Measurements of the X-ray/pump laser pulse timing

Valery Dolgashev, David Fritz, Yiping Feng, Gordon BowdenSLAC

48th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on Future Light Sources , March 1-5, 2010, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory,Menlo Park, California

This work is funded by SLAC LDRD program

Motivation•LCLS promises to capture the molecular action of a chemical reaction “frame by frame” using the pump-probe technique.

•In due time, ALL LCLS instruments will be performing pump-probe experiments.

•This requires either controlling the time delay to a value that is a fraction of the LCLS pulse duration (80 fs but a 2 fs operating mode already demonstrated) or measuring the timing on a shot-by-shot basis and processing the data accordingly.

•The e-beam jitter is 50 fs rms so a diagnostic must used to improve this value.

•The diagnostic must be non-destructive, robust, relatively insensitive to FEL fluctuations and operate over the full LCLS wavelength range.

Current Capabilities

• FEL-Pump laser timing measured indirectly with e-beam phase cavity and RF distribution system

• All of the sources of jitter and drift will limit the temporal resolution to ~80 fs rms (180 fs FWHM)– 50 fs e-beam to RF– 50 fs laser to RF– 30 fs RF distribution– 20 fs e-beam cavity resolution

~ 150 m (NEH)

~ 420 m (FEH)

IdeaWe propose to directly measure relative time jitter of X-ray and pump laser pulse near the sample using a cavity excited by X-ray-initiated photoelectrons with about 10 femtosecond resolution.

The device can be located just before the sample to non-invasively monitor the relative timing jitter of X-ray and pump laser pulse.

Timing cavity (version 20100226)

X-ray pulse

rf probe

target

electron bunch

Solid Model: Robert Reed, SLAC

14 m

m

Photoelectric Effect

Target (Al/Si 3

N 4)FEL pulses

electronescape depth(10-100 nm)

hn

• Generate core (k-shell) electrons– Cross-section

– Kinetics• Very mono-energetic for hard x-rays

– Limited to certain depth given by electron mean free path– Prompt ~ fs time scale

n cossin2 2 22 27

254520

dependentZ

eshellk

hcmZr

dd

nn hhEk max

polarization

Prompt electronbunch

Total primary e- yield

• Energy dependent• Z dependent

Sufficient to ring RF cavity

Be Primary Photoelectrons100 nm escape depth

1.0E-14

1.0E-13

1.0E-12

1.0E-11

1.0E-10

1.0E-09

1.0E-08

1 10 100

Photon Energy (keV)

K-e

lect

rons

(C)

Al

Be

0 0.5 10123456789

10

U ii 2 Vm

2

EstHFSS

VpC

ii

0 5 100

0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

1

0.32222

U ii 2 Vm

2

EstHFSS

VpC

5.6 1.3 5.6 1.3

E ii kV

VpC

200pC( )2 2 fHFSSQHFSS

0.32222 0.3548515W fHFSS 9.64 1091s

1010 qe 1.6021765 10 9 CfHFSSQHFSS

1228.2157676s 10 9

Electrical design, 9.64 GHz version

Timing cavity assembly

Solid Model: Robert Reed, SLAC

φ

ΣΔ

photodiode

reference cavity

attenuator

phase shifter

amplifier

amplifiercavity with x-ray target 3dB

hybrid

mixer

mixer

oscillator

digitizerIFLO

LOIFRF

RF

Timing detector circuit

1 deg@9.5GHz=290fs, 90um0.1deg@9.5GHz= 29fs, 9um

Status• We making drawings of timing cavity• Reference cavity is (almost) done• We ordering targets• We plan to start two-cavity commissioning this

summer

Commissioning:• Characterize amplitude and phase jitter of rf signals

including their coupling• Study coupling of position jitter and phase jitter• …

Cavity#1 Cavity#2X-ray pulse

High gradient streak camerafor X-ray – laser pulse timing

ADVANCED ACCELERATOR CONCEPTS: Tenth Workshop. AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 647, pp. 810-820 (2002).

J. Haimson, B. Mecklenburg, G. Stowell and B. Ishii, “A Circularly Polarized Beam Deflector for Direct Measurement of Ultra Short Electron Bunches,” ADVANCED ACCELERATOR CONCEPTS: Tenth Workshop. AIP Conference Proceedings, Volume 647, pp. 810-820 (2002).

Standing Wave Deflector

for ~10 fs diagnostics of MeV beams

Waveguide coupler for 6 cell SW 11.424 GHz deflector

Periodic cell of Pi standing wave deflector,0.25 MW/cell, deflecting gradient 26 MV/m

Maximum surface electric fields 105 MV/m.Maximum surface magnetic fields 410 kA/m,Pulse heating 23 deg. C for 100 ns pulse.

a = 6 mmt = 2 mm, round irisQ=7,792

Waveguide coupler for 6 cell SW X-band deflector,

1.5 MW of input power, deflection 2 MeV

Maximum surface electric fields ~105 MV/m.Maximum surface magnetic fields ~420 kA/m,Pulse heating 24 deg. C for 100 ns pulse.

Parameters of 6 cell X-band SW deflectorFrequency 11.424 GHz

Beam pipe diameter 10 mmOne cell length 13.121 mmPhase advance per cell πOne cell kick 0.34 MeV/Sqrt(0.25 MW)Structure kick (6 cells) 2 MeV/Sqrt(1.5 MW)Unloaded Q 7800Loaded Q 3800Maximum Electric field 105 MV/m / Sqrt(1.5 MW)Maximum Magnetic field 420 (kA/m) / Sqrt(1.5 MW)Structure length (with beam pipes) 12 cmNear mode separation 13.6 MHz

Basic parametersqe 1.602 C 10 19

me 9.109kg 10 31

λ c11.424GHz

: εn 1μm:

βd 5m: En 10 qe MV:

Vt 2MV:

δtλ

2 π c Vt qe

εn En me c2

βd:

δt 7.042fs

High gradient streak camera

X-ray pulse

pump laser pulse

Electrons from X-ray

pulseElectrons from X-ray

pulse

Photocathode, 200 MV/m, 11GHz, ~2…6MW120 MV/m, 3 GHz, ~10 MW

Booster, ~1…10 MV3GHz, ~5MW11GHz,~1MW

Vertical deflector, 8MV@3GHz, ~10MW2MV@11GHz,~1.5MW

Vertical deflector (optional), 8MV@3GHz, ~10MW2MV@11GHz,~1.5MW

φ

0.1deg@3GHz=93fs0.1deg@11GHz=25fs