SOCIALLY EXCLUDED COMMUNTIES IN TAMILNADU & …

InstItute of Human RIgHts advocacy and ReseaRcH

SOCIALLY EXCLUDED COMMUNTIES IN TAMILNADU

& PUDUCHERRY2019

MANUALSCAVENGERS

DOMESTICWORKERS

PEOPLE WITHDISABILITIES

RELIGIOUSMINORITIES

SEXUAL MINORITIES

TEXTILEWORKERS

FISHERS

URBAN POOR

IRULAR

REFUGEES

[email protected] www.hrf.net.in +918668091451

STATUS REPORTS ON

GenesisThe Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), globally launched in 2015 by the UN, has given space for civil society and socially excluded communities and vulnerable groups (SECs) to voice their concerns. This is made possible by making the SDG monitoring at national level implemented through partnerships and coordination between government, civil society, and other stakeholders. To make effective use of this unique opportunity, and to ensure that the ‘no one left behind’ mantra of SDGs are really addressed by the policy makers and donors, SDG Watch Tamil Nadu was launched on 25 September 2017 while India was still deciding the SDG national targets and indicators apart from global targets and indicators. Over 250 civil society organisations took part in the initial orientation rounds and in the more specific thematic discussions to deepen understanding of the purpose of SDGs and the global framework developed for monitoring national SDG progress. Most CSOs who participated were from SECs or were working closely with them.The SDG watch approach was conceived based on centre-staging the SECs - forming thematic groups for specific SECs - and not take SDG goal-wise approach. This allowed the process to ensure each of the thematic groups focused on all the relevant SDGs. At the second state level convention in September 2018, each of the working groups - fishers, children, women, people with disabilities, sexual minorities, urban poor, and labour, fleshed out the SDG framework from their perspective, and filled the secondary data available.MethodoloGyIt was decided to prepare status reports for a few themes to make effective multi-stakeholder engagement possible. The specific studies identified by each thematic group would collect primary data from a small sample. Field teams drawn from the community were trained in both quantitative and qualitative tools, data analysis, and preparation of the report. CEOs of the organisations were oriented in Chennai, covering the SDG framework, its use, and the purpose of preparing the status report which can help them voice their concern through identifying data gaps and presenting evidence based recommendations to the policymakers and other stakeholders.Two researchers from each of the 10 communities were trained. The training covered an understanding of their critical issues. These issues were mapped onto the SDG framework, and a questionnaire was developed. The data was captured using a mobile app. The questionnaires had a set of questions that were common to all communities, and some specific questions to each thematic group. The community researchers piloted the app with 10 households. The methodology used by the surveyors was to directly conduct the survey as they had built an equation with the community by working for their rights in the past. The surveyors explained the SDG perspective behind the questionnaire and conducted the survey. At the second training, based on the feedback, the app was further customised for each community. They went back for the field data collection from the rest of the 100 households. In some cases, the community researchers trained others in their organisation or community, and this larger team did the survey. Data was cross-verified by the HRF team, and clarified for consolidation.The third training was on focus group discussions (FGD) and report writing. The end product would be a status report of these 100 households, with a few recommendations. The third field visit by the community researchers for the FGDs, was also to verify queries on the data collected previously. During the field survey there was constant interaction between the community researchers and the HRF team. Once the data was collected, it was consolidated community/theme wise. Verification was an iterative process. This data was then mapped on to the SDG framework, and given back to the communities for drafting recommendations. These were then consolidated into this report.

story of the study

The study was a five month process, from the CEO meeting in July 2019 to the draft report release in November 2019. The report cards will be released at the annual SDG Watch Tamil Nadu state convention, and also nationally and internationally through appropriate civil society forums. These will be used by the communities for evidence based dialogue with the state.scope and challenGesThe primary purpose of the micro-studies is to identify those left behind, the processes that push them behind, and recommendations for inclusion to ensure that no one is left behind (TNVision 2023 and SDG2030). The government data is aggregated at much higher levels, therefore comparisons are difficult. The key methodology is household survey, but for the sexual minorities. It means that the findings are for the household status (for instance land ownership) and not individual (child, woman, etc) status.The sample size is not sufficient for comparison of some data - chief among them being maternal, infant, and child mortality. Here we only give the number in our survey. 4 on 100 cannot be compared to IMR as 4000% since IMR is calculated on incidence per 100,000 population. This data is representative of these 942 households in the 10 SECs. Some of the challenges faced were the use of the mobile app, especially on ease of use. Some were oninfrastructure, for instance access to PWD friendly rest-rooms and transportation in villages. Building trust in the short time, especially for the more ‘personal’ questions took time. Questions related to ownership title deeds were sensitive, particularly in urban poor and tribal settings. Not surprisingly, there was hesitation to talk about the exploitation/sexual harassment in their work place, especially for those in precarious employment such as domestic work, as it is their only source of income. acknowledGeMentsRESEARCHERS: The organisations and community researchers are the vanguard of this study. Women in textile work Rights Education And Development Centre (READ) Erode (R.Karuppusamy, P.Kavitha, S.Janaki), Domestic workers by National Domestic Workers Movement (ndwM) Chennai (Virgil D Samy, S.Valarmathi, S.Pushpa, Revathy, Manjula) Kanchipuram, Manual scavengers by Safai Karmachari Andolan (ska) (Deepthi Sukumar) and Nilam Trust (S. Arumugam) Madurai, Arunthathiyar Human Rights Forum (ahrf) (M.A.Dhar-mar, A.Sanmugam), Tuticorin and Virudhunagar, Urban poor by thozhamai Semmencheri (Kanchipuram) (A.Devaneyan, R.Ramya, K.Saranya), Irular Loyola Relief and Rehabilitation Services (lrrs) (Thiruvallur) (R.Jayakumar, D.Sunitha), pazhangudiyinar pathukappu sangam (Villupuram) (R.Murugappan, N.Kan-niyappan, S.Prakash) Persons with disabilities by Society for the Rights of all women with disability (sfrawd) Thiruvallur & Kanchipuram (V.Ganesan, P. Nataraj, S.S.Smitha, D.Gnanabharathi) Sexual minorities by sagotharan (Puducherry)(B.Hemavathy) & nirangal charitable trust (Delfina KS, Sivakumar TD) (Chennai), and the hrf team did the studies on Fishers (Kanchipuram), Refugees (Villupuram), and Muslims (Thiruvallur).KNOWLEDGE PARTNERS: Training and guidance was provided by Dr S Venkataraman(Sr. Advisor, SDGWatch TN), Prof Bernard D’Samy (LISTAR), and Siju Mathew (CCFC). Technical support for mobile data collection given by Citizen Consumer and Civic Action Group (CAG) (Vishnu Rao, Bharath). HRF TEAM: P Tamilarasi anchored the process from HRF, including developing the questionnaire and the mobile app, assisted by R.Roshan Sundhar, who helped clean cut the data. They and the entire team R.Anusha, M.Bhimraj, N. Chithra, Leah Moses, MS. Porkodi, R. Revathy, and C. Sakthivadivel, went for the field visits for data collection and FGDs. Leah Moses also designed the report.EDWiN

Trustee & Director (Programmes), HRF

HigHligHtsEach community is left behind - excluded - in its own way. Inclusion will need to specifically address these push out factors and processes, and engage to reverse these processes if we are to ensure inclusion. Some of the broad brush pushout processes are known - patriarchy, class, and caste - as also their impact on the well being of broad sections of the population. These micro-studies threw up some interesting insights at a more granular level - disaggregating government categories into the specific communities (Irular, rather than just scheduled tribe, Arundathiyar/manual scavengers rather than scheduled caste), and then identifying the pushout pattern.

Scheduled castes contribute 93% of the manual scavengers, 70% Textile workers, 64% Person with Disabilities, 55% Sexual minorities, 43% urban poor, 39% domestic workers) indicating that caste plays a major role to push the community backward and keep them behind. Of the 937 households (HH) from 9 communities SC - 39%, ST-21% , MBC- 20% (includes religious minorities and fishing community), BC - 8% and FC/OC -0.8% covered in this study.

• 80% (750/937) HH earning below 12000/month. (Average family size 4)

• Only 34% (253/756) (except fisher & urban poor) of households are having a job card under MGNREGA.

• 66% (157/253) of households paid Rs.100 to 150 wages/day though the government notified wage (2018-2019) is Rs.224.

• 8% (7 from PWDs & 1 from Muslim) (19/253) HH paid above Rs.200.

• 24% (35/142) of elderly people (Male 34%, Female 20%) benefited under old-age pension scheme.

• 14% (9/62) benefited under Dr.Muthulakshmi Reddy Widow Pension Scheme. 22.5% (14/62) have a widow certificate.

• 57% (77/134) of PWDs receive government pension for their disability.• 49% (49/100) of Transgender receive pension from the government.

• Mothers from 211 households applied for Maternity Benefit Scheme, of whom 74% (156/211) got the full amount. They spent 57% for medical expenses, 31% for other household expenses, 22.7% for food & nutrition, and 3.7% for repayment of loan from moneylenders.

• Child mortality: 57 (NMR-54%) Highest in Muslim community -15 (26%)

• 88% (751/855) household spend upto Rs.3000 per month for their medical expenses.

PoPulation coverage:

SDG 1 No Poverty:

SDG 2 Zero HuNGer:

SDG 3 : GooD HealtH & Well beiNG SDG 4 : Quality eDucatioN

39.0

21.0

20.0

11.0

8.0

SC

ST

MBC

Muslim

BC

FC/OC

Caste

2225

21

30

20

10

20

30

100 Days 75 - 100 Days 50 - 75 Days Below 50 0 days

% of working days in MNREGA

11.2

15

2420

9

16

PG

Degree

HSC

SSLC

Middle school

Elementary

Primary

Diploma

None

Highest educational attainment %

• The curriculum still portrays Fishers, Dalits, and Adivasis as less civilised. Women and sexual minorities are conspicuous by their absence in sciences and as pioneers (the exception being Avayar). Textbooks do not adequately promote inclusion or global citizenship. The present compulsory schooling up to grade 8 under right to education is insufficient for decent work. The TNVision 2023 target of graduation is better.

• 45.3% have passed middle school (grade 8) or less, and 16% haven’t attended any formal schooling.

• 66% not a member Self-Help Groups.• 1.2% (12/940) women participate in the

local government • 0.7% (6/855) of the household has

women entrepreneurs.• Women from 24% (209/855) households

are not allowed to take decisions pertaining to finance and marriage.

• Demonetisation and the blotched introduction of the goods and services tax (GST) has seen job destruction with over half a million jobs lost in 2017-18, and an unknown number in the auto recession of 2019. Tamil Nadu has the highest number of sewer deaths in the country, despite having no manual scavengers ‘officially’.

• 8.7% (75/855) of the children below 18 years are earning.

• 81% (690/855) of women have bank accounts, but only 9% (61/690) of them get subsidies or debit from the bank.

• In Women Textile Workers, 73% of women are recruited by the management without giving any contract, appointment letter, nor MoU.

• In Women Textile Workers, 7% of women faced harassment in the company.

• 31% of women workers are not aware of minimum wages, PF, ESI, overtime and list of holidays.

• 59% of women are working beyond 8 hours (above 12 hours - 3%, 10 to 12 hours - 31%, and 8 - 10 hours - 25%)

• 81% of women workers don’t know their PF number and do not get salary slips.

• Only 16% of women workers knew about internal committees, and only 13% (2/16) took part in these committees.

• Only 66% (564/855) of them have toilet in their household (except fishers & refugees)

• 64% (548/855) of the household do not have a proper sewage disposal facility.

• 83% (776/937) of the household use clean cooking fuel (LPG) (Except refugees)

• 86% (809/937) of the household from all communities (except Refugees) have access to electricity.

SDG 5 : GeNDer eQuality SDG 6 & 7: cleaN Water, SaNitatioN & eNerGy

SDG 8: DeceNt Work & ecoNomic GroWtH

SDG 9: iNNovatioN, iNDuStry & iNfraStructure

100

71

94

66

100

44

73

82

10095

100

86

0

25

50

75

100

Target 2030 India status TN status SECs

Toilet Fuel Electricity

100

83

112

57

100

33

47

3.2

0

25

50

75

100

125

Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status SECs

Mobile connection Internet subscriber

SDG 10: Reduced InequalIty SDG 11: SuStaInable cItIeS & communIteS

• Only 66% (564/855) of them have toilet in their household (except fishers & refugees)

• 64% (548/855) of the household do not have a proper sewage disposal facility.

• 83% (776/937) of the household use clean cooking fuel (LPG) (Except refugees)

• 86% (809/937) of the household from all communities (except Refugees) have access to electricity.

• 100% of the households previously stayed in central parts of Chennai city like T. Nagar, Anna Nagar, Besant Nagar, Tambaram, Avadi, Adyar, Mylapore, Mandaveli, etc.

• Only 2% of the urban poor have Patta to their houses. Others are living in ‘allotment houses’. The denial of clear title deeds to the urban poor by the government is detrimental to the health of the cities and communities.

• Slum clearance board has allotted houses to 92% of the urban poor. The remaining 8% are living on rent.

SDG 13 climate actioN: Despite several extreme weather events of increasing frequency and intensity, there does not seem to be a mitigation plan in place. Response is still ad hoc. In 2019 a state minister literally had to be rescued from the wrath of the community.SDG 14 life beloW Water: A ministry of fisheries was started only in 2019. The issues of the fishing communities are thus not addressed adequately. The fisherwomen are not covered by the welfare board since they are not recognised as workers.

SDG 16 Peace, JuStice, aND StroNG iNStitutioNS: Institutions are weak or non-existent in Tamil Nadu. It has no state commission for scheduled castes or scheduled tribes. The State Vigilance and Monitoring Committee (SVMC) under the SCs and STs (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, hasn’t met since 2013. The SVMC under the Prevention of Manual Scavenging Act has not met ever. The Transgender Welfare Board has not met since 2011. The Com-plaints Committees under the Prevention of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Act had to be consti-tuted only after a PIL by a CSO. Local government elections due in September 2016 are still not held. Tamil Nadu is highly intolerant of dissent, with even routine criticism of government being charged as sedition. Even the Supreme Court of India had to comment on it.

32.7

35.6

7

3.6

15.5

4.5Local Government

Community Leaders

Police

Court

Politicians

Ignore the situation

Others

0

25

50

75

100

Target value for 2030

India Status Tamil Nadu Status

SECs(except Fishers & Refugees)

SDG 17 PartNerSHiPS aND meaNS of verificatioN: Disaggregated community level data is hard to come by. The government does put out data at the aggregate level annually in the policy notes. How-ever, that is insufficient to identify those left behind. There is little partnership between the government and civil society to systematically reach the left behind and ensure that the targets are met and the goals attained.

SEXUALMINORITIESDespite positive traditions, sexual minorities have

been discriminated against and suffer some of the worst forms of violence. Violence against them has been normalised, making them vulnerable and prone to sexual harassment and violence even from partners. In India, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans-women who are members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes who often face the intersection of transphobia and casteism.

Pondicherrysc 55%st 9%bc 4%mbc 14%

20 Gram Panchayats

100households

80 town Panchayats

1437 Persons

Goal 1: end Poverty

• 94HHfamilyincomeisbelowRs.12000• Only3HHarehavingMNREGAjobcard• Only41%getthegovernmenttransgenderpension

scheme.

Goal 2: Zero hunGer

• 95%ofHHnotcoveredunderpublicdistributionsystem• Only1%oftheHHhasbenefitedfromPMAYbenefit

scheme(AffordableHousingSupport)• 6%oftheHouseholdavailedthegovernmentschemeof

freedistributionofmilchcows,goat&sheep,etc.,

29

37

7

27

0

10

20

30

40

Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000

Out of Pocket Expenditure on Health

Goal 3: Good health & Well BeinG

• 42%and41%oftheHHaresufferingfromDiarrhoeaandMalaria/Typhoidrespectively.

• 3%oftheHHhavePLHIV,and2%aresufferingfromheartrelateddiseases.

• 94%oftheHHhaveattendedtrainingon

sexualandreproductivehealthrights.• 92%oftheHH

donothavegoodresponseorexperienceinthehospitals.

• 92%oftheHHareawareofwomenself-helpgroup,butonly43%haveemembership.Amongthe43members,only1%isabletoattainleadershippositionfortheirgroup.• 2%HHispartofthelocal• governmentdecision-makingbody.(aspanchayatpresident)• 1%-Entrepreneurs• 74%arehavingbankaccountandnobody

hasreceivedsubsidyfromthegovernmentnorloanfromthebank.

• 33%oftheHHarenotpartofacademics,media,and/orcorporate.

9

21

14

103

6

37

Degree

HSC

SSLC

Middle School

Primary School

Diploma/Poly/ITI

None

Highest Educational Attainment in the Household

Goal 4: Quality education

Goal 5: Gender eQuality

Goal 6: clean Water and SanitationGoal 7: affordaBle and clean enerGy

100

71.8

93.889

100

44

73

96100

94.5100

95

0

25

50

75

100

Target 2030 India status TN status Transgender

Toilet

Fuel

Electricity

toilet, fuel and electricity facilities100

71.8

93.889

100

44

73

96100

94.5100

95

0

25

50

75

100

Target 2030 India status TN status Transgender

Toilet

Fuel

Electricity

SEXUALMINORITIES

Goal 8: decent Work & economic GroWth

Goal 9: induStry, innovation and infraStructure

Goal 10: reduced ineQualitieS

recommendationS

Goal 16: Peace, JuStice & StronG inStitutionS

71.0%

18.0%

5.0%

Begging

Sex Work

NGO/CGO

Private

Own Business

Type of occupation

100

82.97

111.73

44

100

33.4747.34

20

25

50

75

100

125

Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Transgender

Mobile connection

Internet subscriber

mobile and internet subscriber density

11.0%

88.0%

Own Rent Orphanage

Type of House

54

36

1 05 4

0

20

40

60

Local Govt Community Politicians Court Ignoring Problem Police

Grievance redressal mechanism

• 64%oftheHHfacedsexualviolencewhentheywereachild.

• 41%facedviolenceduetotheirgenderidentity(Trans-women).• 66%ofthemcouldnotaccesspoliceagainstthisviolence.• 3%facedcasesreported/registeredintothepolicestation.

(1physicalassault,1theftand1forotheroffences)• 41%ofthemfacedpoliceharassment.• 36%oftheHHseekaidfromcommunityleaders,when

thereisnon-receptivebehaviorfromthelocalgovernment.

• Thegovernmentmustensureequalemploymentopportunitiesfor

trans-womenthatincludedecentworkplacewithequalwagesandzerotoleranceforharassmentanddiscrimination.• Trans-womenshouldgetaquota

inalleducationalinstitutionsandinemployment.

• Thegovernmentmusttakestringentactionagainstoldagehomeswhodenyentrytoordiscriminateagainsttrans-women(above60years)whoneedsupport.

• Reconstituteandmakeeffectivethetransgenderwelfareboardasthesexualminoritieswelfareboard.

RESEARCHPARTNERS


In India there are around 26.8 million persons with disabilities (PWD), constituting 2.21% of India’s total population (census of India, 2011). Disability rights activists and academicians working on disability issues, suggest that it is between 40 and 80 million, making it one of the countries with the highest num-ber of PWD, globally. The number of persons with disabilities is highest in the age group 10-19 years (4.62 million).

• 66%(14/25)ofchildrennotabletoaccessclassrooms,toiletsandotherfacilitiesintheirschools.

• 72%(18/25)HHreportedthattherearenobooks/audionotesavailableintheirchildren’sschoollibrary.

• 84%(21/25)childrennotabletogetscribestowritetheirexamseasily.

• 8%(2/25)childrenhavebeenrejectedbyamainstreamschoolcitingdisability.• 37%ofmotherinHHneverreceivededucation• 0%childrenadmittedinprivateschoolsunder

RTEAct(25%reservation)• 12%(3/25)oftheparentsexperiencedinschool

managementcommittees(SMCs)• 3childrenavailedpostmatricscholarship.• 82%HHnotawareoftheincentivegiventogirl

childfromruralarea.

Thiruvallursc 64%st 2%bc 19%mbc 15%

Kanchipuram

87 Gram Panchayats

100households

13 town Panchayats

363 Persons

Goal 1: End povErTy

Goal 2: ZEro hunGEr Goal 3: Good hEalTh and WEll BEinG

Goal 4: QualiTy EducaTion

• 92HHfamilyincomeisbelowRs.12000• 58HH(63%)hasMNREGAjobcard• 37%personswithdisabilityaredeprivedofthegovernmentdisabilitypensionscheme

• Only90%oftheapplicantsgotfullamountunderDr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme,inwhichthewholeamountspentfortheirmedicalexpenses.

• Childmortalityinthiscommunityis9 • 66%HHnotsoughtAntenatalcareduringpregnancy.• Mothersin8HHdiedduringdelivery.• 12%HHreportednoICDSintheirvillage.• 47%arenotcoveredunderChiefMinisterHealth

InsuranceScheme

• 94%household(HH)coveredunderpublicdistributionsystem• 88%HHpossessownhouseinwhich77%have

titledeed• Only8%oftheHHhasbenefitedfromPMAY

benefitscheme(AffordableHousingSupport)• OnlyoneHHavailedthegovernmentschemeof

freedistributionofMilchcows,Goat&Sheep,etc.,

researchpartners

out of Pocket exPenditure on health

• Womenfrom44HHnottakingpartinwomenself-helpgroup.

• 97%(144/148)ofeligiblewomennever participatedintheirgramsabhameetings. (4=1-Wardmember,3-GramSabhamember)

• 0%-Womenentrepreneurs• 82%womenareallowedtotakedecisionson

financial&marriagerelatedmatters.• 68%arehavingbankaccountandonly11%ofthem

haveloanfromtheirbank.• 22%ofwomenwithadisabilityinHHgotmarried.

• 12%ofHH-childrenbelow18yearsareearning• Only1%ofHHhastakenupentrepreneurship• Onlymembersfrom5householdstatedthatthey

arereceivingwageslikeothers.

• 61%ofhouseholddependsontapwaterthroughborewell.

• 51%arenothavingpropersewagedisposalfacility.

• 4%childmarriagerecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/

married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)• 1%hadcasesreported/registeredinthepolice

station.• 0%facedpoliceharassment.• 1%householdbeendeniedentryinaplaceof

worship(Verbalthreat-1)• Frequenttransfersofofficialsweakensthegovernmentresponsiveness.• 27%ChildBirthshavebeenregistered.

• Caretakersshouldbeavailabletohelpchildrenwithlocomotordisability(LD)fromthemainroadtotheirrespectiveclassrooms.Thosewholivemorethan3Kmoftheschoolshouldbeprovidedtransport.• Specialattentiontothemintheclassroomandteaching

process,withspeciallytrainedteachersandfreeafter-schoolcoaching.• Accessibleinfrastructure-lowbenches,westernrestrooms,

libraries-shouldbemadeavailable.• Giveextratimeduringexaminationsincludinginquarterly

andtermexams.• Discontinuethepracticeofmarkingthempresentonall

daysirrespectiveofactualattendance.• MultimediaeducationalactivitiesthroughTV,radioandothervisualmodesshouldbeusedbyallchildren.• Ensurechildrenwithdisabilitiescanparticipateinsports,

gamesandschooltours.


Goal 5: GEndEr EQualiTy

Goal 8: dEcEnT WorK & Economic GroWTh

Goal 9: indusTry, innovaTion & infrasTrucTurE

Goal 10: rEducEd inEQualiTiEs

Goal 16: pEacE & JusTicE insTiTuTions rEcommEndaTions

Goal 6: clEan WaTEr and saniTaTion

Goal 7: affordaBlE and clEan EnErGy

10082.97

111.73

54

100

33.4747.34

6

0

25

50

75

100

125

Target value

for 2030

India Status

Tamil Nadu Status

PWDs

Mobile connection

Internet subscriber

1

88

72 1

Temple/Mosque/Church

Own

Rent

Road side/ pavement

Shelther home

Railyway station/ Bus terminal

dwellinG Place

mobile and internet

subscriber density

toilet, fuel and

electricity facilities

MUSLIMS

Muslims make up 14.2% of the population of India and 5.86% of the population of Tamil Nadu (Census of India 2011). They are socially and economically backward compared to adherents of other faiths (Sachar Committee Report). They have been othered since the 1947 partition, and therefore bear the brunt of communal violence even today. They are stereotyped as criminals in popular lore, and ghettoised, in a vicious cycle.

• Lessthan1%(2/202)ofchildrenadmittedinprivateschoolsunderRTEAct(25%reservation)

• Only3%oftheparentsaretakingpartinschoolSMCs.• Only5childrenavailedpostmatricscholarshipfromthis101HH.

• Womenfrom66HH(66%)nottakingpartinwomenselfhelpgroup.

• 98%(145/148)ofeligiblewomenneverparticipatedintheirgramsabhameetings.

• 2%-Womenentrepreneurs• 50%womenarenotallowedtotakedecisionsrelatedto

financeandmarriage.• 94%arehavingbankaccountandonly16%aretakingloan

fromtheirbank.

Thiruvallurbc muslim 100%

1 Gram Panchayats

101households

531 Persons

Goal 2: Zero hunGer

Goal 1: end PoverTy

Goal 3: Good healTh and Well BeinG

Goal 4: QualiTy educaTion

Goal 5: Gender eQualiTy

• 68HHfamilyincomeisbelowRs.12000• 73HH(73%)hasMNREGAjobcard.• 78%(21/27)seniorcitizenshavenotbenefited

undergovernmentoldagepensionscheme.• 79%(15/19)widowsaredeprivedofthe

govenmentwidowpensionscheme.

• Only58%gotfullamountunderDr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme,inwhich58%(25HH)oftheamountspentonotherHHexpensesratherthanspendingformotherandchildhealthcare.

• Childmortalityinthiscommunityis20

• 37%notundergoneantenatalcare.

• 77%HHreportednoICDSintheirvillage.

• 47%arenotcoveredunderChiefMinister’sHealthInsuranceScheme.

• 95%HHpossessownhouseinwhich46.3%don’thavetitledeed.

• Only9%oftheHHhasbenefitedfromPMAYbenefitscheme(AffordableHousingSupport)

• NoneoftheHHbenefitedfromfreelivestockdistribution.

4

13

16

19

13

10

Degree

HSC

SSLC

Middle school

Elementary

Polytech/ITI

None

Highest Educational Attainment by the Children

researchpartners

MUSLIMS

Goal 9: indusTry, innovaTion & infrasTrucTure

recommendaTions:

Goal 8: decenT Work & economic GroWTh

Goal 6: clean WaTer & saniTaTionGoal 7: affordaBle & clean enerGy

Goal 16: Peace & JusTice sTronG insTiTuTions

• 5%(10/202)childrenbelow18yearsare• earning.• 8%oftheHHtakenupentrepreneurship.• 4%HHgotTNgovtaidtosetupstartup/

ownbusiness.

• 57%childmarriagerecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)

• 3%(6/202)ofchildrenbelow18yearsfacedviolenceagainstthem.67%oftheincidentsarerelatedtophysicalviolenceand33%relatedtosexualviolence.

• Nearly85%arenotabletogetsolutionfromtheirlocalgovernmentsystemanddependontheircommunityleaders(68%),police(1%),and16%ofthemignorethesituation/problem.

• Providepotablewater.Womencouldnotuseborewaterbecausethesurfaceisrockyastheylivenearthemountain.

• Startahighschoolinthevicinity,andensurethatgirlsattendatleastuptotheageof18.Theabsenceisamajorreasonforchildmarriage,childlabour(includingbondedlabour),stonebreaking,andmigrationtoKeralaorAndhraPradeshwheretheyworkasin-housemaids.Somefacesexualharassmentandexploitationoflabour.

• Startremedialclassesforchildren.Childrenstudyinginsixthorseventhgradeareunabletoevenwritetheirnamesproperly.Theylagbehindandeventuallydropout.Insomecases,note-bookandotherstudymaterialexpensesarethecauseofdrop-outs.

• Havefocussedprogrammesforthe empowermentofwomen.

100

71.8

93.87

61

100

43.8

73

87

10094.57

100

89

0

25

50

75

100

Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Muslim


Toilet, Fuel, Electricity

100

82.97

111.73

88

100

33.47

47.34

9

0

25

50

75

100

125


Mobile usage Internet connection

Mobile usage and Internet connection

15

68

1 16

0

20

40

60

80

Local govt Community Police Ignoring problem

Grievance Redressal Mechanism

100

88.3

100

47

0

25

50

75

100


IRULAR

The Irulas were hunters and gatherers residing in Kanchipuram, Nilgiris and Villupuram districts of Tamil Nadu. They are classified as one of the 75 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) of India for their pre-agriculture level of technology, stagnant population, extremely low literacy and subsistence economy. They used to collect wild fruits, herbs and roots as subsistence food. They are subjected to atrocities from the dominant commu-nities. The atrocities against Scheduled Tribes are increasing from 6270 (2015) to 6556 (2016) to 7114 (2017).

Thiruvallur

villupuramvellore

st 100%

148 Gram Panchayats

150households

2 town Panchayats

578 Persons

Goal 1: end poverTy• MonthlyincomeofallfamilyHHisbelowRs.12000(150

HH)• 42HH(28%)hasMGNREGAjobcard.• 85%(22/26)ofseniorcitizenshavenotbenefitedunder

thegovernmentoldagepensionscheme.• 75%(6/8)widowsaredeprivedofthegovernmentwidow

pension.• 84%ofthemreceivewagesfromRs.100to150under

MGNREGA,thoughthegovernmentnotifiedwageisRs.224(2018–2019)

136

113 0

0

50

100

150

Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000

Out of pocket expenditure on health

Goal 3: Good healTh & Well BeinG• Only21%oftheapplicantsreceivedfullamountunder

Dr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme,63%spentitonotherhouseholdexpensesratherspendingformotherandchildhealthcare.

• Childmortality-1• 63%ofHHdidnottakeAntenatalcare.• 37%ofthemreportednoICDSintheirvillage.• 89%ofthemarenotcoveredunderCMHealth• InsuranceScheme.

• Womenfrom113HHoutof150(75%)arenottakingpartinwomen’sSelfHelpGroup.

• 87%ofeligiblewomenhaveneverparticipatedintheirGramSabhaMeetings.

• Nowomenentrepreneurs.• 50%womenarenotallowedtotake

decisionsregardingfinancesandmarriage.• Only61%ofwomenhavebankaccounts.

• NochildrengotadmittedinprivateschoolsunderRTEAct(25%reservation)

• Only1%oftheparentsaretakingpartinSchoolManagementCommittees

• Outof100HH,22HHhavechildrenbelow14yearsasschooldropouts.

• Outof150HH,only5%(7HH)availedpostmatricscholarship.

• Therearenograduates.

• Outof150HH,only32possessownhouseinwhich79%ofthemdon’thavetitledeed.

• Outof150HH,only5%benefitedfromPMAYbenefitscheme(AffordableHousingSupport)

• Only1%ofHHhasavailedfreedistributionoflivestock

Goal 4: QualiTy educaTion

Goal 2: Zero hunGer

Goal 5: Gender eQualiTyGoal 6: clean WaTer and SaniTaTionGoal 7: affordaBle and clean enerGy

100

71.8

93.8

22

100

44

73

44

10094.5

100

55

0

25

50

75

100

Target 2030 India status TN status Tribes


toilet, fuel and electricity facilities

19.0%

27.0%54.0%

75-100

50-75

Below 50

No of Working days

IRULAR

Goal 8: decenT Work & economic GroWTh

Goal 9: induSTry, innovaTion and infraSTrucTure

recommendaTionS Goal 16: peace and JuSTice STronG inSTiTuTionS

100

82.97

111.73

3

100

33.47

47.34

00

25

50

75

100

125

Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Tribes


mobile and internet subscriber density

• 3%ChildMarriagerecorded(Womenaged15

-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/

married(below18)atthetimeofthissurvey.

• 2%(4/243)childrenbelow18yearsareearning.

• Only1%oftheHHhastakenupentrepreneurship.

• NoneoftheHHgotTNgovernmentaidto setup/startupownbusiness.

• Identifyanddistributelandwithnecessarylegaltitledeeds.Thereshouldbenoevictions.

• Communitycertificatesshouldbegiventoallchildrenfromtheirschool.

• Allreservedjobsmustbefilledattheearliest.

• TheCensusofIndiamustenumerateallIrular,withoutleavinganyofthemout.

• Theyshouldgetallsocialsecurityschemes(pensionsandrations),especiallyelderwomen.ThePMAYhouseshouldbeincreasedto300sq.ftandthefinancialaidto5lakhrupees.

• TheScheduledCastesandTribes(PreventionofAtrocities)Act,1989andTheBondedLabourSystem(Abolition)Act,1976mustbefullyimplemented.

• Sub-plansrelatedtoScheduledTribesmustbeframed,implementedandreviewedbythepeopleofthesamecommunity.

• ScheduledTribeslanguage,traditionandculturemustbeprotectedandpreservedbythegovernmentbyallocatingaseparatebudgetforthesame.

RESEARCHPARTNERS

100

88.3

100

18

0

25

50

75

100



Tribes

MANUAL SCAVENGERS

Goal 1: End PovErty

Goal 2: ZEro HunGErGoal 3: Good HEaltH & WEll BEinG

Goal 5: GEndEr Equality

Goal 4: quality Education

11.0%

17.0%

28.0%

44.0%

100

75-100

50-75

Below 50

No of Working Days

58

30

11 1

0

20

40

60

Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000

4.0%

18.0%

16.0%

25.0%

20.0%

11.0%

5.0%

Post Degree

Degree

HSC

SSLC

Middle School

Elementary

Polytech/ITI

None

Highest Educational Attainment in the household

• 38%ofmothersinHHneverreceivededucation

• Nochildrenadmittedinprivateschoolsun-derRTEAct(25%reservation)

• Noneoftheparentsaremembersoftheirchild’sschoolmanagementcommittee.

• Noschooldropoutamongchildren(below14years).

• Childmortality-2

• 21(11female&6male)HHarehavingpeopleabove60years.Amongthisonly11arebenefitedunderoldagepensionscheme.(2female9male)

• 98%ofHHiscoveredunderPDS.• 71%ofHHhastoiletfacilities.• 74%ofHHgotnoaccesstoanyofthe

government’sbasicschemes(SwachhBharat,PMAY&Ujjwalaschemegascylinder/cook-stovebenefit),

• NoonebenefitedunderAnimalHusbandryschemes(freeDistributionofMilchCows,freeDistributionofGoat&Sheep,etc.)

Here,alltheMGNREGAworkersreceivewagesfromRs.100to150,thoughthegovernmentnotifiedwageisRs.224(2018-2019)

• Only66%ofHHhasawarenessaboutwomen self-helpgroupand31%havemembership.

• Nowomanispartofthelocalgovernmentdecision-makingbody.

• 0%-Womenentrepreneurs• Decisionmaking:29%ofwomenarenotallowedto

takeanydecision.• 86%ofwomenarehavingbankaccountsandonly9%

havetakenloanfromtheirbank.

RESEARCHPARTNERS

The Safaikarmacharis (manual scavengers) have been facing generations and centuries of caste based discrimination and exclu-sion. This situation is still continuing. It is apparent from the study findings on the SDG indicators, that the safaikarmacharis are still being excluded and discriminated. Though the country has made many laws and schemes since 1993, for their liberation and rehabilitation, the conditions are still dismal. This study has proved that the safa-ikarmacharis have not been able to access the due rights and entitlements.

tuticorin

Madurai

virudHunaGar

31 Gram Panchayats

61 town Panchayats

100households

445 Persons

sc 93% st 4% bc 1% mbc 1% oc/fc 0%

out of Pocket exPenditure on health

MANUAL SCAVENGERS

• 24%(11/45)childrenbelow18yearsareearning.

• 2HHhastakenupentrepreneurship(1%ofthemreceivedTNgovtaidtosetup/startupownbusiness.

• 6%childmarriagesrecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)

• 3HHhadfacedpolicecases(2–PhysicalAssaultand1–Otheroffences).

• 1HHfacedpoliceharassment.• Percentageofbirthsregistered-48

• Governmentandcivilsocietyinstitutionsmust1)acknowledgeandrecognizethehistoricalinjusticeanddiscriminationofaparticularcommunity,2)takestepstoreleaseeverylastwoman,manandchildfromtheuncleanoccupationand 3)correctthewrongsandprovidedecentworktothiscommunity.

• TheProhibitionofEmploymentas ManualScavengersandtheirRehabilitationAct(PEMSRA)2013mustbeimplementedinletterandinspiritandensurethatthemanualscaven-gersareempoweredtoaccesstheirrightsanden-titlements,especiallyliberationandrehabilitationincludingidentification,dignifiednonscavenginglivelihoods,education,health,housingandpension.

• ThestatemonitoringcommitteefortheActunderthechairmanshipoftheChiefMinistermusttakeitsrolemoreseriouslyandensurethestrictimplementationoftheActtoprovidedecentworkoftheirchoicetoallmanualscavengers.

•

Goal 6: clEan WatEr & SanitationGoal 7: affordaBlE & clEan EnErGy Goal 8: dEcEnt Work &

EconoMic GroWtH

Goal 9: induStry, innovation & infraStructurE

Goal 16: PEacE, JuSticE & StronG inStitutionS

rEcoMMEndationS:

Goal 10: rEducEd inEqualitiES

100

82.97

111.73

89100

33.4747.34

10

25

50

75

100

125

Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Manual Scavengers

Mobile

Internet

60.0%

39.0%

Slum

Own

Rent

Type of House

100

71.8

93.8

71

100

44

73

92100

94.5100 98

0

25

50

75

100

Target 2030 India status TN status Manual Scavengers

Toilet

Fuel

Electricity

URBAN POOR

Tamil Nadu is the most urbanised (48.3%) major state in India (Census of India 2011). 29% of Chennai lived in slums in 2011. The lack of clear title deeds devalues the above par provision of housing. Water mismanagement has led to a water crisis in 2019. Evictions in the middle of the academic year without notice are not unknown. Being employed primarily in the precarious economy, the urban poor are disadvantaged from all sides.

• 24%ofmothersand16%offathersinHHhavenotgonetoschool

• 2%childrenadmittedinprivateschoolsunderRTEAct(25%reservation)

• 2%oftheparentsaremembersoftheirchild’sschoolSMCcommittee.

• 3childrenavailedpostmatricscholarship• Only3%havegraduated

sc 43%st 6%bc 14%mbc 35%oc/fc 1%

Kanchipuram

99households

99 town Panchayats

397Persons

Goal 1: End povErty

Goal 2: ZEro hunGEr

Goal 3: Good hEalth and WEll BEinG

Goal 4: Quality Education

• MajorsourceofincomeearnedbyMen72%,Women27%

• 74HHfamilyincomeisbelowRs.12000• 82%(9/11)ofseniorcitizensarenotcovered

underthegovernmentoldagepension.• 90%(9/10)widowsaredeprivedofthe

governmentwidowpensionscheme.Only2ofthemcouldgetwidowcertificateand 1benefitedunderwidowpensionscheme.

• Only63%oftheapplicantsgotfullamountunderDr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme.

• Childmortality-3• 47%HHdidnotseekantenatalcareduring

pregnancy.Themotherinonehouseholddiedduringdelivery.

• 30%arenotcoveredunderChiefMinister’sHealthInsuranceScheme

researchpartners

80

19 0 00

20

40

60

80

Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000


3

7

2025

8

Degree

HSC

SSLC

Middle School

Elementary

Highest Education Attained by the Children

URBAN POOR

• Womenfrom76HHdonottakepartinwomen’sself-helpgroup.

• ·Only3%ofwomenintheHHarepartoftheurbangovernmentdecision-makingbody (1–Municipalcouncilor,2–TownPanchayat,Chairman).

• ·2%-Womenentrepreneurs• ·47%womennotallowedtotakedecisionsrelated

tofinancial&marriagematters.• ·86%havebankaccountbutonly12%havetaken

loansfromthebank.• ·52%ofhousesallottedinthenameofadult

women.

• 1%childrenbelow18yearsareearning• 3%oftheHHtakenupentrepreneurship.• 95%ofthemworkintheunorganizedsector.• Only5%oftheworkershavevalidIDcard

fromthewelfareboard.• Duetoeviction,81%ofthemaretravelling

morethan10kms/dayforwork• ·65%ofHHdon’thaveworkforboth

spouses.

• 97%ofHHdependsonmunicipalcorporationfor drinkingwater.

• 57%donothavepropersewagedisposalfacility.

• 4%ofchildrenbelow18yearsfacedviolence.50%oftheincidentsoccurredinapublicplace.


• 16HHhadinter-castemarriageandnoneofthemgotbenefitsunderDr.MuthulakshmiReddy NinaivuInter-CasteMarriageAssistanceScheme.

• 19%(3/16)facedviolenceduetointercastemarriageandtheyhadaccesstopolice/safeplace.

• 3HHhadfacedcasesreported/registeredinthepolicestation.(2physicalassaultand1forotheroffences)

• 7HHfacedpoliceharassment.• Nearly95%arenotabletogetredressfromtheir

localgovernmentsystemandtheyare dependingontheircommunityleaders(10%),po-lice(33%),Ignoringthesituation(16%),politicians(3%),others(31%)andonly2%areapproachingjudicialsystem.

• 54%ofbirthsregistered.

• Produceawhitepaperonthestatusofrelocated communities.

• DistributethePanchamilandlocatedinChennaicityanditssurroundingareastodeserving(homeless,belowpovertyline)Dalits.

• Evictionsmustcease.However,ifit’sinevitable,thepeoplemustberelocatedwithin3Kmoftheiroriginalresidence.

• Ensureadequateinfrastructure,governmentoffices,qualityschoolsandcolleges,andasingle-windowforinformationdisseminationandbasicneedsoftheurbanpoor.

• Leveragethescheduledcastesub-plan(SCSP)fortheirdevelopmentandlivelihood.

• Facilitateemploymentintheneighbourhood(publicandprivatesector).

• Implementthe‘TamilNaduSlumAreas(Improvement&Clearance)Act1971’inletterandspirit.

Goal 5: GEndEr EQuality

Goal 8: dEcEnt WorK & Economic GroWth

Goal 9: industry, innovation & infrastructurE

Goal 16: pEacE & JusticE institutions

rEcommEndations

Goal 6: clEan WatEr and sanitation

Goal 7: affordaBlE and clEan EnErGy

100

71.8

93.8

96100

44

73

9910094.5

100 99

0

25

50

75

100

Target 2030 India status TN status Urban Poor


toilet, fuel and electricity faciities

10082.97

111.73

90100

33.4747.34 6

0

25

50

75

100

125

Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Urban Poor


REFUGEES

MAJOR FINDINGS

1. Poverty• Theindividualsinterviewedweremostlyemployedindaily-wagesjoblikepainting,construction,

assistanceinsellingfish,andsales.• Thesecondgenerationrefugeeswhoarenowmarriedandhavefamiliesdonothaveahouse.

Thereexistsaproblemofovercrowding.• Theonlyfinancialschemethatisbeingaccessedbythepopulationisthemonthlydole(Rs.700

perchildandRs.1000peradult),whichtheysupplementwithotherincome.• Therefugeeshadreceivedlifeinsurancebenefitsandhouseholdgoodslikegascylinder,mixer,

stoveandTV.• Therefugeesreceivewidowpension,oldagepension,anddisabilitypension.

2. Zero Hunger• TheyhaveaccesstoPDS,andgetfreemonthlyrations.

3. good HealtH• ThechildrenreceiveimmunizationandothercarefacilitiesfromtheAuxillaryVillageNurse

(AVN)whovisitsthemregularly• Theresidentshaveaccesstonearbygovernmenthospital-PIMS[PondicherryInstituteofMedical

Sciences]• ThepopulationoftenfacesstiffproblemswiththeSCcommunitylivingneartheareaasthey

shareaburialground.Theyareforcedtoburnorburythedeadinthecampareaitself,whichisaseriousthreattotheirhealth.

• Theresidentscomplainedthatthereisheavyganjaabuseamongstadolescentboysintheagegroupof14-25residinginthecamp.

4. education• Thechildrenseemedtobedoingrelativelybetterintermsofeducation.Therearesomechildren

intherefugeecampwhoaregraduatesandthereisgoodawarenessabouttheimportanceofeducation.ManygirlchildrenpreferstudyingnursingandtheyreceivefinancialaidandguidancefromvariousCSOs.Theyareallenrolledinprivatecolleges.Thecollegeexpenseoftherefugeeparentsisoneofthehighestfinancialburdenstheyface.

• ThesupportinschooleducationunderthewelfareschemesoftheSchoolEducationDepart-ment,TamilNadutoprovideassistanceintheformoffinancialaidinschoolswaswithdrawnandlaterrestarted.Theysaidthattheydidnotreceiveanysuch benefitfortheirchildren.

• Theyhavenoaccesstopost-matricscholarships

5. gender equality• Thewomenareabletoparticipateequallyinthedecisionmakingprocessofthehousehold• ThereisnoconceptualawarenessaboutSHGandnoparticipationalsoasitisnotapplicableto

refugees.• Thereisnoskilldevelopmenttrainingsconductedtoenhancetheskillsoftherefugeepopulation

REFUGEES

6. Water• Thepopulationhasaccesstocleandrinkingwaterthroughborewellsystemshoweverthelack

ofdrainagesystemsposesaseriousthreattotheirsafety.• Thepopulationhasfunctionaltoiletswithprivacy.• Thereisnopracticeofopendefecationamongstthecommunity.• Theylackanundergroundsewagesystem.

7. clean energy• ThepopulationhasaccesstocleancookingfuellikeLPGgasstove.• Theyhaveaccesstoelectricityconnection.•8. decent Work• Thenatureofemploymentamongstthiscommunityismainlydaily-wagelabour(construction,

painting,etc).• Thereisagreaterdegreeofunemploymentamonggraduaterefugeechildren• Thefirstandsecondgenerationrefugeesfacediscriminationinworkplacewithrespecttothe

payscale.• Owingtotheirlackofcitizenship,refugeesareforcedtoworkforlonghourswithlesspay.• Theconstantscrutinyandrollcalltakenintherefugeecamphinderstheiremployment.• Peoplereportingofbeingharassedanddiscriminatedbasedethnicityandlanguage.

9. SuStainable citieS• Thehousespeopleliveinareextremelysmallwithasbestosroofs• Thelandonwhichthesesettlementsstandbelongtothegovernment• TheaccesstotechnologyislimitedtothefreeTVgivenbythegovernment• Basicmodelmobilephonesdonothaveinternetamongstthefirstgenerationrefugeewomen

andmen(somesecondandthirdgenerationrefugeechildrenhaveawarenessandaccesstoan-droidmobilephonesandinternet).

10. climate cHange• ThelocalbodieslikePanchayathavenotincorporatedanydisasterreductionmeasuresintheir

framework.• Therehavebeenfireandstormsthathaveaffectedthecampsadversely.

16. Peace, JuStice, and Strong inStitutionS• Thechildrenintheareafacemajorissueswithregardstotheirbirthregistration.Whenthe

fatherisIndian,Indiancitizenshipisgrantedafteraseriesoflegalprocedures.However,whenthesituationisreversedthechild’snationalityisnotregisteredasIndianinthebirthcertificate.TheparentsaredirectedtotheSriLankanDeputyHighCommissiontoregisterthechild’snationalityasSrilankan.Thistotallydependsonthemindframeoftheofficer-in-charge.

• Thepopulationhasgivencomplaintstopoliceforcertaincrimesbuttheyreportedthattheyweremostlyresolvedinout-of-courtproceedings.

recommendationS• Therefugeesmustbefacilitatedonapathwaytocitizenshiporreturn.Long-termuncertainty

shouldend.• Indiashouldhaveaclearpolicyonrefugees,andratifytheUNconvention.

DOMESTICWORKERS

The estimated number of domestic workers in India range from 4.2 million (official estimates) to more than 50 million (unofficial estimates). Girls and women make up the significant majority of domestic workers. Between 2000 and 2010, women accounted for 75 % of the increase in the total number of domestic workers in India. Domestic workers in India are dependent on their employers because they have no legal protection as workers under India’s labor laws, and no bargaining power due to their economic situa-tion, illiteracy and low-skills. They are one of the poorest and most exploited groups of workers in the country

• 77%HHhasawarenessaboutwomenself-helpgroupand40%aremembers.

• Nowomanispartofthelocalgovernmentdecision-makingbody.

• 1%-Womenentrepreneurs• 86%ofwomentakedecisionsrelatedtofinancial&marriage

matters.• 86%domesticworkersareawareofwomenempowerment.• 95%arehavingbankaccount,butonly9%havetakenloan

fromtheirbank.

Kanchipuramchennai

sc 39%st 1%bc 28%mbc 32%oc/fc 0%

60 Gram Panchayats

40 town Panchayats

100households

380 Persons

Goal 2: Zero hunGer

Goal 1: end poverty

Goal 3: Good health and Well BeinG

Goal 4: Quality education

Goal 5: Gender eQuality

• MajorsourceofhouseholdincomeearnedbyMen71%,Women28%,Children1%

• Themonthlyincomeof74HHisbelowRs.12000• Outof60HHonly2HH(3%)haveMNREGAjob

card.• Only17HHhavetheirownhouse.Amongthis

9HHhavingtitledeedsand8areonporambokeland(villagecommons)

• 65HHarelivinginslumsand18HHlivinginrentalhouses.

• 17(11female&6male)HHhavepeopleabove60years.Only4(3female,1male)havebenefitedunderold-agepensionscheme.

• PDS:86%haverationcardbutonly7benefitedunderAntyodayaAnnaYojanascheme(PHHAYY).79(92%)HHareclassifiedasnon-priorityhouse-hold(NPHH).

• 100%ofHHhavingtoiletfacilities,butnonehasbenefitedunderSwachhBharatMission(Toiletconstructionincentive).

• 96%ofHHneveraccessedanyofthegovern-ment’sbasicschemes(SwachhBharat,PMAY&Ujjwalaschemesgascylinder/cook-stovebenefit).

• 12HHhaveownlandwithtitledeedinwhich5areagriculturelands.

researchpartners

53

36

83

0

20

40

60

Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000


26

18

28

12

12

3Degree

HSC

SSLC

Middle School

Elementary

Polytech/ITI

None

Highest Educational Attainment in the Household

DOMESTICWORKERS

Goal 9: industry, innovation & infrastructure

recommendations:

Goal 8: decent WorK & economic GroWth

Goal 6: clean Water & sanitationGoal 7: affordaBle & clean enerGy

Goal 16: peace & Justice stronG institutions

• 8%(11/132)childrenbelow18yearsareearning

• 1%entrepreneurshipwiththeaidofGov-ernmentofTamilNaduscheme.

• Personswithdisabilityfrom3HHworkandearningequalwages


• 3HHfacedcasereported/registeredintothepolicestation.(2physicalassaultand1forotheroffences)

• 4HHfacedpoliceharassment.• 56%ofHHcouldn’tgivegrievancestothe

concernedlocalgovernmentbody.They’redependingoncommunityleaders(9%),police(8%),Ignoringthesituation–21%,politician-14%,others-3%andonly1%approachthejudicialsystem.

• 89%ofdomesticworkersdonothavethebirthregistrationcertificate.

• Recognisedomesticworkaswork,domesticworkersasworkersandtheirplaceofworkasworkplacesforapplicationofalllawsregardinglabourtolabourrightsandpromoteasafeandsecureworkingenvironmentforthem.

• Regulatetheirworkinghoursandconditions.• Fixminimumwages,providesocialsecurityand

protectionfromabuse• Ensureeffectivefunctioningofwelfareboardfor

domesticworkers• Enactlegislationtoprotectdomesticworkers,

thatprovidesforminimumwages,regulatesworkinghours,decentaccommodationforliveinworkers,holidaysandpaidleave.

• Childlabour(upto18years)shouldbeprohib-itedindomesticwork,andthelawimplementedeffectively,topreventsexualandotherformsofviolence.

100

71.8

93.8100100

44

73

9810094.5

100 100

0

25

50

75

100

Target 2030 India status TN status Domestic Workers


10082.97

111.73

95100

33.4747.34

30

25

50

75

100

125



Domestic Workers


44

9 8 114

21

3

0

10

20

30

40

50

Local Govt Community Police Court Politicians Ignoring problem

Others

Grievance Redressal Mechanism

100

88.3

100

110

25

50

75

100

Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Domestic Workers

Birth Registration Certificate

FISHERS

Goal 1: No Poverty

• 46%(40/87HH)ofHH’saveragemonthlyincomeisbetween0and5000.

• 28%(24/87)ofthehouseholdhaveaboveRs100,000indebt,11%(10/87)betweenRs.60,000to100,000indebtand23%(20/87)areRs.10,000to60,000indebtduetoirregularincomeandfrequentdamageoffishingnets.

• NoHHhaveMNREGAjobforthepastyearduetodisputewithintheirvillageonfavouritisminallocationofworkbythevillageadministrativeofficials.

Goal 3: Good health & well beiNG

• 43%(38/87)spentuptoRs.10,000forhealth-relatedissuesincludinghospitalizationinthepastoneyear.

• 24%(21/87)ofHHspentmorethanRs.50,000foroutofpockethealthrelatedexpenses.

Goal 2: Zero huNGer

• 92%(80/87)ofHHdonotpossessanyland.

• Only1%ofHHhasben-efitedfromPMAYbenefitscheme(AffordableHousingSupport).

• 74%(65/87)ofthempossess‘tsunami’houses.

• 43%(37/87)ofHHpossessownvehicleliketwo-wheel-er,four-wheeler,etc.

• Nohouseholdhasavailedthegovernmentschemeforfreelivestock(goatandsheep).

• Allregisteredfamiliesgotthefishingbanallowancefortwomonths

Goal 4: quality educatioN

Goal 5: GeNder equality

63

4 5 213

0

20

40

60

80

0 – 5000 5000 – 10000

10000 – 15000

25000 – 30000

Above 30000

%

OUT OF POCKET EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION

98% (82/87) wOmEN DO NOT PARTICIPATE IN ThE gRAm sAbhA mEETINgs.

FISHERS

0

25

50

75

100

Target 2030 India status TN status Fisher

Toilet

Fuel

Electricity

sTATUs OF TOILET, FUEL & ELECTRICITY FACILITY

Goal 7: affordable & cleaN eNerGy

Goal 10 & 11: reduced iNequalities

sustaiNable cities & commuNities

recommeNdatioNs:

Goal16: Peace, Justice & stroNG iNstitutioNs

Goal 8: deceNt work & ecoNomic Growth

• 92%(80/87)ofHHgoforfishingforonlysixmonthsayearbasedontheseacondition.

• 82%oftheHHearnbelowRs.150/dayeventhough23(26%)ofthemhaveown-ershipofafishingboat,ofwhich13HHhaveamotorizedfishingboat.

• Inthepast15years61%(53/87)ofHHhaschangedtheirresidencewithintheirvillageduetothetsunamiof2004.AtpresenttheyarelivinginhousesbuiltforvictimsofTsunamiwhichneedsimmedi-ateattentionforrenovation.

• 99%(86/87)ofHHliveinconcretehous-es,inwhich77%(67/86)ofthemhave3rooms.

• 84of87HH(96%)haveseparatekitch-ensand100%ofthemhavingaseparatebathroomintheirhousehold.

• Peoplefrom4HHfacedphysicalviolence.

• Membersfrom2HHarevictimsofextrajudicialkilling.

• Forlegalservices,onlymembersof2HHhavesoughtdistrict/statelegalaidservices.

• Peoplefrom2HHencountereddiscriminationagainstthem.

• ThefisheriesdepartmentoftheGovernmentofIndiahasbeenupgradedtoaministryin2019.

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• Insitutitledeedsmustbegiventoallfisherhouseholds,inthesoleorjointnameofwomen.• Fisherwomenshouldberecognisedasfishworkers,andtheyshouldbeeligibleforallsocial

securityschemes,includingtheallowanceduringthefishingban,andtheschemesrunbythewelfareboard.

TEXTILEWORKERS

• MajorsourceofincomeearnedbyMen57%,Women41%,Children2%.

• Themonthlyincomeof81HHisbelowRs.12000.• 54HH(66%)arehavingMNREGAjobcard.• 50%HHnotprovidedby100days’workinayear(1-

50days–13%,50-75days-22%,75-100days-15%).• 17(12female&5male)HHarehavingpeopleabove

60years,ofwhomonly24%(4/17)ofthemaregettingOld-AgePension(1female&3male)

• 17%(12female&5male)HHarehavingpeopleabove60years.Amongthisonly23%(4/17)arebenefitedunderoldagepensionscheme.(1female3male)

• PDScoverage:93%• Only4%oftheHHbenefitedunderAnimalHusbandry

schemes(freeDistributionofMilchCows,freeDistri-butionofGoat&Sheep).

• 1/3gotwidowpension.

• 79%(22/28)benefitedunderDr.MuthulakshmiMaternityBenefitScheme.77%(17/22)spenttheamountreceivedforfood&nutrition.

• Childmortality-6.• 90%ofthemhaveICDSfacilityintheirvillage/nearby

locality.• 83%HHhaveregularvillagehealthnursebut50%HH

didnotseekantenatalcareduringpregnancy.• 76%HHhavePHCswithin5km.

• NochildrenadmittedinprivateschoolsunderRTEAct(25%reservation)

• 3%oftheparentsarepartoftheschoolmanagementcommittees(SMCs)

• 6childrenavailedpost-matricscholarship.• 76%HHarenotawareoftheincentivegiventogirl

childrenfromruralarea.

• Only63%HHawareofwomenself-helpgroupsand42%arehavingmembership.

• 1%ofwomenarepartofthelocalgovernment(becameapanchayatpresidentbasedonreservation)

• 0%-Womenentrepreneurs.• NoneofthehouseholdhasreceivedaidfromTNGovt

tosetup/startupownbusiness.• 41%ofwomenarethemajorsourceoftheirfamily

income.• Decisionmaking:67%womenallowedtotake

decisionsrelatedtofinancial&marriagerelatedmatters.18%arenotallowedtotakedecisiononfinance

• 37%ofwomentextileworkersarenotawareofwomenempowerment.

• 96%arehavingabankaccountinwhich9%alonearetakingloansfromtheirbank.

• 2%-womanwithdisabilityinHHgotmarried.

In Erode District, there are 353 textile mills with about 300,000 labourers. Many (some estimate as high as 90%) of them are from the Arunthathiyar (Dalit) community. The mills employ about 37,000 women and adolescent girls (in the age group of 15-18 years) as camp labourers in a modern form of slavery called the ‘Sumangali scheme’.

ErodEsc 70%st 25%bc 1%mbc 2%oc/fc 0%

74 Gram Panchayats

26town Panchayats

100households

420 Persons

Goal 2: ZEro HunGEr

Goal 1: End PovErty

Goal 3: Good HEaltH and WEll BEinG

Goal 4: Quality Education

Goal 5: GEndEr EQuality

57

41

2 0

0

20

40

60

Below 1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 Above 5000

Out of pocket expenditure on Health

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• 33%HH-childrenbelow18yearsareearning• 73%ofwomenworkersarerecruitedbythemanagement

withoutprovidinganycontract,appointmentletterorMoU.(3%givencontract,3%-appointmentletterand10%givenMoU)

• 31%womenworkersnotawareaboutminimumwage,PF,ESI,overtimeandtheirholidays

• 59%areworkingbeyond8hours(above12hours-3%,10to12hours–31%and8-10hours25%)

• 81%womenworkersnotknownabouttheirPFnumberandalsonotgettingtheirsalaryslip.

• Only3%arereceivingsalaryadvance• 16%areknownaboutinternalcommitteeslike

SCC/WorkingCommittee/CanteenCommittee/SafetyandHealthCommitteeand13%(2/16)tookpartinthesecom-mittees.

• MajorsourceofincomeearnedbyMen57%,Women41%,Children2%

• 9HHhaveinter-castemarriage,inwhich11%(1/9)ofHHhasgotmoneyfromDr.MuthulakshmiReddyNinaivuInter-CasteMarriageAssistanceScheme.

• 4HHencounteredviolenceduetointer-castemarriage.

• 7%ofwomenfacedharassmentwithinthe company.

• 5%-childmarriagerecorded(Womenage15-19yearswhowerealreadymothers/pregnant/married(before18)atthetimeofthissurvey)

• 5%facedcasereported/registeredintothepolicestation.(3physicalassaultand2forotheroffences)

• 4%facedpoliceharassment.• 34%HHbeendeniedentryinaplaceofworship

(Physicalthreat-1,Actualinflictionofviolence-13andverbalthreat-20)

• Percentageofbirthsregistered-8

• Thecampsystemoftextilelabour,especiallyofwomen,shouldbeimmediatelyabolished.

• Ensurethatthecommitteesmonitoringsexualharassmentarefunctionalandeffective.

• Therighttoassociationofthetextileworkers,especiallythewomen,shouldbemadea non-negotiable.

TEXTILEWORKERSGoal 6: clEan WatEr & Sanitation

Goal 7: affordaBlE & clEan EnErGy

Goal 9: induStry, innovation & infraStructurE

Goal 16: PEacE & JuSticE StronG inStitutionS

rEcommEndationS:

Goal 10: rEducEd inEQualitiES

Goal 8: dEcEnt Work & Economic GroWtH

100

71.8

93.8

64

100

44

73

93100

94.5100 96

0

25

50

75

100

Target 2030 India status TN status Textile Workers


10082.97

111.73

54

100

33.4747.34

20

25

50

75

100

125

Target value for 2030 India Status Tamil Nadu Status Textile Workers


10088.3

100

8

0

25

50

75

100



Textile Workers

Birth Registration Certificate

Each community is left behind in its own way. Inclusion needs to specifically address these push out factors and processes. Some of the broad brush processes are known: patriarchy, class, and caste. But for policy intervention, more specifics are required. The pushout factors vary for fishers, urban poor, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.The process and factors differ even among these individual groups. Micro-studies reveal insights at a more granular level - disaggregating government categories into the specific communities (Irular, rather than just ST, Arundathiyar/manual scavengers rather than just SC), and then help in identifying the push out pattern.

The SDG watch approach is based on forming thematic groups for specific SECs instead of SDG goal-wise. This allowed the process to ensure each of the thematic groups is focused on all the relevant SDGs.

SDG Watch Tamil Nadu was launched on 25 September 2017 with CSOs from socially excluded communities, vulnerable groups (SECs) and other closely associated working groups.

SDGWatch tamilnaDu

[email protected] www.hrf.net.in +918668091451FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

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AHRF

NILAM TRUST

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SOCIALLY EXCLUDED COMMUNTIES IN TAMILNADU & …