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MEASURING PERSONALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Tests/techniques of measuring personality
2. Psycho analytical/Intra psychic theory
3. Social learning theory
TESTS/TECHNIQUES
FOR MEASURING
PERSONALITY
Techniques/tests for measuring personality
Several methods are used to assess personality.
Most frequently followed tests are-
1. Projective tests2. Behavioral measures3. Self report questionnaire
PROJECTIVE TESTS
PROJECTIVE TESTS
In this test individuals are shown a picture ,abstract image and asked to describe what they see/to tell a story about what they see.
It assumes that each individual responds to the stimulus in a way that reflects his/her unique personality.
Assessing the Unconscious
Projective Tests used to assess personality (e.g., Rorschach or TAT tests)
How? provides ambiguous stimuli and subject projects his or her motives into the ambiguous stimuli
Assessing the Unconscious -- Rorschach
Rorschach Inkblot Test the most widely used projective test
a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach Rorschach
Assessing the Unconscious--Rorschach
used to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Assessing the Unconscious--TAT
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)• people express their inner motives through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
BEHAVIOURAL MESAURES
BEHAVIOURAL MESAURES
It is more an observational techniques Here psychologists count and record the
frequency of particular behaviors. Ex-Sociability
Limitations
Time consuming Expensive Biased opinion by 2 observers Presence of observer can alter the
behavior being observed
SELF REPORT QUESTIONNAIRE Minnesota Multiphasic personality
inventory-MMPI MBTI
MMPI
MMPI is comprehensive and assess a variety of traits , as well as neurotic and psychotic disorders.
It is useful in the screening ,diagnosis and clinical description of abnormal behavior.
Limitation-Does not disclose normal personalities.
Assessing Traits: An Example
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) the most widely researched and clinically
used of all personality tests developed to identify emotional disorders
MMPI: examples
“Nothing in the newspaper interests me except the comics.”
“I get angry sometimes.”
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychoanalytic theory, as devised by Freud, attempts to explain personality on the basis of unconscious mental forces Levels of consciousness: We are unaware of
some aspects of our mental states Freud argued that personality is made up of
multiple structures, some of which are unconscious
Freud argued that as we have impulses that cause us anxiety; our personality develops defense mechanisms to protect against anxiety
Freudian Theory
Levels of consciousness Conscious
What we’re aware of
Preconscious Memories etc.
that can be recalled
Unconscious Wishes, feelings,
impulses that lies beyond awareness
Structures of Personality Id
Operates according to the “pleasure principle”
Ego Operates according
to the “reality” principle
Superego Contains values and
ideals
Freudian Theory
Anxiety occurs when: Impulses from the id threaten to get out of
control The ego perceives danger from the
environment The ego deals with the problem through:
coping strategies defense mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms refer to unconscious
mental processes that protect the conscious person from developing anxiety Sublimation: person channels energy from
unacceptable impulses to create socially acceptable accomplishments
Denial: person refuses to recognize reality Projection: person attributes their own
unacceptable impulses to others Repression: anxiety-evoking thoughts are
pushed into the unconscious
Defense Mechanisms Rationalization: Substituting socially acceptable
reasons Intellectualization: Ignoring the emotional
aspects of a painful experience by focusing on abstract thoughts, words, or ideas
Reaction formation: Refusing to acknowledge unacceptable urges, thoughts or feelings by exaggerating the opposite state
Regression: Responding to a threatening situation in a way appropriate to an earlier age or level of development
Displacement: Substituting a less threatening object for the original object of impulse
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
The Individual vs. the Environment
Albert Bandura
Social Learning Theory
Bandura’s Insights1. Individuals are not only influenced by but
also influence their environments.2. Individuals are not totally determined by
internal process (psychodynamic) or by external stimuli (behaviorism) but rather by the reciprocal determinism between them.
3. Imitation, not conditioning, is the central process of social learning
Reciprocal Determinism
He suggested that environment causes behavior, true; but behavior causes environment as well. He labeled this concept reciprocal determinism:
The world and a person’s behavior cause each other.
Process of Social Learning TheorySocial Learning The behavior does not have to be actuallyperformed by the observer. It can be rehearsed in imagination. It can be stored in symbolic form and brought toactuality in the right situation. Thus, a cognitive mediation process allows forvicarious learning. This allows humans to learn without endless trial and error. It allows avoidance of negative consequences without
havingto have personal experience of them.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY Main focus of social learning theory is on
the approach –The patterns of behavior the individuals
learn is coping with environment.People respond to how they perceive and
define consequences , not to objective consequences themselves.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY It defines four processes that determine
influence on behavior.1. Attentionalprocesses2. Retention process3. Motor reproduction process4. Reinforcement process-Direct-vicarious-self-admistered
MODELLING
Attentional process-People tend to be most influenced by the models that are attractive and important to us. As the model influences them they learn from model by paying attention to them.
Retention process-A model’s influence will depend on how well the individuals remembers the action after the model is no longer available.
MODELLING
Motor Reproduction processes-After a person has seen new behavior by observing the model, watching must be converted to doing.
Reinforcement processes-Individuals will be motivated to exhibit the modeled behaviour of positive incentives or rewards provided.Behaviours that are reinforced will be given more attention ,learned better and performed more often.
Limitations
It over emphasizes more on situational factors
Experiments are particularly sensitive to impact of situational variables