MELJUN CORTES Data Analysis Presentation

8/10/2019 MELJUN CORTES Data Analysis Presentation

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Analyzing and

Interpreting

Quantitative and

Qualitative Data

MELJUN CORTES


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Case Example:


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Preparing the Data for Analysis:

Inputting Data

Score data by assigning numeric codes toresponses

Create a codebook

Use information from instruments whenpossible as a part of coding scheme

Create a data file in data grid

Create variable, value labels

Clean database, missing valuesJohn W. Creswell

Educational Research: Planning,

Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitativeand Qualitative Research, third edition 7.4


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Determine Types of Scores to Analyze

Single item

Summed scores

Difference scores

John W. Creswell


Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative

and Qualitative Research, third edition 7.5


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Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree

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RESPONSE OPTIONS:


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Selecting a Statistical Program

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS)

most popular

Other programs

Minitab

Statview

SAS (JMP/JMPIN)

StatPac

Use mainframe, PC, or Mac platforms

John W. Creswell


Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative

and Qualitative Research, third edition


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Running Descriptive Statistics

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DescriptiveStatistics

Central Tendency Variability Relative Standing

Mean

Median

Mode

Variance

Standard Deviation

Range

Z-Score

Percentile Ranks


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Conducting Inferential Analysis

Hypothesis testing: A procedure for makingdecisions about results by comparing an

observed value of a sample with a population

value to determine if no difference or

relationship exists between the values

John W. Creswell

Educational Research: Planning,Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative


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Computing the Samples Statistic

Inferential Statistics

Parametric Parametric Parametric Chi-SquareAnalysis

Phi

Coefficient

Pearson

Correlation

Coefficient

Regression

Coefficient

Spearman

Rho

Kendalls

Tau

Continuous (iv)

Continuous (dv)

Categorical (iv)-

Continuous (dv)

Continuous (iv)-

Categorical (dv)

Categorical (iv)-

Categorical (dv)

T-Test

Analysis of

Variance

Analysis of

Covariance

Mann-

Witney

U-Test

Kruskall

WallisTest

Friedman

Two-Way

Anova

Discriminant

Analysis

Point

Biserian

Correlation

Nonparametric Nonparametric Nonparametric


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Selecting an Appropriate Statistic

Consider the scale of measurement for your

independent variable(s) in the research

question or hypothesis

Identify the scale of measurement for the

dependent variables (e.g., continuous or

categorical)

Determine if the distribution of the scores

is normal or skewed

John W. Creswell


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Reporting the Results

Tables summarize statistical information

Title each table

Present one table for each statistical test

Organize data into rows and columns with simple andclear headings

Report notes that qualify, explain, or provideadditional information in the tables, which can behelpful to readers. Notes include information aboutthe size of the sample reported in the study, theprobability values used in hypothesis testing, and theactual significance levels of the statistical test

John W. Creswell


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Reporting the Results (contd)

Detailed explanations about statistical results

Report whether the hypothesis test was significant

or not

Provide important information about the

statistical test, given the statistics

Include language typically used in reportingstatistical results

John W. Creswell


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Discussing the Results

Summarize major results

Explain why they occurred

Explain the implications of the results for theaudiences

Advance limitations

Suggest future research

John W. Creswell


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Analyzing and

InterpretingQualitative Data


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The Process of Data Analysis

Codes the text for

description to be used

in the research report

Codes the text for

themes to be used

in the research report

The researcher codes the data (locates text

segments and assigns a code to label them)

The researcher prepares data for analysis(transcribes fieldnotes)

The researcher collects data (a text file, such as

fieldnotes, transcriptions, optically scanned material)

The researcher reads through data

(obtains general sense of material)

SimultaneousInteractive


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Preparing and Organizing the Data

Develop a matrix or table of sources that can

be used to organize the material

Organize material by type

Keep duplicate copies of materials

Transcribe data

Prepare data for hand or computer analysis(and select computer program)


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Exploring the Data

Obtain a general sense of the data by

performing a preliminary exploratory analysis

Read through fieldnotes and interviews

several times to get a sense of the interview

and the observation

Write memos in the margins of interviews or

fieldnotes of your initial reflections on the

data

Consider whether more data are needed


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Coding the Data

Read through all transcripts

Start with one transcript

Identify text segments. Ask, What is this person

saying?

Bracket text segment Assign code word

One, two, or three words that describe what is being

said

Terms from the literature can be used

When possible use a participants actual words (in

vivo code)

Practiceleancoding (3040 codes)


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Coding the Data (contd) Include codes that describe the participants and

site Reduce redundancy

Take out codes that are duplicate ideas

Reduce to a manageable list (usually 2530) Collapse codes into themes, which are:

The major ideas that emerge from the data

The ideas the participants most frequently discuss,are unique or surprising, have the most evidence to

support them, or those you might expect to find when

studying the phenomenon

Usually number 57

A Vi l M d l f h C di


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John W. CreswellEducational Research: Planning,

Conducting, and Evaluating

Quantitative and Qualitative

Research, third edition

A Visual Model of the Coding

Process in Qualitative Research

Reduce codes to

57 themes

Initially readthrough data

Divide textinto segmentsof information

Labelsegments ofinformationwith codes

Reduceoverlap andredundancyof codes

Collapsecodes intothemes

Manypagesof text

Manysegmentsof text

3040codes

Codesreduced

to 20


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John W. Creswell


Conducting, and Evaluating

Quantitative and QualitativeResearch, third edition

Using Codes to Identify Themes

Ordinary themes

Unexpected themes

Social science themes Layering and connecting themes


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Representing the Findings

Demographic table: A table of demographics

on individual participants and/or research site

Comparison table:A table used to compare

groups on one theme

Figures/diagrams: A visual depiction that

shows the interconnections between themes

Hierarchical tree: A diagram that visually

represents themes and their interconnections

Drawings: Maps of the physical layout of the

siteJohn W. Creswell

Educational Research: Planning, Conducting,and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative

Research, third


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Interpreting the Findings

Interpretation is not neutral

Reflect about the personal meaning of the

data

Compare and contrast personal viewpoints

with the literature

Address limitations of the study

Make suggestions for future research

John W. Creswell

Educational Research: Planning, Conducting,and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative

Research, third


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Thank you for Listening!

Shall we now discuss?

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MELJUN CORTES Data Analysis Presentation