Jack and Jill went up a hill. Jack and Jill got married
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Jack and Jill decided to have a baby.
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Unfortunately Jack's swimmers were no good. Meet Clive, Jack
and Jill needed his sperm
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Unfortunately Jill's eggs were no good either. Meet Sarah, one
of her eggs was donated for Jack and Jill to use.
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Unfortunately Jill's womb was no good either. Meet Lisa, she is
carrying the baby in her womb for 9 months for Jack and Jill. She
is a Surrogate.
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Who are the parents in Jack and Jill's situation? What issues
does this raise?
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Modern Parenthood IVF babies can have up to 5 parents: 1.
Biological mother (egg donor) 2. Biological father (sperm donor) 3.
Surrogate mother (the woman who gives birth) 4. Commissioning
mother 5. Commissioning father
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In the UK 30,000 couples receive fertility treatment each year.
There is only a 20% success rate. Treatment is expensive around
3000. This is not usually covered by the NHS. There are many ways
in which a couple may become pregnant, but these tend to be
variations of the 4 main methods.
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IVF in vitro fertilization more commonly called test tube. The
eggs and sperm are collected and put together to be fertilized in a
petri dish, and then placed in the uterus. This method is used when
a woman cannot conceive naturally or there is infertility. There is
about a 20% success rate. The eggs and sperm could have come from
donors. The eggs and sperm would have been kept frozen ready for
use, and once fertilized any unused eggs will be destroyed.
Concerns over the way in which we appear able to manufacture babies
led the government to introduce the Human Fertilization and
Embryology Act 1990. It regulates on research, storage and
treatments.
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In Vitro Maturation or IVM. In 2007 the HFEA permitted IVM as
an alternative to IVF. It involves removing immature eggs from a
woman's ovaries and maturing them in a lab before fertilising them
with a mans sperm. This does not require hormone drugs. It is safer
and much less expensive than IVF. It is suitable for women under
38.
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AIH artificial insemination by the husband. This is where sperm
is collected from the husband and artificially inserted into his
wifes uterus. Fertilization then takes place naturally. AIH is used
when the husband has a low sperm count. The success rate is quite
low
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AID artificial insemination by donor. This is carried out when
a womens partner is infertile, or a single woman wants a child.
Sperm is collected from a donor, whose identity is normally kept
secret. This is highly controversial. Many feel a child has a right
to know his or her biological father. Some religious groups see the
use of a donors sperm as being the same as adultery.
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Surrogacy or womb-renting. This is where a woman has a baby for
another couple. Conception is usually by artificial methods, and
can be using the couples and/or donors eggs and sperm. In the
majority of cases it is used when the woman cannot medically carry
a pregnancy. For many surrogacy is the only alternative to
childlessness. In the UK, where surrogacy occurs, it is illegal to
pay someone to do it. The child must be genetically related to at
least one of the commissioning couple.
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Concerns The use of fertility treatments is a highly
controversial issue and raises many ethical questions. Who should
receive treatment is it a matter of who has the money? Should women
be allowed to have children from their dead partner? At what age
does a couple become too old to receive treatment? Who should be
allowed access to IVF? Should LGBT couples be allowed to take
advantage of fertility treatment? What happens to the embryos which
are not used? Should parents who are deaf be allowed to have a deaf
baby?
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One day it might be possible to make sperm and eggs (gametes)
from other bodily cells. In theory, this might allow two women to
create a child that is genetically theirs.
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Stem cells are thought to hold huge potential for treating a
wide range of disease and disability. Scientists around the world
are working on techniques to refine stem cell therapy.
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Critics have expressed horror about research to create a human
embryo with genetic material from three parents.
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When does human life begin?
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When does life begin? As this video progresses, you decide when
life begins.
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When does life begin? Read the following, does this confirm
your thoughts about when life begins or change them? Conception
Conception is a remarkably complex process. The male has to produce
a sperm and the female has to produce an egg which then have to
come together at just the right time and in just the right place.
Weeks 4-6The embryo is the size of a poppy seed; its heart is a
single tube with a few uncoordinated beats; bones begin to form
Week 8The embryo is about 2.5 cm long and makes slight movements;
face developing, mouth starts to open Week 12The embryo is a foetus
just over 5cm long. Its vocal organs and sexual organs have formed.
It is starting to suck and use muscles it will later use to breath.
Week 20The foetus is about 25 cm long. It kicks, twists, jumps and
somersaults. Eyebrows and eyelashes start to form. Week 28The
foetus is about 38 cm long and weighs just less that 1kg. Its
heartbeat speeds up when it hear its mothers voice. It could
survive if born. Week 40The baby is ready to be born. It weighs
about 4 kg and is about 55cm long.
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When does life begin You choose vote now Conception4-6 weeks 8
weeks12 weeks20 weeks28 weeks40 weeks
