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Measuring Price Stability: The Consumer Price Index

Measuring Price Stability: The Consumer Price Index

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Page 1: Measuring Price Stability: The Consumer Price Index

Measuring Price Stability: The Consumer Price Index

 

Page 2: Measuring Price Stability: The Consumer Price Index
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Mark CarneyGovernor of The Bank of Canada

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• Inflation refers to the general rise in prices from year to year.

• Statistics Canada measures inflation using the CPI, which tracks price changes in consumer goods.– To do this, a “basket” of over 600 goods and services 

are sampled.– These items are weighted according to how much the 

typical household tends to buy in a particular category.

• Inflation Rate= (CPI year 2 – CPI year 1)  x 100 CPI year 1

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• The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is an indicator of changes in consumer prices experienced by Canadians. 

• It is obtained by comparing, over time, the cost of a fixed basket of goods and services purchased by consumers. 

• Since the basket contains goods and services of unchanging or equivalent quantity and quality, the index reflects only pure price change. 

• The CPI is widely used as an indicator of the change in the general level of consumer prices or the rate of inflation. 

• Since the purchasing power of money is affected by changes in prices, the CPI is useful to virtually all Canadians.

•  Consumers can compare movements in the CPI to changes in their personal income to monitor and evaluate changes in their financial situation. 

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The consumer price index (CPI)

is the most common measure of inflation

monitors price changes in a representative “shopping basket” of consumer products

includes quantities in a shopping basket determined in a base year

compares prices in the current year with those in the base year

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Relative importance¹

%

All-items CPI 100.00²

Food

Shelter

Household operations, furnishings and equipment

Clothing and footwear

Transportation

Health and personal care

Recreation, education and reading

Alcoholic beverages and tobacco products

Consumer Price Index and major components, Canada

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Consumer Price Index and major components, Canada

Relative importance¹

%

All-items CPI 100.00²

Food 15.99

Shelter 27.49

Household operations, furnishings and equipment 11.55

Clothing and footwear 5.31

Transportation 20.60

Health and personal care 4.95

Recreation, education and reading 11.20

Alcoholic beverages and tobacco products 2.91

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Consumer Price Index and major components, Canada

Relative importance¹ May 2010 April 2011 May 2011 April to May 2011May 2010 to May

2011

Not seasonally adjusted

% (2002=100) % change

All-items CPI 100.00² 116.3 119.8 120.6 0.7 3.7

Food 15.99 122.9 126.9 127.7 0.6 3.9

Shelter 27.49 123.0 125.2 125.2 0.0 1.8

Household operations, furnishings and equipment

11.55 108.6 109.8 110.4 0.5 1.7

Clothing and footwear 5.31 92.7 93.1 93.7 0.6 1.1

Transportation 20.60 118.1 127.2 128.9 1.3 9.1

Health and personal care

4.95 114.6 117.3 117.2 -0.1 2.3

Recreation, education and reading

11.20 103.6 105.1 106.1 1.0 2.4

Alcoholic beverages and tobacco products

2.91 132.1 135.0 135.7 0.5 2.7

Consumer Price Index and major components, Canada

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The Measurement of Inflation

• Inflation is measured by changes in the price level.

• There are 3 types of price indexes:• The Consumer Price Index measures price 

changes in consumer goods.• The Wholesale Price Index measures price 

changes in primary goods.• The Implicit Price Deflator measures changes in 

the average price level of all final goods.

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Consumer Price Index Weights (2002)• The CPI allows one to compare, in percentage terms, prices 

in any given time period to prices in the official base period which, at present, is 2002=100. 

• The official time base was changed from 1992=100 to 2002=100 starting with the CPI for May 2007. 

• The change is strictly an arithmetic conversion, which alters the index levels, but leaves the percentage changes between any two periods intact, except for differences in rounding.

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INFLATION TARGETS

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• The Bank of Canada aims to keep inflation at the 2 per cent target, the midpoint of the 1 to 3 per cent inflation-control target range. 

• This target is expressed in terms of total CPI inflation, but the Bank uses a measure of core inflation as an operational guide. 

• Core inflation provides a better measure of the underlying trend of inflation and tends to be a better predictor of future changes in the total CPI.

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Rule of 70 – Used to estimate GDP growth or Inflation

• Approx. # of years required to double inflation

• INFLATION• With a 3 percent annual rate of inflation the 

price level will double in about 23 years  (70÷3=23)

 • Inflation of 8 percent per year will double the 

price level in about 9 years (70÷8 = 9). 

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Limitations of the CPI

• Category weightings- do they reflect a “typical” household • Items in Base Year basket- may not be realistic e.g. may have 

been replaced with a new technology. • Cultural Diversity- are not taken into account

•  The CPI does also does not take full account of– consumer differences, since it is based on the consumption 

patterns of an average household– changes in spending patterns since it uses base-year quantities– improvements in product quality

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Anticipated Inflation

• Represents the level of inflation people expect to occur and have built into their economic decisions

• Wage contracts and long-term loan contracts are usually the source for judging the expected (anticipated) inflation rate

• Economic costs include:– Transaction costs – or “boot-leather costs” b/c people run around 

trying to avoid losses from the declining value of money– distortion of incentives from the tax system ex. Anticipated 

inflation increases the the $ return on investments. As these dollar returns are taxed, the tax rate rises

– the uncertainty of how and when policy makers will respond to the high level of inflation

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Unanticipated Inflation

• Is the level of inflation that is not expected or is unforseen

• Causes economic costs because people have not adjusted their earnings and expenditures for this level of inflation

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Winners and Losers of Unanticipated Inflation

The Winners• Inflation results in a redistribution of wealth.• Debtors and producers of goods and services 

benefit from inflation The Losers• Those who lose as a result of inflation include 

creditors, people on fixed incomes, and owners of financial assets.

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WINNERS & LOSERS OF UNANTICIPATED INFLATION WINNERS

• Debtors(borrowers) because they repay later with $ that are worth less• Producers(sellers) because selling prices rise faster that input costs and 

therefore more profit; buy inputs now at current costs – sell for higher prices

• Real Estate Owners because Real estate value will increase over time LOSERS

• Creditors (lenders) because when they are repaid, the $ will lose purchasing power; the money that is paid back later is worth less in purchasing power

• People on Fixed Income because their income remains the same but prices rise (Unless the income is indexed)

• Owners of Financial Assets because the real value of financial assets will decrease over time

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