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PrefixPrefix
Hyper-– Above or more than normal
Hypercritical Hypercholesterolemia Hypertoxicity Hyperflexion Hyperactivity Hyperlipidemia Hyperproteinuria
PrefixPrefix
Hypo-– Below or less than normal
Hypocalcemia Hypodactylia Hyposensitive Hypothermia Hypokalemia Hypothyroidism Hypodermic
More ExamplesMore Examples
Hypertrophy– Overdevelopment
Hypertension– High blood pressure
Hyperemesis– Excessive vomiting
Hypotrophy (atrophy)– Progressive degeneration
Hypotension– Low blood pressure
Skin LesionsSkin Lesions
Lesion = One of many possible types of abnormal tissue conditions– Ulcer = Open sores on the skin or mucous
membranes– Tumor = Abnormal growth in numbers and/or
types of cells. May be benign or malignant (cancerous)
Benign vs. MalignantBenign vs. Malignant
Benign– -oma
Malignant– Carcinoma/-carcinoma
From epithelial-type tissue
– Sarcoma/-sarcoma From connective-type
tissue
Carcin/o = “crab”= Cancer
CA or Ca
Benign vs. MalignantBenign vs. Malignant
Adenoma Papilloma fibroadenoma
Adenocarcinoma Melanoma (Malignant
Melanoma)– Exception to pattern
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Benign vs. MalignantBenign vs. Malignant
Osteoma Chondroma Leiomyoma Lipoma Hemangioma Neuroma Atheroma
Osteosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Liposarcoma Angiosarcoma Neurosarcoma
Lymphosarcoma
ExceptionsExceptions
Sound like benign but are malignant:– Melanoma (Malignant melanoma)– Myeloma (Multiple Myeloma)– Lymphoma– Leukemia
MetastasisMetastasis
Metastasis Singular Noun Metastases Plural Noun Metastatic Adjective Metastasize(d) Verb
Meta- = beyond -stasis = in one place– Spreading beyond the original place
Met, Metas, Mets
Plural FormationPlural Formation
-oma omata– Lipoma Lipomata– Sarcoma Sarcomata– Atheroma Atheromata– Adenoma Adenomata– Melanoma Melanomata
Ather/oAther/o
Means fatty or porridgelike– Atheroma = tumorlike thickening and
degeneration of blood vessel walls caused by fatty deposits
Atherosclerosis = hardening of Atherosclerosis = hardening of vessel walls due to fatty vessel walls due to fatty
depositsdepositsBe careful:
– Ather/o = fatty, porridgelike– Arteri/o = arteries– Arthr/o = joint
Hist/oHist/o
Means tissue
Histolysis = destruction of tissueHistogenous = made of tissueHistology = the study of tissueHistologist = one who studies tissues
Neo-Neo-
Greek neos mean new
Neogenesis = generation of new substanceNeonatal = refers to the newbornNeoplasm = new formation, tumor or growth
– Plasm/o = formation– A nonmalignant tumor is called a benign neoplasm– Carcinoma or sarcoma are malignant neoplasm
Anti- is a Prefix meaning against-plast/ic is an adjective suffix for abnormal
growth– Antineoplastic is a therapeutic agent that works
against cancerous neoplasms
-genesis refers to development.– Antitumorigenesis = the process of inhibiting
development of a tumor
Mucosa & SerosaMucosa & Serosa
Muc/us = secretion of the mucous membrane– Noun: Muc/us adjective: Muc/ous
Mucosa = mucous membrane– Lining of the open body cavities, like digestive system
Ser/ous Serosa = serous membrane
– Lining of the closed body cavities. Covers the outside of organs such as the intestines
Cephal = HeadCephal = HeadHeadache (pain in head)
– Noun Cephal/algia (-algia = pain) Cephalgia Cephal/o/dynia (Odyne, -odynia = pain)
– Adjective Cephal/o/dynic
Cephalic– Adjective: Pertaining to the head
Encephal = BrainEncephal = BrainEncephal/itis: inflammation of the brainEncephal/o/cele: Herniation of brain tissue
through cranial fissure– Kele or –cele = abnormal protrusion or swelling– Brain herniation is sometimes a finding in
hydrocephalyEncephal/o/malac/ia: softening of brain tissueEncephal/o/tomy: incision into the brainElectr/o/encephal/o/gram (EEG): picture of
the electrical activity of the brain
Crani/o = SkullCrani/o = Skull
Cranium = skull Cranioplasty: Surgical repair
of skull– -plasty = surgical repair
Craniomalacia: softening of the bones of the skull
Craniectomy: excision of part of the cranium
Craniotomy: incision into skull Craniometer: instrument used
to measure the cranium Cranial (Adjective)
Cerebr = CerebrumCerebr = Cerebrum
Cerebrum is a part of the brain– Thought occurs– Feeling is interpreted– Motor impulses arise– “gray matter”
Cerebral (adjective)
Cerebr = CerebrumCerebr = Cerebrum
Cerebr/itisCerebr/omaCerebr/otomyCerebr/o/vascul/arCerebr/o/spin/al
Mening/o = MeningesMening/o = Meninges
Meninges are 3-layered membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.– Pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater
Mening/o/cele: herniation of meningesMening/o/malac/ia: softening of the
meningesMening/itis: inflammation of the meninges
– Caused by bacteria or virus
AbbreviationAbbreviation AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ASCP American Society of Clinical Pathology BX Biopsy BCC Basal cell carcinoma BP Blood pressure Ca, CA Calcium, Cancer CIS Carcinoma in situ CLA Certified laboratory assistant CP Cerebral palsy CSF Cerebralspinal fluid CV Cardiovascular
AbbreviationAbbreviation CVA Cerebrovascular accident (stroke) EEG Electroencephalogram END Electroneurodiagnostic ENG Electronystaygraphy EP Evoked Potential HA Headache HCVD Hypertensive Cardiovascular disease MBD Minimal brain dysfunction Met., metas., mets. Metastasis MLT Medical laboratory technician
AbbreviationAbbreviation
mmHG millimeters of mercury (pressure)
MT Medical technologist NCS Nerves Conduction Studies PSG Polysomnography TIA Transient ischemic attack