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1 Medieval 1 And Modern Location? Composition? Temperature? Shape? Size? 2

Medieval And Modernpeel/CPSP119D_101/content/Comets.pdf3 How to make a Comet Sun, or planets, warm the Earth This causes the evaporation of dry warm exhalations These rose until came

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Page 1: Medieval And Modernpeel/CPSP119D_101/content/Comets.pdf3 How to make a Comet Sun, or planets, warm the Earth This causes the evaporation of dry warm exhalations These rose until came

1

Medieval1

And Modern

Location?

Composition?

Temperature?

Shape?

Size?

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What?

Where is a comet located?

What is a comet made out of? 

What does a comet mean?

Why?

Answers to the above is part of your world view

Answers to the above can change your world view

How?

Pure reasoning

Some observations & GEOMETRY (towards the end)

3

As with anything medieval have to start with the Greeks and the Romans

Aristotle!!!

Comets are described

Not in De Caelo, which describes heavenly bodies (supraluna)

But in Meterological which describes terrestrial things (subluna)

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How to make a Comet

Sun, or planets, warm the Earth

This causes the evaporation of dry warm exhalations

These rose until came in contact with the fiery sphere (potential fire)

A comet is born 

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A Comets motion is a result of being dragged about the Earth by the rotation of the fiery (celestial) sphere (Earth stays still.)

Comets foreshadow: Winds

Drought 

Because those are the very conditions that give rise to comets!

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Comets are described

Not in Almagest, a scientific work of celestial motions

But in Tetrabibloswhich describes the astrological influence of celestial bodies on terrestrial matters

Why?

Why not a celestial body?

Why in astrology section? 

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Stars

Regular motions, can set your clock by them

Point sources of light

Planets

Wander with respect to stars

But can predict their position

Confined to one belt in the sky

Point sources of light

Stars and Planets Don’t Change!!

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Comets are totally irregular

In timing

Can’t set your clock by them, move with respect to stars

Can’t predict when you can see one

In appearance 

If have seen one then have just seen one, not all.

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Not point sources of light

Fuzzy patches of light, sometimes with tails

Change in appearance during passage

There are other fuzzy patches of light: The Milky Way 

But it has a regular motion 

Constant shape and brightness 

Comets Change!!!!

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Stars and Planets Don’t Change!!

Comets Change!!!!

Does stuff on the Earth Change or not Change?

Therefore

Stuff in sky is NOT like stuff on Earth

Comets change like stuff on Earth

Comets must be on (close to) the Earth

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Because comets were unusual they were mysterious signs or portents of evil

Divided comets into 9/10 categories based upon shape/appearance 

Though could not predict, could interpret  Part of sky and the direction the tail pointed in showed where the threatened area was 

Shape of comet suggested nature of evil  Length of tail corresponded to duration of ill effects Position relative to Sun foretold how soon evil would strike

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Albert Magnus (1193–1280) Comets are: A coarse, terrestrial vapor

Gradually rose from the lowest part of the airy region to the upper part 

When it touched the fiery sphere it ignited

Comets were: Signs of bad things

Not causes of bad things

I wonder who he read in school?

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The Karpos or Centiloquy Anonymous tract

Had these gems: If a comet moved from west to east, then a foreignenemy would invade the country

If comet was stationary, then the enemy was within the country (civil war?).

If a comet appeared in the sky after the meridian, then disease and death.

I wonder who the author read in school?

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Are comets the cause of the bad things? The Karpos implied they could cause the death of kings or change in rulers.

Or are they the result of evil as suggested byAndreas Celichus? “the thick smoke of human sins… gradually becoming so thick to form a comet…which at last is kindled… by the hot and fiery anger of God”

Or just signs as suggested byThomasAquinas? He listed comets among the 15 signs preceding second coming (end of the world) 15

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Ageidius Lessines (1230–1304)

Observed comets of 1264 in the morning and evening

Suggested that it was one comet

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Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (1397–1482)

Physician and Astronomer

Observed 6 comets

Good news: concerned with accurate cometary positional data

Bad news: perhaps to improve his use of astrology in his medical practice (interesting use of Why?)

More bad news: his observations were apparently unknown until manuscript discovered in 1864

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A lot of these determinations were attempts to answer the question, “Are comets closer to the Earth than the Moon?” or “Supraluna or Subluna?”

Why was this important?

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How would you answer the question, are comets closer to the Earth than the Moon?

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Danish nobleman & astronomer (1546–1601) Observer par excellence

Well supported by the king Had at his disposal about 1% of the income of the Danish government

All of NASA < 1% in latest budget proposal

The man with the golden nose  Lost tip of nose in a duel

Over who was the better mathematician

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Observer 1 Observer 2

1 2 3 4 5 6

Positioned observers at two different locations in Europe.  Far enough that there was an observable parallax of  the moon

They also observed the comet Saw no detectable parallax for the comet Therefore comet was further from the Earth than the Moon

Got a lower bound to the Earth–Comet distance Sometimes just a lower or upper limit is enough to make an impact

In this case the lower bound was enough to shake the Medieval world view

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Science now steadily marches onward!

Right?

Wrong!

A lot of fits and starts

Were some observations of comets parallax that were quite large and had to refute those

How far away is a rainbow?

Despite overturning one long held belief about comets, others remained in place.

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Comets’ role in the early Earth

May have brought water to Earth

May have brought carbon compounds from which life evolved.

Comets have heavily impacted Earth and the other planets

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Oort cloud

Begins past Pluto’s orbit

Extends halfway to nearest star

Divided into two 

Outer Oort Cloud – Spherical

Inner Oort Cloud – Disk like

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Kuiper belt Around about Neptune’s orbit

Pluto best known member

Jupiter family Periods 5 to 10 < 200 years

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Nucleus

Inner core of comet

2 to 10 km across (1 to 6 miles)

Coma

Gas and dust cloud surround nucleus

10,000 to one million km across (6,000 to 6,000,000 miles) 

It is the visible “head” of a comet

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Tail overall Starts to form about the orbit of Mars 1 million to 100 million km long (600,000 to 60 million miles)

Dust tail Small particles blown off nucleus Affected by gravity and radiation pressure

Ion tail Composed of charged gas molecules and fragments Affected by the solar wind

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Nucleus Dust Tail

Coma Ion Tail

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Comet Borrelly

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Comet Halley

Comet Wild 2

NASA/JPL

Comet Wild 2

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1 km

Comet Tempel 1

44Twenty-four hours before impact

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Ejecta plume formation with time

4 July 2005

Dirty snowball or snowy mudball? Equal volumes of ice and dirt

Dirt mass 2 to 5  Ice mass

Ice is 80% water ice

The following have been observed in comets:Water Methane Methanol Acetylene

Ammonia Silicates  Carbon monoxide

Hydrogen Cyanide Carbon Dioxide

Ethane Misc. organics

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In the Oort cloud

7 K or –447 ºF

Inner solar system

Surface

Water ice sublimation regions about 200 K or –100 ºF

Black part about 350 K or 170 ºF

Core 

Less than 200K (–100 ºF) or comet explodes

Maybe 70K (– 334 ºF)47

Pass within a few radii of the Sun

Look at observations made by SOHO  Solar HeliosphericObserver 

A satellite whose job is to watch the Sun

One family of comets accounts for about 90% of all SOHO sungrazers Formed from a monster original comet 120 km (75 miles) in diameter

Broke in two chunks 10,000 years

Fragmenting ever since

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Oral part Presentation time  15 minutes Everyone must speak

Accompanying write up 10‐12 pages in length Use a word processor, 12 point font type, Double spaced Paper copy & Electronic Copy Make sure answer What, Why and How! Who did what Honor pledge

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Remember part of your grade are your critiques of the other presentations!

As you do your research Be aware of potential bias in numbers (Columbus)

Check for internal consistency 

Are numbers too good to be true?

Primary vs. Secondary sources 

Multiple sources

Do the math yourself!

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Disclaimer: The standard is different in different fields. These are some general pointers. Slanted towards technical talks.

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What is the purpose of your talk? To inform

To persuade

What is the type of talk? Group or panel presentation

Informal meeting within your organization / group

What is their background? How much do they know already about the topic?

How much to they think they know about the topic?

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Know your time limits (15 min.) ‐ it affects how much you can present (PRACTICE YOUR TALK!!)

Make eye contact around the room Remember while slides behind you audience is in front of you

Always fun to see who is asleep, reading the newspaper, texting, doing Sudoku, homework, etc. 

Try not to read your presentation (practice!) You can write yourself notes, though

Learn the standard in your field, it varies

Speak slowly, enunciate and project! (Do as I say, not as I do)

Relax, almost everyone hates it at first! 

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Title and authors, date, affiliations

Overview/outline ‐ for talks > 30 mins.

Just summarize main topics for shorter talks

Details ‐main part of the talk

Summary ‐ restate your results

Conclusion or future work to be done

Graphics Figures are great! Much more easily interpreted by the audience than a table with the same information.

Make sure the figures do explain what they are showing, though– Don’t include TOO much information

– Label axes

– Color code points

– Error bars!

Don’t show pages of equation derivations (except in a class that requires them!) or big tables of unreadable numbers.

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Text

Make sure your text is readable far away

Can use fonts to emphasize points but a few readable fonts are better than Many (ditto for animations and 

effects)

Color is good, but:

– Avoid colors that don’t show up well against the background

– Example: Yellow on any “blank” transparency, dark coloron dark background

Try to avoid very busy slides, i.e. lots of graphics and text

How many?

Good rule of thumb 1 slide per minute

Always have some you can add/delete

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The paper is NOT your talk notes Complete sentences

Complete paragraphs

NO BULLET POINTS

Electronic and paper copy

References Should be listed in paper at end

Should be cited in paper somehow  Numbers

(First author, year published)

(Book Title)

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Proofread  Done by someone who did not do most (all) of the writing

Read it aloud to the group by someone who did not do most (all) of the writing

Helps catch missing words and the dreaded spell check gaff, e.g. Alpha Century for Alpha Centauri,start for star, defiant for definite

Remember honour pledge and all must sign

List of who did what!