c k`gg}ejtz ycrm{ d`qe jt{ "emmd{"t` tfm bcrm{t gjejg}g je o``d. mnmktr jk j tz. ced gctmrjcntfjea{. j t{ gmgbmr{ k`}nd {}rvjvm% [}rmnz. b}t je qfct o`rg0Kètmgy`rcrz k`gg}ejtcr jce{ rjaft nz gjaft qj{f t` rmnz èkmrtcje tmkfe`nàjm{. {}kf c{ k`gy}tmr{. qfjkf o rmm tfmg or`gtjgm'kè{}gjea ced gjedn'm{{ tc{l{% [}kf tmkfe`nàz j{ e`tkfmcy%

Rcrm jedmmd crm tfm k`gg}ejtcr jce{ qf` {}b{krjbm t` cemacn j tcr jce ced f}gcejtcr jce yfj n`{`yfz ced qf` cn{` fcyymet` fcvm c omq f}edrmd tf`}{ced d`n' ncr{ je rmcdz kc{f. qfjkftfmz crm qj n n jea t` ajvm }y e`'{tr jea{'ct tckfmd t` tfmk`gg}ecn mo o`rt % G`{t k`gg}ejt jm{. n jlm g`{t Cgmrjkce{. g}{ta` jet` dmbt t` o jecekm tfm y}rkfc{m ò nced ced j t{jgyr`vmgmet tfr`}af tfm cddjt jè ò bc{jk n jv jea {tr}kt}rm{%

fm k`{t ò d`jes `}trmckf cdd{ t` o jecekjcn b}rdme{%vme tf`}af gcez g`dmre'dcz k`gg}ejtcr jce{ n' jvm je r}rcn

3?2:`! j?{ea{ o`r b`tf v jmq{ mj{ta jeF`qmvmr. t %fm y}ry`{m ò b}{jem{{ ckt jv j tz je tfmjlm Tqje @cl{ `r Tfm Ocrg. j{ {}b{j{tmekm. qfmrmc{tfct c{ j t o rdz. tq` mnmgmet{ crm yrm{mesoyrmgj}g è r jaftm`}{ metrmyrmem}r{fjy ced mkè`gjk b}rdme{qfjkf emkm{{jtctm metrmyrmem}r{fjy%

4`n

=1


64/89

{mtt jea{. g`{t crm e`t j{`nct jèj{t{% G`dmre k`gg}ejtcr jce{crm k`ggjt tmd t` {yrmcdjea t%fm q`rd cb`}t k`gg}ecn' J jv jea cedcrm jev`nvmd je c yce`ynz ò `tfmr {`kjcn nz kè{kj`}{ckt jv j t jm{% n '?; Tfj{ rms}jrm{. dt c bcrm gjejg}g. {`gm gmce{ò k`gg}ejkct jè qjtf tfm "`}t{jdm q`rnd. " {}kf c{tmnmyfèm{. t rce{y`rtct jè. ced`r n ' j t %mrct}rm ced y`{tda.cn n ' ò qfjkf crm vmrz k`{t nz% C{ gmet jèmd mcrn jmr. tfm t %cn'cq fc{ e`t co o`rdmd [=9n'&d* k`ry`rct jè{ cez brmcl{ je tfj{crmc%

Tfm dmbt jgymrct jvm gcedctm{ kc{f'amemrct jea ckt jv j t jm{.ced j t {mmg{ k`gg}ejtcr jce{ kce bcrmnz lmmy }y% K`gg}ejt jm{fcvm cdcytmd qjtf vcrj`}{ k`ttcam jed}{tr jm{. jekn}djeafcgg`kl qmcvjea ct Tqje @cl{ ced {`ncr memraz b}{jem{{m{ ctTfm Ocrg% C k`gg}ejtz tfct q`}n'd dcrm rmo}{m t` ycz òo j t{dmbt{ `r tcm{ q`}n'd bm {qjo t nz {f}t d`qe bz tfm yrmd`gjecetnmacn rmajgm%

O`r tfm g`{t ycrt % . fjyyjm k`gg}ejt jm{ qmrm ced crmo`}edmd bz md}kctmd. gjddnm'k3c{{ ym`ynm qf` fcvm bmme qmcemdè Cgmrh'kce kè{}gmrj{g ced kcyjtcn j{g%3?4 Tfj{ j{ e`t t`{cz tfct tfmz crm d``gmd cnqcz{ t` qcet g`rm gctmr jcn' n}}rztfce r}rcn k`gg}ecn n jv jea kce yr`vjdm% F`qmvmr. Cgmrjkcee`t jè{ ò k`gymt j t jè ced jekmet jvm fcvm b}bbnmd t` tfm

3=;y?% mcgynm{ ò tfm br`cd rceam ò k`gg}ejtz ckt jv j t jm{ jeqfjkf kètmgy`rcrz k`gg}em{ crm jev`nvmd. {mm Djrmkt`rz.{}yrc e`tm =%3?4tt34:{: ò tfm \g`dmre rmn jaj`}{ jetmet jècW' n k`gg}ejt jm{gjddnm'knc{{ ym`ynm c{ gmgbmr{%" K%Y`yme21! t %

=6

. {}yrc e`tm 39. ct


65/89

{}rockm c{ k`yjea gmkfcej{g{ je t jgm{ ò mkè`gjk {trm{{%"k`gg}ejtz 3j om. n jlm cez `tfmr n j om. j{ o}nr ò yr`bnmg{ cedfcrd q`rl% O`r {`gm ym`yrm c k``ymrct jvm n j om kce bm cdjo o jk}n t èm bmkc}{m {`kjmtz fc{ trcjemd tfmg o`r Sd ek`gymt j t jè ced jedjv jd}cn {}kkm{{ % " n '?= ! o

Tfm k`}rt{. bz ormmjea [=93 &d* k`gg}ejt jm{ or`g tfmrms}jrmgmet ò tfm v`q ò y`vmrtz. fcvm cr{` ockjr j tctmd tfmjetr`d}kt jè ò kcyjtcn j{t {trctmajm{ o`r k`yjea qjtfmkè`gjk fcrd{fjy% Tfm JR[ fc{ o`n n`qmd {}jt % C rmkmetf`ndjea bz tfm {mrvjkm yc{{md h}d met è {mvmrcr kfceam{ jetfm `ymrct jè ò Tfm Ocrg O`}edct jè. c ==9nP d* k`ry`rct jè%Tfm o j r{t tq` f`rdjea{ ymrgjt yr jvctm `qemr{fjy ced }ems}cndh'{tr h 'b}t jè ò yrò j t{ qjtfje tfm k`gg}ejtz. qfjrm tfm tfjrdrm{trcje{ jedjv jd}cn yr jvctm kètr`n ò ar`}y c{{mt%{%

Ojr{t . bz ymrgjt t jea Tfm Ocrgr{ y`n jkz tfct ct n`qmdgmgbmr{ t` f`nd yrn'vctm yr`ymrtz {tcrt jea je 3:6;. tfm[mrvjkm kèo jrgmd tfm h}djk jcn v jmq tec$|==93 &d*

t k`ggjt t` c v`q ò y`vmrtz%3?? [mkèd. tfmdmtmrgh'emd tfct. cn tf`}af gmgbmr{ g}{t rmy`rt ms}cn{fcrm{ è tfmjr tc o`rg{. j'etmrecn nz tfm gmgbmr{ ò

[mrvjkmyr` rctc

c==93&d* `racejxct jè gcz dj{tr jb}tm o}ed{ c{ tfmz {mm 33a%3?1

Tfm tfjrd f`tdjea cyyr`vmd ò Tfm Ocrgr{ dmk je3:6; t` {mycrctmnz jek`ry`rctm j t{ b}{jem{{m{ je `r gjtn jcbj n j tz ced mek`}rcanm yr`d}kt jè% Emvmrt %fmn'm{{. tfm rR[

3={:% ct 269%3==oe rm Tfm O`}edct jèr [P}yrd e`tm ?63=1rr % t

=:


66/89

qcremd tfct j t qc{ }eckkmytcbn'm o`r Tfm Ocrg t` {mn n {t`kl òjt; rZ3&rUb}{ cnjfjr&*%j t{ k`ry`rct jè{ t`Tfm [mrvjkm rmc{èmd tfct tfj{ yr`km{{ dm{tr`zmd tfm"o}edcgmetcn omct}rm ò tfm k`gg}ecn' rmc{}rz%"3?6 oej{jet %mryrmtct % jè t jaftme{ tfm rmje{ è dmvmn`ygmet t`qcrd o}n' nyr jvctm `qemr{fjy. qfjkf q`}n'd mvmet}cn nz ymrgjt ==9h' &d*`rscejxct jè{ t` t rce{o`rg o jet` gjej'kcyjtcr j{t {`kjmt jm{%

oe tfm JR[ `yjejè mcgjemd cb`vm. tfm [mrvhPkmtmrgjectmd Tfm Ocrg O`}edct jè!{ ==93&d* {tct}{ c{ ò 3.::4.f`ndjea tfct tfm {mn n jea ò {t`kl t` gmgbmr{ ò tfmk`n' nmkt jvm vj`tctmd tfm yrjekjynm{ ò ==93&d* %3!?: Tfmgmgbmr{fjy ò Tfm Ocrg qmet è je 3:6: t` o`}ed tfm {mkèdO`}edct jè. qfjkf j{ cr{` jek`ry`rctmd }edmr {=93 &d* % Tfm[mkèd O`}edct jè fc{ yrm{mrvmd tfm v`q ò y`vmrtzrms}jrmgmet o`r cn' n ' gmgbmr{. ced tmkfejkcrrz. cn3 c{{mt{ crm`qemd bz tfm ar`}y%319 F`qmvmr. ckk`rdjea t` tfm emq ..kfj t . nbceljea {z{tmg. jedjv jd}cn ocgjn' jm{ gcz e`q fcvm g`rm kètr`n`vmr f`}{mf`n'd {ymedjea dmkj{ jè{% re tfm kfj t {z{tmre8

C gmgbmr j{ ajvme c {}g ò gèmz o`r tfmjrdj{krmt jècrz }{m. b}t cnPJ y}rkfc{m{ g} t bmckk`}etmd o`r è ce myme{m v`}kfmr `r kfj t % n Cezkfjt mymedjt}rm{ o`r b}{jem{{ y}ry`{m{ g}{t cn{`bm o}n Jz d`k}gmetmd qjtf rmkmjyt{. qcrrcet jm{. mtk%Tfm trmc{}rmr tcb}nPctm{ tfm rmt}remd v`}kfmr{ t`dmtmrgjem f`q g}kf j{ {ymet bz ycrt jk}ncr gmgbmr{o`r ycrt jk}n'cr a``d{ ced {mrv3%%" %31N

3?6rc3?:rc319;;3s{ jetmrvjmq. {}yrc e`tm n'9=%313ym33mq'}y rm{yè{m t` JR[ rms}m{tjeo`rgct jè è tfm 3.92; cyyn jkct jèO`}edct jè &Omb% 21. 3::9*%

o`r cddjt jècno`rg o j nmd o`r tfm [mkèd

?9


67/89

Tfm gmgbmr{ ò tfm [mkèd O`}edct jè kèt je}m t` {fcrm gch`rms}jygmet ced cyyn jcekm{. t` bmemo j t o r`g ar`}y b}zjea y`qmr.ced t` ycrt jk jyctm je c yme{jè o}ed qfjkf j{ }{md t`kcyjtcn jxm emq b}{jem{{m{< zmt . tfm emq {z{tmg fc{ mn jgjectmdtfm }eqjmndz b}rmc}krdkz. qfjkf qc{ {cjd t` fcvm bcelr}ytmdtfm o j r{t O`}edct j è%3!12

Tfm JR[ cyyr`vmd tfm {tr}kt}rm ò tfm [mkèdO`}edct jèn1; qjtf e` gmet jè ò tfm kfjt {z{tmg je tfmcyyr`vcn nmt tmr% F`qmvmr. Tfm Ocrg bmn jmvm{ tfm JR[ cyyr`vmdò tfm kfj t {z{tmg }ekèdjtH'ècn nz. qfme j t e`tmd je tfm N::NTmkfejkcn Cdvjkm Gmg`8 "Ckt}cn dj{tr jb}t jè{ t` gmgbmr{ òtfm `racejxct jèr{ c{{mt{ j{ c gcttmr ò jetmrecn`Ymrct jè% % % % "3!14

Jt rmgcje{ t` bm {mme qfmtfmr JR[ ced h}djk jcnjetmryrmtct jè{ ò k}rrmet nz }edmo jemd tmrg{ je ==9n' &d* qj n ' Jo}rtfmr ockj n ' j tctm `r fcgymr tfm trmed t`qcrd metrmyrmem}rjcn'mo o jk jmekz%

K% "[}kkm{{ o cj nP}rm" G`dmn _mr{}{ "DmvmnP`ygmetcnK`gg}ecn'j{g"

Tq` ockt`r{''tfm rctfmr br`cd jetmryrmtct jè{ ò[=9n' &d* bz tfm Lnmje{c{{mr ced Tqje @cl{ k`}rt{ ced g`rmrmkmet nz bz tfm JR[ ced tfm rm{tr jkt jvm JR[ rmcdjea ò==93&k* &;* c{ j t cyyn jm{ t` jetmet jècn k`gg}eh't jm{''fcvm

312;{a{{ jetmrvjmq. {}yrc e`tm 39=%nT;[tcedcrd JR[ o`rg Wmt tmr &C}a% ;9. 3::9* %r14Je rm% o orm r`}ecctj r [nty'rc e`tm ?6%`HP


68/89

k`gbjemd t` o}rtfmr `yme tfm d``r t` tfm }{m ò kcyjtcn j{t '{tz nm gmkfcej{g{ ced metrmyrmem}r{fjy je jetmet jècnk`gg}ejt jm{% Qfct crm qm t` gclm ò krmmyjeametrmyrmem}r{fjy0 D`m{ j t {ymnJ tfm med t` tfm cn' tmrect jvmk`gg}ecn' mo o`rt0 @r j{ j t h}{t èm {tmy je ce èa`jeamv`n}t %H'è. ò qfjkf k`gg}ecn n j om j{ h}{t èm yfc{m0 re qfcto`rg{ qj n n ' `r {f`}n'd g`dmre k`gg}em{ {}rvjvm0 Tq` ycrcdjag{crm cvcj j 'cb3m t` {`kjcn' {kjmet j{t{. ncqzmr{. k`gg}ecn j{t{.ced y`n jkz gclmr{ qf` qj{f t` kètmgynctm tfm gmcejea òkrmmyjea metrmyrmem}r{fjy ced `tfmr kfcekr`s j e r'eej' gy`rcrzjetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ %

Tfm o j r{t j{ tfm "{}kkm{{'ocj n}rm" `r tfm "jetmet j 'ècnk`gg}ejtz g`vmgmet%" ycrcdjag. myjt`gjxmd je R`{cbmtf G`{{Lcetmrr{ jeo n}met jcn' K`ggjtgmet ced K`gg}ejtv8 K`gg}em{ ced]t`yjc{ je [`kj`nàjkcn Ymr{ymkt jva. y}bn j{fmd je N:12%Lcetmr kè{jdmrmd "{}kkm{{o}n" ar`}y{ qfjkf {}rvjvmd je ck`gg}ecn o`rg o`r c {`kj`nàjkcn amemrct jè ò tqmetz'o jvm

30 szmcr{%r r Dèc3d Yjtxmr kr j t jk jxm{ Lcetmr !{ g`dm3 c{ "c{jgynm o`rg}n'c jedmmd% Cez g`vmgmet Jc{t jea tqmet%z'o jvmzmcr{ je k`gg}ecn o`rg j{ {}kkm{{o}n' < cez e`t rmgcjeh'ea jek`gg}ejtz tfct nèa j{ }e{}kkm{{o}n % Bz tfj{ kèvmejmetgmc{}rm. Lcetmr dmmgmd J {}kkm{{o}n' ~ ènz momvme `}t ò tfmejemtz'èm qmn n 'le`q }t`yjce k`gg}ejt jm{ o`}edmd je tfm]ejtmd [tctm{ bmtqmme N169 ced 36?9 %"3' !1?nT{Lcetmr. {}yrc e`tm 32. ct 244'246%31=y:e;3d Yjtxmrr "Dmvmn`ygmetcn K`gg}eco j{g8 Ce Cntmrect jvmCyyr`ckf t` K`gg}ecn [t}djm{. " je ]t`yjce Tf`}aft cedK`gg}ecn Mymrjmekm ?: &D% Fcrdz ced N% Dcvjd{è md% 3:6:*%

?2


69/89

Lcetmr !{ g`dmn' {mmg{ bm{t {}j tmd o`r ce cecnz{j{ òk`gg}ecn ar`}y{ qfjkf f`n'd c{ tfmjr myrm{{ ced ènz a`cnjedmo jej tm {}rvjvcn je j{`nctmd jetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{%Tfj{ g`dmn j{ {mvmrmnz n jgjtmd% Yjtxmrr{ gm{{cam t` k`gg}ecn{`kjmt jm{ qjtf {}kf n' jgjtmd s`cn{ j{ "rm{t je ymck

JTW ` tf`{m jedjv jd}cn' kètmgy`rcrz g`vmgmet{ynceejea t` gclm k`gg}ecn' jv jea ce med je j t{mNoc{ tfm kmetmryjmkm o`r rmo`rgjea tfm q`rnd `r cez{jaejo jkcet {magmet tfmrmò. dmvmn`ygmetcn tfm`rz{ymcl{ c {fcry qcrejea8 e` g`vmgmet fc{ {}kkmmdmdje cez {}kf {kfmgm% C{ je{}nctmd. {mn o '{mnmktmd{`kh'cJ n 'cb`rct`r h'm{. k`gg}ecn {`kjmt jm{ cyycrmet nzcrm jgy`tmet o`r mo omkt jea {}kf }ejvmr{cnrmo`rg %J11C{ ce cn' tmrect jvm t` Lcetmr !{ cyyr`ckf. Dècnd Yjtxmr.

fc{ dmvj{md c tfm`rz ò "dmvmn`ygmetcn k`gg}eco j{g"nT[ t`dm{krjbm tfm "yr`km{{ ò cdcytct jè tfct me cbnm{ kèt je}md{}rvjvcn ò k`gg}ec3 {`kjmt ja{%" n '0: Yjtxmr yr`y`{m{ crmv`n}t jè j 'e gmtf`d`nàz t` bm }{md je {t}dzjea k`gg}eco{`kjmt jm{% Fm myn'cje{ tfm bc{j{ o`r tfm emq g`dmn8

\QWm fcvm k`gm t` tfjel ò c k`gg}ecn {`kjmtz c{ c{gcn3. v`n}etcrz {`kjcn }ej t ycrt nz j{`nctmd or`gtfm amemrcn {`kjmtz je qfjkf tfm gmgbmr{ {fcrm cejdm`nàz. dD mkè`gjk }ejè ced c J j om{tz nm qfj n 'mct tmgyt jea t` jgynmgmet `r cqcjt tfm cdvmet òtfmjr jdmcn {z{tmg% Or`g c dmvmn`ygmetcn cyyr`ckf.f`qmvmr. c k`gg}ecn' {`kjmtz kce ènz bm dmo jemd c{c {`kjcn {tr}kt}rm mgyn`zmd d}rjea c ymrj`d ò t jgmbz tf`{m yrckt jk jea ced yr`g`t jea c ycrt jk}n'crjdm`nàz `r {z{tmg% oe tfj{ vjmq tfm }{m òk`gg}ecn j{g bz cez g`vmgmet. mvme jo `vmr gcezzmcr{ ced h}{t j o jmd bz djv jem o jct . j{ ce mymdjmete`t t` bm kèo}{md qjtf tfm g`vmgmet j t %{mn' o %369

311Jd% ct 1;%306={{ Yjtxmr. {}yrc e`tm J1 ?%nTmGcttmr ò Tfm O`}edct jèr ['}M e`tm ?=. ct 4n{`Yjtxmr. {}yrc e`tm 3. !1 . c t 12%

?;


70/89

Yjtxmr a`m{ è t` {}aam{t tfct qjtf dmvmn`ygmetcnk`gg}ecn j{g. "qm gjaft {mm knmcrnz o`r tfm o j r{t t jgm tfctg`vmgmeN{ qfjkf kè{j{tmet nz fcvm bmme ncbmn nmdr}e{}kkm{{o}n t o r`g tfm `ndmr {}kkm{{'ocj n}rm jetmryrmtct % jègcz e`q bm {mme t` fcvm yc{{md tfr`}af c k`gg}ecn {tcam ènzt` ckfjmvm gcez ò tfmjr `bhmkt jvm{ je `tfmr {tr}kt}rm{ cedbz `tfmr gmce{ " n'6n'

Yj txmrr{ emq gmtf`d cn n '`q{ èm t` vjmq tfm kfceam{ jejetmet jècn k`gg}ejt jm{ c{ ce cdcytct jè t` g`dmre t jgm{%O`r mcgynm. cyynz jea tfj{ gmtf`d t` tfm F}ttmr j tm{. qm o jedtfct tfmz fcvm ènz {}rvjvmd d}m t` tfmjr o nmjbj n j tz% Bzrmnz jea è tfmjr {trèa trcdj t jècn. rmn jaj`}{ vcn}m{ ced bzckk`gg`dct jea tfmg{mnvm{ t` g`dmre tmkfejkcn jee`vct jè{. tfmF}ttmr j t %m{ fcvm cdcytmd ced tfr jvmd o`r 4=9 zmcr{% Ced tfmzfcvm med}rmd Jmacn ced mkè`gjk yrm{{}rm{ qjtf trmgmed`}{arckm%

Ce`tfmr mcgynm ò "dmvmn`ygmetcn' k`gg}ecn' j{g" je ckt jègcz `r gcz e`t bm o`}ed ct Tfm Ocrg je Tmeem{{mm% CnbmrtBctm{ {cz{8

Yjtxmr k`jemd tfm tmrg !Dmvmn`ygmetcn' K`gg}ecn j{g!t` dm{krjbm qfct fm vjmqmd c{ c yr`km{{ ò cd`yt jeak`gg}ecn' n jv jea ced k`n nmkt jvm mkè`gjm{ c{ }{mo}n .ymrfcy{ m{{met jcn . crrceamgmet{ d}rjea c o`rgct jvm{tcam ò {`kjcn' . y`n j t jkcn . rmn jaj`}{ `r rmo`rgdmvmn`ygmet ced ò cn tmr jea `r cbcedèjea k`gg}ecno`rg{. mkè`gjm{. ced yrckt jkm{ je rm{yè{m t`nctmr kfcn nmeam{ ced emmd{% Qfme qm oj t tfm Ocrgh'et` tfj{ g`dmn qm o jed mjt %fmr c emct mcgynm òdmvmn`ygmetcn k`gg}ecn j{g `r c rmy}djct jè.dmymedjea è f`q qm n``l ct j t % @e tfm èm fced.363Jd% ct 1;%

b4


71/89

cotmr j t qc{ dmk`n n 'mkt jv jxmd. tfm Ocrg qc{ g}kfnm{{ dz{o}ekt jècn ced g`rm memramt jk tfce j t fcdbmme bmo`rm% @e tfm `tfmr fced. j t fcd vmrz n j t t Jm`tfmr tfce j t{ fj{t`rz je k`ggè qjtf cecn'tmrect jvm ceztfjea. ced c armct dmcn g`rm jek`ggè qjtf tfm gcje{trmcg k}nt}rm% n %62C{ dj{k}{{md cb`vm. je rm{yè{m t` tfj{ {me{m ò rmarm{{jè.tfm gmgbmr{ ò Tfm Ocrg qmet è t` {mt }y c {mkèd==93 &d* `racejxct jè. tfm " {mkèd O`}edct jè % " RmkcnPn' tfct %tfm [mkèd O`}edct jè yrm{mrvm{ c v`q ò y`vmrt %z&rme}ekjct jè ò cn n ymr{ècn yr`ymrtz t` tfm ar`}y*. b}t j tcn n '`q{ armctmr jedjv jd}cn ced e}krmcr ocgjnz kètr`n' `vmrymr{ècn ced f`}{mf`nd mymedjt}rm{ tfr`}af t%fm "kfjt ! .{z{tmg% M{tcbrj{fgmet ò tfm {mkèd O`}edct jè rmyrm{metmd"ce mcrem{t s}m{t o`r {`gm cn' tmrect jvm t` rmc{{jgj nct jè% . !36;

oe `rdmr t` dmtmrgjem qfmtfmr tfm vcrj`}{ mkè`gjkkfceam{ ct rfm Ocrg ced `t%fmr g`dmre k`gg}ejt jm{ s}cn j oz c{ ctr j}gyf ò k`gg}ecn' j{g je tfm ockm ò mkè`gjk yrm{{}rm{ `rc{ c ocj n}rmr q g}{t c{{ms= tfm a`cn{ ò c k`gg}ejtz `r tfmg`vmgmet ò qfjkf j t j{ c ycrt % Tfme qm g}{t cecnzxm tfmmtmet t` qfjkf {tr}kt}rcn' kfceam{''{}kf c{ mrjgject jè òtfm v`q ò y`vmrtz. jek`ry`rct jè ò ar`}y'`qemd b}{jem{{m{.ced tfm "kfjt" {z{tmg''k`gynz qjtf tf`{m a`cn{% [}kf cejes}jrz emkm{{crj nz rms}jrm{ c dmtcjrmd jevm{t jact jè ò mckfk`gg}ejtz ced j t{ a`cn{ or`g o`}edct jè t` dj{{`n}t3{tr %364Tfm cecrz{j{ j{ o}rtfmr k`gyrjkctmd bz tfm ockt tfct ar`}y

362"Tfm {mkèd O`}edct jè8 Ce retmrvjmq qjtf Cnbmrt Bctm{. "Emq{ or`g Tfm Ocrg 1 &Med ò [myt 3::9* %N6;Hd%364{}kf ce jevm{t jact jèr d[ j t cyyn jm{ t` tfm k`gg}ejt jm{fmrmje dj{k}{{md. j{ bmzèd tfm {k`ym ò tfj{ ycymr%


72/89

gmgbmr{fjy c{ qmn n' c{ jedjv jd}cn ced ar`}y c{yjrct jè{. {fj o trcyjdnz c{ t jgm{ kfceam%o`n n`qjea {mkt jè%

J mcgjem tfj{ yr`km{{ je tfm

D% Rmkè{tr}kt jè ò Ar`}y Jdmet j tz je Cn jaegmet qjtfTc Ncq

Tfct jedjv jd}cn{ k`}nd {tcrt `vmr cacje. cedjo emkm{{crz rmjevmet tfmg{mnvm{. qc{ èm ò tfmarmct nmamed{ ò Cgmrjkce n j om % \OW `}rkmet}r jm{ Jco tmr tfm Y}rj tce{ crr jvmdW Cgmrjkce{qmrm {t j nN {mn o 'kè{kj`}{nz b}j ndjea kj t jm{ è cfj33%''Orcekm{ OjtxAmrcnd. {`kj`nà3{a36=\CW{ tfm gce {cz{. h}{t bmkc}{m z`}!rm ycrce`jdd`m{ert gmce tfmz crm e`t `}t t` amt z`}% % % % tCno}n nz'c{{jgj nctmd Ocrg j{ a`jea t` bm b}oomtmd bzmvmrz gmac'trmed tfct k`gm{ d`qe tfm yjlm% Tfm[mkèd O`}edct jè qc{ e`t krmctmd c{ ce Crl% Tfmrmj{ e`qfmrm t` o n`ct % J t qc{ e`t b}j n t c{ c Kjtz èc Fjn n % Tfmrm j{ e`qfmrm t` ymrkf% Qm crm {t}klqjtf tfm n'ctm 29tf! Kmet}rz {`kjàm`y`n j t jkcngj n' jm}% Qm dè! t qcet t` bm {qmyt cqcz bz j t % Qmqcet t` {}ro j t % ''Cn'bmrt Bctm{. ncqzmr ct Tfma;{y3 6 ?

C{ {}aam{tmd cb`vm. j t j{ dj o o jk}n t t` ac}am tfm mo omkt{ò nmacn crt j ockt{ è tfm y{zkfàrcyfjk kn' jgctm ò g`dmrejetmet jècn' k`gg}ejt jm{. bmkc}{m {tctm{ ò gjed kfceam or`gdcz t` dcz. mvme gje}t%m t` gje}tm. m{ymkjcn n

Documents

Meaning and Mulching: Nonprofit Tax Structuring for Intentional Communties