MEMORYMEMORY

WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT-WHICH IS MORE IMPORTANT-

YOUR EXPERIENCES?YOUR EXPERIENCES?

OR YOUR MEMORY OF OR YOUR MEMORY OF THEM?THEM?

clear memory of an emotionally clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.significant moment or event.

Atkinson-Shriffrin’s three stage Atkinson-Shriffrin’s three stage processing model of memoryprocessing model of memory

Richard Atkinson Richard Shriffrin

STORAGE STORAGE RETAINING INFORMATION RETAINING INFORMATION

SENSORY MEMORY SENSORY MEMORY

**Iconic (instant) memory- Iconic (instant) memory-

photographic or picture-image lasting a few photographic or picture-image lasting a few tenths of a secondtenths of a second

*Echoic (echo) memory-*Echoic (echo) memory-

momentary sensory memory of momentary sensory memory of

auditory stimuli recalled within 3-4 auditory stimuli recalled within 3-4

secondsseconds

WORKING/SHORT-TERM MEMORYWORKING/SHORT-TERM MEMORY *Limited in duration (unless rehearsed*Limited in duration (unless rehearsed will be forgotten) and in capacitywill be forgotten) and in capacity ( 7 plus or minus 2 bits of information)( 7 plus or minus 2 bits of information)

LONG-TERM MEMORYLONG-TERM MEMORY *Capacity limitless - Average adult has*Capacity limitless - Average adult has about billion bits of information in memoryabout billion bits of information in memory and capacity of 1000 to a million timesand capacity of 1000 to a million times that. (P. 364 memory records)that. (P. 364 memory records)

When we tend to remember the first and last When we tend to remember the first and last items better than those in the middle, this is items better than those in the middle, this is called ___________ __________ _______called ___________ __________ _______

Serial position effectSerial position effect What kind of encoding yields the best memory What kind of encoding yields the best memory

of verbal information? Visual, acoustic, or of verbal information? Visual, acoustic, or semantic? semantic?

SemanticSemantic We have especially good recall for information We have especially good recall for information

when we can relate it to ourselves. This is when we can relate it to ourselves. This is calledcalled

Self-reference effectSelf-reference effect

We often automatically organize items into We often automatically organize items into familiar, meaningful units to help us recall familiar, meaningful units to help us recall information more easily. This is calledinformation more easily. This is called

ChunkingChunking Using “super models have earrings on” to Using “super models have earrings on” to

remember the Great Lakes would be an remember the Great Lakes would be an example of example of

Mnemonic deviceMnemonic device The conscious repetition of information to The conscious repetition of information to

maintain it in consciousness or encode it for maintain it in consciousness or encode it for storage is calledstorage is called

rehearsalrehearsal

STORAGE IN THE BRAINSTORAGE IN THE BRAIN Memories do not reside in one specific spot.Memories do not reside in one specific spot. Synapses-Synapses- ________________________is ________________________is

the increase in a synapses firing potentialthe increase in a synapses firing potential

after brief, rapid stimulation. This is believedafter brief, rapid stimulation. This is believed

to be the neural basis for learning and to be the neural basis for learning and memory.memory.

long-term potentiation (LTP)long-term potentiation (LTP) CREB –a protein that can switch genes on CREB –a protein that can switch genes on

and off. Genes produce proteins that and off. Genes produce proteins that strengthen synapses enabling long-term strengthen synapses enabling long-term memories to form.memories to form.

When did stress interfere with remembering When did stress interfere with remembering something?something?

Identify a time when stress actually Identify a time when stress actually helped you remember something.helped you remember something.

StudyStudy followed by adequate followed by adequate sleepsleep an an effective memory enhancer.effective memory enhancer.

Stress hormonesStress hormones can contribute to stronger can contribute to stronger memoriesmemories

Prolonged stressProlonged stress can can negatively affectnegatively affect memory – shrinks the ___________which is memory – shrinks the ___________which is vital for laying down memories. vital for laying down memories.

hippocampushippocampus The ___________(two emotional processing The ___________(two emotional processing

clusters in limbic system) can also boost clusters in limbic system) can also boost activity in brain’s memory forming areas. activity in brain’s memory forming areas.

amygdalaamygdala

STORAGE OF STORAGE OF IMPLICITIMPLICIT MEMORIES- MEMORIES-

also called _____________memories.also called _____________memories.

proceduralprocedural

IIndependent of conscious recollection.ndependent of conscious recollection.

*Can be classically conditioned without *Can be classically conditioned without conscious awareness of the learning.conscious awareness of the learning.

The part of the brain that isinvolved is the

CEREBELLUM

STORAGE OF STORAGE OF EXPLICITEXPLICIT MEMORIES- MEMORIES-

also called ____________memoriesalso called ____________memories

declarative *Can declarative *Can eexplain their memoriesxplain their memories

Left sidedamaged

Troublerememberingverbal info

Right sidedamaged

Trouble rememberingvisual designsand locations

RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATIONRETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION Multiple choice questions measure what kind of Multiple choice questions measure what kind of

memory? _____________memory? _____________ recognitionrecognition Fill-in-the-blank questions measure ________Fill-in-the-blank questions measure ________ recall recall Memory measure that assesses the amount of Memory measure that assesses the amount of

time saved when learning for a second timetime saved when learning for a second time

relearningrelearning

Retrieval cuesRetrieval cues William James referred to this retrieval cue William James referred to this retrieval cue

as “wakening of associations” as “wakening of associations” PrimingPriming When words heard underwater are best When words heard underwater are best

remembered underwater and words heard o remembered underwater and words heard o land are best remembered on land, this land are best remembered on land, this shows the effects of _________ on memoryshows the effects of _________ on memory

ContextContext Sometime being in a context similar to one Sometime being in a context similar to one

we’ve been in before may trigger the we’ve been in before may trigger the experience of experience of

Deja vuDeja vu

What we learn in one emotional state is What we learn in one emotional state is sometimes more easily recalled in that same sometimes more easily recalled in that same emotional state. This is called ___________emotional state. This is called ___________memory.memory.

State-dependent State-dependent However, depression disrupts the _______However, depression disrupts the _______ process and alcohol disrupts the _______process and alcohol disrupts the _______ of information.of information. encoding, storage encoding, storage Explain the statement: Our memories are Explain the statement: Our memories are

somewhat “mood-congruent”. somewhat “mood-congruent”.

Our moods influence how we interpret other Our moods influence how we interpret other people’s behavior or how we assess others or people’s behavior or how we assess others or ourselves.ourselves.

ForgettingForgetting

TAB OR BAT refers to:TAB OR BAT refers to: Transience, absent-mindedness, blockingTransience, absent-mindedness, blocking

DistortionMisattribution, suggestibility, bias

Intrusion

Persistence of unwanted memories

Who is known for his retention Who is known for his retention curve and forgetting curve? curve and forgetting curve?

Hermann Ebbinghaus

____________ (forward-acting) interference____________ (forward-acting) interference

of previous learning affects recall of of previous learning affects recall of newnew

informationinformation

proactiveproactive ___________ (backward-acting) interference___________ (backward-acting) interference

of of newnew learning affects recall of previously learning affects recall of previously

learned information.learned information.

retroactive retroactive Positive transferPositive transfer

Old information can sometimes help usOld information can sometimes help us

learn new information.learn new information.

What is the Freudian term for memories that What is the Freudian term for memories that may be submerged into our unconscious may be submerged into our unconscious because they may be too painful to remember?because they may be too painful to remember?

repressionrepression They may be retrieved through therapy or other They may be retrieved through therapy or other

cuescues More researchers now believe that repressionMore researchers now believe that repression

rarely occurs.rarely occurs.

Misinformation and Misinformation and Imagination Effects Imagination Effects

Research onfalse memoriesand misinformation

Imagination inflation

Elizabeth Loftus

Source AmnesiaSource Amnesia (source misattribution) (source misattribution)

Authors and songwriters sometimes Authors and songwriters sometimes suffer from source amnesiasuffer from source amnesia

Are very young children’s Are very young children’s reports of abuse reliable?reports of abuse reliable?

Psychology’s most intense controversyPsychology’s most intense controversy

“ “memory wars”memory wars”

Memory is reconstruction as well as Memory is reconstruction as well as

reproductionreproduction