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In the wake of last week’s shooting at a Planned Parenthood facility in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Senator Ted Cruz on Monday claimed that the “overwhelming majority of violent criminals are Democrats.” When asked for evidence, the senator’s campaign cited a paper we published in 2013, in which we present data on the party affiliation of exfelons in three states. But Senator Cruz is misinterpreting our research. We have not explored partisanship by type of crime, violent or otherwise, and so our work, as published, cannot support Senator Cruz’s claim. Senator Cruz is making a common mistake when characterizing the exfelon population: he equates exfelons with violent criminals. But the term describes anyone who has been convicted of a felony and subsequently completed their prison, probation, and parole terms. Only a small share of exfelons are convicted of violent crimes. This is both because most felons are convicted of nonviolent crimes and the fact that those who are convicted of violent felonies serve longer sentences than those convicted of nonviolent felonies. To illustrate this point, we take a closer look at some of our data from Iowa. The paper Senator Cruz cited is one in a series of papers we have authored in which we have combined individuallyidentifiable, public records – from departments of corrections, state courts, and secretary of state offices to directly measure exfelons’ party registration and turnout history. Although we have not previously made use of these data, our Iowa data includes information on exfelons’ type of offense. As the table below shows, only about 12% of the discharged population between 2002 and 2012 was convicted of a violent crime. Crime Type Share of Population Property 35.2% Drug 33.2% Public Order 17.6% Violent 11.9% Other 2.0% We also explore exfelons’ partisan affiliation by their type of crime. Senator Cruz is correct that people convicted of a violent crime are more likely to identify as Democrats than as Republicans. But people convicted of violent crimes have similar political orientations as nonviolent offenders. And this misses the larger story: even more exfelons register as Independents or with a minor party. This is consistent with a theory advanced by Amy Lerman and Vesla Weaver in their book, Arresting Citizenship, in which contact with the criminal justice system demobilizes exfelons and makes them less trustful of traditional political institutions.

Meredith Morse Response to Cruz statement

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Researchers of a study cited by Sen. Ted Cruz offer a detailed response.

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Page 1: Meredith Morse Response to Cruz statement

In the wake of last week’s shooting at a Planned Parenthood facility in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Senator Ted Cruz on Monday claimed that the “overwhelming majority of violent criminals are Democrats.” When asked for evidence, the senator’s campaign cited a paper we published in 2013, in which we present data on the party affiliation of ex­felons in three states. But Senator Cruz is misinterpreting our research. We have not explored partisanship by type of crime, violent or otherwise, and so our work, as published, cannot support Senator Cruz’s claim.   Senator Cruz is making a common mistake when characterizing the ex­felon population: he equates ex­felons with violent criminals. But the term describes anyone who has been convicted of a felony and subsequently completed their prison, probation, and parole terms. Only a small share of ex­felons are convicted of violent crimes. This is both because most felons are convicted of non­violent crimes and the fact that those who are convicted of violent felonies serve longer sentences than those convicted of non­violent felonies.  To illustrate this point, we take a closer look at some of our data from Iowa. The paper Senator Cruz cited is one in a series of papers we have authored in which we have combined individually­identifiable, public records – from departments of corrections, state courts, and secretary of state offices ­­ to directly measure ex­felons’ party registration and turnout history. Although we have not previously made use of these data, our Iowa data includes information on ex­felons’ type of offense. As the table below shows, only about 12% of the discharged population between 2002 and 2012 was convicted of a violent crime.   

Crime Type Share of Population

Property 35.2%

Drug 33.2%

Public Order 17.6%

Violent 11.9%

Other 2.0%

  We also explore ex­felons’ partisan affiliation by their type of crime. Senator Cruz is correct that people convicted of a violent crime are more likely to identify as Democrats than as Republicans. But people convicted of violent crimes have similar political orientations as non­violent offenders. And this misses the larger story: even more ex­felons register as Independents or with a minor party. This is consistent with a theory advanced by Amy Lerman and Vesla Weaver in their book, Arresting Citizenship, in which contact with the criminal justice system demobilizes ex­felons and makes them less trustful of traditional political institutions.   

Page 2: Meredith Morse Response to Cruz statement

Crime Type % Registered % Democrat % Republican

% Other

Violent (N = 5,894) 24.6% 40.1% 16.7% 43.2%

Non-Violent (N = 43,646) 27.3% 41.4% 14.3% 44.3%

  Senator Cruz was on stronger footing when, later in the interview, he dropped his focus on violent crimes and claimed that, instead, “convicted felons tend to vote Democrat.”  In the paper that the Cruz campaign referenced, we do find that the majority of ex­felons in New Mexico, New York, and North Carolina register with the Democratic Party. But similar analyses we have conducted in Maine and Rhode Island show that a plurality of ex­felons register as Independents or with third­parties, as is the case in Iowa above.   Why do we see such differences in ex­felons’ partisan affiliations across states? One reason might be race. African­Americans are both overrepresented in the ex­felon population and have some of the strongest allegiances to the Democratic Party. But while African­Americans are overrepresented in the ex­felon population in every state, their share of the population varies widely across states. For example, in Maine, only 6% of the ex­felon population we analyzed was black, while in North Carolina, 55% was black. We know poor, young, and minority citizens are more likely to identify as Democrats. We also know that these demographics are disproportionately represented in the ex­felon population, even in a state like Maine. Cruz’s interview implicitly implied that being a felon makes someone more Democratic. But a seminal book, Locked Out, by Jeff Manza and Chris Uggen, predicts that, based on demographics alone, 70% of the criminally disenfranchised population would identify as Democrats if eligible to vote. Thus, it seems more likely that the patterns that Cruz highlights are driven by compositional differences between the ex­felon population and the general population of voters.  To demonstrate the importance of demographics, we use data from Florida. According to recent estimates by the Sentencing Project, well over one million people citizens are unable to vote due to a criminal conviction, more than any other state. Although Florida currently permanently disenfranchises ex­felons, the state policy has been quite fluid over time. Between 2007 and 2011, approximately 150,000 ex­felons had their voting rights restored. We measure the partisan identification of these ex­felons by matching their names and birthdates to publicly available voter records. We then compare their partisan affiliations to that of the general voting population.       

Page 3: Meredith Morse Response to Cruz statement

The table below shows that African­Americans overwhelmingly identify as Democrats whether or not they are ex­felons. Among ex­felons who are black males between the ages of 18 to 29, the first row shows that 72.8% identify as Democrats, 4.5% identify as Republicans, and 22.7% identify with a third­party or as an Independent. As a point of comparison, the first row also shows that among registered voters who are black males between the ages of 18 to 29, 73.6% are Democrats, 4.5% are Republicans, and 21.9% are Independent or support a third­party. The same pattern, in which black ex­felons and non­felons share a similar partisan identification, holds for all of the other age and gender combinations as well.   The table also shows that non­black ex­felons are slightly more likely to support the Democratic Party than their demographic counterparts. But a substantial percentage identify as Republican as well. For example, 33.5% of ex­felons who are non­black males over the age of 45 registered with the Republican party, only slightly less than the 37.6% who registered as Democrats.   

  The implication of the table is that while there are more potential Democrats who are disenfranchised, there are a lot of potential Republicans who are disenfranchised too. The Sentencing Project estimates that, as of 2010, there were 432,839 black ex­felons, or 23.3% of the black voting­age population, who were denied the right to vote. The table above suggests these are primarily would­be Democratic voters. But while blacks are disproportionately represented in the ex­felon population, a majority of disenfranchised ex­felons in Florida ­­ 890,521 or 7% of the state’s non­black voting­age population ­­ are non­blacks. They are similarly barred from the polls despite many identifying as Republicans, in stark contrast to Senator Cruz’s comments.   Senator Cruz is overestimating the partisan impact of felon disenfranchisement. There is actually a scholarly debate between Uggen and Manza and political scientist Traci Burch about whether George W. Bush or Al Gore would have netted more votes if ex­felons were allowed to vote in the 2000 presidential election in Florida. His remarks help explain, at least in part, the Republican reticence for reform. The comments fuel a narrative that ignores the normative costs of stripping almost six million people of their voting rights, not to mention the administrative burdens on election administrators and criminal justice officials, and the confusion that makes otherwise eligible voters de­facto disenfranchised. We hope that our analysis here might provide 

Page 4: Meredith Morse Response to Cruz statement

some helpful context to the Senator. The ex­felon population is hardly “overwhelmingly Democratic” nationally. Most ex­felons are neither violent nor black. Most felons and many ex­felons in fact cannot vote at all. Recent estimates by the Sentencing Project suggest that almost six million citizens cannot vote because of a criminal conviction. These people are not Democrats or Republicans. They are disenfranchised.