Messy Lesson: When the War Ends, The Guns Remain.

The Fund for PeaceWashington, D.C.

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Who Cares?

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What is DDR?

•Disarmament

•Who has the weapons

•Where are they

•What are they

•What do we do with them

•Demobilization

•Who is fighting

•Where are they fighting

•Reintegration, Rehabilitation, Repatriation, Resettlement

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Why is DDR Important?

•To ensure violent conflict does not recur

•Prevent ex-combatants from “spoiling” the peace process

•Having a large number of ex-combatants still in possession of weapons can pose a threat to the security of both the state and it’s civilian population

•Contribute to a sustainable peace?

•Cease fire doesn’t equal peace accord

•Peace accord doesn’t necessarily equal peace

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Current Issues in DDR

•Would ex-combatants have reintegrated if there was no DDR program?

•Does breaking the command and control structure help reintegration?

•Is cantonment the best way to break command and control?

•Is paying cash for arms the best way to disarm?

•Is it more cost effective to store rather than destroy weapons?

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DDR – SSR Linkage

Before, After, During?

Enforcement of Disarmament

Security for Civilians

Security for Ex-Combatants

Cross Border Security

Rule of Law

Trust not Faith

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Map of West Africa

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Failed State Index

Liberia, Sierra Leone, Cote d’Ivoire

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Liberia

Sierra LeonePan-AfricanismMilitary CoupsDictatorshipCorruption‘Blood’ ResourcesChild SoldiersGreed

Extreme PovertyHuman FlightHIV/AIDSLow State CapacityLittle/No Infrastructure

Cote d’Ivoire

Drivers of Conflict

•Manipulation of Identity•North-South

•Muslim-Christian

•Who is a true ‘Ivoirian’

•Poverty

•Lack of Opportunity

•Youth Bulge

•Resources

•It’s Personal

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History of Cote d’Ivoire Conflict

•Felix Houphouet-Boigny died in 1993

• Successor Henri Konan Bedie overthrown by Robert Guei

• October 2000 Laurent Gbagbo elected

•Guei disputed this claim resulting in violent protests

• 2002 First Civil War

•Who is Ivoirian

•North South divide

•What happened to the good old days of Houphouet-Boigny?

•Accra I

•Accra II (DDR set for 2004)

•Ouagadougou (DDR set for 2006)

•November 2010 Elections

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Role of Small Arms and Light Weapons

•Liberian & Sierra Leonean ex-combatants

•Ghanaian blacksmiths

•Drug Trade

•Human Trafficking

•Uneven disarmament of militias

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UNOCI DDR Program

• A portion of the weapons are destroy in public ceremony, the rest are stored

•Uneven disarmament of militias

•Ex-combatants paid up to $1000 in three installments

•SALW turned in are often old or unserviceable

•Ghost combatants one SALW turned in for every two ex-combatants “disarmed”

•Peace Agreement signed in 2003, DDR began in 2005, according to reports to UN Secretary-General, the process didn’t begin in earnest until 2010

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Last 6 months in Cote d’Ivoire

•November 2010 Elections

•Ouattara vs. Gbagbo

•France vs. Gbagbo

•Gbagbo vs. UN

•Gbagbo vs. The Klingons

•Refugees/Ex-combatant in Liberia

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Lessons Learned?

•Who is reading the IDDRS?

•Too long

•Too wordy

•Operation Guide contradicts the Framework – two different authors

•DDR must start at the same time as SSR

•Increase of Criminal Activity

•UN Staff resistant in field often resistant

“You’ve been here 6 weeks? Great, come back when you’ve got 2years.”

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www.fundforpeace.org

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