Metaboliti vegetali cu utilizare in managementul integrat al insectelor

7/21/2019 Metaboliti vegetali cu utilizare in managementul integrat al insectelor

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CONSIDERAŢII BIOCHIMICE PRIVIND SISTEMELE DEFENSIVE

VEGETALE

IOAN-MARIAN RÎŞCA

METABOLISMUL SECUNDAR: ELEMENTE CONSTITUTIVE

Pentru asigurarea tuturor un!"ii#or s$e!ii!e %ie"ii &s!'i() *e

inor(a"ie !u (e*iu#+ *e%enire+ re$ro*u!ere,+ iin"e#e %ii transor( un nu(r

oarte (are *e !o($u.i !'i(i!i !are #e $er(it s-.i a#i(ente/e stru!turi#e %ii !u

0(ateria#e *e !onstru!"ie1 .i energie2 Bio!3($u# !ara!teristi! stru!turi#or %ii

!oor*onea/+ !u a4utoru# unui siste( en/i(ati! unitar+ un nu(r i(ens *e

rea!"ii )io!'i(i!e+ !unos!ut *re$t a.a-nu(itu# metabolism intermeiar+ !i#e

)io!'i(i!e i($#i!ate 5n un!"ionarea+ e%o#u"ia .i 'o(eosta/ia siste(e#or %ii+

iin* !unos!ute *re$t !"i metaboli!e2 Dintre artea!te#e (o#e!u#are !e inter%in

5n $ro!ese#e %ita#e+ !e#e (ai i($ortante 6 (ai a#es *atorit a$tu#ui ! sunt!ara!teristi!e tuturor stru!turi#or %ii 6 sunt a!i/ii nu!#ei!i+ $roteine#e+ g#u!i*e#e

.i #i$i*e#e2 Cu e7!e$"ia u#ti(e#or+ toate a!este stru!turi (o#e!u#are sunt $o#i(eri

!u stru!turi .i un!"ii )ine *e#i(itate .i ierar'i/ate ai unor (o#e!u#e s$e!ii!e:

nu!#eoti*e#e 5n !a/u# a!i/i#or nu!#ei!i+ a(inoa!i/ii $entru $roteine .i

(ono/a'ari*e#e 5n !a/u# 'i*ra"i#or *e !ar)on2 Varia)i#itatea organis(e#or %ii+

at3t *in $un!tu# *e %e*ere a# !a$a!it"ii *e sinteti/are .i transor(are !'i(i!



!3t .i *in !e# stru!tura#-eno(eno#ogi!+ este orte (are2 Mu#te *in !i#e

(eta)o#i!e $resu$un *egra*area $ro*u.i#or nutriti%i 5n !o($u.i e#e(entari+

ur(at *e sinteti/area *e (o#e!u#e s$e!ia#i/ate *in a!e.ti !o($u.i e#e(entari

&8anson+ 9;,2

În !iu*a %ariet"ii oarte (ari a !ara!teristi!i#or organis(e#or %ii+ !i#e

(eta)o#i!e *e (o*ii!are .i sinteti/are a 'i*ra"i#or *e !ar)on+ a #i$i*e#or+ a

$roteine#or .i a a!i/i#or nu!#ei!i sunt 6 5n esen" 6 i*enti!e $entru toate

organis(e#e2 A!este $ro!ese sunt *o%a*a unit"ii #u(ii %ii iin* *ese(nate

generi! $rin metabolism #rimar+ !o($u.ii !'i(i!i !e inter%in 5n a!esta iin*

metaboli$ii #rimari2 Aste#+ 'i*ra"ii *e !ar)on se *egra*ea/ $e !i#e

!unos!ute *re$t g#i!o#i/ .i !i!#u <re)s+ !u e#i)erare *e energie .i or(area

unor !o($u.i $rin rea!"ii *e o7i*are2 De ase(enea+ a!i/ii gra.i *in #i$i*e

e#i)erea/ energie $e !a#ea !unos!ut *re$t =-o7i*are2 Organis(e#e aero)e $ot

o$ti(i/a a!este $ro!ese $rin inter(e*iu# osori#rii o7i*ati%e !are 5n!or$orea/un $ro!es genera# *e o7i*are %a#a)i# $entru (ai (u#te ti$uri *e su)strat2

Proteine#e+ #a r3n*u# #or+ sunt surs *e a(inoa!i/i *ar $ro$or"ia ie!rui

a(inoa!i* *in !a*ru# $roteinei *ier *e #a o $rotein #a a#ta+ un!"ie *e

s$e!ii!it"i#e organis(u#ui2 Ci#e (eta)o#i!e s$e!ii!e $roteine#or rea#i/ea/

ie inter!on%ersia a(inoa!i/i#or 5n a#te stru!turi $rotei!e+ ie *egra*area !e#or

neuti#i/a"i *in su)strat+ !u e#i)erare *e energie2 O serie 5ntreag *e organis(e+

*e regu# !e#e ani(a#e+ nu $ot sinteti/a *e!3t o $arte *in a(inoa!i/ii *e !are au

ne%oie+ restu# *e a(inoa!i/i !eru"i *e sinte/a $roteine#or 6 nu(i"i aminoa!i%i

esen$iali 6 tre)uin* s ie o)"inu"i *in surse e7terne &8e#*t+ 9>,2S$re *eose)ire *e !i#e (eta)o#i!e $ri(are !are rea#i/ea/

inter!on%ersia !o($u.i#or !u rs$3n*ire !o(un 5n toate organis(e#e+ e7ist 5n

organis(e#e %ii o serie *e !o($u.i !u rs$3n*ire #i(itat .i !u un gra* ri*i!at

*e s$e!ii!itate 5n !eea !e $ri%e.te ti$u# organis(u#ui .i !rora #i s-a atri)uit

*enu(irea *e metaboli$i se!&nari2 Ei sunt o e7$resie a s$e!ii!it"ii .i

in*i%i*ua#it"ii s$e!ii#or+ neiin* $ro*u.i 5n (o* ne!esar 5n ori!e !on*i"ii iar



ro#u# a!estora 5n organis(e#e %ii este oarte $u"in !unos!ut2 Da! $entru unii

*intre a!e.ti (eta)o#i"i #i se $oate sta)i#i un!"ia )io#ogi! &e#e(ente *e a$rare

a" *e $r*tori+ atra!tan"i %o#ati#i+ agen"i *e !o#orare $entru atragere sau

a%erti/are, $entru (u#"i a#"ii a!est ro# nu este !unos!ut *e.i #ogi!a noastr 6

)a/at $e inte#igen"a inai#i)i# .i i(anent a %iu#ui 6 ne *eter(in s

!onsi*er( e7isten"a unui ro# %ita# 5n $ro*u!erea #or2 Nu $ute( s nu

(en"ion( !+ *e e7e($#u+ metabolism&l se!&nar este sursa $rin!i$a# a

$ro*use#or natura#e ar(a!o#ogi!-a!ti%e2 Desigur 5($r"irea a!easta 5n

(eta)o#is( $ri(ar .i se!un*ar este *estu# *e ar)itrar + e7ist3n* nu(eroase

su$ra$uneri sau o(isiuni+ *ar ea $re/int a%anta4u# *i*a!ti! a# unei *e#i(itri

5ntre $ro!ese#e )io!'i(i!e $ro$riu-/ise .i !'i(ia $ro*u.i#or natura#i2

La $ri(a %e*ere (eta)o#i"ii se!un*ari au o stru!tur !'i(i! oarte

*i%ers2 Totu.i $ute( siste(ati/a a!east *i%ersitate+ re*u!3n*-o #a !3te%a !#ase

*e !o($u.i !'i(i!i+ .i anu(e &8anson+ ?2 R2+ 9;@ 8a)er(e'#+ 8a((ann+<re)s .i Ternes+ 9,:

- Ter$ene

- Steroi/i

- A(ine )iogene .i a#!a#oi/i

- A(inoa!i/i .i $e$ti*e

- 8i*ra"i *e !ar)on

- eni#$ro$anoi*e

- Po#ieti*e .i a!i/i gra.i

E#e(ente#e !onstituti%e a#e (eta)o#is(u#ui se!un*ar *eri% *in

$ro!ese#e (eta)o#i!e $ri(are+ *u$ !u( se $oate %e*ea 5n igura &Dei!+

99,2 Pute( !onstata !u( (eta)o#i"ii *eri%a"i *in $ro!ese#e un*a(enta#e

&otosinte/+ g#i!o#i/+ !i!#u# <re)s, sunt !one!ta"i 6 $rin inter(e*iu# $ro!ese#or

generatoare *e energie 6 !u inter(e*iarii )iosinteti!i2 Ceea !e ra$ea/ este

nu(ru# (i! *e !o($u.i (eta)o#i!i !are inter%in 5n $ro!ese#e *e )iosinte/ .i



!are+ 5n !iu*a nu(ru#ui #or (i!+ $ot genera o %arietate oarte nu(eroas *e

$ro*u.i2 Pute( air(a ! !e#e (ai i($ortante unit"i !onstru!ti%e 5n !a*ru#

(eta)o#is(u#ui se!un*ar *eri% *in a!eti# !oen/i(a A+ a!i*u# s'ii(i!+ a!i*u#

(e%a#oni! .i -*eo7i#u#o/a->-osat+ iin* uti#i/ate 5n !i#e (eta)o#i!e aerente

#or2

ig2



Aste#+ a!etil !oen%ima A 'a!etil(CoA, este or(at $rin *e!ar)o7i#area

o7i*ati% a a!i*u#ui $iru%i!+ re/u#tat *in g#i!o#i/2 De ase(enea+ ea este $ro*us

$rin =-o7i*area a!i/i#or gra.i+ !a rea!"ie re%ersi)i# a $ro!esu#ui *e or(are a

a!i/i#or gra.i *in a!eti#-CoA2 Ca $ro*u.i se!un*ari a a!estei !i (eta)o#i!e

$ute( enu(era eno#ii+ $rostag#an*ine#e .i (a!ro#i*e#e+ a#turi *e *i%er.i a!i/i

ga.i .i *eri%a"ii a!estora2

A!i&l s)i*imi! re/u#t *in rea!"ia *intre osoeno#$iru%at+ un

inter(e*iar g#i!o#iti!+ .i eritro/a F-osat+ un !o($us *in !a#ea (eta)o#i! a

$ento/oosatu#ui2 Ca#ea a!i*u#ui s'ii(i! !on*u!e #a o %arietate (are *e

eno#i+ *eri%a"i *e a!i* !ina(i!+ #ignani .i a#!a#oi/i2

A!i*u# (e%a#oni!+ or(at *in trei (o#e!u#e *e A!eti#-CoA+ !on*u!e

gru$ri#e a!etat $e o !a#e *ierit+ !u or(area unor !o($u.i s$e!ii!i+ *ieri"i

*e !ei *eri%a"i *in !a#ea (eta)o#i! a a!etatu#ui2

La r3n*u# su+ eo+i+il&lo%a ,(-os-at $ro%ine *in !o()ina"ia a *oiinter(e*iari *in g#i!o#i/+ .i anu(e a!i*u# $iru%i! ;-osat-g#i!eri#a#*e'i*a2

Ci#e (eta)o#i!e a#e (e%a#onatu#ui .i a#e *eo7i7i#u#o/ei->-osat sunt

res$onsa)i#e *e )iosinte/a unui nu(r i($resionant *e (eta)o#i"i ter$eni!i .i

steroi*i!i2

În )iosinte/a $ro*u.i#or natura#i+ $e #3ng a!eti#-CoA+ a!i*u# sii(i!+

a!i*u# (e%a#oni! .i *eo7i7i#u#o/a->-osat+ inter%in re!%ent o serie *e e#e(ente

!onstru!ti%e *eri%ate *in a(inoa!i/i2 Se .tie ! $e$ti*e#e+ $roteine#e+ a#!a#oi/ii

.i (u#te anti)ioti!e $ro%in *in a(inoa!i/i2 În igura $ute(+ *e ase(enea+

%e*ea originea unora *intre !ei (ai i($ortan"i a(inoa!i/i esen"ia#i2O serie *e inter(e*iari *in g#i!o#i/ .i *in !i!#u# <re)s inter%in 5n

)iosinte/a (u#tor a(inoa!i/i *ar a(inoa!i/ii aro(ati!i eni#a#anina+ tiro/ina .i

tri$toanu# sunt+ #a r3n*u# #or+ $ro*u.i ai !ii (eta)o#i!e a s'ii(atu#ui2 Li/ina

.i ornitina+ i($ortan"i $re!ursori ai unor a#!a#oi/i+ $ro%in *in inter(e*iari ai

!i!#u#ui <re)s2



Ce este *e(n *e re(ar!at este a$tu# ! (eta)o#i"ii se!un*ari $ot i

)iosinteti/a"i $rin intera!"iunea (ai (u#tor unit"i stru!tura#e *e a!e#a.i ti$ sau

*e ti$uri *ierite+ !eea !e a($#ii! su)stan"ia# *i%ersitatea stru!tura# *ar !are

toto*at generea/ *ii!u#t"i 5n !eea !e $ri%e.te atri)uirea (eta)o#i"i#or uneia

sau a#teia *in !i#e (eta)o#i!e2 Aste#+ $ro*u.ii natura#i $ot re/u#ta $rin

intera!"iunea unor inter(e*iari *in !i#e (eta)o#i!e a#e a!etatu#ui+ s'ii(atu#ui

.i *eo7i7i#u#o/ei >-osat2 Mu#"i (eta)o#i"i se!un*ari (ai !on"in 5n stru!tura #or

una sau (ai (u#te unit"i g#u!i*i!e+ ie (eta)o#i"i $ri(ari si($#i 6 *e e#u#

g#u!o/ei sau ri)o/ei 6 ie /a'aruri (o*ii!ate sau neo)i.nuite2 Pentru a *e*u!e

(o*u# 5n !are un $ro*us natura# este )iosinteti/at+ este ne!esar *es!o($unerea

stru!turii sa#e 5n e#e(ente#e !onstituti%e .i esti(area unor (e!anis(e *e

asa()#are a a!estor e#e(ente !onstituti%e2

Du$ !u( s-a air(at (ai sus+ 5n )iosinte/a (eta)o#i"i#or se!un*ari

inter%in $u"ine ti$uri *e unit"i stru!tura#e+ unit"i *in !are $re/ent( 5n!ontinuare $e !e#e !are inter%in !e# (ai re!%ent 5n !onstituirea stru!turi#or

(o#e!u#are *e !ar)on .i a/ot2 Cu une#e e7!e$"ii+ ato(ii *e o7igen $ot i

intro*u.i sau 5n*e$rta"i $rintr-o (are %arietate *e $ro!ese )io!'i(i!e2 În igura

9 sunt $re/entate !onigura"ii#e a!estor unit"i stru!tura#e &Dei!+ 99,2

• C. 6 !ea (ai si($# unitate stru!tura#+ !o($us *intr-un singur

ato( *e !ar)on+ *e regu# su) or(a gru$rii (eti#2 Este ata.at

!e# (ai a*esea *e un ato( *e a/ot sau *e o7igen+ iin* *eri%at

*e #a gru$area S-(eti# a L(metioninei2

• C/ 6 $oate i urni/at *e a!etil(CoA2 Ea $oate i o si($# gru$

a!eti#+ !a 5ntr-un ester+ *ar !e# (ai a*esea a!e $arte *intr-un #an"

a#!'i# (ai #ung &!a 5n a!i/ii gra.i, su *intr-un siste( aro(ati!

&*e e72 eno#i,2 De(n *e re(ar!at este a$tu# ! a!eti#-CoA este

(ai 5nt3i !on%ertit 5n malonil(CoA 6 s$e!ie (ai rea!ti% 6 .i

a)ia a$oi in!or$orat2



ig2 9



• C, 6 gru$area i/o$reni!+ ra(ii!at+ se or(ea/ *in

me0alonat sau eo+i+il&lo%" -os-at2 La r3n*u# su+ (e%a#onatu#

re/u#t *in trei (o#e!u#e *e a!eti#-CoA *ar+ *in tota#u# *e .ase

ato(i *e !ar)on ai a!estuia+ *oar !in!i sunt uti#i/a"i *eoare!e

gru$area !ar)o7i#i! se $ier*e2 La r3n*u# su+ *eo7i7i#u#o/a

osat suer o rearan4are stru!tura# !u or(area unit"ii

stru!tura#e i/o$reni!e2

• C1C2 3 re$re/int o unitate stru!tura# eni#-$ro$i#i!+ re/u#t3n*

*in s!'e#etu# *e !ar)on a# !ar)on a# L(tiro%inei sau a L(

-enilalaninei+ *oi *in a(inoa!i/ii *eri%a"i *in !a#ea (eta)o#i!

a s'ii(atu#ui+ !u $ier*erea gru$rii a(ini!e2 Catena #atera# C2

$oate i saturat su nesaturat+ $ut3n* a%ea+ *e ase(enea+ un

ato( *e o7igen2 Catena #atera# $oate i s!in*at+ iin*

5n*e$rta"i unu# sau *oi ato(i *e !ar)on aste# 5n!3t unit"i#estru!tura#e C1C/ .i C1C. re$re/int or(e (o*ii!ate a#e

siste(u#ui C1C22

• Inol(C/N 6 unu# *in a(inoa!i/ii aro(ati!i este L-tri$toanu#

!e !on"ine ine#u# in*o#i!2 A!est a(inoa!i* se $oate *e!ar)o7i#a+

#a e# !a .i L-tiro/ina .i L-eni#a#anina+ re/u#t3n* unitatea

stru!tura# in*o#-C9 N2

• C4N 6 se gse.te *e regu# su) or(a 'etero!i!#i! a $iro#i*inei

!e re/u#t *in a(inoa!i*u# L(ornitin"2 S$re *eose)ire *eunit"i#e stru!tura#e C1C/N .i Inol(C/N+ ornitina urni/ea/

a/otu# G-a(ini! .i nu $e !e# H2 At3t gru$a un!"iona# !ar)o7i#i!

!3t .i !ea H-a(ini! sunt $ier*ute2

• C,N 6 este $ro*us 5n a!e#a.i e# !a .i unitatea C4N *ar o#osin*

L-#i/in *re$t $re!ursor2 A/otu# -a(ini! este re"inut iar



unitatea stru!tura# $oate i 5nt3#nit su) or(a ine#u#ui

$i$eri*ini!2

• C1C/N 3 .i a!east unitate stru!tura# $ro%ine *in L(tiro%in"

sau L( -enilalanin"+ $rin e#i(inarea gru$ei !ar)o7i# a

a(inoa!i*u#ui5

A!este o$t unit"i stru!tura#e re$re/int e#e(ente#e !onstru!ti%e *e )a/

a#e stru!turi#or $entru nu(eroase $ro*use natura#e2 În igura ; re*( !3te%a

e7e($#e asu$ra (o*u#ui 5n !are o serie *e !o($u.i natura#i !u stru!tur

!o($#e7 $ot i $ri%i"i !a .i !o()ina"ie unor unit"i stru!tura#e2

ig2 ;

Nu(ai $rin stu*ierea !i#or )iosinteti!e $arti!u#are a#e *i%er.i#or

!o($u.i natura#i se $oate sta)i#i *e !e 6 #a un anu(it sta*iu 6 este o#osit o



unitate stru!tura# .i nu a#ta2 În !a/u# unor !o($u.i natura#i+ )iosinte/a a!estora

a $resu$us o rearan4are un*a(enta# a s!'e#etu#ui ato(i#or *e !ar)on2 A!east

situa"ie se 5nt3#ne.te (ai a#es 5n !a/u# stru!turi#or *eri%ate *in unit"i

i/o$reni!e+ 5ngreun3n* i*entii!area i(e*iat a unit"i#or stru!tura#e origina#e2

O a#t situa"ia !are $oate $ro*u!e !onu/ii sau !on!#u/ii eronate este a!eea $rin

!are unu# sau (ai (u#"i ato(i *e !ar)on sunt 5n*e$rta"i $rin o7i*are2

REACJII DE APKRARE ÎN RENUL VEETAL2

Siste(e#e *e a$rare a#e $#ante#or a" *e ata!u# inse!te#or sunt oarte

*i%erse+ a!"ion3n* $e *i%erse ni%e#e 5n in#uen"area negati% a $reerin"e#or

a!estora 6 se#e!tarea 'ranei .i a *e$unerii *e ou 6 sau a !ara!teristi!i#or %ita#e 6 *e/%o#tare+ re$ro*u!ere+ rat *e !re.tere+ et!2 6 .i !ontri)uin* aste# #a

!re.terea .anse#or *e su$ra%ie"uire a $#ante#or 5ntr-un (e*iu osti#2

Siste(e#e *e a$rare a#e $#ante#or in!#u* at3t (eto*e 0(e!ani!e1 &s$ini+

tri!'o(i+ $e#i!u#e e$i!uti!u#are .i !rista#e *e !eri*e+ in*ures!en"e+ stru!turi

se!retorii *e #ate7uri sau r.ini, !3t .i (eto*e !'i(i!e &(eta)o#i"i se!un*ari+

$roteine !u ro# *e re*u!ere a *igesti)i#it"ii+ en/i(e antinutriti%e,2 Toate a!este

siste(e *e a$rare $ot i siste(e $er(anente sau in*use *e ata!uri#e inse!te#or2

In*u!erea siste(e#or *eensi%e nu are #o! *oar 5n /ona ata!at !i se e7tin*e $e

toate $r"i#e neae!tate *e ata! a#e $#ante#or2 A!east a$rare siste(i! a $#ante#or i($une e7isten"a unui siste( e7tins *e se(na#i/are !a$a)i# *e a

generare+ trans(itere .i inter$retare a se(na#e#or $ro*use #a #o!u# *e ata!

$re!u( .i *e rea!"ie 5n ur(a ata!u#ui2 Un ro# a$arte 5# au 5n a!est (e!anis( *e

a$rare a!i*u# 4as(oni! .i *eri%a"ii a!estuia !are are at3t ro#u# *e a trans(ite

se(na#e#e $re!u( .i !e# *e in*u!e e7$resia gene#or *eensi%e 5n $r"i#e *ista#e



a#e $#antei2 Dori( s $re/ent( 5n !ontinuare o sinte/ a (e!anis(e#or *e

a$rare a#e $#ante#or $re!u( .i *e trans(itere )io!'i(i! a se(na#e#or2

În 9+ reen .i Ran au *e(onstrat ! $#ante#e *e to(ate .i !artoi

a!u(u#ea/ in'i)itori ai $roteina/e#or tri$sinei .i serinei 5n $r"i#e aeriene !a

ur(are a ata!u#ui inse!te#or sau a #e/iuni#or (e!ani!e2 A!e.ti in'i)itori

a!u(u#a"i 5n $#ante au ro#u# *e a a!e $#anta (ai $u"in !o(esti)i# sau !'iar

#eta# #a ata!u# inse!te#or+ $ri%3n* inse!te#e *e a!torii nutriti%i *in run/e2

A($#e#e !er!etri u#terioare au sta)i#it ! $ro!esu# *e a$rare a#

$#ante#or este unu# oarte *ina(i! .i !o($#e7+ iin* toto*at un $ro!es siste(i!+

!o($u.ii *e a$rare a!u(u#3n*u-se nu nu(ai 5n #o!u# ae!tat !i 5n 5ntreaga

$#ant2 Se $oate *e!i trage !on!#u/ia ! un se(na# generat #o!a# $rin ata!u#

inse!te#or+ se $ro$ag 5n 5ntreaga $#ant+ iin* !a$a)i# s in*u! e7$resia

$roteine#or *e a$rare #a *istan" &S!'a##er+ 9,2

Un $ri( ni%e# *e a$rare a# $#ante#or este !e# #a ni%e# i/i!+ i($us *ea$tu# ! $entru a se 'rni sau a *e$une ou inse!ta tre)uie s sta)i#eas! un

!onta!t ne(i4#o!it !u $#anta &8oe an* S!'a##er+ 9,2 Aste#+ natura i/i! a

su$rae"ei $#antei 4oa! un ro# i($ortant 5n (e!anis(e#e *e a$rare2 La

nu(eroase $#ante %as!u#are !uti!u#a a!estora este a!o$erit !u i#(e sau !rista#e

*e !ear !are+ $e #3ng ro#u# in*is!uta)i# *e #i(itare a trans$ira"iei+ au ro#u# *e

(i!.orare a a*eren"ei inse!te#or+ 5($ie*i!3n*u-#e $e !e#e nes$e!ia#i/ate s

$o$u#e/e su$raa"a run/e#or2 Pute( aste# !onsi*era ! at3t !o($o/i"ia !'i(i!

!3t .i $ro$riet"i#e i/i!e a#e i#(u#ui *e !ear re$re/int a!tori *e (rire a

re/isten"ei $#ante#or #a ata!2A#te !o($onente a#e $#ante#or !u ro# *eensi% sunt s$inii+ (ai ei!ien"i

5($otri%a (a(iere#or ier)i%ore+ .i tri!'o(ii 5($otri%a inse!te#or2 A!e.tia

5($ie*i! inse!te#e *e (i!i *i(ensiuni s ating su$raa"a $#antei sau #e

#i(itea/ (i.!ri#e@ #a tri!'o(ii g#an*u#ari se (ai a*aug .i a!tori !'i(i!i !u

ro# re$e#ent+ *eterent sau i(o)i#i/ant2



Un a#t a!tor i/i! *e a$rare 5# !onstituie *uritatea !res!ut a su$rae"ei+

5n s$e!ia# 5($otri%a $enetrrii "esuturi#or *e inse!te#e sugtoare2 Ea se

rea#i/ea/ $rin *is$unerea #a su$raa"a run/ei a unor (a!ro(o#e!u#e !u( ar i

#ignina+ su)erina sau !e#u#o/a+ a unor (o#e!u#e (i!i !u ee!t re$e#ent &eno#i,

sau !'iar a unor $arti!u#e *e si#i!iu2

Printre siste(e#e *eensi%e $ute( (en"iona .i $e !e# re$re/entat *e o

re"ea *e !ana#e !e !on"in #ate7uri sau r.ini *e$o/itate su) $resiune .i !are 5n

(o(entu# 5n !are !ana#u# este *es!'is 5.i e#i)erea/ !on"inutu# i(o)i#i/3n* sau

!'iar otr%in* ata!atoru#2 Un e7e($#u 5n a!est sens 5# re$re/int a(i#ia

Asclepiadacea2 Late7u# !oagu#ea/ #a aer i(o)i#i/3n* #ar%e#e inse!te#or

ata!atoare2 Late7u# $oate !on"ine a*i"iona# .i !antit"i %aria)i#e *e !ar*eno#i*e

to7i!e2 R.ini#e+ !a or( s$e!ii! *e $rote!"ie i/i! sunt !ara!teristi!e

!oniere#or2 Din $un!t *e %e*ere !'i(i! r.ini#e re$re/int a(este!uri *e

(ono-+ sesui- .i *iter$ene a!i*e2 Inse!te#e !are s$arg !ana#e#e re/iniere sunte7$u#/ate .i (onoter$ene#e %o#ati#e !are asigur #ui*itatea r.inii se e%a$or+

inse!ta iin* !a$turat 5n r.ina !e se so#i*ii! .i !are toto*at sigi#ea/ rana+

5($ie*i!3n* at3t $ier*eri#e *e a$ !3t .i $trun*erea )a!terii#or sau ungi#or

$atogeni2 0Sigi#area1 rni#or se $oate rea#i/a nu nu(ai !u a4utoru# #ate7uri#or

sau a r.ini#or so#i*ii!ate !i .i $rin inu/ia s$re intera"a rnii a unor !o($u.i

!'i(i!i i($er(ea)i#i !u( ar i su)erina .i #ignina+ ur(at *e o in*u!ere a

*i%i/iunii !e#u#are .i or(are a unui $eri*er( !u ro# $rote!tor a" *e $atogeni2

În !eea !e $ri%e.te siste(e#e !'i(i!e *e a$rare 6 siste(e *e !are ne

%o( o!u$a (ai $e #arg 5n !ontinuare 6 a!estea $ot a!"iona $rin unu# sau *ou(e!anis(e2 Aste# a!estea $ot a!"iona !a .i !o($u.i !u un gra* %aria)i# *e

to7i!itate sau $ot in#uen"a negati% !a#it"i#e #or nutriti%e re#ati% #a ata!atori2 În

!eea !e $ri%e.te natura a!estor !o($u.i+ este unani( a!!e$tat i*eea ! ei

a$ar"in %astei !ategorii a (eta)o#i"i#or se!un*ari+ !ategorie *in !are+ #a ora

a!tua# au ost i*entii!a"i $este 2 !o($u.i &S!'a##er+ 9,2 A!e.tia nu

au ni!i un ro# a$arent 5n !a*ru# (eta)o#is(u#ui $ri(ar+ a*i! !e# !are este



res$onsa)i# *e $ro*u!erea 'i*ra"i#or *e !ar)on+ a a(inoa!i/i#or .i a #i$i*e#or !u

ro# *e !o($u.i esen"ia#i 5n nutri"ia ani(a#2

Din $un!t *e %e*ere !'i(i!+ (eta)o#i"ii se!un*ari in!#u* eno#i+ ter$ene+

a#!a#oi/i+ g#u!o/i*e+ g#u!o/ino#a"i+ et!2 Ro#u# #or $oate i oarte *i%ers+ *e #a !e#

*e atragere se#e!ti% a unor anu(ite !ategorii *e inse!te &raene#+ >,+ $3n

#a !e# *e to7i!+ $ertur)atori ai un!"ii#or *igesti%e+ *eteren"i+ $re!ursori $entru

a$rarea !'i(i! sau !ea in*ire!t+ $rin !o($u.i %o#ati#i &<ar)an .i Ba#*in+

,2 În !iu*a *i%ersit"ii #or stru!tura#e+ a a!ti%it"ii .i *istri)u"iei a!estora 5n

regnu# %egeta#+ (eta)o#i"ii se!un*ari *eri% to"i *in inter(e*iari ai

(eta)o#is(u#ui $ri(ar $re!u( s-a artat anterior2

Re%enin* #a siste(e#e *eensi%e a#e $#ante#or 5($otri%a ata!uri#or

itoagi#or+ se !onstat ! a!estea sunt sinoni(e !u re/isten"a $e )a/

a#e#o!'i(i!2 În ur(a stu*ierii a nu(eroase intera!"iuni *intre $#ante .i inse!te

s-a $utut sta)i#i i($ortan"a (eta)o#i"i#or se!un*ari2 S$re *eose)ire *e a!e.tia+(eta)o#i"ii $ri(ari sunt (ai $u"in #ua"i 5n !a#!u# 5n sta)i#irea a!tori#or !e

*eter(in ei!a!itatea siste(e#or *eensi%e a#e $#ante#or+ *e.i 6 5n !a#itate *e

$rin!i$ii nutriti%e $entru itoagi 6 (eta)o#i"ii $ri(ari $ot in#uen"a $roun* at3t

)iostru!tura !3t .i $si'ostru!tura a!estor itoagi2 Ca#it"i#e nutriti%e a#e

$#ante#or sunt *eter(inate 5n (are (sur *e 'i*ra"ii *e !ar)on+ a(inoa!i/ii .i

#i$i*e#e $e !are a!estea #e urni/ea/2 S-a e(is i$ote/a !onor( !reia %aria"ii#e

!a#itati%e .i !antitati%e 5n !eea !e $ri%e.te )iosinte/a (eta)o#i"i#or $ri(ari $ot i

re/u#tatu# $resiunii se#e!"iei e7er!itate *e itoagi 5n !a/u# 5n !are $ro*u!erea

(eta)o#i"i#or $ri(ari este !ontro#at geneti! iar starea *e sntate a $#ante#or+ 5n $re/en"a itoagi#or+ $oate i aso!iat 5ntr-o (anier $re*i!ti)i# !u %aria"ii#e

geneti!e a#e (eta)o#i"i#or $ri(ari &Beren)au(+ >,2 A!east i$ote/ este 5n

!on!or*an" !u #u!rri#e anterioare a#e #ui Ran .i !o#a)2 !are au artat !

e7$resia in*us a in'i)itori#or serin-$roteina/ei interer !u $ro!ese#e *igesti%e

a#e inse!te#or+ #i(it3n*u-#e a!!esu# #a a(inoa!i/i esen"ia#i+ *e!i a!"ionea/ !a un

siste( *eensi% a# $#antei &reen .i Ran+ 9,2 Nu(eroase stu*ii u#terioare



!onstatri#or #ui reen .i Ran au artat ! #a $#ante !o($o/i"ia !'i(i! suer

in#uen"e se(nii!ati%e su) a!"iunea a!tori#or *e (e*iu+ in!#usi% a ani(a#e#or

!are #e !onsu( $re!u( .i ! in*u!erea )iosinte/ei unor $roteine anti-nutriente

nu se #i(itea/ *oar #a in'i)itori ai serin-$roteina/ei+ iin* se(na#a"i .i

in'i)itori ai a#tor !#ase *e $rotea/e $re!u( .i a unor o7i*a/e+ a unor en/i(e !e

(eta)o#i/ea/ a(inoa!i/ii $re!u( .i a unor #e!tine &e#ton+ 9>,2 Aste#+ !a

rs$uns #a ata!u# o(i/i#or+ $oru()u# $ro*u!e o $rotea/ !are *istruge a$aratu#

*igesti% a# a!estora &8e#*t+ 9>,2 Dintre (eta)o#i"ii se!un*ari !u ro# 5n

(e!anis(e#e *eensi%e a#e $#ante#or %o( a!e 5n !ontinuare o tre!ere 5n re%ist

a unor !ategorii (ai i($ortante *in r3n*u# !rora se *e#i(itea/ o serie *e

inse!ti!i*e natura#e !rora #e %o( a!e o $re/entare (ai a(nun"it2

A#!a#oi/ii re$re/int o !ategorie %ast *e (eta)o#i"i se!un*ari !e sunt+

*e regu#+ )iosinteti/a"i *in a(inoa!i/i .i !are+ *in $un!t *e %e*ere !'i(i! se

!ara!teri/ea/ $rin $re/en"a 5n (o#e!u# a unor 'etero!i!#i !u a/ot &Anis/esi+9,2 Ei sunt *e regu# sto!a"i 5n %a!uo#e su) or( $rotonat2

Din !e#e (ai %e!'i ti($uri oa(enii au o#osit a#!a#oi/ii+ su) or( *e

e7tra!te %egeta#e+ !a otr%uri+ sti(u#ante+ nar!oti!e sau (e*i!a(ente2 To!(ai

*atorit a!estei ga(e oarte *i%erse *e ee!te )io#ogi!e+ a#!a#oi/ii au *e%enit .i

o surs i($ortant *e !o($u.i uti#i/a)i#i 5n (anage(entu# *untori#or2 Dat

iin* *i%ersitatea oarte (are a a#!a#oi/i#or+ at3t *in $un!t *e %e*ere a# stru!turii

!'i(i!e !3t .i a# a!ti%it"ii )io#ogi!e+ 5n ina#u# a!estui !a$ito# ne %o( #i(ita #a

$re/entarea !3tor%a gru$e *e a#!a#oi/i uti#i/a"i 5n (anage(entu# integrat a#

*untori#or2Un !o($us !are+ $otri%it esti(ri#or &8e#*t+ 9>,+ este uti#i/at 5n

s!o$uri *eensi%e *e a$ro7i(ati% Q *in $#ante este a!i*u# !ian'i*ri! &8CN,2

A!esta in'i) !ito!ro(o7i*a/a !are re$re/int %eriga ina# *in #an"u#

res$irator+ iin* o otra% oarte $uterni!2 Pentru a nu se autointo7i!a+ $#ante#e

sto!'ea/ a!i*u# !ian'i*ri! su) or(a unor g#i!o/i*e !iano/i*i!e+ !a *e

e7e($#u a(ig*a#ina !e se gse.te 5n s3()urii .i r*!ini#e *e (ig*a#2



Prin 'i*ro#i/ restu# *e /a'r este e#i)erat !u or(are *e !ian'i*rin

!are+ #a r3n*u# ei+ se *es!o($une s$ontan !u e#i)erare *e a!i* !ian'i*ri! .i

or(area unei a#*e'i*e &igura F,:

ig2 F

#i!o/i*e#e !iano/i*i!e sunt *e$o/itate 5n %a!uo#e#e !e#u#e#or su) or(a

unor !o($u.i sta)i#i2 În a#t !o($arti(ent a# !e#u#ei se gse.te g#i!o/i*a/a !are+

5n (o(entu# 5n !are !e#u#a este rnit *e ani(a#e+ %ine 5n !onta!t !u g#i!o/i*a

*es!o($un3n*-o !onor( s!'e(ei *e (ai sus2 De regu#+ a#*e'i*e#e r(ase 5n

ur(a rea!"iei !ata#i/ate *e 'i*ro7initri#-#ia/ sunt oarte to7i!e+ e#i(inarea *in



organis( a a!estor a#*e'i*e iin* (ai *ii!i# *e!3t a!eea a a!i*u#ui !ian'i*ri!

&8e#*t+ 9>,2

#u!o/ino#a"ii au o un!"ie *e $rote!"ie si(i#ar !u a !ianog#u!o/i*e#or2

E#e $ot i 5nt3#nite 5n ri*i!'i+ %ar/ .i (u.tar2 În %ar/+ *e e7e($#u+ se gse.te

g#u!o)rassi!ina !e *eri% *in tri$toan2 Din a!easta+ $rin 'i*ro#i/a rea#i/at *e

tiog#u!o/i*a/ .i rearan4area (o#e!u#ar a restu#ui su#at+ se or(ea/ un

i/otio!ianat !are este to7i! 5n !on!entra"ii ri*i!ate &igura >,2

ig2 >

Me!anis(u# *e or(are este si(i#ar !u !e# 5n !a/u# !ianog#i!o/i*e#or:

g#u!o/ino#a"ii .i tiog#u!o/i*a/a se gses! 5n !o($arti(ente !e#u#are *ierite2 În!a/ *e *eteriorare a "esutu#ui+ en/i(a %ine 5n !onta!t !u su)stratu# $e !are 5#

*es!o($une !u *ega4are *e i/o!ianat to7i! &8a#ier .i Du+ ,2

O a#t !ategorie (are *e (eta)o#i"i se!un*ari+ !u (u#ti$#e uti#i/ri 5n

!a*ru# "esuturi#or %egeta#e o re$re/int eni#$ro$anoi*e#e+ *eri%a"i eno#i!i !are

in!#u* 6 $e #3ng eno#i si($#i 6 #a%onoi*e+ sti#)ene+ taninuri+ #ignani .i

#ignine2



Dintre un!"ii#e a!estora 5n organis(e#e %egeta#e $ute( enu(era:

anti)ioti!e+ $esti!i*e natura#e+ !o($u.i *e se(na#i/are 5n !a/u# sta)i#irii

si()io/ei !u Rhizobia+ atra!tan"i $entru $o#eni/atori+ agen"i *e $rote!"ie

5($otri%a ra*ia"ii#or UV+ i($er(ea)i#i/an"i ai $erete#ui !e#u#ar #a ga/e .i a$

$re!u( .i 6 nu 5n u#ti(u# r3n* 6 (ateria# !onstituti% a# stru!turi#or %egeta#e2

Dat iin* *i%ersitatea at3t a !o($u.i#or eno#i!i *in $#ante+ !a atare+ !3t .i a

un!"ii#or $e !are a!e.tia #e 5n*e$#ines!+ ne %o( reeri $e s!urt *oar #a a!ei

*eri%a"i !are 4oa! un ro# a!ti% 5n siste(e#e *eensi%e %egeta#e2

To"i a!e.ti !o($u.i *eri% *in eni#a#anin .i *in tiro/in &igura , !are+

#a r3n*u# #or+ se or(ea/ *in a.a-nu(ita !a#e (eta)o#i! a s'ii(atu#ui &igura

,2 Cu( a()ii a(inoa!i/i !on"in un rest eni# .i o !aten #atera# C ;+ *enu(irea

generi! a a!estor !o($u.i este *e eni#$ro$anoi*e2

ig2



Unu# *intre (e()rii a!estei !#ase *e !o($u.i este a!i*u# sa#i!i#i!2 În

stare natura# a!esta se gse.te 5n !antitate (are 5n !oa4a *e sa#!ie@ *e ai!i

*eri%3n* .i *enu(irea sa+ Salix iin* *enu(irea #atin a s#!iei2

A!i*u# sa#i!i#i! are un ro# i($ortant 5n )io!'i(is(u# $#ante#or2 Aste#+ s-a

!onstatat ! $#ante#e *e tutun tratate !u a!i* sa#i!i#i! sau !u *eri%atu# a!estuia+

as$irina+ *o)3n*es! o re/isten" s$orit #a $atogeni $re!u( Virusu# (o/ai!u#ui

tutunu#ui2 A!est eno(en s-a $utut !onstata .i #a a#te $#ante ine!tate *e %iru.i

sau ungi *ar .i *u$ e7$unerea #a o/on sau ra*ia"ii UV &Durner et a#2+ @

Mur$' et a#2+ ,2 S-a $utut sta)i#i ! a!i*u# sa#i!i#i! un!"ionea/ !a un

i($ortant !o($us *e se(na#i/are $rin a!ti%area #an"u#ui *e en/i(e !e a! $arte

*in siste(u# *e a$rare 5($otri%a $atogeni#or &8aat .i A'(a*+ 9,2

Lignina+ !e# (ai rs$3n*it (eta)o#it se!un*ar *u$ !e#u#o/ a!e *e

ase(enea $arte *in !aregoria eni#$ro$anoi*e#or2 Mono(erii !onstituti%i ai

#igninei sunt o serie *e !o($u.i eno#i!i+ (ono#igno#ii *in !are a! $arte $-

!u(ari#o#u#+ sina$i#o#u# .i !onieri#o#u#:Prin *i(eri/area (ono#igno#i#or se or(ea/ #ignanii !are 6 *e regu# 6

se !u$#ea/ re*u!ti%+ $ro)a)i# $rin (e!anis(e ra*i!a#i!e+ $rin !atene#e #atera#e

5n $o/i"ia *ar uneori $ot or(a .i $un"i 5ntre nu!#ee#e eno#i!e &Da%in .i

Leis+ 9,2 În #u(ea %egeta# #ignanii sunt oarte rs$3n*i"i !a su)stan"e *e

a$rare+ $rin (e!anis(e *e in'i)are a unor siste(e en/i(ati!e+ !u( ar i

!AMP-oso*iestera/a &8e#*t+ 9>,2



Prin $o#i(eri/area asistat en/i(ati! a (ono#igno#i#or+ su) a!"iunea

#a!a/ei &o (onoeno#-o7i*a/, .i $ero7i*a/e#or+ se or(ea/ #ignina !are $oate

$re/enta o %arietate *e stru!turi .i !o($o/i"ii 5n $erete#e !e#u#ar2

Pe #3ng re/isten"a (e!ani!+ #ignina (ai are .i un!"ia *eensi% $rin

a!eea !+ $e *e o $arte 6 *atorit stru!turii .i !o($o/i"iei sa#e !'i(i!e 6 !reea/

*ii!u#t"i *e *igestie $entru itoagi .i+ $e *e a#t $arte are .i $ro$riet"i *ein'i)are a !re.terii (i!roorganis(e#or2 Mu#te $#ante 5.i or(ea/ #ignine#e !u

s!o$u# *e !i!atri/are a rni#or2

Pro)a)i# !e# (ai (are gru$ *e !o($u.i !'i(i!i *in !ategoria

eni#$ro$anoi*e#or 5# re$re/int #a%onoi*e#e 5n !are #a nu!#eu# eni#$ro$anoi*i!

(ai este ata.at+ 5n $o/i"ia C- un a# *oi#ea ine# aro(ati!2 Biosinte/a a!estora

ur(ea/ !a#ea (eta)o#i! a (a#onatu#ui2 De e7e($#u $entru or(area



!'a#!onei sunt ne!esare o (o#e!u# *e $-!u(aroi#-CoA .i trei (o#e!u#e *e

(a#oni#-CoA+ 5n $re/en"a !'a#!on-sinta/ei &C8S, &roteo#*+ 9,2

A#te $#ante+ in!#usi% $inu#+ %i"a *e %ie .i ara'i*e#e !on"in o a#t en/i(+

sti#)en-sinta/a !are+ *in trei (o#e!u#e *e (a#oni#-CoA .i una *e $-!u(aroi#-

CoA or(ea/ o a#t !ategorie *e #a%onoi*e+ sti#)ene#e &igura ,:

ig2

At3t #a%onoi*e#e !3t .i sti#)ene#e au un!"ii i($ortante *e a$rare a

$#ante#or2 Sti#)ene#e+ *e e7e($#u %inierina *in struguri+ sunt ungi!i*e oarte

ei!a!e+ aste# ! re!ent &8e#*t+ 9>, o gen *in %i"a *e %ie res$onsa)i# *e

or(area res%eratro#u#ui a ost trans$us $rin inginerie geneti! 5n tutun+ a%3n*

!a re/u#tat o)"inerea unui tutun (o*ii!at geneti!+ re/istent #a !iu$er!a $atogen

Botrytis cinerea2



La r3n*u# #or #a%onoi*e#e inter%in a!ti% 5n $rote!"ia $#ante#or a" *e itoagi2

Dintre #a%onoi*e+ !e#e (ai i($#i!ate 5n a$rare $ar a i i/o#a%onoi*e#e .i

anto!ianine#e2 A!"iunea #or inse!ti!i* !u$rin*e o $a#et #arg+ .i anu(e:

*eteren"i+ in'i)itori *e *igestie .i to7i!itate *ire!t &An*ersen+ .i Mar'a(+

9,2 Une#e *intre !e#e (ai !unos!ute inse!ti!i*e a#e a!estei !#ase #e re$re/int

rotenone#e !e $ot i 5nt3#nite 5n r*!ini#e .i $r"i#e aeriene a#e (u#tor s$e!ii

tro$i!a#e *e a)a!eae+ in!#usi% *in genuri#e Derris+ Lon!'!ar$us+ Mun*u#ea .i

Te$'rosia &Daora+ >,2

#a%ono# g#i!o/i*e#e + $e #3ng a!"iunea #or *eterent+ $ot un!"iona .i !a

agosti(u#an"i $entru inse!te2 În une#e !a/uri+ gustu# #a%onoi*e#or $oate i

aso!iat !u !e# a# unor atra!tan"i sau *eteren"i $entru itoagi2 Aste#+ uer!itin-;-

g#u!o/i*a *in $o#enu# *e #oarea-soare#ui & Helianthus annuus, este agoa!ti%

$entru Diabrotica virgifer a !are se 'rne.te !u a!est $o#en &Lin .i Mu##in+

,2Tot 5n !ategoria #a%onoi*e#or intr .i taninuri#e !are+ *in $un!t *e

%e*ere !'i(i!+ sunt $o#ieno#i2 Taninuri#e $ot i *ieren"iate 5n taninuri

!on*ensate+ or(ate *in $o#i(eri #a%onoi*i!i .i taninuri 'i*ro#i/a)i#e or(ate

*in a!i/i ga#i!i #ega"i *e *ierite 'e7o/e2

ru$e#e eno#i!e *in taninuri or(ea/ #egturi *e 'i*rogen !u gru$ri#e

6N8 *in $roteine+ #egturi !e nu $ot i s!in*ate *e en/i(e#e *igesti%e2

Taninuri#e au un gust astringent ne$#!ut+ !e se trans(ite .i !o($#e7u#ui tanin-

$rotein+ .i !are *es!ura4ea/ itoagii 5n a (ai !onsu(a $#ante !e !on"in tanin

&Dang#es .i Duour+ 9,2 De ase(enea+ taninuri#e intera!"ionea/ !u en/i(e#e*in tra!tu# *igesti% a# itoagi#or+ $e !are #e )#o!'ea/+ !au/3n* aste# in*igestie

sau 6 #a !antit"i (ai (ari 6 !'iar (oartea2 De e7e($#u+ 5n sa%ana su*-ari!an

run/e#e *e a!a!ia 6 !are !on"in tanin 5n !antit"i (i!i 6 !onstituie sursa

$rin!i$a# *e 'ran $entru anti#o$e#e u*u2 P#ante#e+ rnite *e ani(a#e e(it

eti#en ga/oas .i+ 5n a$ro7i(ati% ; *e (inute+ sinte/a taninuri#or este in*us

5n $#ante#e 5n%e!inate2 Da! anti#o$e#e (n3n! $rea (u#te *in a!este run/e+



!on"inutu# *e taninuri ingerate !re.te #a un ase(enea ni%e# 5n!3t ani(a#e#e $ot

(uri &8e#*t+ 9>,2 În e#u# a!esta $#ante#e *e a!a!ia se $rote4ea/ *e *eo#ierea

!o($#et $rintr-un siste( !o#e!ti% *e a%erti/are2

MECANISME DE INDUCERE SISTEMICK A REACJIILOR DE

APKRARE

S-a artat (ai sus ! $#ante#e $ose* siste(e *i%erse *e a$rare

5($otri%a itoagi#or+ otr%in* sau !3n* in*igest 'rana a!estora2 Stu*ii#e

a($#e ee!tuate 5n u#ti(ii *ou/e!i *e ani au s!os #a i%ea# e7isten"a unor

!o($u.i !'i(i!i *e se(na#i/are !e a!"ionea/ siste(i!2 În ur(a unui stres

a)ioti! sau a ata!u#ui unor $atogeni sunt ini"iate se(na#e *e a%erti/are 5n!as!a* !are *u! #a o !re.tere a ni%e#u#ui *e Ca9 5n !itoso# .i !are a!ti%ea/

$rotein ina/e#e Ca-*e$en*ente &CD<, &8e#*t+ 9>,2 A!estea (o*u#ea/

e7$resia gene#or $rin inter(e*iu# a!tori#or *e trans!ri$"ie2 Un $ri( rs$uns #a

ata! este *at *e or(area s$e!ii#or *e o7igen rea!ti%e &ROS,+ .i anu(e

su$ero7i*u# & , .isau a$a o7igenat &89O9,2 A!este s$e!ii rea!ti%e or(ate

$rin inter(e*iu# NADP8 o7i*a/ei *in (e()rana $#as(ati! sunt at3t ar(e

!'i(i!e o#osite $entru ata!u# *ire!t a# $atogeni#or !3t .i ini"iatori *e #ansare a

unor trenuri *e se(na#e 5n %e*erea sinteti/rii a#tor !o($u.i !'i(i!i *e a$rare2

A$a o7igenat este i($#i!at 5n $ro!ese#e *e #ignii!are+ 4u!3n* un ro# 5n

rigi*i/area $erete#ui !e#u#ar !u s!o$ *eensi%2 A#t rs$uns *e 5n!e$ut este !e# *e

or(are a o7i*u#ui nitri! rea!ti%&NO,+ $rin o7i*area argininei+ rea!"ie !ata#i/at

*e nitri!-o7i* sinta/a:

Arginin O9 NADP8 Citru#in NADP NO

De ase(enea+ NO $oate i or(at *in ionu# nitrit+ !a rea!"ie se!un*ar

!ata#i/at *e nitrat re*u!ta/:



NO9- NAD&P,8 8 NO 89O

În $#ante NO este un (esager i($ortant 5n rs$unsu# *eensi% &uo et

a#2+ 9;,2 E# in*u!e e#i)erarea Ca9*in s$a"iu# intra!e#u#ar 5n %e*erea !re.terii

Ca9 !ito$#as(ati!+ *e!i a a!ti%rii 5n a!est (o* a se(na#u#ui 5n !as!a*2 NO

este i($#i!at 5n in*u!erea $rogra(at a (or"ii !e#u#are .i a or(rii *eitoa#e7ine2 De ase(enea e# in*u!e sinte/a a!i*u#ui sa#i!i#i! *es$re !are a(

%or)it (ai sus2

O !#as s$e!ia# *e !o($u.i !'i(i!i !are au o !ontri)u"ie (a4or 5n

(e!anis(e#e *eensi%e o re$re/int o7i#i$ine#e2 A!estea re/u#t $rin o7igenarea

a!i/i#or gra.i nesatura"i .i 5n*e$#ines! o (u#titu*ine *e un!"ii *e trans(itere a

se(na#e#or+ at3t 5n regnu# ani(a# !3t .i 5n regnu# %egeta#2 Din !ategoria

o7i#i$ine#or ani(a#e a(inti( $rostag#an*ine#e+ #eu!otriene#e .i tro()o7anii .i

au ro#u# *e reg#are a *i%erse#or $ro!ese i/io#ogi!e2 S$re *eose)ire *e

o7i#i$ine#e ani(a#e a !ror ro# este )ine !unos!ut+ iin* stu*iate 5n a(nun"i(e+o7i#i$ine#e %egeta#e au stru!turi .i un!"ii tota# *ierite .i nu 5n*ea4uns *e )ine

!unos!ute+ iin* i($#i!ate at3t 5n *iri4area rea!"ii#or *eensi%e 6 5n !a#itate *e

su)stan"e !e reg#ea/ rea!"ii#e 5n !as!a* 6 !3t .i *ire!t 6 !a ungi!i*e+

)a!teri!i*e .i inse!ti!i*e sau !a .i !o($u.i %o#ati#i !u ro# *e atra!tan"i $entru

$re*atorii inse!te#or itoage &B#ee+ 99,2 Pe #3ng a!estea+ e#e (ai $arti!i$ #a

!i!atri/area rni#or+ reg#ea/ !re.teri#e %egetati%e .i in*u! senes!en"a2

În $#ante o7i#i$ine#e sunt sinteti/ate $rin inter(e*iu# #i$o7igena/e#or2

A!estea sunt *io7igena/e+ en/i(e !e !ata#i/ea/ intro*u!erea 5n (o#e!u#e#e *ea!i/i gra.i a *oi ato(i *e o7igen+ s$re *eose)ire *e (ono7igena/e#e !are

!ata#i/ea/ intro*u!erea unui singur ato( *e o7igen 5n (o#e!u#2

Li$o7igena/e#e intro*u! o gru$are 'i*ro$ero7i*i! 5n a!i/i gra.i (u#ti$#u

nesatura"i !e !on"in o se!%en" !is+!is-+F-$enta*ieni!+ *e e#u# a!i/i#or #ino#ei!

.i #ino#eni! &eussner et a#2+ 9@ eussner .i Wasterna!+ 99,2 A!i/ii

'i*ro$ero7i re/u#ta"i sunt s!in*a"i *e en/i(a 'i*ro$ero7i-#ia/ 5ntr-un 9-o7o



a!i* .i un ;-!is 'e7ana#+ res$e!ti% 'e7ena#2 Din a!estia *in ur(+ $rin re*u!ere

re/u#t 'e7ano#ii+ res$e!ti% 'e7eno#ii &igura ,2

8e7ana#ii+ 'e7ena#ii+ 'e7ano#ii .i 'e7eno#ii sunt !o($u.i aro(ati!i

%o#ati#i !e !oner (irosu# .i gustu# !ara!teristi! *i%erse#or ru!te .i #egu(e2 La

une#e $ro*use a#i(entare %egeta#e+ !a *e e7e($#u !eaiu# negru .i u#eiu# *e

(s#ine+ !a#itatea a!estora *e$in*e *e !on"inutu# *e 'e7ena#i .i 'e7eno#i

&8atanaa+ ;,2 Ceaiu# negru+ o)"inut $rin $ro!esarea ter(i! a !eaiu#ui

%er*e+ $ro!esare 5n ti($u# !reia 'e7ena#ii sunt !on*ensa"i 5n !o($u.i

aro(ati!i !are-i !oner !eaiu#ui negru aro(a s$e!ii!2

ig2



8e7ena#ii .i 'e7eno#ii a! .i ei $arte *in siste(u# *eensi% a# $#ante#or2

C3n*+ *e e7e($#u+ o run/ este rnit *e o #ar% sau *e o inse!t+ a!easta 5.i

(re.te a!ti%itatea en/i(ati! a #i$o7igena/ei .i 'i*ro$ero7i*-#ia/ei #a #o!u#

rnii !eea !e are !a re/u#tat o !re.tere a e(isiei *e !o($u.i %o#ati#i (en"iona"i

.i !are sunt atra!tan"i $entru ento(oagii !are sunt *u.(anii natura#i ai

itoagi#or2

9-trans-'e7ena#u# este un )a!teri!i* .i inse!ti!i* $uterni!2 8e7ena#u#

intera!"ionea/ .i !u a!tori *e trans!ri$"ie 5n rea!"ii#e *e a$rare2 A!i*u# 9-

o7o- *o*e!eni!+ or(at *in $ro*usu# *e s!in*are a a!i*u#ui ;-'i*ro$ero7i-H-

#ino#eni! are $ro$rietatea *e a !i!atri/a rni#e $ro*use $#ante#or *e itoagi sau

*e a!tori a)ioti!i+ a$t $entru !are a ost nu(it trau(atin2 A!est 'or(on

in*u!e o a($#ii!are a *i%i/iunii !e#u#are 5n /one#e *in 4uru# rnii !eea !e are !a

re/u#tat or(area unui !a#us !e sigi#ea/ rana &8e#*t+ 9>,2

Pe *e a#t $arte+ a!i*u# ;-'i*ro$ero7i-H-#ino#eni! este !on%ertit *e !treen/i(a *i%ini#eter sinta/ 5ntr-un *i%ini#eter2 Di%eni#eterii 6 !u $ro$riet"i

inse!ti!i*e 6 se or(ea/ 5n !antit"i oarte (ari 5n !arto 5n ur(a ine!"iei !u

!iu$er!a Phytophtera infestans2 Su) a!"iunea a#tor *ou en/i(e+ a#eno7i*

sinta/a .i !i!#a/a+ a!i*u# ;-'i*ro$ero7i-H-#ino#eni! !i!#i/ea/ !u or(area 6

*u$ o serie *e rea!"ii inter(e*iare *e s!in*are *e !aten+ X-o7i*are .i re*u!ere

6 a!i*u#ui 4as(oni! &igura , !are+ 5($reun !u *eri%a"ii si &su#a"i .i

(eti#esteri,+ or(ea/ !ategoria *e ito'or(oni !unos!ut su) nu(e#e *e

4as(ona"i &Wasterna!+ 9,2

Stu*ii oarte a($#e ee!tuate 5n u#ti(e#e *ou *e!enii au sta)i#it ! 4as(ona"ii reg#ea/ e7$resia a !3te%a sute *e gene !e inter%in 5ntr-o %arietate *e

$ro!ese )io#ogi!e+ !u( ar i: or(area #ori#or .i ru!te#or+ or(area se(in"e#or+

in*u!erea senes!en"ei .i 6 !eea !e ne interesea/ !e# (ai (u#t+ *in $un!tu# *e

%e*ere a# #u!rrii *e a" 6 inter%ine 5n $ro!ese#e *e se(na#i/are a stresu#ui

)ioti! .i a)ioti!2



ig2

În 9 esteru# (eti#i! a# a!i*u#ui 4as(oni! a ost i/o#at $entru $ri(a

*at *in u#eiu# esen"ia# *e Jasminum grandiflorum &De(o#e et a#2+ 9,2 Un

(o(ent i($ortant 5n 5n"e#egerea ro#u#ui 4as(onatu#ui 5n (onitori/area stresu#ui

)ioti! in*us 5n $#ante *e itoagi a a%ut #o! 5n 9 !3n* ar(er .i Ran au

!onstatat o a#terare *ra(ati! a e7$resiei gene#or #a to(ate in*us *e !tre

4as(onatu# *e (eti#+ tra*us $rintr-o a!u(u#area unui in'i)itor a# $roteina/ei

&PIN 9, 5n 4uru# #e/iuni#or $ro*use *e ata!u# itoagi#or sau !a ur(are a $u#%eri/rii *e 4as(onat *e (eti# $e $r"i a#e $#antei&ar(er .i Ran+ ,2

U#terior s-a $utut sta)i#i i($#i!area a!i*u#ui 4as(oni! 5n a#terarea e7$resiei

geneti!e .i a !i#or (eta)o#i!e $ri%itoare #a a!u(u#area *e $roteine .i a#!a#oi/i

&un*#a!' et a#2+ 9, 5n $#ante2 În u#ti(u# !a/ s-a $utut !onstata o !re.tere a

!on!entra"iei a!i*u#ui 4as(oni! en*ogen 5n !a/u# in*u!erii unui stres a)ioti!

5ntr-o !u#tur *e !e#u#e+ !eea !e a *e(onstrat ! a!i*u# 4as(oni! transer un



se(na# 5ntre sti(u#u# stresor e7tern .i rs$unsu# !e#u#e#or #a stres $rin or(area

*e a#!a#oi/i2

De #a *es!o$erirea rs$unsu#ui siste(i! #a $ro*u!erea unei rni 5n

$#ant+ !er!ettorii au ost o)se*a"i *e natura se(na#u#ui trans(is #a *istan"2

Stu*ii#e $ri%in* gsirea (o*u#ui *e trans(itere siste(i! a se(na#u#ui *e rnire

a *us #a *es!o$erirea #a so#ana!ee a unei $e$ti*e or(at *in resturi *e

a(inoa!i/i+ siste(ina .i a !rei ro# este a!e#a *e $urttor (o)i# *e se(na#@ ea se

gse.te 5n str3ns #egtur !u )iosinteti/area .i a!u(u#area a!i*u#ui 4as(oni!+

iin* (o)i# $rin $'#oe( !3n* este a$#i!at $e ran iar $re!ursorii si sunt

e7$ri(a"i 5n siste(u# %as!u#ar a# $#antei2 Pe )a/a a!estor o)ser%a"ii s-a $ro$us

un (o*e# !onor( !ruia siste(ina este e#i)erat $rin $roteo#i/ *in $re!ursorii

si 5n (o(entu# #e/rii $#antei .i trans$ortat siste(i! 5n toate "esuturi#e un*e

sti(u#ea/ sinte/a a!i*u#ui 4as(oni! !are+ 5n !a#itate %e!tor se!un*ar *e

se(na#i/are in*u!e e7$resia geneti! a a$rrii siste(i!e a $#antei &Ran+9,2

Totu.i a!est (o*e# nu este $e *e$#in !ore!t *eoare!e s-a sta)i#it !

se(na#i/area siste(i! ne!esit e7isten"a siste(inei *oar 5n run/e#e rnite .i nu

.i 5n !e#e sntoase2

Pre/en"a $rotosiste(inei $re!u( .i a en/i(e#or s$e!ii!e !ii (eta)o#i!e

o!ta*e!anoi*i!e 5n *ierite ti$uri *e !e#u#e %as!u#are sugerea/ un (o*e#

!onor( !ruia siste(ina este e#i)erat *in !e#u#e#e $aren!'i(u#ui $'#oe(u#ui

!a rs$uns #a #e/iune+ este a$oi *iri4at s$re su$raa"a !e#u#e#or 5n%e!inate un*e

in*u!e a!ti%area !ii (eta)o#i!e o!ta*e!anoi*i!e *e $ro*u!ere a rs$unsu#uisiste(i!+ iin* a$oi #ansat 5n stru!turi#e *e trans$ort #a *istan"2 &Wasterna!+

9,2

A!u(u#area a!i*u#ui 4as(oni! 5n "esutu# #e/at este a$roa$e instantanee+

atinge un (a7i( #a a$ro7i(ati% o or *u$ $ro*u!erea #e/iunii &S!'a##er .i

Stint/i+ 9, .i este in*e$en*ent *e (o*ii!ri#e *in e7$resia gene#or2

De.i stu*ii#e 5n a!est *o(eniu sunt oarte a($#e .i sus"inute+ totu.i o



(u#"i(e *e 5ntre)ri nu .i-au $ri(it 5n! rs$unsu#2 Aste#+ nu se .tie !u( este

!ontro#at $ro!esu# ini"ia# *e $ro*u!ere a a!i*u#ui 4as(oni! .i ni!i !u( este

#i(itat $ro*u!"ia *e 4as(ona"i 5n "esuturi#e neae!tate2 O a#t !ategorie *e

5ntre)ri !are *eo!a(*at sunt r rs$uns $ri%e.te a!ti%itatea !e#or#a#"i

(e()ri ai a(i#iei 4as(ona"i#or2 De ase(enea nu s-au *es!irat 5n! toate

as$e!te#e $ri%in* trans$ortu# .i (o*u# *e !o(uni!are a inor(a"iei+ a !ror

$urttori sunt 4as(ona"ii+ 5ntre organe#e $#antei $re!u( .i 5ntre *i%erse

organis(e2

Y Y Y

r a 5n!er!a s oeri( so#u"ii !on!rete i(e*iate #a (u#titu*inea *e

5ntre)ri r rs$uns satis!tor+ r o )a/ e7$eri(enta# !u$rin/toare+

!onsi*er( ! un $as (are 5n e#u!i*area !o($#e7e#or (e!anis(e !e in*u!a$rarea 5n regnu# %egeta# s-ar o)"ine $rin a)or*area )iostru!tura# a

eno(enu#ui2

Toate eorturi#e a!tua#e *e e#u!i*are a (e!anis(e#or )io!'i(i!e .i *e

sta)i#ire a *eter(inrii e7$resiei geneti!e a $ro!ese#or )io#ogi!e se )a/ea/+ 5n

a$t+ $e teoria (o#e!u#ar a (ateriei %ii+ !onor( !reia (ateria %ie !onst *in

siste(e (o#e!u#are+ !o($#e7 stru!turate .i organi/ate+ .i !are un!"ionea/ *u$

o #ogi! !'i(i!-ana#iti!2

Ca a#ternati% #a a!east teorie+ A!a*e(i!ianu# ro(3n Eugen

Ma!o%s!'i+ a un*a(entat 5n anu# > teoria )iostru!tura# a (ateriei %ii2Conor( a!estei teorii (ateria %ie !onst *in *ou or(e *ierite *e

(aterie+ !a#itati% *ierite+ !are sunt 5n $er(anent intera!"iune+ !on%ersie

re!i$ro! .i inter*e$en*en": (ateria (o#e!u#ar .i (ateria )iostru!turat2

S$re *eose)ire *e teoria (o#e!u#ar a (ateriei %ii+ *e !on!e$"ie

!'i(i!o-ana#iti!+ teoria )iostru!tura# $resu$une o a)or*are stru!tura#-

eno(eno#ogi!+ *e natur !i)erneti! .i sinteti!2



Biostru!tura re$re/int un ni%e# *ierit *e organi/are !e $oate i 5nt3#nit

*oar 5n (ateria %ie2 O*at !u (oartea organis(u#ui+ (ateria )iostru!turat se

*e/integrea/ ra$i*+ transor(3n*u-se 5n artea!te (o#e!u#are2 Pute( air(a !

*oar siste(e#e 5n !are e7ist (aterie )iostru!turat sunt %ii &Ma!o%s!'i+ 9,

.i+ *atorit a$tu#ui ! re#e!t un ni%e# su$erior *e e%o#u"ie+ #ogi!a #or *e

iin"are *e$.e.te #ogi!a !'i(i! 6 in*ierent *e !o($#e7itatea stru!turi#or2

Stu*iu# a!estor siste(e $oate i rea#i/at *oar $rin $ris(a stru!tura#-

eno(eno#ogi! .i anu(e: *oar siste(e#e !are au $rintre atri)ute#e

un*a(enta#e s!'i()u# *e inor(a"ie !u (e*iu# &(aterie .i energie,+ *e%enirea

&!a un!"ie *e ti($, .i re$ro*u!erea $ot i !onsi*erate !a siste(e %ii &R5.!a .i

Ştiu!+ 9,2

Esen"a (ateriei )iostru!turate $oate i 5n"e#eas *a! se a*(ite ! 5n

(o(entu# 5n !are o (o#e!u# 5ntr 5n stru!turi#e %ii+ ea 5.i $ier*e 0i*entitatea1

(o#e!u#ar2 Statutu# *e (o#e!u# .i-# re!a$t 5n (o(entu# !3n* $rse.te )iostru!tura2 Tre!erea (o#e!u#ei *e #a starea 0nor(a#1 #a !ea )iostru!turat se

$oate rea#i/a *oar !u a$ort energeti!+ a$ort asigurat *e (eta)o#is( &Ma!o%s!'i+

9@ ,2 Datorit naturii sa#e+ )iostru!tura nu $oate i o)ser%at !u

(i4#oa!e#e o)i.nuite *e in%estigare *eoare!e ori!e (eto* *e ana#i/ !e

$resu$une o e.antionare+ s!o"3n* (ateria %ie *in siste(+ o *istruge aste# ! $ot

i ana#i/ate *oar artea!te#e sa#e (o#e!u#are2

O serie *e *ate e7$eri(enta#e re!ente+ !u( ar i stru!tura (i!ro-

reti!u#ar s$ongioas a !e#u#e#or %ii+ $ot i !onsi*erate e!'i%a#entu# )iostru!tura#

a# re"e#ei (i!rotra)e!u#are *es!o$erite !u (i!ros!o$u# e#e!troni! &Dro!'ioiu+9,2

Da! se !onsi*er re"eaua (i!rotra)e!u#ar tri*i(ensiona# !a o

)iostru!tur 5n *es!o($unere+ atun!i )iostru!tura a*e%rat &re"eaua

(i!rotra)e!u#ar %ie, $oate i !onsi*erat !a un siste( !u $atru *i(ensiuni+ trei

s$a"ia#e .i unu# te($ora#+ !e# a# *e%enirii *e !are %or)ea( anterior+ re#e!tat 5n

rit(uri#e )io#ogi!e a#e eno(ene#or 'o(eostati!e &Dro!'ioiu+ 9,2



Materia %ie+ nu(it (aterie )iosi! &Ma!o%s!'i+ , $oate i generat+ 5n

!on*i"ii s$e!ii!e+ *in (aterie (o#e!u#ar .i !onst *in *ou ni%e#uri !e

!oe7ist: (ateria (o#e!u#ar .i (ateria )iostru!turat2 La r3n*u# su+ ni%e#u#

)iostru!tura# $oate *a na.tere 6 5n !on*i"ii s$e!ii!e 6 unui a#t ni%e# a# (ateriei:

ni%e#u# $si'ostru!tura#+ !a e7$resie a $ro!ese#or e%o#uti%e a# stru!turi#or %ii .i

!are este res$onsa)i# *e (aniestri#e s$e!ii!e regnu#ui ani(a#: instin!te#e+

re#e7e#e .i siste(e#e *e !o(uni!are2

ig2

Conor( a!e#eia.i s!'e(e stru!tura#-eno(eno#ogi!e+ (ateria

$si'ostru!turat $oate genera 5n anu(ite !on*i"ii un nou ni%e# *e organi/are a

(ateriei+ *enu(it ni%e# noesi!+ !ara!teristi! iin"ei u(ane .i !are are !a

Ni0el bio(str&!t&ral

Ni0el mole!&lar

Ni0el #si)o(str&!t&ral

Ni0el noesi(str&!t&ral

Determinare

Cooronare

Plant"

AnimalOm



(aniestri g3n*irea a)stra!t .i !on.tiin"a &Dro!'ioiu+ 9,2

Toate !e#e $atru ni%e#e sunt 5ntr-o inter*e$en*en" *ire!t+ $ut3n* i

i*entii!ate *ou ten*in"e (a4ore: una as!en*ent 6 *e *eter(inare .i a#ta

*es!en*ent 6 *e !oor*onare &igura ,2 Pri(a ten*in" se(nii! a$tu# !

ie!are ni%e# *e organi/are a (ateriei 5# *eter(in $e !e# su$erior su &nu $oate

e7ista %ia" r su$ort (o#e!u#ar, iar a *oua ten*in" se(nii! a$tu# !

ni%e#e#e su$erioare !oor*onea/ un!"ionarea ni%e#e#or inerioare #or &R5.!a .i

Ştiu!+ 9,2 Mai tre)uie s $re!i/( $entru 5n"e#egerea !ore!t a $ro!esu#ui

5n ansa()#u !+ s$re *eose)ire *e $ri(u# ni%e# !are !onst *in stru!turi

(o#e!u#are+ !e#e#a#te ni%e#uri &)io-+ $si'o- .i noesi-stru!tura#, sunt ni%e#e $ur

inor(a"iona#e+ *e energie stru!turat2

Din $un!t *e %e*ere !i)erneti! $ute( !onsi*era organis(e#e %ii !a iin*

si(i#are unui !o($uter2 În a!east a$ro7i(are ni%e#u#ui (o#e!u#ar i-ar

!ores$un*e $artea *e 0'ar*are1 !are 6 5n $rin!i$iu 6 este o stru!tur(o#e!u#ar+ !u o stru!tur *e *ierite ni%e#e *e !o($#e7itate *ar !are 5.i $oate

5n*e$#ini sar!ini#e *oar *a! este *iri4at *e o stru!tur inor(a"iona# s$e!ii!+

un 0sotare1 a*e!%at2 Di%erse#e ni%e#uri *e organi/are a#e (ateriei %ii &)iosi!+

$si'i! .i noesi!, sunt si(i#are !u stru!turi#e inor(a"iona#e *e !o($#e7it"i

*ierite+ *e #a !o*u# )inar+ #a !o*uri#e-(a.in .i #i()a4e#e *e asa()#are .i $3n

#a $ro*use#e inor(ati!e *e ni%e# !on%ersa"iona#2 r o inor(a"ie stru!turat

#a ni%e# energeti!+ ori!e siste( *e $re#u!rare a *ate#or+ in*ierent *e

!o($#e7itatea sa+ este o (aterie (o#e!u#ar 0(oart1+ un siste( in!a$a)i# s

$ro!ese/e %reo inor(a"ie2 Ce#e *ou ten*in"e+ as!en*ent .i *es!en*ent+ sunt%a#a)i#e .i 5n !a/u# !a#!u#atoare#or e#e!troni!e: *oar stru!turi (o#e!u#are

s$e!ia#e+ a*e!%ate un!"ii#or $ro$use+ sunt !a$a)i#e s a!!e$te $rogra(e#e

!ores$un/toare a!estor un!"ii .i in%ers+ *oar $rin inter(e*iu# unui 0'ar*1

a*e!%at+ 0soturi#e1 $ot 5n*e$#ini un!"ii#e $entru !are au ost $roie!tate2 Puse

0#a trea)1 stru!turi#e *e#i(itate ar)itrar a#e !o($uteru#ui 5.i 0$ier*1 i*entitatea

ini"ia#+ 5ntregu# siste( a!e un sa#t !a#itati%+ *e%enin* a#t!e%a2



Ce%a si(i#ar+ $str3n* $ro$or"ii#e+ se 5nt3($# .i !u stru!turi#e ni%e#u#ui

(o#e!u#ar a# (ateriei %ii !are 5n $re/en"a unei stru!turi energeti!e s$e!ii!e 6

)iostru!tura 6 *e%ine o entitate nou+ !u (aniestri s$e!ii!e: (ateria %ie2

În e#u# a!esta !onsi*er( ! s-ar $utea 5n"e#ege .i e7$#i!a .i

(e!anis(e#e !o($#e7e *e a$rare *in regnu# ani(a# *es$re !are a( %or)it (ai

sus: a!"iunea siste(i!+ !on!ertat !e se !onstat 5n (o(entu# i($a!tu#ui !u un

a!tor *e stres )ioti! sau a)ioti! nu $oate i 5n"e#eas .i e7$#i!at *oar $rin

(o*ii!ri#e *in e7$resia gene#or 5n !eea !e $ri%e.te stru!turi#e en/i(ati!e+

(o*ii!ri !e au #o! *oar #a ni%e# (o#e!u#ar2 A!east a!"iune 5.i are originea #a

ni%e# )iostru!tura#+ $ut3n* aste# !oor*ona .i sin!roni/a toate a!"iuni#e at3t !e#e

*ire!t *eensi%e !3t .i !e#e a*ia!ente !e au #o! #a ni%e# (o#e!u#ar2 Este o

0$#anii!are1 #a ni%e# )iostru!tura# .i !are se (aniest+ $ut3n* i *ete!tat

ana#iti!+ #a ni%e# (o#e!u#ar2

Pute( aste# s 5n"e#ege( .i *e !e siste(e#e *e #a ni%e#uri#e su$erioare!e#ui (o#e!u#ar nu $ot i (surate .i ana#i/ate !u (eto*e .i instru(ente

s$e!ii!e ni%e#u#ui (o#e!u#ar@ ar i o a)or*are re*u!"ionist !are *in start are

.anse (ini(e *e reu.it2

COMPUŞI DE ORIINE VEETALK

UTILIZAJI ÎN MANAEMENTUL INTERAT AL DKUNKTORILOR

.5 Piretr&l5 Este !e# (ai )ine !unos!ut inse!ti!i* *e origine %egeta#2 Se

gse.te 5n *i%erse $#ante !u( ar i agetes &minuta! patula! erecta,+ Dysodia

tenuifolius sau Ageratum conyzoides2 I($ortan" e!ono(i! 5ns o $re/int

anacetum cinerariaefolium *ar .i " roseum sau " coccinum &S!'(utterer .i

8u)er+ 9>,2 A!easta se gse.te 5n une#e $r"i a#e Ari!ii+ 5n s$e!ia# <enia .i

Tan/ania &<enia $ro*u!e Q *in $ro*u!"ia (on*ia# *e $iretru, $re!u( .i 5n



Asia .i A(eri!a *e Su*2

Din $un!t *e %e*ere !'i(i!+ e7tra!tu# *in #ori#e *e anacetum !on"ine o

5ntreag serie *e !o($u.i !'i(i!i *intre !are au ost i/o#a"i !u ee!te

inse!ti!i*e+ .i anu(e: $retrina I .i II+ 4as(o#ina I .i II $re!u( .i !inerina I .i II@

to"i sunt esteri nesatura"i+!u ur(toarea stru!tur !'i(i!:

To"i a!e.ti !o($u.i sunt #i!'i*e %3s!oase a !ror !u#oare %aria/ *e #a

in!o#or #a )run+ un!"ie *e $uritatea !o($usu#ui .i !u un u.or (iros #ora#@

$un!te#e *e ier)ere %aria/ 5ntre .i 9C2 Co($u.ii sunt inso#u)i#i 5n a$

.i u.or so#u)i#i 5n so#%en"i organi!i2 Catene#e #atera#e nesaturate $re!u( .i ine#u#

!i!#o$ro$ani! se $ot o7i*a u.or su) a!"iunea #u(inii+ 5n s$e!ia# a !e#ei !u$rins

5ntre #ungi(i#e *e un* *e 9 .i F n(+ !eea !e+ *in $un!t *e %e*ere $ra!ti!

re$re/int un *e/a%anta42 A!east oto*egra*are $oate i *i(inuat $rin

intro*u!erea 5n a(este!u# inse!ti!i* a unor antio7i*an"i !u ee!t sta)i#i/ator+

!u( ar i 'i*ro!'inona sau re/or!ina+ sau a unor a)sor)an"i *e ra*ia"ii UV *e

e#u# !i!#a(atu#ui *e )en/i#2 Co($o/i"ia e7tra!tu#ui+5n !eea !e $ri%e.te



!o($u.ii a!ti%i $oate %aria+ $on*erea iin* *e"inut *e $retrine &9 6 99 Q,+

ur(ate *e !inerine &>+> 6 Q, .i 4as(o#ine &9 6 9+> Q,2 A#"i !o($u.i

i*entii!a"i 5n e7tra!t sunt: sesuiter$ene+ #a%onoi*e+ stero#i+ a!i/i gra.i .i

!arotenoi*e2

Vor)in* *es$re $iretru tre)uie s a(inti( uti#i/area unor !o($u.i !are+

5n a(este! !u a!esta+ 5i a($#ii! ee!te#e inse!ti!i*e2 Ce# (ai i($ortant *intre

!o($u.ii !u ee!t sinergi! 5n a(este! !u $iretru# este $i$eroni# )uto7i*u#+ e7tras

ini"ia# *in u#eiu# *e sassaras &Sassafras albidum, .i !are 5n $re/ent se o)"ine

$rin sinte/:

Din $un!t *e %e*ere a# a!ti%it"ii )io#ogi!e+ $iretru# a!"ionea/ $rin

!onta!t+ !a $ara#i/ant ner%os@ ini"ia# in*u!e o e7!itare a ter(ina"ii#or ner%oase+

ur(ea/ a$oi (i.!ri *e/or*onate .i $ara#i/ii2 La *o/e su)#eta#e $iretru# are

ee!t re$e#ent .i *e s!*ere a nu(ru#ui *e ou *e$use &S!'(utterer .i 8u)er+

9>,2

Unu# *intre !e#e (ai (ari su!!ese !o(er!ia#e #-a re$re/entat o)"inerea

unei 5ntregi serii *e $iretroi*e *e sinte/+ $ornin* *e #a $retrina I .i !are 6 s$re*eose)ire *e $iretroi*e#e natura#e 6 sunt (u#t (ai $u"in oto*egra*a)i#e2

A!easta s-a rea#i/at *atorit (o*ii!ri#or a*use 5n stru!tura !'i(i! a

$iretroi*e#or natura#e+ 5n s$e" a $retrinei I+ at3t $rin 5n#o!uirea ine#u#ui

)uteno#i*i! !u stru!tura !i!#i! ;-eno7ieni#i! !3t .i $rin intro*u!erea *e

'a#ogeni &C#+ Br+ , 5n a!i*u# !ri/ante(i! &Is'aaa et a#2+ 9,2

S-a a4uns aste# !a $iretroi*e#e (o*erne s se ase(ene *oar oarte $u"in

!u $iretroi*e#e natura#e+ at3t 5n !eea !e $ri%e.te stru!tura !'i(i! !3t .i 5n !eea



!e $ri%e.te (o*u# #or *e a!"iune asu$ra inse!te#or &Perr et2 a#2+ ,:

/5 6&assia2 Co($usu#+ uti#i/at *e in*ienii *in A(a/onia *e (ai (u#te sute

*e ani 5($otri%a e)rei+ a 5n"e$turi#or *e inse!te .i a (u.!turi#or *e .er$i+ este

o)"inut *in $artea #e(noas a $#antei #uassia amara+ *in a(i#ia Simarubacae+

rs$3n*it 5n Bra/i#ia+ A(eri!a Centra# .i Carai)e2 De ase(enea+ !o($usu#

a!ti% se (ai e7trage .i *in Picrasma excelsa2 Ca inse!ti!i* agri!o# .i *e u/

!asni! uassia este uti#i/at *e $este o sut *e ani2 E7tragerea $ro*usu#ui se

rea#i/ea/ *in #e(nu# (!inat+ $rin antrenare !u %a$ori sau !u a4utoru#

a#!oo#u#ui2 În $#ant+ !on!entra"ia uassiei este *e a$ro7i(ati% +9Q2

Prin!i$iu# a!ti% a# $#antei este o triter$en#a!ton+ &,-uassinu#+ un

!o($us !rista#in+ a#)+ !u $2t2 99-999 C+ *in $un!t *e %e*ere !'i(i! un *eri%at

*e 'i*ro7iantra!'inon &Breit(eier+ 9,2 Este !e# (ai a(ar !o($us natura#

!unos!ut+ *e!e#a)i# #a o !antitate *e 2$$(+ .i iin* *e > *e ori (ai a(ar

*e!3t !'inina2



Pe #3ng uassin+ 5n !antitate (ai (i! *ar !u ee!te )io#ogi!e si(i#are

se gse.te neouassinu#2 Prin!i$a#a a!"iune )io#ogi! a uassinu#ui este !ea *e

)#o!are a siste(e#or en/i(ati!e res$iratorii a#e #ar%e#or inse!te#or2

25 Rotenona5 Ee!tu# to7i! a# rotenonei a ost o#osit 5n (o* e($iri!+ !u

(u#t 5nainte *e *es!o$erirea .i i/o#area !o($usu#ui2 Aste#+ $#ante#e !e !on"inrotenon se o#oseau 5n Ari!a+ Asia .i A(eri!a Latin $entru otr%irea

%3ruri#or *e sge"i2 De ase(enea+ #a a*ugarea 5n a$ a $re$arate#or *e

rotenon+ $e.tii se ri*i!au #a su$raa" $ut3n* i aste# $rin.i u.or2 Deoare!e

rotenona se *egra*ea/ ra$i* 5n !or$u# #or+ !arnea #or $oate i !onsu(at r

ris!uri2

Rotenona se gse.te 5n *i%erse $#ante+ 5n s$e!ia# *in genu# Pa$i#iona!ee

6 !u( ar i: Derris elliptica! $onchocarpus salvadorensis sau ephrosia vogelli+

iin* #o!a#i/at 5n !on!entra"ie (ai (are 5n r*!ini .i 5n se(in"e *ar $ut3n*u-segsi .i 5n run/e sau ru!te2

Rotenona este un !o($us 'etero!i!#i! *in gru$a !u(arone#or+ or(3n*

!rista#e a!i!u#are in!o#ore+ $2t2 9+> 6 F C+ greu so#u)i#e 5n a$+ u.or

so#u)i#e 5n a#!oo#+ !#oroor( .i eter2



Ca (o* *e a!"iune+ rotenona $ro*u!e $ertur)area #u7u#ui *e e#e!tron

*in (ito!on*rii $re!u( .i 5ntreru$erea #an"u#ui )iosinteti! a# #a%o$roteine#or .i

a# u)i!'inonei2 &Daora+ >@ S!'(utterer .i 8u)er+ 9,2

45 Neem5 Pro)a)i# ! ni!i un inse!ti!i* *e origine %egeta# nu a ost (ai

!er!etat 5n u#ti(ii *ou/e!i *e ani $re!u( a!esta2 &<#ee)erg .i Ze)it/+

+ + 9@ <ou# .i D'a#ia#+ 9@ <ou# .i Wa'a)+ 9F@

S!'(utterer .i 8u)er+ 9,

În Asia tro$i!a#+ 5n s$e!ia# $e su)!ontinentu# in*ian+ s-au o#osit

*ierite $r"i a#e ar)ore#ui Nee( & Azadirachta indica A2 ?uss, 5n! *in $erioa*a

%e*i!2 run/e#e a!estui ar)ore se $uneau 5n gr3ne+ 5ntre 'aine sau !r"i $entru a

#e $rote4a *e inse!te2



Prin!i$iu# a!ti% 5# re$re/int a/a*ira!'tine#e+ tetranortriter$ene *in gru$a

#i(onoi*e#or *intre !are a/a*ira!'tina A &, .i B&9, $re/int !e#e (ai

se(nii!ati%e ee!te inse!ti!i*e2

De regu#+ ra$ortu# 5ntre a/a*ira!'tina A .i B este *e ;:2 A#"i !o($u.i

)ioa!ti%i !e se $ot gsi 5n !antit"i se(nii!ati%e &Si*'u+ O2P2+ <u(ar+ V2+ Be'#+

82M2+ 9F, 5n e7tra!tu# *in se(in"e *e nee( sunt sa#anina .i ni()ina *ar !are

$re/int *oar ee!te *e $ertur)are a 'rnirii &antiee*ing,:

În $re/ent se !unos! $este *ou sute *e s$e!ii *e inse!te asu$ra !rora

a/a*ira!'tina are ee!t+ 5n $rin!i$a# !a antiee*ant .i $ertur)ator *e !re.tere+

$re/ent3n* .i o to7i!itate a$re!ia)i# a" *e inse!te &LD>&Schistocerca

littoralis,: > [gg,2 A/a*ira!'tina este )io*egra*a)i# .i $re/int o to7i!itate

oarte re*us a" *e (a(iere+ !eea !e a!e *in ea o ar( e!o#ogi!

i($ortant 5n (anage(entu# integrat a# *untori#or2 Ee!te#e a/a*ira!'tineiasu$ra inse!te#or sunt s$e!ii!e+ $ut3n* i gru$ate $e (ai (u#te !ategorii+ .i

anu(e $ertur)area 'rnirii+ a (eta(oro/ei .i a re$ro*u!erii2

Prin!i$a#a surs *e a/a*ira!'tin o re$re/int se(in"e#e ar)ore#ui Nee(

!are !on"in 6 a#turi *e !o($u.i 5nru*i"i 6 5ntre +9 .i + Q+ *ar a/a*ira!'tina

$oate i gsit .i 5n run/e sau s!oar"2

Pe *e a#t $arte s-au ee!tuat nu(eroase stu*ii $ri%in*+ $e *e o $arte+

o)"inerea *e ana#ogi sinteti!i ai a/a*ira!'tinei $re!u( .i+ $e *e a#t $arte+



o)"inerea a/a*ira!'tinei $rin inter(e*iu# $ro!ese#or )iote'no#ogi!e2 A()e#e !i

nu $re/int *eo!a(*at i($ortan" e!ono(i! .i a!easta *eoare!e ana#ogii

sinteti!i $re/int+ a$roa$e r e7!e$"ie+ o a!ti%itate )io#ogi! (ai re*us *e!3t

a/a*ira!'tina natura# iar $rin inter(e*iu# !u#turi#or *e "esuturi $ro*u!"ii#e *e

a/a*ira!'tin sunt s!/ute aste# ! 6 #a ora a!tua# 6 e7tra!"ia in*ustria# *in

se(in"e este singura (eto* !u %ia)i#itate !o(er!ia# &<ou# .i Wa'a)+ 9F@

Is'aaa et a#2+ 9,

,5 E+tra!t&l e &st&roi5 Usturoiu# & Allium sativum, a ost o#osit 5n! *in

anti!'itate at3t !a a#i(ent &!on*i(ent, !3t .i !a (e*i!a(ent+ re(ar!3n*u-se at3t

$rin $ro$riet"i#e sa#e organo#e$ti!e !3t .i ante)a!teriene2 Nu este *e!i *e (irare

a$tu# ! s-a 5n!er!at o#osirea sa 5n !o()aterea *untori#or2

Prin!i$a#e#e ee!te a# e7tra!tu#ui *e usturoi sunt !e#e inse!ti!i*e .i

re$e#ente .i e#e se *atorea/ unui !o($#e7 *e !o($u.i s$e!ii!i+ *intre !area(inti(: a#i!in+ aion+ a!i* 9-$ro$ensu#oni!+ 9-$ro$entio#+ $ro$i#en .i

tioa!ro#ein &Lason+ L2D2 an* 8ug'es+ B22+ 9,+ o)"inu"i $rin antrenare !u

%a$ori2

În s!o$uri $ra!ti!e se o#oses! at3t so#u"ii a$oase sta)i#i/ate *e e7tra!t

*e usturoi !3t .i $u#)ere *e usturoi us!at2



15 7lei&l e ra#i$"5 Uti#i/area u#eiuri#or (inera#e 5n !o()aterea

*untori#or este )ine!unos!ut &Regnau#t-Roger+ 9>,2 De regu#+ se

uti#i/ea/ ra!"ii *in *isti#area $etro#u#ui+ !rora #i se a*aug e(u#gatori .i se

uti#i/ea/ 5n s$e!ia# 5n #i%e/i#e *e $o(i ru!tieri2 În i*eea gsirii unor $ro*use

natura#e ietine .i toto*at e!o#ogi!e+ s-a a4uns #a o#osirea u#eiu#ui *e ra$i" 5n

!o()aterea a!arieni#or .i a inse!te#or+ o)"inut *in se(in"e#e ra$i"ei & Brassica

napus L2 ss$2 %leifera,2 O)"inerea sa se a!e sau $rin $resarea #a re!e a

se(in"e#or *e ra$i" sau $rin e7tragerea !u 'e7an2

Pe #3ng ee!te#e )io#ogi!e se(nii!ati%e+ u#eiu# *e ra$i" are .i

a%anta4u# ! se *es!o($une ra$i* 5n (e*iu# a()iant+ s$re *eose)ire *e u#eiuri#e

(inera#e !are 6 *in a!est $un!t *e %e*ere 6 au un $oten"ia# $o#uant (ai ri*i!at2

De ase(enea+ u#eiu# *e ra$i"+ $rin ee!te#e se!un*are (inore sau a)sente

asu$ra ento(oagi#or+ este un $ro*us a*e!%at 5n !o()aterea )io#ogi! integrata *untori#or2

U#eiu# *e ra$i" se $retea/ #a a$#i!area 5n !o()ina"ie !u $ro*use *e

sinte/+ !eea !e are !a a%anta4 o#osirea unor *o/e (ai (i!i *in !o($u.ii *e

sinte/ .i+ 5n !onse!in"+ (i!.orarea ris!u#ui *e $o#uare !u $esti!i*e

&S!'(utterer .i 8u)er+ 9,2

Prin!i$ii#e a!ti%e !u i($ortan" 5n (anage(entu# *untori#or sunt

a!i/ii gra.i+ 5n s$e!ia# a!i/ii o#ei!+ #ino#ei!+ #ino#eni! &C#a*en et a#2+ 9,2A#"i

a!i/i gra.i !e intr 5n !o($o/i"ia u#eiu#ui 6 $re!u( a!i/ii $a#(iti!+ ei!oseni! .i

eru!i! 6 au o i($ortan" re*us *atorit $on*erii (i!i 5n !o($o/i"ia u#eiu#ui2



De ase(enea se (ai $ot 5nt3#ni g#u!o/ino#a"i+ to7i!i $entru (a(iere+

!u( ar i g#u!ona$ina+ g#u!o)rassi!ana$ina .i $rogoitina2



85 Feromonii2 S!'i()u# *e inor(a"ie !u (e*iu# este un atri)ut

un*a(enta# a# stru!turi#or %ii+ in*ierent *e !o($#e7itatea .i *e gra*u# #or *e

*e/%o#tare2 Unu# *in !ana#e#e *e trans(itere a a!estei inor(a"ii este !e# !'i(i!+

(esa4e#e iin* trans(ise $rin inter(e*iu# unei ga(e #argi *e (eta)o#i"i

se!un*ari+ !u s$e!ii!itate oarte (are .i !are sunt !unos!u"i 5n #iteratura *e

s$e!ia#itate su) *enu(irea generi! *e !om#&9i semio!)imi!i

&semio!)emi!als 5n #)2 eng#e/,2 La r3n*u# #or+ a!e.ti !o($u.i se(io!'i(i!i

5($art 5n !om#&9i alelo!)imi!i $entru !o(uni!area 5ntre (e()rii unor s$e!ii

*ierite+ *i%i/a"i #a r3n*u# #or 5n alomoni .i *airomoni+ .i -eromoni+ 5n !a/u# 5n

!are a!i#itea/ !o(uni!area 5ntre (e()rii a!e#eia.i s$e!ii &Meer+ 9,2 La

a!e.tia *in ur( ne %o( reeri 5n !ontinuare2

Denu(irea *e ero(on+ intro*us $ri(a *at 5n > &<ar#son .i

L\s!'er+ >,+ *eri% *in #i()a grea! &&'() $'ero 0a trans$orta1 *+(,-./'or(one 0a sti(u#a1, .i *ese(nea/ un !o($us !'i(i! !e in*u!e un rs$uns

s$e!ii! a#tui in*i%i* *in !a*ru# a!e#eia.i s$e!ii2 ero(onii $ot ser%i *re$t

atra!tan"i sau re$e#en"i+ $ot $ro%o!a sau in'i)a *i%erse a!"iuni #a (o(ente )ine

*eter(inate+ et!2 De.i stu*ii#e !e#e (ai a($#e au ost 5ntre$rinse $e inse!te+ se

.tie ! (u#te $#ante $re!u( .i (u#te %erte)rate+ in!#usi% oa(enii !o(uni! !u

a4utoru# ero(oni#or2

Din $un!t *e %e*ere a# ee!te#or )io#ogi!e+ $ute( a!e o !#asii!are a

ti$uri#or *e ero(oni+ *u$ !u( ur(ea/ &Meer+ 9,:

- de agregare: sunt $ro*u.i *e in*i%i/ii *e unu# *in se7e .i au!a ee!t atragerea in*i%i/i#or *e a()e#e se7e@

- de alarmare: une#e s$e!ii e(it+ 5n (o(entu# 5n !are sunt

ata!ate *e un $r*tor+ su)stan"e %o#ati#e !are $ot in*u!e #a

(e()rii a!e#eia.i s$e!ii /)oru# &#a ai*e, sau agresi%itatea &#a

a#)ine,2 A!e#a.i ti$ *e ero(oni $ot i 5nt3#n"i at3t #a une#e

$#ante !are+ 5n (o(entu# 5n !are sunt !onsu(ate+ e(it



ero(oni *e a#ar(are !e au !a re/u#tat $ro*u!erea *e taninuri

5n $#ante#e 5n%e!inate+ taninuri !are #e a! (ai $u"in

a$etisante $entru $r*tori &Bot'(a+ 99,2

- epideictici : *ier *e ero(onii *e (ar!are a teritoriu#ui2

e(e#e#e inse!te#or !are 5.i *e$un ou#e (ar!'ea/ #o!u# !u

a!e.ti ero(oni $entru a anun"a a#te e(e#e ! tre)uie s-.i

!aute a#t #o!a"ie2

- atractanţi : $ot atrage $artenerii .i *e #a !3"i%a i#o(etri

*istan"2 A!est ti$ *e ero(oni este oarte ra$i* *egra*at+

s$re *eose)ire *e !ei $ri(ari !are au o rs$3n*ire (ai #ent

.i o *urat (ai #ung *e %ia"2

- primari : in*u!+ 5n $rin!i$iu+ o (o*ii!are !o($orta(enta#2

- teritoriali : (ar!'ea/ #i(ite#e teritoriu#ui unui in*i%i*2

- de traseu: !ara!teristi! inse!te#or so!ia#e+ *e e7e($#uurni!i#e+ !are 5.i (ar!'ea/ trasee#e !u !o($u.i ne%o#ati#i

*in gru$a 'i*ro!ar)uri#or2 Se o#oses! 5n s$e!ia# 5n (ar!area

trasee#or s$re surse#e *e 'ran+ iin* $er(anent re5nnoite

at3ta ti($ !3t sursa *e 'ran e7ist2

- sexuali : #a ani(a#e in*i! *is$oni)i#itatea e(e#e#or $entru

e!un*are2 La inse!te a!e.ti ero(oni au ro#u# *e atragere a

$arteneri#or *e #a *istan"e (ari+ *e $3n #a ( &*e e72 #a

#e$i*o$tere,2

- Nasonov: ser%es! #a orientarea a#)ine#or #u!rtoare #are%enirea 5n !o#onie2

E7ist .i a#te ti$uri *e ero(oni !are 5n*e$#ines! (u#te un!"ii

su$#i(entare+ !#asii!area *e (ai sus iin* ar)itrar2

Date iin* ee!te#e )io#ogi!e *es!rise (ai sus+ s-a i($us i*eea o#osirii

ero(oni#or 5n (anage(entu# *untori#or+ $rin atragerea 5n !a$!ane sau

res$ingerea unor anu(ite s$e!ii *e inse!te2 Deoare!e !antit"i#e *e ero(oni



e(ise *e g#an*e#e s$e!ia#i/ate a#e inse!te#or sunt oarte (i!i &*e or*inu#

nanogra(e#or,+ s-a $us $ro)#e(a sinteti/rii a!estora sau a uti#i/rii unor

ana#ogi *in $un!t *e %e*ere a# rs$unsu#ui )io#ogi! &B#o(uist .i Vogt+ 9;+

Watt+ 9;,2

Reerin*u-ne #a stru!tura !'i(i! a ero(oni#or+ se !onstat o

*i%ersitate .i o !o($#e7itate oarte (are a a!estor !o($u.i+ aste# 5n

)ine!unos!uta )a/ *e *ate P)erobase &E#-Sae*+ 9, sunt !u$rinse #a ora

a!tua# a$ro7i(ati% ; *e (o#e!u#e+ *in !are #a > sunt in!#use .i *ate#e

s$e!tra#e+ $ro%enite *in >2 *e !itri .i ;92 *e $agini 't(#2 Este u.or *e

5n"e#es *e!i !o($#e7itatea .i *i%ersitatea stru!tura# a a!estor !o($u.i !'i(i!i

$re!u( .i $ro)#e(e#e $use *e sinteti/area a!estora2

De regu# ero(onii sunt (o#e!u#e organi!e !u (ase (o#e!u#are re#ati%

(i!i &*e regu# 5ntre > .i , .i !u$rin/3n* 5ntre .i F> *e ato(i *e !ar)on 5n

(o#e!u#2 Legturi#e *u)#e .i !entre#e sterogeni!e *in (o#e!u#e !on*u! #a o*i%ersii!are .i (ai a($# $rin $osi)i#itatea or(rii *e stereoi/o(eri &Mori+

9F,2 Desigur+ sinte/e#e *e ero(oni tre)uie s re/o#%e $ro)#e(e#e !urente

i%ite 5n sinte/e#e !'i(i!e+ !u( ar i or(area #egturi#or !ar)on-!ar)on+

transor(area gru$e#or un!"iona#e .isau $re$ararea enantiose#e!ti% a

stereoi/o(eri#or *ori"i &u'r'o$ .i Pen/#in+ F,2

r a intra 5n a(nunte *e sinte/ !'i(i!+ !are nu a! o)ie!tu# #u!rrii

*e a"+ $ute( enu(era !3te%a ti$uri *e ero(oni sinteti/a"i+ .i anu(e:

- a#!ani+

- o#eine+- e$o7i/i+

- a#!oo#i+ !etone+ a!i/i nei/o$reni!i .i esterii a!estora+

- #a!tone+ se(ia!eta#i .i a!eta#i

- 'i*ro!ar)uri+ a#!oo#i+ a#*e'i*e .i !etone i/o$reni!e+

- 'etero!i!#i+ et!2

Ştiin"a sinte/e#or !'i(i!e este *e4a sui!ient *e *e/%o#tat $entru a



rea#i/a sinte/e !antitati%e *e ero(oni2 Pro)#e(a !are se $une este a!eea *e a

gsi (eto*e !3t (ai si($#e .i ei!iente e!ono(i!+ $entru a rs$un*e !erin"e#or

unei $ie"e 5n !ontinu *e/%o#tare2

:5 Ter#enele5 U#eiuri#e esen"ia#e *in $#ante+ o)"inute $rin antrenare !u

%a$ori sau $rin e7tra!"ie !u so#%en"i *intr-o (u#titu*ine *e $#ante (e*i!ina#e .i

aro(ati!e sau *in ar)ori au ost re!unos!ute *e (u#t %re(e !a a%3n*

$ro$riet"i inse!ti!i*e sau re$e#ente *ar o#osirea #a s!ar !o(er!ia# a a!estor

u#eiuri s-a e7tins a)ia *e !ur3n* &Is'aaa et a#2+ 9,2 Literatura *e s$e!ia#itate

(en"ionea/ #a ora a!tua# a$ro7i(ati% ;2 *e ter$ene &Breit(eier+ 9,2

Stru!tura *e )a/ a s!'e#etu#ui ter$ene#or ur(ea/ $rin!i$iu# genera# a#

resturi#or *e 9-(eti#)utan+ !unos!ute su) nu(e#e *e unit"i i/o$reni!e &C>,n+ a.a

nu(ita regu# i/o$reni! a #ui Ru/i!a2

În natur ter$ene#e se gses! (ai a#es su) or( *e 'i*ro!ar)uri+ a#!oo#i.i g#i!o/i*e a#e a!estora+ eteri+ a#*e'i*e+ !etone+ a!i/i !ar)o7i#i!i .i esteri2 Partea

i/o$ro$i#i! a 9-(eti#)utanu#ui este *ese(nat *re$t cap iar restu# eti#i! *re$t

coad02 Mo*u# *e !one!tare a# unit"i#or i/o$reni!e 5n *i%erse#e !ategorii *e

ter$ene se $oate o)ser%a 5n igura &Breit(eier+ 9,:



ig2

A!eti# !oen/i(a A este $re!ursoru# )iogeneti! a# ter$ene#or2 Pentru

sinte/a (ono- .i sesuiter$ene#or+ a!etil !oen%ima A &a!i*u# a!eti! a!ti%at,



!on*ensea/ !u o a#t (o#e!u# *e a!eti# !oen/i( A !u or(are+ 5n ur(a (ai

(u#tor transor(ri+ *e a!i me0aloni! &igura 9,:

ig2 9



Din a!esta+ $rin *e!ar)o7i#are .i i/o(eri/are en/i(ati!e+ se or(ea/

]+]-*i(eti#a#i#$iroosatu# *in !are re/u#t (onoter$ena gerani#$iroosat .i+ $rin

!o()inarea !u 5n! o (o#e!u# *e i/o$enteni#$iroosat+ sesuiter$ena

arnesi#$iroosat &S!'u#/+ 9>@ Breit(eier+ 9,2

În (o* si(i#ar+ ter$ene#e su$erioare se or(ea/ $rin ata.area su!!esi%

a $r"ii nu!#eoi#e a i/o$enteni#$iroosatu#ui #a ter$ene#e inerioare+ rea#i/3n*u-

se o a#ungire su!!esi% a #an"u#ui i/o$reni! &8a)er(e'#+ 9,2

În !eea !e $ri%e.te ter$ene#e !i!#i!e .i $o#i!i!#i!e+ se $resu$une !

i($#i! or(area unui ion inter(e*iar *e !ar)eniu !are 5ns a $utut i $us 5n

e%i*en" *oar 5n une#e !a/uri $arti!u#are &Porter+ ,2 În !a/uri#e si($#e a#

ter$ene#or (ono!i!#i!e+ !u ar i !e# a# #i(onenu#ui+ !ationu# r(as *u$

se$ararea $iroosatu#ui !i!#i/ea/ !u or(area unui !ation !i!#o'e7i#i! !are+ #a

r3n*u# su+ se *e$rotonea/ !u or(are *e &R,- sau &S,- #i(onen:

I$ote/a ionu#ui inter(e*iar *e !ar)eniu $oate i o#osit .i 5n )iosinte/a

te$rene#or $o#i!i!#i!e2

un!"ii#e )io#ogi!e a#e ter$ene#or nu au ost $e *e$#in e#u!i*ate2 Mu#te

$#ante $ro*u! ter$ene %o#ati#e 5n s!o$u# atragerii inse!te#or $entru rea#i/area

$o#eni/rii sau $entru 5n*e$rtarea itoagi#or2 Ter$ene#e (ai $u"in %o#ati#e sunt

oarte a(are sau to7i!e .i au ro#u# *e a 5($ie*i!a !onsu(area #or *e !tre



ani(a#e2 Nu 5n u#ti(u# r3n* ter$ene#e 4oa! un ro# i($ortant 5n !o(uni!are sau

!a regu#atori *e !re.tere &Breit(aier+ 9+ 8a)er(e'#+ 9,2

Vo( (en"iona 5n !ontinuare !3te%a ter$ene+ gru$ate 5n un!"ie *e

ee!te#e #or )io#ogi!e !e $re/int interes 5n (anage(entu# integrat a#

*untori#or2

Aste# enantio(erii !itrone#o#u#ui+ !o($onenta a!ti% a u#eiu#ui *e

!itrone##a+ etras *in 1ymbopogon 2interianus sau 1" nardus &Poa!eae, are ee!t

re$e#ent a" *e inse!te2 A!ea.i a!"iune o are .i u#eiu# *e !e*ru e7tras *in

Juniperus virginiana+ ai !rui !onstituente sunt sesuiter$ene#e $o#i!i!#i!e &-,-H-

!e*renu# .i &,-!e*ro#u#:

Tot *in !ategoria (onoter$ene#or a! $arte .i *eri%a"ii *e $iretru !are+

*atorit i($ortan"ei #or+ au ost $re/enta"i se$arat 5n !a*ru# a!estui !a$ito#2 De

ase(enea+ !o($u.ii *es$re !are a( %or)it *e4a+ a/a*ira!'tina+ e7tras *in

Azadirachta indica+ $re!u( .i uassinu#+ e7tras *in #uassia amara+ sunttriter$ene tetra!i!#i!e !u re(ar!a)i#e a!"iuni inse!ti!i*e2

A#te te$rene !u ee!te inse!ti!i*e $e !are #e $ute( enu(era sunt: &,-

!risante(o#u#+ o (onoter$en !i!#o$ro$ani! e7tras *in run/e#e *e Artemisia

ludiviciana &Astera!eae,+ &,-iri*o(ire!ina+ o (onoter$en !i!#o$ro$ani!+

ero(on inse!ti!i* .i anti)a!terian $ro*us *e urni!a 3ridomyrex humilis

$re!u( .i )rianteina ^+ o *iter$en e7tras *in organis(u# (arin Briareum

polyanthes:



A#te (onoter$ene !i!#o$entani!e+ $re!u( antirino/i*e#e *in s$e!ii#e *e

Antirrhinum+ $re!u( A" tortuosum &S!ro$'u#aria!eae, .i as$eru#o/i*e#e *in

Asperula odorata &4alium odoratum+ Ru)ia!eae, $re/int ee!te $uterni!e *e

in'i)are a 'rnirii &antiee*ing,:

Du$ !u( s$unea( ter$ene#e au o re$re/entare se(nii!ati% 5n !a#itate *e

ero(oni+ $re/ent3n* toat ga(a *e ee!te+ .i anu(e:



- (onoter$ene#e a!i!#i!e =-(ir!en--o# .i &R,-&-,-i$s*ieno#+ !o($onente

a#e u#eiu#ui *e !i()ru 66 $re!u( .i &,-trans-%er)eno#u# .i &,-

%er)enona+ (onoter$ene )i!i!#i!e *in u#eiu# *e tere$entin o)"inut *in

*i%erse %ariet"i *e Pinus+ sunt -eromoni e a;re;are $entru 3ps

typographus 5i 3ps confusus! ina(i!i re*uta)i#i ai $*uri#or *e

!oniere:

- (onoter$ene#e (ono!i!#i!e nesaturate (enta*iena&H- .i =-ter$inen,

$re!u( .i ter$ino#ena+ !o($onente aro(ate !e se gses! 5n u#eiuri#e

eteri!e a#e unor s$e!ii $re!u( 1itrus! 6entha! Juniperus .i Pinus sunt

-eromoni e alarmare $entru ter(ite:



- !a -eromoni e a#"rare $ute( (en"iona $eri#ena+ un (onoter$enoi*

urani! *eri%at *in =-(ir!en+ o)"inut *in u#eiu# esen"ia# *e Perilla

citridora &La)iatae, !are in*u!e a$rare $entru urni!i#e *in s$e!ia

$asius fulginosus $re!u( .i *en*ro#asina+ *ease(ena o sesuiter$en

urani!+ *eri%at *in arnesan .i e7tras *in !arto *u#!e - este

ero(on *e a$rare .i *e a#ar(are $entru urni!i#e *in s$e!ia

Dendrolasius fulginosus:

- *intre ter$ene#e !e a!"ionea/ !a -eromoni e mar!are (en"ion(

&S,-9+;-*i'i*roarneso#u#+ o sesuiter$en a!i!#i!+ *eri%at *in

9++-tri(eti#*o*e!an &arnesan, .i !are este e(is *e (as!u#ii

)on*aru#ui Bombus terrestris:

- (onoter$ene#e !i!#o)utani!e+ re/u#tate *in *egra*area $inenu#ui+ sunt

)ormoni se+&ali $entru *i%erse inse!te2 Aste#+ 4unionona *in ru!te#e

*e Juniperus communis &Cu$ressa!eae, .i ragrano#u# *in r*!ini#e *e

Artemisia fragrans &Astera!eae, sunt a!ti%e $entru (ai (u#te s$e!ii *e

inse!te &Ma!Conne## .i Si#%erstein+ ;,2 Mai (en"ion(

gran*iso#u#+ !o($onenta (a4or a 'or(onu#ui se7ua# a# (as!u#u#ui *e

Anthonomus grandis $re!u( .i -'i*ro7i(eti#-9+9-*i(eti#-;-&9-



$ro$eni#, !i!#o)utanu#+ atra!tentu# se7ua# a# (as!u#i#or *e Plenococus

citri:

S-a stu*iat re#a"ia stru!tur-a!ti%itate )io#ogi! $entru o serie *e

(onoter$ene a4ung3n*u-se #a o serie *e !on!#u/ii+ .i anu(e &Ri!e .i Coats+

F,: !etone#e tin* s ie (ai a!ti%e *e!3t a#*e'i*e#e ana#oage !are 6 #a r3n*u#

#or 6 sunt (ai a!ti%e *e!3t a#!oo#i !ores$un/tori2 eno#ii sunt (ai a!ti%i *e!3ta#!oo#i satura"i !a inse!ti!i*e to$i!e .i #ar%i!i*e+ $e !3n* a#!oo#i sunt (ai

ei!ien"i !a u(igan"i2 Dintr-un nu(r *e >> *e !o($u.i testa"i+ *in $un!t *e

%e*ere a# to7i!it"ii to$i!e+ !e# (ai ei!a!e a ost ti(o#u# !are+ toto*at+ $re/int

.i o to7i!itate re*us a" *e (a(iere:

O serie *e stu*ii re!ente reeritoare #a un $resu$us (o* *e a!"iune

o!to$a(inergi! a# unor (onoter$ene &Enan+ 9, (en"in interesu# a" *e



ter$ene !a $ro*use !u a!"iune inse!ti!i*+ 5n %e*erea o)"inerii *e noi !o($u.i

!u a!"iune neuroto7i! a" *e inse!te *ar .i !u se#e!ti%itate a" *e (a(iere2

<5 Al!aloi%ii5 Su) a!east *enu(ire se *ese(nea/ un gru$ oarte (are .i

!o($#e7 *e !o($u.i !'i(i!i+ $ro*u.i ai (eta)o#is(u#ui se!un*ar a#

organis(e#or %ii+ 5n s$e!ia# $#ante+ 5n *i%erse )ioto$uri2 De.i a#!a#oi/ii sunt

stu*ia"i *e a$ro7i(ati% *ou se!o#e+ $ri(a i/o#are a unui a#!a#oi* 6 (orina 6

!3n*u-se 5n > *e !tre ar(a!istu# ger(an rie*ri!' Sert\rner+ nu se $oate

5n! e7$#i!a $e *e$#in ro#u# a!estora .i #egtura #or !u $ro!ese#e %ita#e+ *e !e

sunt )iosinteti/a"i .i !u( sunt )io*egra*a"i+ .i *e !e $re/int un s$e!tru at3t *e

#arg *e a!ti%it"i )io#ogi!e &Anis/esi+ 9,2 Ter(enu# *e 0a#!a#oi*1 a$are

(en"ionat $ri(a oar *e W2 MeiXner 5n !are a re(ar!at !o($ortarea #or

si(i#ar !u a a#!a#ii#or2 O a#t *eini"ie+ (ai $u"in e7a!t *in $un!t *e %e*ere

!'i(i! *ar !are este (ai $rag(ati! air( ! a#!a#oi/ii re$re/int ori!e!o($us )io#ogi! a!ti% sau 'etero!i!#u !u a/ot+ !u rea!"ie a#!a#in .i !are

$re/int a!ti%itate ar(a!o*ina(i!2 E7ist (u#te tentati%e *e *einire a

a#!a#oi/i#or+ (ai (u#t sau (ai $u"in e7$#i!ite+ *ar !are nu $ot asigura o

*e#i(itare e7a!t a a!estui %ast *o(eniu2 Mai a#es 5n #u!rri#e *e )io#ogie se

a$e#ea/ #a *eini"ii (ai (u#t 0eno(eno#ogi!e1 .i anu(e !3n* reeriri #a

to7i!itatea asu$ra SNC+ #a !ara!teru# #or )a/i!+ #a e7isten"a !e# $u"in a unui ato(

*e a/ot 'etero!i!#i! 5n (o#e!u#+ #a !i#e s$e!ii!e *e )iosinte/ $re!u( .i #a

rs$3n*irea 5n natur2 De.i %arietatea a!estora este oarte (are+ a!e.tia *eri%

*in a(inoa!i/i sau *intr-o serie *e $ro!ese *e transa(inare2 C#asii!areaa!estora se a!e 6 5n $rin!i$iu 6 5n un!"ie *e a(inoa!i*u# !are re$re/int sursa

*e a/ot $re!u( .i o $arte *in s!'e#etu# (o#e!u#ei a#!a#oi*u#ui2 Aste#+ a#!a#oi/ii

$ot $ro%eni *in L-#i/in+ L-tiro/in+ L-tri$toan+ L-'isti*in+ L-eni#a#anin+

a!i* ni!otini!+ a!i* antrani#i!+ ter$ene+ steroi/i sau $urine2

Interesu# a" *e $ro$riet"i#e ar(a!o#ogi!e a#e a#!a#oi/i#or+ 5n $arti!u#ar

to7i!itatea a!estora+ !u$rin*e in!#usi% uti#i/area 6 arti/ana# sau #a s!ar



in*ustria# 6 5n !o()aterea *untori#or2 Agri!u#tura )io#ogi! so#i!it noi

(i4#oa!e *e $rote!"ie a $#ante#or !are s ai) ee!te#e )io#ogi!e *orite .i !are

toto*at s ai) o e!oto7i!itate re*us2 Meta)o#i"i se!un*arii ai $#ante#or+

$rintre !are .i o serie *e a#!a#oi/i+ $ot oeri a!east a#ternati% neto7i! $entru

(e*iu *ar ei!a!e 5n (anage(entu# integrat a# *untori#or2 Vo( tre!e 5n

!ontinuare 5n re%ist !3"i%a *in !o($u.ii natura#i uti#i/a"i 5n a!est s!o$2

7icotina2 Ni!otina este $rin!i$a#u# a#!a#oi* a# tutunu#ui+ 7icotiana

tabacum+ *ar .i a# a#tor s$e!ii *e 7icotiana+ $re!u( .i 5n a#te $#ante !e a$ar"in

a(i#iei Solanaceae! !u( ar i to(ate#e+ %inete#e .i !artou#2



De regu# ni!otina se gse.te 5n $#ante aso!iat !u a#"i a#!a#oi/i 5nru*i"i@

ni!otina a%3n* 5ns $on*erea !ea (ai (are &Waring+ Ste%enton .i Mit!'e##+

9,

Vor)in* *e ni!otin tre)uie s a(inti( neoni!otinoi*e#e+ *eri%a"i

sinteti!i ai ni!otinei .i !are sunt o#osite $e s!ar #arg !a inse!ti!i*e 6 5n#o!uin*

!u su!!es inse!ti!i*e#e organoosori!e 6 *eoare!e au o $ersisten" (ai (are 5n

!3($ .i $re/int o to7i!itate (ai re*us $entru (a(iere2

Sunt !o($u.i !u a!"iune siste(i!+ neuroto7i!e 6 si(i#ar !u a ni!otinei@

a!"iunea #or !onst3n* 5n )#o!area re!e$toru#ui a!eti#!o#ini! $ostsina$ti! a#

ni!otinei2 De ase(enea+ nu s-au se(na#at !a/uri *e re/isten" a" *e

neoni!otinoi*e+ !eea !e #e a!e oarte uti#e 5n (anage(entu# re/isten"ei

*untori#or #a trata(ente2 Prin!i$a#a "int a a!estor !o($u.i 5# re$re/int

ai*e#e *ar .i !o#eo$tere#e si une#e #e$i*o$tere &Reigart an* Ro)erts+ ,2

Ce# (ai re$re/entati% re$re/entant a# a!estei !#ase *e !o($u.i !'i(i!i 5#re$re/int imia!lo#ri&l & 7 -_-_&-!#oro-;-$iri*i#,(eti#`-F+>-*i'i*roi(i*a/o#-

9-i#`nitra(i*a, !u o to7i!itate re#ati% s!/ut #a ani(a#e+ !u e7!e$"ia inse!te#or2

Singure#e a!u/e (a4ore a" *e a!est !o($us %in *in $artea !res!tori#or

*e a#)ine !are a!u/ a!est $ro*us *e in*u!erea *e (orta#it"i !res!ute 5n

a(i#ii#e *e a#)ine+ $re!u( .i a unor $ertur)a"ii !o($orta(enta#e .i *e

!o(uni!are a#e a!estora2 Dre$t !onse!in"+ 5n une#e "ri s-a inter/is o#osirea

a!estui inse!ti!i* !a ur(are a a!estor ee!te &*e e7e($#u: 5n #una (ai 9



er(ania s-a inter/is uti#i/area neoni!otinoi*e#or *in !au/a i($a!tu#ui negati%

asu$ra $o$u#a"ii#or *e a#)ine,2

Stemofolina2 Tra*i"ia $o$u#ar !'ine/ .i 4a$one/ o#osea *e se!o#e

e7tra!tu# *in r*!ini#e *e Stemona .i 1roomia at3t 5n s!o$uri tera$euti!e+

$entru trata(entu# ae!"iuni#or !i#or res$iratorii+ !3t .i !a inse!ti!i*&<a#tenegger et a#2+ 9;,+ $entru !o()aterea e!to$ara/i"i#or #a oa(eni .i %ite2

E7tra!tu# !ru* *in r*!ini#e *e Stemona cochinchinensis .i S" curtisii a

$re/entat o $uterni! a!ti%itate )io#ogi! 6 iin* un inse!ti!i* (ai a!ti% *e!3t

e7tra!te#e %egeta#e *e Aglaia &Me#ia!eae, sau *e $iretru+ re!unos!ute $entru

a!"iunea #or inse!ti!i*2 A!east a!ti%itate inse!ti!i* re(ar!a)i# este atri)uit

ste(oo#inei+ $rin!i$a#u# a#!a#oi* *in !o($onen"a e7tra!tu#ui %egeta#:

Pe *e a#t $arte+ e7tra!tu# !ru* *e Stemona collinsae a $re/entat o

a!"iune inse!ti!i* !'iar (ai $uterni! *e!3t !e# (en"ionat anterior+ a!"iune !area ost $us $e sea(a $re*o(inan"ei +-*i*e'i*ro-&E,-ste(oo#inei+

a#!a#oi/i 5nru*i"i .i !are + *e regu#+ se gses! 5n !antit"i (ai (i!i+ 5($reun !u

ste(oo#ina &?ia4in*a et a#2 9,2

Ca (e!anis( *e a!"iune a# ste(oo#ine#or s-a e%i*en"iat agonis(u# a"

*e re!e$toru# ni!otin-a!eti#!o#ini! a# inse!te#or &o*re+ 99,2



6uscimolul 2 Mus!i(o#u#+ 5($reun !u a!i*u# i)oteni! sunt $rin!i$a#ii

!o($u.i a!ti%i !e se gses! 5n !iu$er!i#e *in genu# Amanita & A" muscaria 5i A"

pantherina,2

Uti#i/area !iu$er!i#or *in genu# A(anita este oarte %e!'e+ e7ist3n*

su$o/i"ia ! A" muscaria este 0so(a1 *in anti!e#e s!rieri 'in*use2 În Si)eria+

a!east !iu$er! !onstituie (o*a#itatea $rin !are .a(anii intr 5n transa ritua#

$entru a sta)i#i !onta!tu# !u #u(ea s$irite#or an!estra#e2 În (o* tra*i"iona#+ $entru u/ !asni!+ $#rii#e *e A" muscaria se o#oseau+ $resrate !u /a'r+ $entru

e#i(inarea (u.te#or *in #o!uin"e2

A!"iunea a!estor to7ine se $ro*u!e asu$ra SNC: a!i*u# i)oteni! !a

agonist a# re!e$toru#ui g#uta(at iar (us!i(o#u# 6 !are este *e a$ro7i(ati% .ase

ori (ai $uterni! *e!3t a!i*u# i)oteni! 6 !a agonist a# a!i*u#ui ]-a(ino)utiri!

&ABA, &Waring+ Ste%enton .i Mit!'e##+ 9,2

.=5 Com#&9i !& str&!t&r" !)imi!" i0ers"5 În !ategoria a!estor su)stan"e

)ioa!ti%e ne #i(it( #a $re/entarea a *ou gru$e (ai i($ortante *in $un!tu# *e

%e*ere a# uti#i/rii !a inse!ti!i*e 5n (anage(entu# integrat a# *untori#or2

Rocaglamide" enu# Aglaia !onst *in a$ro7i(ati% ; *e s$e!ii

rs$3n*ite 5n In*one/ia .i Ma#aesia .i 5n u#ti(e#e *e!enii a sus!itat interesu#

s$e!ia#i.ti#or !a o $osi)i# surs *e !o($u.i )ioa!ti%i2 Printre !o($u.ii

i*entii!a"i se nu(r .i ro!ag#a(i*e#e+ ag#aine#e+ )isa(i*e#e+ triter$ene#e .i



#ignanii &Is'aaa et a#2+ 9,2 Se !unos! $este > *e *eri%a"i natura#i *e

ro!ag#a(i*e &Nugro'o et a#2+ , !are+ *in $un!t *e %e*ere !'i(i! sunt

*eri%a"i *e !i!#o$entatetra'i*ro)en/ouran:

A ost *e(onstrat re(ar!a)i#a !a$a!itate inse!ti!i* a a!estor !o($u.i+

5n s$e!ia# asu$ra #ar%e#or *e Spodoptera littoralis+ Helicoverpa armigera .is$e!ii *e %strinis &&Nugro'o et a#2+ + <ou# .i Wa'a)+ 9F,2 A!"iunea

inse!ti!i* a ro!ag#a(i*ei se e7$#i! $rin in'i)area )iosinte/ei $roteine#or

&Satasoo et a#2+ ;, .i $are s se *atore/e at3t $re/en"ei 5n (o#e!u# a

ine#u#ui urani! &Nugro'o et a#2+ , !3t .i su)stituen"i#or *e #a C+ C9+ C; .i

C) &Nugro'o et a#2+ @ S!'nei*er et a#2+ 9,2

7aftochinone" Din $#anta su*-a(eri!an 1alceolaria andina

&S!ro$'u#aria!eae, au ost i/o#ate *ou $rin!i$ii a!ti%e &BT >F .i BT >>,+

*in a(i#ia nato!'inone#or !u re(ar!a)i#e ee!te inse!ti!i*e &reen et a#2+

9F@ <'a()a et a#2+ 9;, asu$ra ai*e#or $re!u( .i asu$ra a#tor inse!te

$re!u(: 6usca domestica! Bemisia tabaci! Phaedon cochleariae sau

etranychus urticae &?eess et a#2+ 99@ <'a()a et a#2+ , .i+ 5n $#us+

!o($u.ii $re/int o to7i!itate re*us a" *e (a(iere+ s$re *eose)ire *e a#te

nato!'inone2



S-au !o($arat ee!te#e inse!ti!i*e .i ungi!i*e a#e !o($usu#ui BT >>

!u !e#e a#e *unionei+ o nato!'inon uti#i/at !a ungi!i* &<'a()a et a#2+

9;,:

Da! *uniona nu $re/int a!ti%itate inse!ti!i*+ !o($u.ii BT >F .i

BT >> sunt oarte a!ti%i *in a!est $un!t *e %e*ere+ a!"ion3n* $rin in'i)area

!o($#e7u#ui III (ito!on*ria# &<'a()a et a#2+ 9;,2

Din ana#i/area a#tei nato!'inone .i anu(e a #a$a!o#u#ui e7tras *in

s!oar"a *e abebuia serratifolia &Bignonia!eae, s-a a4uns #a !on!#u/ia !a!ti%itatea )io#ogi! a 9-'i*ro7-+F-nato!'inone#or su)stituite 5n $o/i"ia ;

este 5n str3ns #egtur !u $re/en"a gru$ei O8 #a C-9 &O#i%eira et a#2+ 99,2

De(n *e (en"ionat este .i a$tu# ! *eri%a"ii nato!'inoni!i sunt a!ti%i a" *e o

serie *e inse!te re/istente #a a#te inse!ti!i*e+ !eea !e a!e !a stu*ierea

a$roun*at a a!estei gru$e *e !o($u.i )ioa!ti%i s ie *e oarte (are



a!tua#itate+ 5n i*eea gsirii unor ana#ogi sinteti!i2 &Is'aaa+ Nauen .i 8oroit/+

9,2

Acetogenine" Dintr-o serie *e %ariet"i *e Annona 8s9uamosa! muricata,

$re!u( .i *in a#te s$e!ii oarte rs$3n*ite 5n regiuni#e tro$i!a#e .i su)tro$i!a#e+

$re!u( Artemia salina! Asimina 8trilobata! longifolia .i bullata:

4oniothalamus giganeus sau Rollinia mucosa" au ost i/o#ate $este F *e

(eta)o#i"i se!un*ari ai !ror s!'e#et se !ara!teri/ea/ $rin $re/en"a unui #an"

C;9-C;F *e a!i* gras nera(ii!at+ !o()inat #a C9 !u o gru$are 9-$ro$ano#+ !u

!are or(ea/ o H-#a!ton &Mio#a4!/a et a#2+ + Ber(e4a et a#2 9>+

Is'aaa et a#2+ 9,

A!etogenine#e in'i) NAD8-u# (ito!on*ria#+ iin* se(nii!ati% (ai

to7i!e *e!3t rotenone#e2 Stu*ii#e &8e et a#2+ , au artat ! un ro# i($ortant

5n a!"iunea inse!ti!i* a a!etogenine#or 5# are $re/en"a 5n (o#e!u# a !e#or *ou

ine#e tetra'i*rourani!e a*ia!ente $re!u( .i a !e#or trei gru$ri 'i*ro7i# 5n

!aten2 Prin!i$a#u# *e/a%anta4 a# a!estei !#ase *e !o($u.i natura#i este *atto!(ai *e a!"iunea sa )io!'i(i! 6 *e in'i)are ne*ieren"iat a NAD8-u#ui

(ito!on*ria# 6 at3t $entru inse!te !3t .i $entru (a(iere &Is'aaa et a#2+ 9,2

Y Y Y



Pe )a/a stu*ii#or ee!tuate 5n u#ti(ii *ou/e!i *e ani $ri%in* sinte/a

tota# a unor !o($u.i natura#i+ a ee!te#or )io#ogi!e a#e a!estor !o($u.i natura#i

asu$ra inse!te#or !ore#ate !u stru!turi#e #or !'i(i!e $re!u( .i a 5n!er!ri#or *e

o)"inere a unor ana#ogi ai a!estor !o($u.i natura#i &Is'aaa et a#2+ 9,+ $ute(

air(a !+ e7!e$t3n* !a/u# $iretru#ui+ este oarte *ii!i# *e a 5()unt"i stru!tura

inse!ti!i*e#or natura#e+ !u at3t (ai (u#t !u !3t *e !e#e (ai (u#te ori a!ti%itatea

inse!ti!i* a $ro*use#or natura#e este *at *e sinergis(u# *intre a!e.ti

(eta)o#i"i .i !ei#a#"i !o($u.i e7isten"i 5n $#ant+ sinergis( !are 6 $rintre a#te#e 6

5($ie*i! *e/%o#tarea re/isten"ei 5n $o$u#a"ii#e *e inse!te2



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P#ant S!i2 9: F9>-F;28anson+ ?2 R2+ 9;2 7atural products< he secondary metabolites2 Roa#

So!iet o C'e(istr+ Ca()ri*ge28atanaa+ A2+ ;2 he biogeneration of green odour by green leaves2

P'to!'e(istr ;F&>,: 9-928aat+ S2 an* A'(a*+ A+ 92 Salicylic acid< a plant hormone2 S$ringer2

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M!Laug'#in ?2 L2+ 2 1omparative SAR evaluations of Annoaceousacetogenins for pesticidal activity" Pesti!2 S!i2 F&F,: ;9-;2

8e#*t+ 82-W2+ 9>2 Plant biochemistry" hird edition2 E#se%ier A!a*e(i! Press2A(ster*a(2 Boston2 8ei*e#)erg2 Lon*on2 Ne bor2 O7or*2 Paris2 SanDiego2 San ran!is!o2 Singa$ore2 S*ne2 Too2

8oe+ 2 A2 an* S!'a##er+ A2+ 92 Direct defense in plants and their

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resistance to herbivory" S!'a##er+ A2 &e*2,2 S$ringer S!ien!e BusinessMe*ia B2 V2 Ber#in2



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naphtho9uinones< correlation of inhibition of ubi9uinol cytochrome c

oxidoreductase 8complex 333: 2ith insecticidal activity" Pest Manage(2S!i2 >&;,: $$2 9F;-9F2

<a#tenegger+ E2+ Bre(+ B2+ Mereiter+ <2+ <a#!''auser+ 82+ <a'#ig+ 82+ 8oer+ O2+

Va4ro*aa+ S2 an* reger+ 82+ 9;2 3nsecticidal pyridoL!?aM azepineal=aloids and related derivatives from Stemona species" P'to!'e(istr;&,: $$2 ;-2

<ar)an+ R2 an* Ba#*in+ I2 T2+ 2 3nduced responses to herbivory" Uni%ersito C'i!ago Press2 C'i!ago2

<'a()a+ B2 P2 S2+ Batt+ D2+ Ca'i##+ M2 an* Den'o#(+ I2+ 2 3solation!

characterization and biological activity of nephtho9uinones from

1alceolaria anadina $" ?2 Agri!2 oo* C'e(2 F&9,: ->2<'a()a+ B2 P2 S2+ Batt+ D2+ ?eess+ P2 ?2+ Bate(an+ 2 L2 an* 8o##o(on+ D2

W2+ 9;2 6ode of action and pesticidal activity of the natural product

dunnione and of some analogues" Pest Manage(2 S!i2 >&9,: F-92

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<#ee)erg+ 82 an* Ze)it/+ C2 P2&e*itors,+ + t' Wors'o$ Practice oriented

results on use and production of 7eem?ingredients and pheromones"

8o'enso#(s+ er(ania2<#ee)erg+ 82 an* Ze)it/+ C2 P2&e*itors,+ + t' Wors'o$ Practice oriented

results on use and production of 7eem?ingredients and pheromones"

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8o'enso#(s+ er(ania2<ou#+ O an* D'a#ia# 2 S2+ 92 Phytochemical biopesticides" 8aroo*

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allicin and other thiosulfinates from garlic2 P#anta Me*2 >: ;F>-;>2Lin+ S2 an* Mu##in+ C2 A2+ 2 $ipid! polyamide and flavonol phagostimulants

for the adult Gestern corn root2orm from sunflo2er pollen" ?2 Agri!2oo* C'e(2 F&;,: 99;-99 2

Ma!Conne##+ ?2 2 an* Si#%erstein+ R2 M2+ ;2 7eue Crgebnisse der 1hemie

von 3nse=tenpheromonen" Ange2 C'e(2 >+ F2

Ma!o%s!'i+ E2+ 92 7atura 5i structura materiei vii" E*itura A!a*e(iei2Bu!ure.ti2

Ma!o%s!'i+ E2+ 2 he confirmation of the biostructural theory by high?

voltage electron microscopy" E*itura Ştiin"ii! .i En!i!#o$e*i!+Bu!ure.ti2

Meer+ ?2 R2+ 92 4eneral entomology2 Curs *e ento(o#ogie on-#ine a# Nort'Caro#ina State Uni%ersit2f'tt$:2!a#s2n!su2e*u!ourseentF9>#i)rartutoria#sin*e72't(#

Mio#a4!/a+ <2 L2+ M!Laug'#in+ ?2 L2+ Ru$$re!'t+ ?2 <2+ 2 1ontrol of pests

2ith Annonacea eacetogenins" US Patent F+>>+;2Mori+ <2+ 9F2 Pheromone synthesis2 in opics in current chemistry" ol" IQ+

$$2 ->" S$ringer-Ver#ag2 Ber#in2 8ei*e#)erg2Mur$'+ A2 M2+ C'i%asa+ S2+ Sing'+ D2 P2 an* Carr+ ?2 P2+ 2 Salicylic acid?

induced resistance to viruses and other pathogens< A parting of the2ay Tren*s P#ant S!i2 F: >>-2

Nugro'o+ B2 W2+ E*ra*a+ R2 A2+ Wra+ V2+ Witte+ L2+ Bring(ann+ 2+ e'#ing+ M2an* Pros!'+ P2+2 An insecticidal rocaglamide derivatives and related compounds from Aglaia odorata 86eliaceae:2 P'to!'e(istr+> &;,+ $$2 ;-;2

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Porter+ ?2 W2 et a#2+ 2 Biosynthesis of 3soprenoid 1ompounds" ?2 Wi#e dSons2 Ne bor2

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pesticide poisonings! th edition2 Unite* States En%iron(enta# Prote!tionAgen! Pu)#i!ation EPA-;>-R--;2

Ri!e+ P2 ?2 an* Coats+ ?2 R2+ F2 3nsecticidal properties of several

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R5.!a+ I2-M2 .i Ştiu!+ P2+ in $rint2 Biological nanostructures > a biostructural approach" În opics in applied mechanics" E*itura A!a*e(iei+Bu!ure.ti2 Vo#2 9 &9,2

Ran+ C2 A2+ 92 he systemin signaling path2ay< differential activation of plant defense genes" Bio!'i( Bio$'s A!ta2 F&-9,:9-92

S!'a##er+ A2 &e*itor,+ 92 3nduced plant resistence to herbivory" S$ringer S!ien!e Business Me*ia B2 V2 Ber#in2

S!'a##er+ A an* Stint/i+ A2+ 92 Jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling for induced plant defense against herbivory" In: 3nduced plant resistence to

herbivory" S!'a##er+ A2 &e*2,+ S$ringer S!ien!e Business Me*ia B2 V2Ber#in2

S!'(utterer+ 82 .i 8u)er+ ?2+ 9>2 7atrliche SchTdlingsbe=Tmfungsmittel 2Eugen U#(er ()8 d Co2 Stuttgart2S!'nei*er+ C+ Bo'nenstenge#+ 2+ Nugro'o+ B2 W2+ Wra+ V2+ Witte+ L2+ 8ung+ P2

D2+ <iet+ L2 C2 an* Pros!'+ P2+ 92 3nsecticidal rocaglamide

derivatives from Aglaia spectabilis 86eliaceae:2 P'to!'e(istr2 >F&,2 $$2 ;-;2

S!'u#/+ S2 &e*itor,+ 9>2 opics in current chemistry" ol" KE" S$ringer-Ver#ag2Ber#in2 8ei*e#)erg2

Si*'u+ O2P2+ <u(ar+ V2+ Be'#+ 82M2+ 9F2 ariability in triterpenoids 8nimbin

and salanin: composition of neem among different provenances of 3ndia" In 3ndustrial 1rops and products+ %o#2+ no2+ ?anuar+ $$2->+

E#se%ier2Waring+ R2 82+ Ste%enton+ 2 B2+ Mit!'e##+ S2 C2 &e*itors,+ 92 6olecules of death" Second edition2 I($eria# Co##ege Press2 Lon*on2

Wasterna!+ C2+ 92 %xylipins< biosynthesis! signal transduction and action"

În Plant hormone signaling" 8e**en+ P an* T'o(as+ S2 2 &e*s,2B#a!e## Pu)#is'ing2 O7or*2

Wasterna!+ C2+ 92 Jasmonates< an update on biosynthesis! signal

transduction and action in plant stress response! gro2th and

development" Ann2 Bot2 : -2



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INDE^

.

-*eo7i#u#o/a->-osat+ F

A

a!eti# !oen/i(a A+ F+ >+ >9a!etil(CoA+ >+ + + A!eti#-CoA+

Acetogenine+



a!i me0aloni!+ >;a!i* sa#i!i#i!+ 9a!i*u# i)oteni!+ >+ a!i*u# 4as(oni!+ ;+ ;a!i*u# (e%a#oni!+ F+ A!i*u# (e%a#oni!+ a!i*u# sa#i!i#i!+ 9a!i*u# s'ii(i!+ F

A!i&l s)i*imi!+ a!i*u# sii(i!+ a!i*u#ui 4as(oni!+ 9+ ;+ ;+ ;9a!i*u#ui $iru%i!+ >a!i*u#ui sa#i!i#i!+ 9a!i*u#ui ]-a(ino)utiri!+ a!i/i ga.i+ a!i/i gra.i+ F+ 9+ ;+ Fa!i/ii nu!#ei!i+ ai*e#e+ F

Ageratum conyzoides+ ; Aglaia+ F+ + >+ aion++ F>a#!a#oi/i+ ;+ + + >+ + ;+ 9+ ;+ >A#!a#oi/ii+ +

a#e#o!'i(i!+ >alelo!)imi!i+ Fa#i!in+ F>

Allium sativum+ FFalomoni+ F

Amanita+ >+ a(ig*a#ina+ A(ine )iogene+ ;A(inoa!i/i+ ;aminoa!i%i esen$iali+ 9+ +

Annona 8s9uamosa+ Anthonomus grandis+ >antirino/i*e#e+ >

Antirrhinum++ >a$a o7igenat+ 9a$rare siste(i!+ ;Arginin+ 9

Artemia salina+ Artemisia fragrans+ > Artemisia ludiviciana+ > Asimina 8trilobata+ atra!tan"i+ ;+ 9+ 9F+ 9+ 9+ Fa%erti/are 5n !as!a*+ 9>

Azadirachta indica+ F9+ >>a/a*ira!'tina+ F;+ FF+ >>a/a*ira!'tine#e+ F;

B

)a!teri!i*e+ 9 Bemisia tabaci+ Bio!3($u#+

)iostru!tura+ + ;;+ ;F+ ;Biostru!tura+ ;;

Bombus terrestris+ >

Botrytis cinerea+ 9F Brassica napus L+ F> )rianteina+ > Briareum polyanthes+ >BT >>+ +

C

!"i metaboli!e+ + !ii (eta)o#i!e o!ta*e!anoi*i!e+ ;!a#e (eta)o#i! a s'ii(atu#ui+ 9Ca#ea a!i*u#ui s'ii(i!+ !a#ea (eta)o#i! a (a#onatu#ui+ 9;!a#us+ 9!ana#e#e re/iniere+ F!e*ro#u#+ >>!e#u#o/a+ F!ian'i*ri!+ + !ianog#u!o/i*e#or+ !inerina+ ;!itrone#o#u#ui+ >>1itrus+ >!o#eo$tere#e+ F!oor*onare+ ;>!risante(o#u#+ >>!rista#e *e !eri*e+ 91ymbopogon 2interianus+ >>

D

*en*ro#asina+ > Dendrolasius fulginosus+ >eo+i+il&lo%a ,(-os-at+

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Diabrotica virgifer a+ 9F*i'i*roarneso#u#+ >



*uniona+ Dysodia tenuifolius+ ;

E

e7tra!te %egeta#e+

Feni#a#anina+ + -enilalanin"+ + 9+ -enilalaninei+ eni#$ro$anoi*e+ ;eni#$ro$anoi*e2+ 9eni#$ro$anoi*e#e+ eno#i+ + + F+ >+ -eromoni++ F+ F+ >Feromonii2+ Fitoagi+ + 99+ 9F+ 9+ ;itoagi#or+ >+ 9>+ 9+ ;+ >F#a%onoi*e+ + 9;+ 9F+ ;osori#rii o7i*ati%e+ 9ragrano#u#+ >ungi!i*e+ 9F+ 9+

G

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H

Helianthus annuus+ 9F Helicoverpa armigera+ 'etero!i!#i+ + >'e7ana#+ 9'e7ano#ii+ 9'e7ena#+ 9'e7eno#ii+ 9+ 98i*ra"i *e !ar)on+ ;'i*ra"ii *e !ar)on+ 9+

I

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>>+ + ;+ + + + 3ps confusus+ > 3ps typographus+ >

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?

Jasminum grandiflorum+ ; 4as(o#ina+ ; 4as(ona"i+ 9+ ;9 4as(onatu# *e (eti#++ ; 4unionona+ > Juniperus+ >>+ >+ > Juniperus virginiana+ >>

@ *airomoni+ F

L

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#ignina+ F+ >+ 99Lignina+ 9#ignine+ #i(onoi*e#or+ F;#ino#ei!+ 9+ F#ino#eni!+ 9+ 9+ 9+ F#i$i*e#e+ + Li$o7igena/e#e+ 9#i$o7igena/e#or+ 9Li/ina+ #i/in+ +

$onchocarpus salvadorensis+ F



M

(a!ro#i*e#e+ (a#oni#-CoA+ + 9;(anage(entu# integrat a# *untori#or+ + FF+

>>+ 9+ (enta*iena+ >

6entha+ >

metabolism intermeiar+ metabolism #rimar+ 9+ ;metabolism&l se!&nar+ ;metaboli$i se!&nari+ ;+ 9+ + + F+ (eta)o#i"ii se!un*ari+ ;+ + >+ (eta)o#i"i#or se!un*ari+ + >metioninei+ (i!rotra)e!u#are+ ;;(ir!en--o#+ >(ono#igno#ii+ 9

6usca domestica+ 6uscimolul + >

N

7aftochinone+ Neem+ F9+ FF+ F+ >neoni!otinoi*e#e+ ;

7icotiana tabacum+ 9ni!otina+ ;

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O

ornitina+ + ornitin"+

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P

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$iretru+ ;+ ;+ >>+ >Piretr&l+ ;

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$r*tori+ ;+ F $rostag#an*ine#e+ + 9 $roteine+ 9+ 9+ + 9F+ ; $roteine#e+ +

$si'ostru!tura+ $retrina+ ;+ ;

6

6&assia+ F+ >>uassinu#+ F+ >>

R

r.ini+ 9+ Fre*u!ere+ 9+ 9+ 9re$e#ent+ F+ ;+ >>re$e#en"i++ Fre$ro*u!ere+ + 9

Rocaglamide+ Rollinia mucosa+ Rotenona+ F+ F9rotenone#e+ 9F+

S

Sassafras albidum+ ;Schistocerca littoralis+ FFsemio!)emi!als+ Fsemio!)imi!i+ Fsenes!en"a+ 9siste(ina+ ;s$e!ii#or *e o7igen rea!ti%e+ 9>

s$ini+ 9s$inii+ FSpodoptera littoralis+ ste(oo#ina+ >Stemofolina+ FStemona cochinchinensis+ FStemona collinsae+ >+ FSteroi/i+ ;sti#)ene+ sti#)ene#e+ 9;su)erina+ F+ >su$ero7i*u#+ 9



T

abebuia serratifolia+ agetes+ ;anacetum cinerariaefolium+ ;taninuri+ + 9F+ Ftaninuri#e+ 9F+ 9>teoria )iostru!tura#+ ;9+ ;;

ephrosia vogelli+ FTer$ene+ ;Ter#enele5+ >ter$ino#ena+ >etranychus urticae+ ti(o#u#+ tioa!ro#ein+ F>tiro/ina+ + tiro%inei+ transa(inare2+ trau(atin+ 9tri!'o(i+ 9tri!'o(ii+ Ftri$toan2+

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7

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Documents

Metaboliti vegetali cu utilizare in managementul integrat al insectelor