Meghan Lewis: Selected Work 2012-2015

MEGHAN LEWIS: Selected Works 2012-2015Master of Architecture // Master of Environmental Managment Yale University 2016

DESIGN

This studio led by Mexican architect Tatiana Bilbao with the support of Infonavit tackled the issue of abandoned social housing complexes in Mexican suburbs. We proposed interventions in five Mexican cities.

My partner and I worked in Villas Otoch, a social housing complex in Cancun with over 6,500 units, approximately 23% of which are abandoned. 30% of Cancun’s population identify as Mayan or indigenous. The Yucatan peninsula is home to an indigenous population with a long and rich cultural history, and many of these practices are very much alive and in use today. The monotonous housing stock and lack of communal space make cultural practices difficult to carry out in the current urban condition. This contributes to the transient nature of these housing complexes, contributing to high rates of abandonment.

We propose to create a new kind of university: an indigenous university that is distributed in small, formerly abandoned sites throughout Villas Otoch. This neighborhood-driven university will empower residents with a means to pass on and sustain indigenous knowledge within an urban setting. Additionally it will provide more local employment opportunities while helping to foster a greater cultural identity for Cancun. In the spirit of traditional education that relies mostly on observation from within the home, this new architectural typology for a university enables education practices to blend with home life as well as the community life of the neighborhood.

WORKSHOP MAYA: NEIGHBORHOOD UNIVERSITYYale University - Spring 2015 - Advanced Design StudioCritic: Tatiana Bilbao // Studio Partner: Meghan Mcallister

Left: Photographs from Site Visit to Villas Otoch, February 2015Right: Overlay of Mayan populations in 2000 and Cultural Heritage Sites on Yucatan Peninsula (Above) and location of Villas Otoch, developer settlements, and informal settlements in Cancun (Below)

0 200 400 800m

INFORMAL SETTLEMENT

NEW DEVELOPER WORKER’S HOUSING

6,562Dwellings

Villas Otoch

58.41Dwellings per Hectare

Density

20Thousand

Population

23%of Dwellings

Vacancy

628Thousand

Cancún Population

120km2

Cancún Size

YUCATÁN PENINSULA

INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS (2000)

CANCUN

y

6Million

21st Century Population

CANCUN

CHICHÉN ITZÁ

IZAMAL

COBÁ

MAYAPÁN

UXMAL

CALAKMUL

TIKAL

SEÍBAL

YACHILÁN

PALENQUE

UTATIÁN

IXIMCHE

KAMÍNAÍJUYU

COPÁN

QUIRIGUA

CLASSIC SITES

POST-CLASSIC SITES

AD 900 - 1500

AD 250- 900

YUCATÁN PENINSULA

MAYAN CULTURAL HERITAGE

20Million

Peak Population (AD 600-900)

+3,000Mayans migrants

to Cancun per month

Meghan LewisM. Arch / M.E.M. Yale University 2016 7

Left/Right: Master Plan of Maya Workshop Neighborhood University Program50 100 200

HO

US

ING

EDU

CA

TIO

N

CU

LTU

RA

L

CO

MM

ERC

IAL

AG

RIC

ULT

UR

E

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE

SCHOOL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

STUDENT HOUSING

FACULTY HOUSING

SCHOOL OF MAYAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

SCHOOL OF ART

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP

50 100 200

HO

US

ING

EDU

CA

TIO

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CU

LTU

RA

L

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ERC

IAL

AG

RIC

ULT

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ESCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE

SCHOOL OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

SCHOOL OF EDUCATION

STUDENT HOUSING

FACULTY HOUSING

SCHOOL OF MAYAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

SCHOOL OF ART

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP


Left: Axonometric drawings and elevations of two developer housing types found in Villas OtochRight: Axonometric drawings of a typical block in Villas Otoch comparing proposed, existing, and planned conditions

1 5 10

meters

6

16.25

8

3.45

3.8

4.5

11

20.5

12.00

6.00

9.0

4.5

VILLAS OTOCH / HOUSING TYPOLOGY

3.5Habitants

per Dwelling Unit

42.8m2

Dwelling Unit Size

33.6m2

Dwelling Unit Size

3.5Habitants

per Dwelling Unit

1 5 10

meters

6

16.25

8

3.45

3.8

4.5

11

20.5

12.00

6.00

9.0

4.5

VILLAS OTOCH / HOUSING TYPOLOGY

3.5Habitants

per Dwelling Unit

42.8m2

Dwelling Unit Size

33.6m2

Dwelling Unit Size

33.6m2

Dwelling Unit Size

PROPOSED

ACTUAL CONDITIONS

DEVELOPER PLAN

ZONED COMMERCIAL

PARKING WITHIN LOT LINES

FENCES CUT OFF SIDEWALK

MINI-PARKS TURN DERELICT

NO COMMERCIAL BUILT

ABANDONED HOUSES

SELF-BUILT ADDITIONS

PARALLEL PARKING

WIDER CONTINUOS SIDEWALK ALLOWS FOR ADDITIONS

INFILL PROTOTYPE WITH INCREASED OUTDOOR SPACE

UNIVERSITY INCUBATOR

PEDESTRIAN-ONLY INTERIOR BLOCK

NO THROUGH-TRAFFIC


Left: 1:25 basswood sectional model of gallery of university art schoolRight: 1:100 First floor plan of art school showing integration of new program into existing fabric


Left: 1:200 basswood model of business school and agricultural university areaRight: First floor plan of entrepreneurial school and agricultural university area


harbor is programmed as public space, these spaces are largely disconnected and not scaled for pedestrian use, occupied only for infrequent events and recreational boating. Our design integrates water into every aspect of daily life, educating residents and workers through the spectacle of the daily water cycle while providing productive landscapes for storm water management and designated flood environments.

The result of our focus on spectatorship is visual, physical, and environmental porosity throughout the site. The central location of the media hub and its formal relationship to the surrounding training spaces creates visual porosity. Physical porosity results from a system of pedestrian routes that connect different nodes of activity, which also increases visual porosity through creating new user interactions. Lastly, the weaving of water and open space throughout the commercial and residential fabric at multiple datums creates both environmental porosity and a constant awareness of the ecosystem within which the buildings are situated.

Our urbanism studio co-opted the program of Olympic Village for Boston’s 2024 bid. My partner and I sought to utilize the global lens of the Olympics to justify the financial burden of hosting. We found spectatorship to be a unifying concept in achieving our programmatic and environmental goals, while also reflecting the ever-increasing media presence in everyday life and at the Olympic Games.

Harnessing Boston’s existing reputation for education, we proposed using the Olympic village to rebrand Boston as the East Coast entrepreneurial hub. We opted to incorporate the Olympic media hub program into our site to provide a unique community for competitive entrepreneurial startups after the Olympics as well as increase density. Boston need only retain a percentage of its graduates to transform economically and culturally.

Second, the Village’s position on Boston’s harbor and the enormous scale of the Olympic program provide a unique opportunity to alter Boston’s problematic relationship with water. Historical land use and infill of the harbor have made expensive flooding an imminent danger to Boston’s future development. Engaging Boston residents with the water now is crucial to its resiliency in the face of climate change. While much of the existing

BOSTON 2024 OLYMPIC VILLAGEYale University Spring 2014 - 1022b Architectural DesignCritic: Jennifer Leung - Studio Partner: Huizhen Ng

Left: Aerial Renderings showing shifting park areas in response to rising waterRight: Site Plan (Above), Ground Level Floor Plan (Left) + Submersible Park Level Plan


RESIDENTIAL

COMMERICAL

TYPOLOGIES: BUILDING + PARK + GREEN

STREET EDGE PARK EDGE


RESIDENTIAL

COMMERICAL




RESIDENTIAL

COMMERICAL




Left: Typology studies of relationship between building, park, and water for Olympic Village (residential) and Media Hub (commercial)Right: Axonometric Diagrams of Residential Water Sectional Change

STORM

HIGH TIDE

LOW TIDE


Left: 1-64” Model with close-ups on residential canals (left) and training floodable park areas (right)Right: 1-150” Site Model (Museum Board, Plexi, Cardboard) with close-up on residential area (left) and Media Hub/Training Areas (right)


The Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) is a government entity responsible for both managing the International Space Station (ISS) US National Laboratory and demonstrating the viability and necessity of ISS to America’s future. The Manhattan headquarters will not only provide office and lab facilities but will also house educational outreach and exhibition spaces.

CASIS is unique among government entities in that it funds corporate and private research in addition to academic and government projects. I sought to emphasize this unique intersection of public and private sectors by exploring systems of transparency and blurring boundaries between programmatic spaces. Rather than creating transparency through conventional material means, I used the language of conventional structural members to create permeable partitions. The result is a system of web-like forms that weave through the building, creating spatial continuity and encasing the exhibition objects. This circulation sequence allows visitors to experience all of the various

functions of CASIS by situating educational and exhibit spaces adjacent to office and operations control, questioning the definition of what defines a traditional exhibition program.

CASIS HEADQUARTERS MANHATTANYale University - Fall 2013 - 1021a Architectural DesignCritic: Sunil Bald

Left: Process Floor Plans, (Graphite and Bristol) Right: Exterior Rendering of Northwest Entry From Park


LEVEL 5 LEVEL 6

Left: Floor Plans 2-6Right: Renderings of Level 3 Gallery entry (above) and Space X Dragon Capsule from Level 5 (left) and Level 1 (below)

LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3

LEVEL 4


Left: Southeast Exterior Perspective (above), Aerial Views of Destiny Module Exhibition (left) and Space X Dragon Capsule (right)Right: Aerial View (1/4” Basswood + Acrlyic Model)


As a construction intern, I worked on all aspects of construction, from framing and window installation to finished floors.The Building Project was the driving motivation behind my application to the Yale School of Architecture, and I am delighted to say that it more than fulfilled my expectations. The opportunity to interact with a real client, site, and project while insulated by a pedagogical environment was invaluable. My confidence as a designer, as well as my patience and ability to collaborate with others, grew exponentially over the course of the project. All this, when added to the satisfaction of seeing a building develop from conception to completion, made the project truly valuable.

[Photo Credits: Neil Alexander and Sarah Smith]

118 Greenwood is the site of the 2013 Vlock Building Project, an affordable 1,500 sf single family home in New Haven, CT. One project was selected from eight competing teams in the first year design studio.

As Project Manager, I was responsible for managing my fifty classmates, attending all meetings, creating consistency between teams and construction documentation, and serving as class representative to faculty and clients. My co-project manager and I led a larger leadership circle throughout the spring, in which we coordinated material donations, budget, community engagement, and website development, while preparing for the upcoming task of construction.

After a design was selected, we had a 2-week period to advance the project from schematic design to a full construction document set. After June 28, the house was handed off from our first year class to a smaller team of fourteen construction interns, three teaching assistants, and three construction managers.

118 GREENWOODYale University Summer 2013 - 1013c Building Project + Building Project Construction InternshipConstruction Oversight: Adam Hopfner, Paul Brouard, Avi Forman

Left: Construction Process - Framing and SidingRight: Construction Process - Skylight, Entry Stair, ‘Hearth’, and Finished Stair and Siding


Left: View of Hearth from Kitchen Below Right: First Floor Open Plan Kitchen and Living Spaces


56 Henry is a 1,500 sf single family house prototype designed to address an abundance of abnormally thin lots throughout New Haven, CT.

The prototype is a simple volume split, built to maximize privacy and natural light, two key limitations of the prototypical thin lot. Through it shears the kitchen and second set of bedrooms towards the back of the site, this prototype takes advantage of the light and views provided by the empty adjacent backyard. In so doing, it doesn’t turn its back on the neighborhood by setting itself too far from the street. Elongation of the house creates the feeling of additional interior space while activating a larger portion of the site. This approach also maximizes outdoor area by creating a hierarchy of programmed outdoor spaces sited for seasonal use, as opposed to a single open back lot.

The prototype can be modified to fit the needs of each unique thin lot by lengthening or shifting to respond to site-specific idiosyncrasies, including adjacent houses, existing topography, vegetation, and orientation.

PROTOTYPE HOUSE: 56 HENRYYale University Spring 2013 - 1012b Architectural DesignCritic: Trattie Davies

Left: Axonometric Prototype Iterations Right: Prototype Iterations (1-16” Models Basswood and E-Flute Cardboard)


Where the systems and living zones interlock, they create voids that allow for visual connection and light to pass between floors. During the day, these voids alleviate the lack of natural light characteristic of thin lots by allowing second floor skylights to illuminate the lower floor. At night, the semi-translucent bathroom walls light up the voids, creating a sense of occupancy both day and night.

Vlock Building Project is a five-week residential design competition for first-year master’s students at Yale. Each team presents one house for selection and construction in a low-income neighborhood in New Haven, CT.

We conceptualized our house as two interlocking zones: a systems zone and a living zone. The systems zone includes the appliances, mechanical systems, and utilities that constitute everyday life, whereas the living zone includes interior and exterior spaces for sleeping, eating, studying, or relaxing. The efficiency of the systems zone against the North wall allows for an open first floor with dining, kitchen, and living room spaces. Large front and back porches extend the living spaces to the exterior. The second floor is a series of more intimate nested spaces that integrate public and private uses while allowing natural light to pass to the lower floor. Each bedroom has a semi-public space in addition to a private sleeping space. This organization allows for no wasted circulation space on the second floor.

VLOCK FIRST YEAR BUILDING PROJECT: TEAM FYale University Spring 2013 - 1012b Architectural DesignCritics: Joeb Moore, Alan Organschi, Trattie Davies, and Paul Brouard

Left: East/Interior Elevation of ‘Living Zone’ (1/4” Basswood Model); Interior Renderings of ‘Void’ above and First Floor Living ZoneRight: First and Second Floor Plan


Left: West/Interior Elevation of ‘Systems Zone’ (1/4” Basswood Model); Interior Renderings of ‘Voids’ from Below (left) and 2nd Floor NookRight: Longitudinal Sections through ‘Nooks’ (top), ‘Voids’, and Systems Zone (bottom)


WHY hotel is a hot spring hotel located in the northeast Beijing suburb of Peking Backyard. ELEV/WEI Architects was initially hired to renovate an existing structure of 20+ rooms and add seven new units on top of an existing parking area, without any major changes to the cartoon theme of the hotel. However, once open communication was established between the clients and architect, they quickly agreed to transform the project from a cartoon-themed agritainment style hotel to a design-focused boutique hotel, unified by a beautiful bamboo grove. The new design of WHY Hotel bridges traditional Chinese architecture and contemporary Beijing.

We began with an analysis of the programmatic requirements of the new units, separating the basic functions of bedroom, toilet space, private jacuzzi, and space for meditation into individual units with the minimum required space. We then analyzed the site, studying the lighting conditions, the relationship with surrounding buildings, and the way in which humans move through the site. Last, we scattered the buildings both

vertically and horizontally throughout the site to create Na Wei’s vision of individual houses amidst a bamboo grove within the constraints of the allotted site.

Working from this initial design, the we optimized the organization of the units to accommodate our site analysis and the technological, material, and functional needs of each building. Our bamboo steel engineers translated our digital model into a complete structural model to enable them to send datasheets to their factory in Szechuan province. Each piece was made to specification in the factory and transported back to Beijing, where it was precisely assembled according to the design.

In the center of the courtyard is a hot spring pool, filling the courtyard with warm steam throughout the year. Two sets of paths weave through the courtyard amidst the bamboo grove: a central path encircling the hot spring pool and a second path connecting each independent courtyard to the central space. The elegant dance between these paths required two

WHY HOTELELEV Workshop / WEI Architects - Summer 2015

months of careful iteration by the design team. A system of sprayers produces mist in the bamboo groves to maintain adequate humidity.

Meandering through the bamboo, guests can see only mist and the indistinct form of the hotel units beyond the dense grove. The walker’s view clears upon reaching the hot spring pool, where an undulating wall of vertical bamboo steel planks encircles the public area to create privacy for the hotel units. Privacy for each unit is created through the carefully designed angle of each vertical bamboo piece, as well as through the electric glass in the apertures of each room. With this technology, guests curate their visual interaction with the central landscape by adjusting the transparency.

Photo Credits: Staff of ELEV Workshop

Left: Site Plan and exterior photograph from SE adjacent courtyard Right: Exterior photographs of pool with hotel additions beyond and underneath the cantilevered bedroom of new additions

Left: Model (above), photographs of view from paths to courtyard (middle) and night view of central courtyardRight: Axonometric diagram of design components


Left: Axonometric of hotel and courtyard (above) and photograph from SE adjacent courtyardRight: Intersection of vertical ‘bamboo steel’ fence and supporting concrete wall (above) and skylight in bedroom units (below)


RESEARCH

10

MTS 2006 SMART SUSTAINABLE BUILDING PRODUCT STANDARD

EU FLOWER COMMISSION DECISION 2009/607/EC

GOOD ENVIRONMENTAL CHOICE AUSTRALIA (GECA) 50-2011 V2

CRADLE TO CRADLE (C2C) CERTIFICATION PROGRAM V2.1

NSF/ANSI 140-2009 SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR CARPET

NSF/ANSI 336-2011 SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT FOR COMMERCIAL FABRIC

ANSI/BIFMA E3-2010 FURNITURE SUSTAINABILITY STANDARD

ULE ISR 100 FOR GYPSUM BOARDS AND PANELS

NORDIC SWAN ECOLABELLING 031 FURNITURE AND FITMENTS, VERSION 4.0

MULTI-PRODUCT

MULTI-PRODUCT

HARD SURFACE COVERINGS

CARPET PRODUCTS

FURNITURE

FURNITURE

WALLBOARD

TEXTILESFIGURE 2.1 – STANDARDS INCLUDED IN MSS STUDY

The nine materials sustainability standards selected for this study provide a set of criteria against which a product can be measured. The labels pictured are the offi cial certifi cation marks (or ecolabels) for the particular standard, although multiple certifi cations marks may exist for a single standard.

CARPET PRODUCTS

STANDARD/CRITERIA DOCUMENTPRIMARY LABEL INDUSTRY SECTOR GEOGRAPHIC ORIGIN

MATERIAL SUSTAINABILITY STANDARDS + CERTIFICATIONSBrookings Institute and Washington University Academic Venture Fund

Primary Research Assistant 2010 - 2012 - Washington University in St. Louis

Resource Use

Human Health and Ecological Toxicity

Toxic & Media Pollutants

Energy Use

Water Use

Social Accountability

Performance

Innovation

ISO-LCA

15

This chapter discusses the issue at the heart of material sustainability standards comparison: what is each standard requiring of an applicant’s product to mitigate its impact on the environment? This chapter is into sections focusing on nine environmental impact categories : (1) Resource Use, (2) Human Health and Ecological Toxicity, (3) Toxic and Media Pollutants, (4) Energy Use, (5) Water Use, (6) Social Accountability, (7) Performance, and (8) Innovation, and (9) ISO-LCA Requirements. As these nine categories were developed as a method to analyze the standards in our study, note that they have no direct relation to the Life Cycle Impact (LCI) categories as created by the International Standardization Organization (ISO) or any other organization’s categorizations.

We strive to not form value judgments regarding whether one environmental impact is more important than another, or whether one standard is more valuable than another. Rather, our objective is to develop an eff ective way to compare the nine standards and to understand their inner workings, making the standards more accessible to those who wish to use this research as a reference.

By grouping the criteria of each of the nine MSS into environmental impact categories, we may unintentionally underemphasize the extent of interdependence among the environmental impact categories. For example, an energy consumption criterion, listed in the Energy Use environmental impact category, aff ects greenhouse gas emissions criteria, listed in the Toxic and Media Pollutants category. However, the most direct and specifi c comparisons of criteria are evident when criteria with similar objectives are presented side by side in grouping.

The percentages represented graphically or textually throughout Chapters 4, 5, and 6 refer only to the number of criteria dedicated to an environmental impact category. The percentages in no way refl ect the diffi culty in achieving or the value of a criterion.

Figure 4.1 presents the distribution of the totality of criteria from all nine standards by environmental impact category. As illustrated in this fi gure, the nine MSS have not distributed equal number of criteria across the nine environmental impact categories. On average, sixty percent of the criteria are drawn from two environmental impact categories: resource use and human health and ecological toxicity. Toxicity, on average, holds the largest environmental impact, constituting 32% of the criteria. Energy use and toxic and media pollutants average a tenth of the

CHAPTER 4 :ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CATEGORIES

RESOURCE USE

HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL TOXICITY

TOXIC & MEDIA POLLUTANTS

ENERGY USE

WATER USE

SOCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY

PERFORMANCE

INNOVATION

ISO-LCA

FIGURE 4.1 COMPOSITE PROFILE OF NINE STANDARDS

criteria each, while the remainder of the criteria divide themselves into single digit percentages across the other environmental impact categories.

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT (LCI) REDUCTIONSLife Cycle Impacts (LCI) attempt to establish a consistent set of metrics to measure the impact of a product over its life cycle. As a result, they appear throughout this chapter in almost every section.

The standards selected for our study focus on the life cycle impact categories established by the Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI), a project established and maintained by the Impact Assessment & Measurement Program of the US EPA.13 The life cycle impact categories are a means of analyzing the

In 2010, a team of architecture and law faculty were awarded a $40,000 grant to perform impartial and rigorous analysis of sustainability standards and certifications for building materials. From 2010 to 2012, I led a small team of students as the primary research assistant. Material Sustainability Standards (MSS) are one of few efforts to mitigate environmental impacts as specifically related to building materials, providing the criteria behind well known labels such as Cradle to Cradle and GREENguard. Many of the existing efforts to provide education and analysis of MSS are being undertaken by manufacturers and other self-interested entities. Our team strove to fulfill the critical need for an academic analysis of MSS to help designers, manufacturers, regulators and enterprises evaluate and differentiate among the many competing MSS and make critical decisions using objective and meaningful information.

The project kicked off with a two day workshop in Washington D.C. with experts from around the country. We then established a rigorous analytical method of comparison, using nine representative materials sustainability standards to reveal a picture of MSS today. We focused on the environmental impact mitigation criteria with regard to what data is being measured, how that data is measured, and how that data is valued. Our data is organized into

6 environmental impact categories: Resource Use (including Waste Reduction), Energy Use, Water Use, Toxicity, Social Responsibility, and Performance. Our interest is in making the standards accessible to consumers and policymakers, via a website and white paper.

While on the project, I was personally responsible for (1) collection of list of experts in relevant industry, academia, standards associations, non-profits, and government associations, working as a project team to recruit invitees for grant-funded conference, (2) preparation of drawings and presentation with architecture faculty

oversight for two day workshop in Washington D.C. and subsequent presentations (3) acting as liaison between student researchers and faculty to focus and format research in addition to helping design data set and website (4) providing a prototype for data collection by designing a system of organization and presentation (5) leading effort to organize and present data in a published format (6) developing all graphics, editing and compiling graphs from data collected by student research team, and collecting writing from project faculty and students

Left: Summary Graphs of Distribution of Types of Criteria within Resource Use (top), Human Health and Ecological Toxicity, and Water UseRight: Red Lists (above) and Life Cycle Characterizations

29

CREDITS - 16%

All standards require the limitation of the emission of specifi c chemical families. A large percentage of these criteria are limits on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde. This area has the most consistent use of a reference standard, requiring accordance with California Section 01350 as half the Chronic Reference Exposure Level (CREL) of 18 μg/m3 established by California’s Offi ce of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) requiring testing

FIGURE 4.8 SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF CRITERIA WITHIN TOXICITY

This fi gure illustrates the distribution of environmental criteria from the Toxicity dataset from all nine standards among the twelve Toxicity credit categories. The percentages are grouped by similarities and organized from largest to smallest percentage within each grouping.

in accordance with CA/DHS/EHLB/R-174 for all American MSS that we examined.

BAN OF EMISSIONS: CHEMICAL RED LISTS PREREQUISITES/CREDITS - < 0.5%

SMaRT and BIFMA e3 ban HHE emissions through the list of Stockholm Convention Pollutants18 (SMaRT) and through banning the release of Annex B Chemicals of Concern at any stage of manufacturing (BIFMA e3) respectively.19

NON-TOXIC CLEANING AND INSTALLATION

STR

ATE

GY/D

ISC

LOS

UR

E

41%

16%

BAN OF TOXINS:

SPECIFIC CHEMICALS

EMISSIO

N LIM

ITS:

SPECIFIC C

HEMICALS

11%

7%

BAN O

F TO

XINS:

CATEG

ORIES

MATERIAL FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

2%

LCI REDUCTIONS

18%

BA

N O

F TO

XIN

S:

RED

LIS

TS

2%3RD PARTY ASSESSMENT

45

the water consumption at the manufacturing stage from raw material preparation to fi ring operations for fi red products to 1 L/kg of product of fresh water (groundwater, shallow water, or water from the aqueduct) specifi c consumption (Cwp-a),33 and GECA 50-2011 limits the total water use measured at the water intake to 30,000L of greasy wool scoured for the totality of greasy wool scouring operations and the total process water consumption to at most 50 L/kg of fi nal product.34 Unfortunately, there exists no average embodied water data similar to average embodied energy, so it is diffi cult to compare water consumption limit requirements to water reduction requirements.

NET ZERO WATER USE - 3%

Only BIFMA e3 has a criterion for Net Zero Water Use, awarding applicants who achieve zero net process water usage or wastewater discharge rates for the facility where the fi nished product is assembled or manufactured.

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT REDUCTION: WATER USE REDUCTION/ WATER INTAKE CATEGORIES - 2%

SMaRT and NSF-140 award points for voluntary pollutant reductions beyond federal, state, and local regulatory compliance. Both allow for baseline data from 1986-1999, substantiated through

WATER AUDITING DATA

IMP

RO

VIN

G W

ATE

R Q

UALITY

REDUCING WATER CONSUMPTION

24%

25%

5%

WASTE WATER QUALITY

WATE

R A

UD

ITIN

G

DATA

BODY OF WATER

PROTECTION

2%

9%

11%

LCI R

EDUCTIONS:

EUTROPHIC

ATION

WATE

R R

EC

YC

LIN

G

LCI REDCUTIONS

1%WATER EFFICIENT TOOLS

3%NET-ZERO WATER

5%

WATER CONSUMPTION LIMITS

7%

WATER U

SE STRATEGY/

GOAL D

EFINITION

8%W

ATER USE R

EDU

CTIO

NS

FIGURE 4.20 SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF CRITERIA WITHIN WATER USE

This fi gure illustrates the distribution of environmental criteria from the Water Use dataset from all nine standards among the eleven Water Use credit categories. The percentages are grouped by similarities and organized from largest to smallest percentage within each grouping.

20

from the production of furniture padding materials must be recycled.

RECYCLABILITY/DESIGN FOR DISASSEMBLY - 5%

These criteria reward manufacturers that design products to be recyclable, whether requiring that a local facility be available for consumers to recycle the product, requiring the manufacturers themselves to make recycling available through a take-back program, or designing products to be disassembled and separated as necessary to be recycled.

STRATEGY/GOAL DEFINITION: WASTE REDUCTION - 3%

NSF-140, BIFMA e3, ULE ISR 100, and NSF-336 require manufacturers to set goals and develop strategies for landfi ll diversion. These criteria diff er from Material Reuse/Recovery Strategy or Goal Defi nition criteria because they may involve reducing the initial amount of waste, whereas the latter focus only on recovering waste that already occurs within the manufacturing process and set no limits on waste creation.

MAT

ERIAL FEEDSTOCK: TYPE AND QUALITY

WASTE

RED

U

CTION SOURCIN

G

3%

4%

5%

BIOBASED/RECYCLED/EPP: INTERCHANGEABLE

13%

13%

RECYCLED/R

ENEWABLE:

INTERCHANGEABLE

12.5

%

RECLAIMED/R

EUSED

MATERIAL C

ONTENT

RE

CYC

LED C

ON

TEN

T

RAPIDLY R

ENEW

ABLE

MATERIAL C

ONTEN

T

BIO-B

AS

ED

MATE

RIA

L CO

NTE

NT

WOOD S

OURCING

REQUIREM

ENTS

RAW MATERIAL

EXTRACTION 2%

5%

MATERIAL INVENTORY AND CHARACTERIZATION

10%1.5%2%2%3

%

9%

5%

5%

5%

STRATEGY/GOAL DEFINITION:

MATERIAL REUSE/RECOVERY

WAS

TE R

ECO

VERY

/RED

UC

TIO

N

STR

ATE

GY/G

OA

L DE

FINIT

ION:

WA

STE R

ED

UC

TIO

N

SUCCESSFUL M

ATERIA

L

RECOVERY/R

EUSE PROGRAM

RE

CYC

LA

BIL

ITY/D

ES

IGN

FOR D

ISA

SS

EM

BLY BIO

DEG

RA

DA

BILITY/

CO

MP

OS

TAB

ILITY

DE-M

ATERIALIZATIO

NLC

I RED

CU

TION

S

FIGURE 4.3 SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF TYPES OF CRITERIA WITHIN RESOURCE USEThis fi gure illustrates the distribution of environmental criteria from the Resource Use dataset from all nine standards among the seventeen Resource Use credit categories. The percentages are grouped by similarities and organized from largest to smallest percentage within each grouping.

RESOURCE USE

HUMAN HEALTH AND ECOLOGICAL

TOXICITY

WATER USE

SO2

NH3

HCI HF

PM

Coal

Natural Gas

OilC10H8

CH20

As

CO2

Pb

N2OCH4

CCL4

CH3CHOC2H6O2

C6H12O

Toluene

HUMAN HEALTH

Toluene Equivalents

ECOLOGICAL TOX-ICITY

2, 4-D Equivalents

FOSSIL FUEL DEPLETION

Surplus MJ Equiv-alents

GLOBAL WARMING

CO2 Equivalents

PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG

NO2 Equivalents

ACIDIFICATION:Hydrogen Ion Equivalents

CRITERIA AIR

POLLUTANTSMicro-DALYs/G Equivalents

STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION

CFC-11 Equivalents

Halons

NO2

CFCsHCFCsCH3Br

DioxinsCd

Hg

Rotterdam Convention Annex Iii

Substances

GHS For Hazard Classification and

Labelling

EPA Predictive Model (PBT

Profiler)

Superfund Amendments and

Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III

Occupational Safety & Health

Administration (OSHA) 29 CFR

EPA Risk Management Plan (40 CFR

Part 68)

BEES Please User Questionnaire

Categories

EPA Tool for the Reduction

and Assessment of Chemical and Other

Environmental Impacts (TRACI)

CLP Regulation 1272/2008

WHO Classification

2009

Directive 67/548/EEC -

Dangerous Substances

Directive

Stockholm Convention Persistent Organic

Pollutants

EPA CERCLA Reportable Quantities

EU FlowEr

Nordic SwaN

GEca

NSF-336

BiFMa E3

SMarT

NSF-140

InternatIonal treatIes european Governmental

u.s. Governmental non-Governmental


DEGRADED HABITATS

AQUATIC HABITATS

MODERATE/HIGH QUALITY HABITATS

AMERICAN RIVER PARKWAYYale University Fall 2014 - Ecological Urban Design and River Processes and Restoration

Professors: Alexander Felson and Jim MacBroom

Downtown Sacramento

Confluence with the Sacramento River

In Fall of 2014, I helped teach the interdisciplinary class Ecological Urban Design: Earth Stewardship Initiative along the American River Parkway. Graduate students from the architecture and environmental management programs collaborated to propose five design experiments to aid in an adaptive management plan for the American River Parkway (ARP) in Sacramento, CA. We visited in November 2014, presenting the class work to stakeholders along the ARP.

During the same semester, I pursued further research on the ARP with three classmates in a River Processes and Restoration class, assessing the history and hydrological and sedimentological processes affecting the health of the river and park ecosystem. In addition to our analysis, we made recommendations as to how the river could be restored to aid park goals and increase ecosystem health.

In Fall of 2015, my partner Gabriela Baeza and I produced the report Green Infrastructure for the City of Bridgeport: Project Survey and Recommendations as part of the Yale Environmental Protection Clinic, a collaboration between the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies and the Yale Law School designed to give students experience advocating for environmental protection in a wide range of issues. Each semester, students work in teams to act as consultants for a sponsoring organization, ranging from local governments to international environmental advocacy organizations.

The City of Bridgeport asked our team to work with the City’s Department of Sustainability and the Water Pollution Control Authority (WPCA) to provide analysis and evaluation of green stormwater management approaches in the City of Bridgeport. The goal

GREEN INFRASTRUCTUREFOR THE CITY OF BRIDGEPORTYale University Fall 2015 - Environmental Protection Clinic

was to aid the city in expanding upon the targets established in the BGreen 2020 Sustainability Plan. We gathered information on completed, ongoing, and proposed green infrastructure projects within the City of Bridgeport and then analyzed each project to identify the factors that led to implementation, cancellation, or delay. Complementary to this research, we collected information and conducted interviews to learn about successful government sustainability projects implemented in similar cities around Connecticut to gain from the experiences.

RUINS THE ARCHITECTURE OF SELECTIVE MEMORYDavid Schwarz Travel Fellowship - Summer 2014/Exhibit March 2015

ancient settlements. The ruins of early indigenous populations of the United States such as those found at Mesa Verde or Cahokia are few in number when compared to the vast number of ruins found in other countries. By putting American ruins in a global context, one may examine them in the context of a longer history of preservation and appreciation of ruins.

My research studies both the motives behind the preservation of ruins as well as the social and spatial implications of ruins for their urban contexts through the examination of a broad selection of literature as well as case studies collected through travel in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Cambodia, Mexico, and America from May 2014 to February 2015.

Ruins play a crucial role in the development of cultural identity and narrative. When ruins are preserved, they act as architectural historical records. When ruins are destroyed, the cultural diversity and historical narratives they record are destroyed alongside them. A combination of global and local factors have resulted in large areas of abandoned or dilapidated buildings in historically thriving neighborhoods across America. These buildings vary in typology, age, and design, ranging from the small vernacular structures to large commercial buildings to entire residential areas. While the aesthetic appreciation of American ruins is visible in the profusion of websites, publications, and exhibitions dedicated to photographing Detroit and other cities, the social and spatial implications of the destruction or preservation of these ruins requires further exploration.

The history of settlement in contemporary America extends as far back as that of other nations, there has been relatively little study of the ruins resulting from the decline of its

Left: Green space in Central Athens (top left); Russell Industrial Center in Detroit; Ta Phrom Temple, Siem Reap, Cambodia (below)

Right: Armor Packing Plant in St. Louis (above); Theater at Pergamum, Bergama, Turkey (below)

Left: Corktown, Detroit (top); St. Louis Southwestern Freight (middle); Depot Lincoln Street Art Park, Detroit (below)

Right: Michigan Central Train Station, Detroit (above); Bayon Temple, Siem Reap, Cambodia


Documents

Meghan Lewis: Selected Work 2012-2015